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^ 


0.   •   I 


T    H    ft 


MONTHLY   REVIEW; 


.    •  -» 


O    R, 

LITERARY    JOURNAL: 


Bir      SEVERAL     HANDS. 


VOLUME    XLIV. 


^  .  LONDON: 

I  Printed  for  R1  G  R  i  f  f  i  x  H  s  : 

Aai  Sold  by  T.  Becket  and  P.  A.  De  Hokdt»  in  the  Strand. 

^  ^  M,DCC,LXXU 


TABLE 

TO    THE 

Titles,   Authors  Names,  &c.  of  the  Books 
•and  Pamphlets  contained  ia  this  Volume. 

N.  B.   For  REMARKABLE  PASSAGES,   fec  die  I  N  D  £  X» 
at  the  End  pf  the  Voluufe. 


British   Publications* 

«%'For  the  Contents  of  the  Foreign  articles,  fee  the  lat  pa?e  of 

ihisT#blc. 

Attestation  to  Divlfle  Truth, 

420 


ACADEMy  Keeper,     Page  75 
Acts  of  tbe  Days  of  the 
Son  of  Man,  561 

Addikgton's  Geograpbt  Grarn- 
mar,  78 

■  Reafons  for  bapti- 
zing lofaots,  449 

Address  to  the  People  of  £  >g- 
Und,         ^    ;-..  .^        -    •.  ;3.32 

■  to:taer.H.'Qr,Coix)inon{i 
of  Ireland,'      '\.'/    '.         jb, 

Apvbnturcs  of'«   Bank'-Notei* 
Vols.  III.  and  IV.  .".'i  '93'3* 

'■ of  a  Jfcftut^  /^  j|f'. 

4i  jc  I M *s  Obf.  oq  ^ie^^r4tioii§  j  of 
Lead,  '  485 

AwCEBRA.   See  Explanation. 

Almida  ;  aTragedyy  150 

AiMON*s  Trial,  94. 

Ahg  l o- Lufitanic  Difcoarie,     494 

iHNECi,  Biihop  of.  Letters  be- 
tween him  and  Voltaire,         33 

Answer  to  Janios,  261 

fTiquiTATEsSarjfbpricnfis,  52 
OLLONii  Perg^i  Inclination' 

lOr,    &C.      Fiii,  HoRSLEY. 

''.L  L  QN 1  o  s  Rhodius.  S«c  Ee  1 N  s . 
fAUD's  Remarks  on  Goulard's 
ixcrad  of  Lead,  93 


B. 

Ball's  Female  Phyfician,    49^ 
Bank-Note.    See  Aj>yaN«> 

TURES. 

Bankatyne's     aocient    Scottifli 

Poems,  4  a 

Ba R BE  R '<  Sermons,  7^ 

•  Bai^ker  on  Bapcifm,  432 

iSaron's  Edition  of  Milton's  Ei* 

'  Iconoclafles,  334 

Beauvillb.     See  Nun, 

Bedford's  Propofai  for  the  Ad* 

"   vancement  of  LhriOiaQity,    339 

'['Bell  on  Military  Principles,    26$ 

BelL'Grovs,  961 

Betsy  ;  a  Novel,  .333 

Biographical  DiSiocary.    See 

New. 
BoLiNGBROKs'sLife,  108 

Booic  of  Nature,  343 

British  Moralii^,  499 

Brother;  a  Novel,  262 

Brown's  Appendix    ad  Opufcula 
Lu/us  Midici^  17  J 

Bruoenal,    Mifs.      See    False 

STtP. 

BvLK ley's  Difcourfeson  the  Pa* 

rabies,  43^2 

A  2  t. 


w 


CONTENTS   cf 


C.  DiALoGtJE  betw. m  Lavfryer  tod  « 

CAmdin's  Argument  on  the       Country  Gentleman,  171 

Ejedment.  &c.  340    Dialogues.     SeeTKK. 

Carey's  Analefls,  78    Disguise,  a  Dramatic  Novel,  334 

■  Poems,   in  the  Time  of  Divorce,  a  Novel,    '  497 

Cromwell,  491    Dossiers  Memoirs  of  Agriculture, 


Carlisle,    Bp.  of,   his  Sermon 
.    before  the  Lords,  on  the  30th 
of  January,  263 

Carmen  Arabicum,  &c.  260 

Cautions  to  a  Lady,  490 

Caylus,  Mad.  de.     See  Grip. 

FITH. 

Chappe's  Journey  into  Siberia 
tranflated,  ^5 

Clementina;  a  Tragedy,     244 

Conduct  of  the  Roysd  Academi- 
cians, 503 

Considerations  on  the  Military 
Efiablifhments  of'Gr*  Britain, 

96 

■  on  the  Trade  to 

Africa,  494 

Contrast;  a  Novel,  173 

Cook's  Travels,  158 

Coterie  recommended,  338 


Correspondence  with  the  Re- 
viewers, 176,  263 

Cricket  ;  a  Poem,  343 

Critical   Obfcrvations    on    the 
Improvements  of  London,  \2y>Q* 

Cromwell,  Poems  written  i|»  Ji/s*  ...    .  ^    ^     ,  

Time,  491  ^..  tw'een.Cjuak^rjTm  *and  Method- 

CuRATE^cf Coventry,        418  *  ij^nJ*]**  ••   **••  4*0 


VoLIL  477 

Drunken  News  Writer,         261 
E. 

EKi  N  s's  Tranflation  of  ApOllo- 
nius  Rhodius,  344 

£l  I B  A  N  K  "s  Confiderations  on  the 
Scottiih  Peerage,  168 

Elegiac  Poem  on  the  Death  of 
Whitefield,  90 

ELEGY.on  theMarq.of  Granby,9i 

■  in  Covent  Garden,  416 
Elementa  Logicae,  282 
Emerson *s  Cyclomathefis,  172 
Enquiry  into  the  Effeds  of  Hear, 

"55 

■  into  the  Authenticity  of 

the  firft  and  fecond  Chapters  of 
St.  Matthew,  293 

Entick*s  Latin  and  Englifli  Die 
tionary,  168 

Epist  le  from  the  Princefs  F — a, 

344- 
Epistola  Poliiica,  91 

Essay  on  Trade  and  Commerce,  13 

■  \  \  /•  Qn,ihp«Sa(y?uoent,        419 
to%<rd^:VX:ontraft    be- 


D 


D.  sr  I  >  •■ 'en* Woman,  489 

Alrymple's  Colleflion    o*C/^yC*.  £Jig4Jh'^  ^'^  Daughters, 
Voyages  iu  the  South  PacificT 


Ocean,  290 

Danger  of  the  Pafijons  173 

Daven ant's   Pol,   Woiks,    new 

Edit.  494 

Da  viEs's  Sernrons,  84 

Debate  in  ihc  H.  of  C.  on  the 

Nullum  Ten) pus  Ail,  '493 

Di. CIS  ions  in   the  King's  Bench 

on  the  Poor's  Laws,  95 

Dffence  cf  Proceedings  on  the 

Nullum  Tcmpus  Ad,  493 

DELETANviLLt's  Frcnch  Dif^ion- 

uxy,  504 

Demka's  Revolutions  of  Italy,  97 
De  Re  RujUca,  175 


34+ 
Examination  of  the  Declaration 

and  Agreement  with  Spain,  332 
Exhibition- in  Hell,  zbo 

Explanation  of  the  affirmative 

and  negative  Signs  in  Algebra, 

F.      ,  ''' 

FAiR  Orphan,         '  416 

Faith  andHope.  SjcTrsa- 

TISE. 

Falkland's    Illand,    Pamphlets 
relating  to,  261,  330,  332,  416, 

493 
False  Step,  or  Hift,  of  Mifs»Bru- 
dcnal,  91 

6  Farmer 9 


ibi  EvGtlSH    BodKS, 


Parmeii*  Major,  Pfoceedinga  a* 
gainft  him  at  a  Court-martial,  77 
Farmer's  Letters,  Vol.  IK     388 
Fatal  Compliance,  409 

Father^  a  Comedy,  from  Dide- 
rot, 175 
Favourite,  a  Tale,  497 
FsMALEPhyfician.  See  Ball. 
FinDL  AT*s  Viodicat.  of  the  facred 
Books,  •  457 
Foot's  Fenferofo,  a  Poem,  417 
FoRDYCE^s  £1.  of  Agricultare,  &c. 

255 
FotJiiDLiNc    Hofpital    for   Wit, 
Part  IV.  344 

Francis's  Elegy  on  Whitefield,  174 
Freedom  of  the  Pre/s,  492 

Free  Thoughts  on  public  Affairs,. 

169 

Free  and  candid  Difquifition  on 

religious  Efbbliihments,        1 9 1 

FuRMEAUx'sLettcrs  to  filackftone, 

2d  Edit.  187 

G. 

GEnerous  Incondant,       498 
Giles's  Poems,  343 

Glover's  Leonidas,  9th  Edit.  341 
GoLDSMiTH'sLlfeofBolingbroke, 

108 

Grace  Triumphant,  So 

GRiFFiTH]sTranflauoD  of  Mad. 

dcCaJli>r  •,  /,    '  .6^ 

^  •  •   b:  V    ^  •.-  •: 

HAlsbr's.  'plegTaiq  .Epiftlc.  to 
his  Wife;     .,:,..      .     ;74 
Harriet,         ,..  .    /   ±iB' 

He  would  9^h^co^ld,  •'•  --'416 
Hill's   Vegbtibte'  'S^flem, 'VdI. 

AVII.  338 

•—  Virtues  of  Pricifh  Hejbs,  Part 

11.  414 

Historical  Eflay  on  ihc  Englifh 

Confticuiion,  468 

History  of  Mr.  Cecil  dnd  Niifs 

Grey,  262 
of  Sir  William  Hairini;- 

con,  ib. 

Iodgson's  Engl.  Grammar,  423, 

iloLDcN'sSyftem  of-I^lufic,      121 

Holdsworth's   and    Aldridge's 

natural  Short- Hand,  c  8 


Horsley  Apollonii  Pergati  Indi* 
nadonuffi,  &c.  ig 

Huddesford's  Edit,  of  Liller's 
Synopfis  Conchyliorum,  4B4 
J* 

J  Ay's  Letter  to  the  College  of^ 
New  York,  422 

Jebb's  Theological  Ledlures,     82 
Jerning ham's  Funeral  of  Ara- 
bert,  485 

Inundatiom,  a  Poem,  491 

Johnson  on  the  Ganglions  of  the 
Nerves,  496 

Jones  /ur  la  Literature  Oriinta/e, 

JoRTiN*s  Sermons,  362 

Junius  Junior's  loyal  Addrefs,  71 
Juryman's  Touchftone,  171 

Justification  of  the  Miniltry 
relative  to  Falkland's  Ifland,  261 
K. 

KEy  to  Abfurdiiies,  87 

KiMBEK'a  Baronetage,    360 
Knowledge  of  the  World,     503 
Lf 

LANGHORNE'sTranfl.  of  Plu- 
tarch's Lives,  I 

■  concluded,        1 1 1 

■■■  his  Fables  of  Flora, 

225 

Lawyer's  inveftigated,  170 

'Lee's  Memorial,  &c,  504 

'Leland's  Colledlanea,  new  Ldit. 

12 
Letter  to  the  Jurors,  124 

— —  to  Morris,  169 

■  to  Weflcy,  170 
■  to  SirR.  Ladbrokc,  423 

■  to  the  Monthly  Review- 
ers, 502 

— —  to  the  fame.  See  Wjm- 

PEY. 

Letters  between  the  Bifliop  of 

Anneci  and  Voltaire,  33 

'  ■    ■  to  the  Provident  Society, 

from  Clara,  418 

to  the  Rev-  Mr.  Cr— 

man,  <^oo 

Lett  RES  d*  unt  Jngloi/e,  S:c.    05 
Libels.    Sec  Second  Poftfcript. 

LlCtLS. 


VI 


CONTfikTS    ./ 


) 


Libels.    Sfk  Summary. 
Liberty  vindicated,  j^p 

Life  of  Lord  Bolingbroke,      108 
Lister.     See  Huddesford. 
JLoNDoyf .     See  Cr  itical. 
Lo  V  £  of  Money,  3  ^2 

Louisa,  j(  Novel,  17a 

M.  ^ 

MAcp«erson's   Inrroduflion 
totheH'ft.  of  Gr.  Britain^ 
&c.  404 

Mallet's  North.  Antiquities,  177 
Man  of  Feeling,  418 

Ma  NT's  Tranflation  of  Mazroi,  g6 
Ma r r  I ot's  two  Seruipn^  85 

Martyn's  Diflert.  on  Virgil,  219 
Mayer  Tabula  mgtuum  Selis  ei 
Luna  nova  tt  corrcSa^  284 

Medea  and  Jafon.     See  Ekins, 
Meilan's  Dramatic  Works,    343 
Memoirs  of  the  Marquis  dc  St. 
Forlaix,  Vols.  III.  IV.  a8 

of  Mifs  Wilfon,         92 

« of  the  Countcfs  of  Bar- 

'c*  ib. 

; ' —  of  Lady  Woodford,  498 

Merchant,  a  Poem,  by  Young, 

490 

Merchant's  Complaint  to    the 

Lawyer?,  ^03 

Methodists  vindxated,         50$ 

Military 

cers, 
Milton's  Eikonoclaftes,  new 
.  dition  of.     See  Baron. 
Minstrel;  or,   the  Progrefs  of 
Genius,  26c 

MiBsisippi.     See  PiTTM  an. 
Monody  on  the  Death  of  Whitc- 
icld,  ^o 

Moorish  Grammar,  169 

MuLL^  R*8  new  Syftcai  of  Mathe- 
matics, 28 1 
N.  ^ 

NAuncAL     Almanac,     for 
I77^»  214 

New  Hillorjcal,  Biographical,  and 
Claifical  Di^ionary,  336 

—  Lights   on    the  Hiftory  of 
Mary  Queen  cf  England,     277 

—  Marker,  4^3 
NuLLUAi  Teoipus,  Debate  on,  493 
Nun,  or  Ad.  of  the  Maichioneli 

de  BeauviHe^  262 


O. 

OBSERVATIONS    On  the  Re- 
view of  thcChar.  of  the  prin* 
cipal  Nations  in  Europe,       336 

' on  'Garden iog,     346 

OicEs's  Medical  Diflertations,  172 
Olj VERSUS  Letter  toToplady,  421 
Or  LB  ANs*s  Travel?,  |68 

Original  Power  of  the  People 
afferted,  ^^(^ 

O^beck's  Voyages,  3(56 

Owen's  Vocabulary,  tox 

P.  , 

PAPERS  relative  to  the  Nego- 
ciations  of  Spain,  261 

Pe  R  R 1 N  's  Guide  de  Tradu^eur^  1 68 
Philosopher,  3^ 

• — >-  Part  If.  493 

Philofophical   Tranfaftions,    Vol. 

LIX.  135. — Continued,  201.— * 

Concluded,  317. 

Pittman's    Slate  of  our  Settle- 

ments  on  the  Miffiffippi^  9 

Poetical  Eflays,  260 

Epijlle  to  the  Author  of 

Verfes  to  Wilkes,  34, 

Pollen  on  the  Lord's  Supper,  8i 
PoTTBR'sCgraceofCoventry,  418 
Principles  ot  Penal  Laws,  444 
Proceedings  at  a  Court-martial 

sYinc-caiea,         50^        Jil  Pei^facola,     ^  77 

Tnftrudt;ons  for  Oifi:  .^roi-cT  als  ^9*.  ftrergthpning  our 
CI         in  35>  •  •  -Naval-InftifutloiftV  '  •      ^88 

r.l.^ UA..    «....^.    PRt>\rfsTs^1f:rfigi;{rd8ofrrel.88 

^Y^i  Jnofcil Jyilem'of  Mofcs,   84. 

IScfe  Essay, 


[Eapers,  an  Opera,  i 


on  the  DH- 


JV  Reflections ^.._ 

pute  bctw,  the  H.  of  Commons 

and  the  City  of  London,  332 
Refutation  of  Johnfon's  Tho«» 

on  Fa!kland*s  liland,  416 

Remarks  o»  Voltaire's  new  Dif- 

coverics  in  Natural  Hiftory,  24 
pRe  y  N  o  L  Ds's  Difcouifeto  the  Royal 

Academy,  373 

Ritchie  on  the  Bair,  77 

Rivet's  Appendix  to  his  Decimal 

Arithmetic,  172 

Roberts's  Ecetical  Eflay  .on  the 

Attributes  of  God,  261 

Roberts  8 


ihi  English   Book$. 


It0BERTs*5  Efljy,  &c.  Part  IL  492 
Roi  A  R  A  ;  or  the  Adventures  of  an 

A^efs,  408 

RoYHtt  Ate  o»ib«Nifuredf  wk. 

ter,  221 

Rowley  o*  ihtCwc  6f  nltttstt^ 

Legs,  254 

RpsH  on  the  Spafmodlc  Ailhma  of 

ChikirtOy  17^ 

S. 

SAtyrist,  a^Poem,  174 

ScHBMES   ittbiiiictfd  to  chtf 
Pnblic,  88 

Scottish  Poem^,     See  Banna- 

TYNB. 

«  ■  Peerage.  SreELXBAHK. 

Sermons,  fingle*  96,   264,  424, 

504. 
Second  PoMnr^pt  to  a  Letter  <M 
Libe!s»  94. 

Selim's  Letters,  ^6 

Sentimental  Tales,  333 

Shakepeare's  Lear,  collated  E- 
dicioiiy  ^43 

^BARp'sfreeAdJ,  to  Freen.?:>,^69 
Jhipwrecic  of  CapL  Viaud.  421 
Sketches  and  Charaden  of  the 
moil  eminent  atd  iiogular  Per-  , 
fons  now  Irving,  338 

Spkbcres   on    the  Negociations 
with  Spain*  493 

Spirit  of  Liberty,  7 1 

SqciRB  and  the  Parfofr*  Bo 

Steuart,  Mrs.  Jean,  her  Medi- 
tations on  Texts  of  Scrip.     2 1 2 
oTONE^s  Complete  Baker,         169 
Summary  of  the  Law  o.  Libel,  171 
T. 

TEmplb  of  Coropaffio^i,    343 
Ten  Dialogues  on  the  Con- 
duA  of  Hnman  Life,  502 

Thb  Faok  was  bII  his  own,      333 
'Thoughts    00    capital    Punish- 
ments 89 
— — — —  refpefting  Falkland's 
IQuTidt                                 330 
olver's  State  of   Mid wi fry  at 
Pans,                                       92 
"oMLmsON'sPropofals  foraTran- 
fiat.  of  Licuteaod'sSynopfif,  496 
green's  Voyages,                  396 
AVBLs  ol  Father  Orleans,    i63 


VU 

Treatise  on  the  Faith  and  Hope 
of  the  Gofpel,  yg 

Trial  of  AJnion,  n± 

•a —  «)fth*SoIdicrtatBofton,  ^35 
—  of  Farmer  Carter's  Dog,  42 1 
I^RfuSiPH  of  FafeiOiy,  416 

Tutor's  Guide,  76 

V. 

V  Erses  addreiTcd  to  Wilkes  at 
Lynn,  259 

Vese  y's  Reports  in  Chancery,  419 
Viaud's  Adventures,  421 

Vicar  of  Bray,  334 

ViBWr^  compeiidiotts,  ofthtTetM 
ionic  Philofophy,  8^ 

Village  oppreifed,  261 

Vocal  Muiic,  174 

Voltaire.     SeeANNECi, 

Remaiks  on  hisDifco^ 

Yeries,  &c.  24 

■  in  the  Shades,  27 

■      '    Findlay's  Book  againft 

him,  457 

Vox  Senatus,  171 

Vyse's  Tutor's  Guide,  76 

W. 

Wesley's  Elegy  on  White- 
field,  174 
West-Inoian,  a  Comedy,  142 
Weston's  Univerf*!  BotaniO^  130 

■  Trad*  on  Agricaliiire, 
&c.  298 

W  H  E  A  T  l  Y 's  Ob f.  on-  Modern  Gar- 
dening, 346 

Whitaker's  two  Sermons  atlVJor- 
Jey,  82 

White's  Cafes  in  Surgery,      218 

Whit  worth's  pul>.  Accounts,  170 

•■■*■■  ■ Edit,  of  DavenanCs 

political  Works,  494 

WiMPEY*s  Letter  to  the  Authors 
of  the  Monthly  Review,       240 

Wynnes  Prollitute,  417 

Y. 

\nOuNG,  Dr.  his  Merchant,  a 
Poem,  490 

YouKC,  Mr.  his  Rural  Oecon.  54 

■  E^cpcr.  Agriculcurc,  162. 
Continued.  2^0,  303,  378.— • 
Concluded,  448. 

— —  Propofal  for  numbering  the 

People,  26  s 

CONTENTS 


•  ,t    viii.J 

CONTENTS  of  the  FOREIGN  ARTICLES, 
in  the  APPENDIX  to  this  Volume. 


A.  I. 

ACADEMIES,     Royal.       See  Jam  a  rd's  Inquiry  into  the  Theory 

History,  ofMufic,                               551 

Instinct.    See  Rbimar, 
B. 

Baffo*8  Poems,                      583  1.. 

Battbaux's  Poetics  of  Ariftotle,  Les  Vrais  Quakers,                  582 

Horace,  &c.                        556  Lettres  Atheniennes,           58^ 

C.  'M.  . 
Crebillon's    AtbeniAn   Letters,  Manners    and    Cuftoms.      S^e 

582  Sabbathier. 

D.  Music.    See  Jamard. 
Do  Marsais's  May  on  Preju- 
dices,                                 SH  -                 'P- 

Pas'erius  on  the  Piflures,  Vafes* 

E.  &c.  of  iheEtrufcans,  579 
Etruscan.    SccPassbrius.  Prejudices,  E/layoD,          5.33 

G.  Qi 

Gaillard.     SeeHisTORT.  Quakers.     SeeLEs  Vrais. 

Gu Ys's  Literary  Joarney  through  Questions.    See  Voltaire. 
Greece,                               505 

R. 

H.  R  EI  MAR  on  the  Inilin£l,  5cc.  of 

History  of  the  Royal  Academy  Animals,                             582 

of  Sciences  at  Paris  for  1766,  Rivalite.    See  Hutort. 
518 

*■!              of  the  Royal  Academy  S. 

of  Sciences  and  Belles  Lettres  at  Sabbathibr>  Manners  and  Cnf- 

BerliA  for  1766,                  537  toms  of  ancient  Nations,      559 . 


of  the   RivaUbip   of 


France  and  England,  $64  V. 

Voltaire's  Queftionsyirr  /"JSWry- 


THE 


il^^JJt. 


1^  H    E 

MONTHLY    REVIEW^ 

For    JANUARY,    1771. 

Art.  I.  Plutarch^ s  Livis.  Tranflatcd  from  the  original  Greeks 
with  Notes  critic^^  and  hiflorica),  and  a  new  Life  of  Plu- 
tarch. Bv  John  Langhofoe,  D.  D.  and  William  Lang* 
home,  Mk  A«  8yo.  6  Vols.  il.  |is,  6d.  in  Boards^ 
Dilly.     1770. 

TH;£R£.  ft  no  ftudy  which  is  more  intcrefting  than  thai 
of  .biography  J  and,  in  this  walk  of  literature,  there  is  no 
^  Amhor  more  eminent  than  Plutarch.  While  he  excites  in  U6 
•,  an  admiration  of  the  fuperior  qualities,  and  of  the  (hining  ac- 
tions of  thofe  great  men,  whofe  hiftory  he  has  recorded,  hfi 
dcfcribes  minutely  their  private  behaviour  and  manners ;  and 
his  details  exhibit  very  ample*  materials  by  tvhich  to  judge  of 
the  principles  and  motives  of  human  condudl.  There  is  no 
V^ork  of  confequence  which  furniibes,  to  the  fpeculative  reader, 
a  more  extenfive  foilrce  of  agreeable  or  profound  reflexion  j 
and  none  that  can  be  oftncr  read  without  difguft  and  fatigue. 

The  learned,  accordingly,  were  very  early  di/pofed  to  pay 

^attention  to  his  labours  ^  and  in. 1558,  a  French  trandation 

.  iof  his  lives  wa»  publtflied.    From  this  verfion,  which  was  faulty 

wd  imperfe<5l:  in  many  refpefts,  they  were  rendered  into  Englilh 

lA  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  The  next  attempt  of  our  coun- 

tiyoicn  to  naturalize  this   illuftrious  Ancient,    was  made  by 

prydcn,  in  conjiin<aion  with  feveral  other  Tranfiators ;   but 

ht  appears  to  have  proftituted  his  name,    to  give  reputation 

a  work,  full  of  errors,  unequal,  and  often  inconfiftent.     In  . 

feveral  editions  which  this  tranflation  has  undergone,  th« 

ils  of  it  have  been  partly  incieafed,*  and  partly  remedied. 

nuff  be  acknowledged,  however,  that  in  1758  the  revifal  of 

iving  been  committed  to  a  gentleman  of  erudition  and  ca-» 

ty,  a  multitude  of  its  imperfections  were  removed,  and  il 

lived  a  more  decent  form.     But  it  was  not  poffible,  by  any 

OL.  XLIV»     .  S  '  amend- 


t 

a  T-anghornc'i  Tranjlation  of  Plutarcl/s  l^hes, 

afnefidmefii»)  ^  alter  its  g€ft«ral  teoor,  and  ta  giv«- it  unity* 
At  length  our  biographer  has  had  the  good  fortune  to  havejuRicc 
done  to  him  ;  and  we  have  now  before  us  a  tranflation  of  his 
Lives,  in  which  the  nioff.fafiidiolii  critic  will  find  little  to 
cenfure. 

Jlfi  the  preface  to  the  prefcnt  work^  the  merits  of  the  former 
verpolis  are  cant afTed  with  great  caiidotir  ami  rtiode^y ;  the 
necel&ty  oT  a  new  tranflation  is  pointed  out ;  the  liberties  which 
ourTranilators  have  taken  with  their  Author  are  explained  and 
jufiified;  and  th^y  hayt  enumerated  the  mqthods  which  they 
have  followed,'  in  order  to  render  their  performance' acceptable 
to  the  public. 

After  their  introda£iion  or  preface^  our  Tranflators  prefeitf 
their  Readers  with  an  original  life  of  Plutarch,  which  ap^^ears 
to  include  all  the  information  that  can  be  colleded  on  this 
fubjed  ;  arid  in  Which  We  moft  dd  th^m  the  jxiftice  to  fepnfsikt 
there  is  a  Ub^raiity  of  fentiment  that  could  proceed  lazily  from 
men  whofe  underftandings  hav^  been  amply  cultivated..,  *j 

.    Frcfti  tbiaj^ajrt.Qf:  th^ir  wqri  We  ihall  Uy  before  our  Readers 
the  account  which  they  have  given  of  the  ph.i)(^ophi^al  prjn-         v 
ciples  of  their  Author* 

'  If  Plutarch,  fay  they,  might  properly  be  faid  to  belong  to 
zny  fcSt  of  philofophers^  his  education,  the  ratlonaTjry  .of  his 
jprinciples^  and  the  modefty  of  his  do^rines,,  would  incline  us   i.,  * 
to  place  him  with  the  latter  acadenj'y.     At  leaft,  when-  he  left         .  • 
his  matter  Ammonius,  and  came  into  fociety,  it  is  more  than        } 
probable  that  he  ranked  particularly  with  that  feS.  ^ 
^    *  His  writings,  however,  furoifti  us  wiib  many  reafbns  for 
thinkinz  that  he  afterwards  became  a  citizen  of  the  philofophi- 
cal  world.     He  appears  to  have  examined  every  fe£t  With  a 
kalm  and  unprejudiced  attentioni    to  have  fcleded  what  he 
found  of  ufe  for  the  purpofes  of  virtue  and  happinefs ;  and  to 
have  left  the  reft  for  the  portion  of  thofe,  whofe  narrownefs  of 
mind  could  think  either  fcieoce  or  felicity  confined' to  any  de-     i 
liomination  of  mcn^ 

*  From  the  academician)  he  took  their  modelly  of  dpinion^ 
and  left  them  their  original  fcepticifm  :  he  borrowed  their  ra* 
tional  theology,  and  gave  up  to  them,  in  a  great  meafure,  theii 
metaphyftcal  refinements,  together  with  their  vain,  thdugh  fe« 
duiSlive  enthufiafm. 

*  With  the  peripatetics  he  walked  in  fearch  of  natural  fcience, 
SMid  of  logic;  but,  facisfied  with  whatever  piaiiical  knowledge 
might  be  acquired,  he  left  them  to  dream  over  the  hypothetical 
part  of  the  former,  and  to  chafe  the  {hadows  of  reafon  through 
the  mazes  of  the  latter. 

.    '  To  the  fioics  he  was  indebted  for  the  belief  of  a  paiticulnr 
providence)  but  he  could  not  enter  into  their   idea  of  future 

^  '  rewards  . 


liiitigliornc\Trarj/Jation  o/PluiarcJ/s  Livst.  J 

hWard^  and  punithmehts.  H^  kne^  not  how  to  reconcife  the 
prefenc  agency  of  the  Supfeme  Bein^  with  his  jadicial  charac- 
ter hereafter ;  though  Theodoret  cells  us,  that  he  had  heard  of 
the  Chriftian  religion,  and  triferted  feveral  of  its  myfteriei  Iti 
his  works.  From  the  ftoics  too  he  borrowed  the  doctrine  of 
Fortitude  'y  but  he  reje^ed  the  unnatural  foundation  on  wbkh 
they  ttt&eA  that  virtue.  He  went  back  to  Sdcrates  for  prinr 
trplef  whereon  to  reft  It. 

'  *•  With  tb^  epicureans  he  does  not  feem  to  have  had  much 
itttefcourfe,  though  the  accommodating  f/hi!ofophy  of  Ariftip* 
l>us  entered  frequently  into  his  politics,  and  fotnethnes  into  the 
gencraf  oeconomy  of  his  life.  Ih  the  Httie  ftates  of  Greece  that 
phibfopiy  had  not  much  to  do  ^  bat  had  it  been  adopted  In 
the  more  violent  meafures  of  the  Roman  adminiftration,  our 
ctfebrated  biographer  Would  not  have  had  foch  fcenes  of  blood 
and  ruin  to  defcrtbe  ;  for  emula'ron,  prejudice,  and  oppofitrari» 
f^pbf!  whatever  principles  they  may  plead  their  apology,  firft 
ftmckout  the  fii'e  that  laid  the  Commonwealth  in  aifaes.  {f 
Plutarch  bbrrow^d  any  thing  more  from  Epicurus,  h  was  hh 
rational  idea  of  enjoyment.  That  fuch  was '  hr^  idea,  it  h 
more  thart  probable ;  for  it  is  impoflible  to  believe  the  tales  thah 
the  Heathen  bigots  have  told  of  him,  o^  to  fuppofe  that  the  cul- 
tivated mind  or  a  philofopher  ihould  purfue  its  happinefs  out 
of  the  temperate  order  of  nature*  His  Irreligious  opinions  he 
left  to  him,  as  he  bad  left  to  the  other  fe&s  their  vanities  and 
ibfbrditiea. 

*  But  when  we  bring  him  to  the  fchool  of  Pythagoras,  what 
idea  (hall  we  entertain  of  him  ?  Shall  we  consider  him  an v 
longer  as  an  ^academician,  or  as  a  c2ti2en  of  the  pbilofophlcai 
world?  Naturally  benevolent  and  humane,  he  finds  a  fVftetA 
of  divinity  and  phtlofophy  perfeftly  adapted  to  his  natural  (tn^ 
timents.  The  whole  animal  creation  he  had  originally  looked 
tpon  With  an  inftindive  tendemefs;  but  when  the  amiable 
^thagoras,  the  prieft  of  Nature,  in  defence  of  the  common 
priviteses  of  her  creatures,  had  called  religidn  into  their  caufe  ; 
when  ne  fought  to  foften  the  cruelty  that  man  had  exercifed 
;^ainft  them,  by  the  honeft  art  of  infinuating  the  doftrrne  of 
^tan(hiigration,  how  could  the  humane  and  benevolent  Plutarch 
rifufe  to  ferve  under  this  prieft  of  Nature  ?  It  was  iihpoffible. 
Be  adopted  the  doArine  of  the  metempfychofis.  Me  entered 
ifitd  the  merciful  fcheme  of  Pythagoras,  and^  Hke  him,  diverted 
the  cruelty  of  die  human  fpecies,  by  appealing  to  the  felfifh 
qualities  of  their  nature^  byfubduing  their  pride,  and  exciting 
jhtir  fympathy,  while  he  mewed  them  that  their  future  cxift* 
^oce  might  be  the  conditi6n  of  a  reptik. 

•  This  fpirir  and  drfpofition  break  ftrongly  from  him  in  hh 
ibfervations  on  the  elder  Cato.     And  as  no  hiftg  can  exhibit  a 

B  a  niore 


4  LanghorncV  Tranjlatim  of  Plutarch*  s  Liven 

more  lively  pidure  ofbiin  than  (hefe  paintings  of  his  own,  Wf 
jUiall.not  fcruple  to  introduce  them  here:  *•  For  my  part,  I. 
cannot  but  chalrge  his  ufmg  his  fervants  like  fo  many^  beafls  of 
jburthen,  and  turping  them  off,  or  felling  them  when  they 
grew  old^  to  the  account  of  a  mean  and  ungenerous  fpirit^ 
which  thinks  that  the  fole  tie  between  man  and  mai\  is  intereljb 
or  aeceflity.  But  goodnefs  moves  in  a  larger  fphere  than  jufllce. 
Thi  obligations  of  law  and  equity  reach  only  to  mankind,  but 
kindnefs  and  beneficence  fliould  be  extended  to  creatures;  of  . 
every  fpecies  3  and  thefe  ftill  flow  from  the  breaft  of  a  wellr 
naJtured  map,' as  ftreams  that  iiTue  from  the  living  fountain. 
A  good  man  will  take  care  of  his  horfes  and  dogs,  not  only 
while  they  are  young,  but  when  old  and  paft  fervice.  Thus 
the  people  of  Athens,  when  they  had  finifhed  the  temple  called 
Hecatompedon,  fet  at  liberty  the  beads  .of  burthen  that  had 
lieen  chiefly  employed  in  that  work,  fuiFering .  theni  to  paflrure 
at  ^arge,  free  from  any  other  fervice.  It  is  faid,  that  one  of 
thefe  afterwards  came  of  its  own  accord  to  work,  and  putting 
irfelf  at  the  head  of  the  labouring  cattle,'  marcHed  '  before  them 
to  .the  citadel.  This^  pleafed  the  people,  and  they  made  a  de.- 
cree,  that  it  {hould  be  kept  at  the  public  charge  fo  long  as  it 
Jivqd.  The  graves  of  Cimon's  nlares,  with  which  he  thrice 
conquered  at  the  Olympic  games,  are  ftill  to  be  feen  near  hia 
^wn  tomb.  Many  have  ftewn  particular  marks  of  regard,  in 
burying  the  dogs  which  they  had  cheriflied,  and  been  fond  jof ; 
and,  amongft  the  reft,  Xantippus'  of  old,  whofe  dog  fwamby 
the  fide  of  his  galley  to  Salamis,  when-  the  Athenians  were 
forced  to  abandon  their  city,  and  was  afterwards  buried  by  bins 
upon  a  promontory,  which  to  this  day  is  called  the  Dog's 
Grave.  We  certainly  ought  not  to  treat  living  creatures  like 
ihoes  or  houCehold  goods^  which,  when  worn  out  with  ufe,  we 
throw  away;  and  were  it  only  to  learn  benevolence  to  hiimaa 
Kind,  we  ibould  be  merciful  to  other  creatures.  For  my  own 
part,  I  would  not  fell  even  an  old  ox  that  had  laboured  for  me  ; 
much  lefs  would  T  remove,  for  the  fake  of  a  little  money,  a 
man  grown  old  in  my  fervice,  from  his  ufual  lodgings  and  diet : 
fqr  to  him,  poor  man !  it  would  be  as  bad  as  baniihm.ent^ 
fince  he  could  be  of  no  more  ufe  to  the  buyer  than  he  was  to 
the  feller.  But  Cato,  as  if  be  took  a  pride  in  thefe  things^ 
tefls  us,  that  when  conful,  he  left  his  war-horfe  in  Spain,  tQ 
fave  the  public  the  charge  of  his  convey anc,e-  Whether  fucli 
things  as  thefe  are  inftances  of  greatnefs  or  littlenefs  of  foul^ 
let  the  Reader  judge  for  himfelf." 

^  What  an  amiable  idea  of  our  benevolent  phijofopher  I  How 
worthy  the  inftrudlions  of  the  prieff  of  Nature !  How  honour- 
able jto  that  great  mailer  of  truth  and  univcrfal  fcience,  whofe 

fentiments 


LangborneV  TranJlaHon  ofPhtarcVs  Lives.  5 

fcntlmcnts  were  decifive  in  every  doubtful  matter,  and  whofe 
mixims  were  received  with  filent  convi<Siion ! 

«  Wherefore  fhould  we  wonder  to  find  Plutarch  more  parti- 
cularly attached  to  the  opinions  of  this  great  man  }  'Whether 
we  confider  the  immenfity  of  his  erudition,  or  the  Benevolence 
of  his  fyftem,  the  motives  for  that  attachmient  were  equally 
powerful.     Pythagoras  had  collefted  all  the  ftores  of  humari 
learning,  and  had  reduced  them  into  one  rational  and  ufeful 
body  of  fcicnce.     Like  our  glorious  Bacon,  he  led  philofo'phy 
forth  from  the  jargon  of  fchools,  and  the  fopperies  of  feds. 
He  made  her  what  flie  was  originally  defigned  tp  be,-  the  hand*  * 
maid  of  Nature;  friendly  to  her  creatures,  and  faithful  to  her 
laws.    Whatever  knowledge  ciDuld  be  gained  by  human   in- 
duftry,  by  the  moft  extenfivc  enquiry  and  obfcrvation,  he  had/ 
every  means  and  opportunitv  to  obtain.     The  priefts  of  Egypt ' 
unfolded  to  him  their  myfrericTi  and  their  learnfng-:  they  lerf 
him  through  the  records  of  the  remoteft  antiquity,  and  opened^ 
all  tfeofe  ftores  of.fcience  that  had  been  amaflrng  through  a  maU 
titude  of  ages.     The  magi  of  Pcrfia  co-operated   with  the 
priefts  of  Egypt  in  the  inftru<&ion  of  this  wonderful  philofb-* 
pher.     They  taught  "him  thofe  higher  parts  of  fcierice,  by  which* 
they  were  themfelves  fo  much  diftinguiflied,  aftroriomy,  and  thef* 
(yftemofthe  univerfe.  "The  laws  of  moral  life,  and  the  infti-* 
tutions  of  civil  focieties,  with  their  feveral  excellencies  and  * 
defeds,  he  learned  from  the  various  ftates  and  eftablilhmentsof' 
Greece.     Thus  accomptiOicd,- when  he  came  to  difpute  in  the 
Olympic  contefls,  he  was  confidered  as  a  prodigy  of  wifdom  and  • 
learning  ;  but  when  the  choice  of  his  title  was  left  to  him,  he 
modeftly  declined  the  appellation  of  a  wife  man,  and  was  con- 
lented  only  to  be  called  a  icver  of  wifdom* 

«  Shall  not  Plutarch  then  meet  with  all '  imaginable  indul- 
gence, if,  in  his  veneration  for  this  great  man,  he  not  only 
adopted  the  nobler  parts  of  his  philofophy,  but  (what  he  had" 
avoided  with  regard  to  the  other  fefls)  followed  him  too  in  his 
errors  ?  Such,  in  particular,  was  his  do£lrine  of  dreams  ;  tcy 
which  our  biographer,  we  muft  confefs,  has  paid  too  much 
attention.  Yet  abfolutely  to  condemn  him  for  this,  would, 
perhaps,  be  hazarding  as  much  as  totally  to  defend  him.  We 
imift  acknowledge,  with  the  elder  Pliny,  ft  exemplis  agattir^ 
fnfeffo  paria  fart ',  or,  in  the  language  of  honeft  Sir  Roger  de 
Coverley,  "  jnuch  may  be  fald  on  both  fides/'  Hov^ever,  if 
Plinyi  whoTc  complaifance  for  the  credit  of  the  marvellous  in 
particular  Was  very  great,  could'be  doubtful'about  this  matter, 
we  of  llttje  faith  may  Ke  allowed'to  be  morc-fQl"-  Yet  Plutarch,- 
in  hisrtreatffe  on  oracles,  h^  maintained  his  doftrine  by  fuch 
powerful  teftimonies,  that  if  any  regard  is  to  be  paid  to  his 
vmcicy.  Tome*  attention  ihould"  be  given  to  bis  opinion.  We 
^  B  3  .  iha 


fbaU  therefore  le»vf  the  poinr»  wherp  Mr.  Addlfon  thought 
proper  to  leave  a  more  improbable  doSrine,  in  fufpence.*  ^ 

Next  to  the  life  of  Plutarch)  the  original  ms^tterof  the  greatcft 
iipportance,  .with  which  pur  Trax)fl4ror3  have  enriched  their. 
work,  is  their  notes  and  illuftration$.  In  thefe  thejr  have  dif^- 
played  an  p^p^nfivt  tcquaio^nce  with  the  Greek  and  Roma^ 
ufages  J  and,  while  they  elucidate  |the  obfcurities  of  their  Au- 
thor, they  (upply  the  more  (nemorable  fads  which  he  had 
emitt^.  it  mufi  be  obferved,  at  the  fame  time,  that  tb^  hay^; 
made  a  free  ufe  of  the  annotations  of  former  critics  and  trao- 
Actors  5  but,  in  doing  fo,  they  have  generally  improved  on  the 
fources  from  which  they  have  derived  their  information. 

It  will  grfitify  the  curiofity  of  our  Readers  to  &e  a  (pecimen  of 
fhe  manner  in  which  they  have  acquitted  themfelves  in  this 
department;  and,  on  this  account,  we  fiiall  prefent  them  with 
tke  criticifm  they  have  given  of  the  life  of  Caefar,  as  written 
faf  Plutarch,  and  with  their  delineations  of  the  cbaraders  of 
VntflTus,  Alpcander,  and  Pompey. 

*  Whatever  Plutarch's  motive  may  have  been,  fay  they, 
it  is  certain  that  be'  has  given  us  a  very  inadequate  and 
imperfed  idea  of  the  charader  of  Caefar.  The  life  lie  hag 
written  is  a  confufed  jumble  of  fad?  fnatcbed  from  dii&rent 
hiftortans,  without  order,  confiftency,  regularity,  or  accuracy; 
He  has  left  us  none  of  thofe  finer  and  minuter  traits,  which, 
•s  he  elfewliere  juftly  pbferves,  diftinguifii  and  cbaraderize 
the^m^n  more  thap  hi?  moft  popular  and  fplendid  operation^. 
Ife  has  written  the  life  of  Csefar  like  a  man  under  reftraint ; 
has  fkimmed  over  his  adions,  and  (hewn  a  manifed  fatisfadion 
when  he  could  draw  the  attention  of  the  reader  to  other  cba- 
raders and  circumftances,  however  inOg^nificant,  or  how  often, 
fpever  repeated  by  himfelf,  in  the  narrative  of  other  lives.  Yet 
from  the  little  light  he  has  afforded  us,  and  from  the  better  ac- 
counts of  other  hidorians,  we  may  eafily  difcover  that  Ca&far 
was  a  man  of  great  and  diftinguifhed  virtues.  Had  he  been  as 
able  in  his  political  as  he  was  in  his  military  capacity ;  had 
he  been  capable  of  hiding,  or  even  of  managing  that  opennefs 
of  mind,  which  was  the  connate  attendant  or  his  liberality  and 
ambition,  the  laft  prevailing  paffion  would  not  have  blinded 
him  fo  far  as  to  put  fo  early  a  period  to  his  race  of  glory.' 

The  pidure  which  our  Tranflators  have  drawn  of  Crafliis  is 
executed  with  great  force  and  fpirit. 

'  There  have  been  more  execrable  cbaraders,  fay  they,  but 
there  is  not  perhaps  in  the  hifiory  of  mankind  one  more  con* 
temptible  thaii  that  of  Craflus.  His  ruling  pai&on  was  tj^ie 
ihoft  fordid  luft  of  wealth  ;  and  the  whole  of  his  condud;,  po«> 
litical,  popular,  and  military,  was  fubfervient  to  thi^.  U^  z% 
any  time,  he  gave  into  public  munificence^  it  was  with  bina^ 


Laoj>liorQeV  Trmjlatm  tfBkktnh'i  JUv4U  -  j^ 

'  ix>  fliore  th»iv  a  fpecies  of .  commerce.  By  thu9  treating  ibe. 
people  I]#  W9d  laying  ogt  hi$  money  in  the  purchafe  of  pro* 
vinc^s.  When  Syria  fell  to  his  lot,  the  tunfports  he  difcQvered ' 
ipruQ^  oat  from  the  great  ambition  of  carrying  tl^e  Rptnan  eaglet 
over  fhe  E?ft,  They  were  nothing  more  than  the  joy  of  a  mi- 
ffr,  when  he  ftumble^  upon  a  hidden  treaiure..  Dazzled  with 
the  prQfpe£l  of  Barbarian  gold,  he  gF^fped  with  eagernefs  a 
command  for  which  he  had  no  adequate  capacity.  We  find 
higi  emhArraiTcd  by  the  flighteft  diiEculties  in  bis  military  ppe^ 
ratiQOS,  and,  where  hia  obflinacy  would  permit  faim,  taking 
his  meafures  from  the  advice  of  his  lieutenants.  We  look 
with  indignation  on  the  Roman  fquadrons  {landing,  by  his  dif- 
pofitioiMt  as  a  mark  for  the  Parthian  archers,  and  incapable  of 
aQjog  either  on  t\kt  oiFc^five  gr  the  defenfive.  The  Romanf. 
comlanot  be  ignorant  €if  the  Parthian  method  of  attaching  and 
cetreatipg,  when  they  had  before  fpent  Cq  much  time  in  Arme* 
oi^^  Tlie  fame  of  their  cavalry  could  not  be  unknown  in  a 
country  vhere  it  was  fo  nmch  dreaded.  It  was  therefore  the  firft 
buiine/s  of  the  Rom^in  Geo/eral  tp  avoid  ihofe  countries  which 
>9^btgive  them  ^v  ndvaotago  in  the  equeftrian  adiioa.  But 
the  b^t  fcent  of  eajtern  treasure  made  him  a  dupe  even  to  the 
pelicj^  ef  the  Barbari^9s»  and  to  arrive  at  this  the  neareft  way^ 
he  facrificed  the  Iwes  of  thirty  thpui^nd  Romans.'. 
What  they  have  faid  gf  Alexander  is  no.Iefs  juft  and  mafterly^ 
•  Portraitf,  they  gbfcrve,  of  the  fame  perfon,  taken  at  dif- 
fo-fnt  periods  gl  lifct  though  thev  differ  greatly  from  each 
Other,  rei^aiA.a  lefemblance  upon  tne  whole.     And  fo  it  is  ia 

Soeral  with  the  cbaraders  of  men.  •  But  Alexander  feems  to 
an  exception  :  for  nothing  can  admit  of  greater  diflimilarity 
than  that  which  enteced  into  his  difpofltion  at  different  times> 
an<l  iri  diifercpt  circumflaiKres.  He  was  brave  and  pufiilani-r 
nxQVi&f  mercifu]  and  crgeU.  mgdefl:  an4  vain,  ab(|emioi^  ancf 
iu^^uriqus,  rational  and  fuperAicioua,  polite  and  overbearing^' 
politic  and  imprudent,  ^or  were  thefe  changes  cafual  or  tem-. 
^rary :  ihe  (lyle  of  his  charafter  underwent  a  total  revolution, 
and  he  pafied  from  virtue  to  vice  in  a  regular  and  progreflive 
inanaeF*  MujRificence  and  pride  were  the  only  chara<5l:erifiics 
that  never  fgrfook  him.  If  there  were  any  vice  of  which  he 
was  incapable*  it  was  avarice ;  if  any  virtue,  it  was  humility/ 
Of  "Pompey  they  have  fpoken  in  the  following  terms :  •  Pom- 
pey  b^s,  in  all  appearance,  and  in  all  confideration  of  his  cha- 
laSer,  had.  lefs  judice  done  hini  by  hiilprians  than  any  other 
man  of  hii^  time\  His  popular  humanity,  his  military  and  poli- 
tical (kiily  his  prudence,  (which  he  fometimes  unfortunately 
gave  up}  hifi  natural  bravery  and  ^nero4ty,  his,  conjugal  vir^ 
tiies,  which  (though  fometimes  impeached}  yi^ere  both  naturally 
%ad  moriily  gr^at  i  bis  caufe,  whi9b  v^s  qert^Qly,  in  it^  origin 

B  4  ^  naJ 


8  "  Langhof  ne*x  Tranflatton  of  P tutor cVs  Lives i 

nal  interefis  the  caufe  of  Rome ;  all  thefe  circumftances  intitled 
bim  to  a  more  diftinguiflied  and  more  refpedable  character  thaii 
any  of  his  hifiorians  have  thought  proper  to  afford  him*  One 
circumflantc,  indeed,  renders  the  accounts  that  the  writers,  who 
rofc  after  the  eftabliflied  monarchy,  have  given  of  his  oppofition, 
perfeflly  rcconcileable  to  the  prejudice  which  appears  againft 
l^im  ;  or  rather  to  the  reludance  wl^ich  they  have  fiiewn  to  that  ^ 
praife  which  they  f(?emed  to  have  felt  that  he  deferved  :  whei^ 
the  commonwealth  was  no  more,  and  the  fupporters  of  its  in* 
terefts  had  fallen  with  it,  then  hiftory  itfelf,  not  to  mention 
poetry,  departed  from  its  proper  privilege  of  impartiality,  and 
even  Plutarch  made  a  facrifice  to  imperial  pqwer/ 

We  can,  by  no  means,  fubfcribe  to  the  opinion  which  our 
Tranflators  have  formed  of  Pompey.  His  military  (kill  appears, 
indeed,  to  have,  been  confiderabfe^  and  this,  perhaps,  is  th6 
xnoft  fhihing  part  of  his  chara£ier.  As  a  politician,  be  doe^ 
iot  feem  to  have  been  pofleffed  of  much  fprefight,  or  pcnctra- 
tidn.  Though  a  great  diflembler,  he  had  not  the  art  to  conceal 
his  real  fentiments.  His  league  with  Caefar  and  Crafius  gave  a 
mortal  blow  to  his  interefis  \  and  will  not,  furely,  be  mentione4. 
as  a  proof  of  his  prudence  and  fagacity.  It  furniibed  to  Caefar 
the  means  bfrdefiroying  hrm.  It  may  be  faid,  that  after  hi^ 
return  from  the  Mithridatic  war,  he  flighted  the  opporcimity 
that  was  offered  him  of  becoming  mafter  of  the  republic  \  but.  It 
muft  be  reqiembered,  that  the  fupreme  poWer  was  conftantly  the 
objefi:  of  his  ambition,  and  that,  if  hehegleSed  tofeize  itatthi^ 
time,  it  was  merely  becaufc  he  expefted  to  receive  it  as  the 
gift  of  the  people.  Of  his  humanity,  we  may  judge,  from  his 
cruel  treatment  of  Hypfaeus,  who  had  been  his  quaefior,  andi 
Kad  been  confiantly  attached  to  him  \  and  from  his  putting  tq 
death  M.  Brutus,  a  man  of  the  firft  quality,  who  had  furren- 
dcred  himfclf  into  his  hands,  under  a  promife  of  life.  Hence 
tbo,  we  may  form  a  conclufion  concerning  his  integrity,  and 
his  honour  j  and,  when  we  confider  the  hrge  fums,  which  he 
Extorted  from  Ariobarzancs,'  we  cannot  fay  that  he  is  intitled 
to  the  praife  of  generofity. 

There  is  another  charafler  of  antiquity,  which  our  Tranfla- 
torsdo  not  feem  to  have  perfedly  underftood.  In  their  notes 
.to  the  life  of  Antony,  they  fpcak  of  0£lavius  Caefar  as  cowardly 
and  pufillanimous.  We  are  not  to  be  informed,  that  this  in- 
vidious charge  has  been  pretty  generally  received  ;  but  we  muft 
be  allowed  to  obferye,  that  it  has  jio*folid  foundation  in  hiftory, 
TheAbbe  de  Vertot,  and  the  Pr6fident  Montefquieu  gave  in- 
advertently intd^fhis  opinion,  and  fubfeqqept  writers  have  con- 
stantly adopted  it. ;  The  grounds,  upoii  whith  thefe  writers, 
formed  their  conclufion,  are  fome.  vague  and  depreciating  ex- 
ipreindnsi  wbieh>  it  appcalfs  from  Suetonius,  had  been  made  ufe 


Pupnt  Staie  tf  the  Eutdpean  SettUments  on  thi  MJJiJtppi.     f 

flf  by  Antony  in  his  manifcftocs  againft  0£lavlus5  and  this  par- 
tial foundation  did  not  furely  give  them  authority  to  pronounce 
fo  bold  a  ccnfurc.  There  arc,  indeed,  fevcral  other  circum- 
fiances,  which  have  a  place  in  hiftory,  and  which  feem  to  indi- 
cate a  timidity  of  fpirit  in  Odlavius  ;  but  they  arc  fo  palpably 
abfurd  in  themfelves,  and  fo  totally  Inconfilient  with  the  te- 
nor of  his  adibns,  that  no  fenfible  man  could  thinkof  employ- 
ing them  againft  him.  His  condu£l,  from  his  firft  ^tering  into 
public  affairs^  after  the  aiTaffination  of  Caefar^^tlU  the  battle  of 
Adiuip,  appears  to  have  been  fpirited  and  daring  \  and  the  ac- 
icoonts  of  authentic  biftorians  are  a  furer  criterion  from  which 
to  judge  of  his  charader,  than  the  reproaches  of  a  declared  ene- 
my. His  behaviour  at  the  fiege  of  Mutipa,  in  the  wars  againft 
S.  Pom|iey,  in  thofe  againft  the  Dalmatians,  and  in  the  whole  of 
his  conteft  with  Antony,  difcovers  nothing  of  timidity  and 
irrefolution. 

Wc  do  not  mean,  from  thefe  ftriftures,  to  draw  any  general 
inferences  difadvantageous  to  the  accuracy  of  the  annotations 
of  our  Tranflators.  It  does  not  follow,  .becaufe  they  may  have 
been  miftaken  in  one  or  two  particulars,  that  they  have  eichec^ 
wanted  penetration,  or  have  negleded  to  inform  themfelves.  Tn 
tbc  firft  quality,  they  arc  far  from  being  deficient ;  and,  while 
die  induftrious  ftudent  will  receive  inftruflion  from  the  ftores 
of  their  learning,  he  will  improve  his  tafte  by  the  elegant  man- 
ner In  which  they  have  expreflid  themfelves. 
'  Wc  (hould  now  offer  our  opinion  of  the  merits  of  their 
tranflacion  i  but,  as  this  article  has  run  into  a  cbnfiderable 
length,  wc  fliall  delay  what  we  have  to  fay  concerning  it,  till 
pur  review  for  the  next  month. 

Mt.  n.  Thi  pnfmt  Staie  of  the  European  SittUmeiits  on  the 
ASffifippi ;  with  a  geographical  Defcription  of  that  River  *,  iU 
hifirated  by  Plans  ^nd  Draughts.  By  Captain  Philip  Pittman. 
4to*     6$.  fewed.     Nourfe.     1770. 

TH  E  European  fettlcmcnts  on  the  river  MifBfippi  com* 
prehend  Louifiana,  part  of  Weft  Florida,  and  the  country 
pf  the  Illinois.     In  thefe  countries,  the  Author  of  the  work  be- 
fore us,  refided  during  feveral  years ;  and,  as  he  was  employed 
in  fiirveyin^  and  exploring  their  interior  parts,  and  was  tfd- 
uaihted  "with  many  of  the  more  intelligent  of  their  inhabitants, 
t  has  been  enablfefd  to*  exhibit  an  account  of  tbcm,  which  is 
xurate  andF- worthy  of  attention.     The  relations  of  Charlevoix 
3   this  fubjcfl,   though"  he  'is  by  no  means  ari  injudicious 
riter,  are  extremely  mcom pi ete,  and  of  little  authority ;' as  he 
ad  not  leifure  from  his  rapid  progrefs  through  thefe  c6^itt'riei^ 
>  authenticate  his  materials  from  bis  own  perfonal  knowledge. 

Our 


Our  AmM  appetri  tfi^  have  informed  himfelf .  with  more  C9K| 
*  and  the  candour^  which  is  fp  apparent  in  bis  workf  will  fot  Mr* ' 
mit  the  moft  fcnipulovs  reader  to  fufpe£t  his  veracity, 

Tbi$  .performance  was  not  originally  intended  for  public9*r* 
tion.  It  W9S  written  9t  the  requeft*  and  for  the  perufal  QiJy^' 
of  the  feci^tary  of  ftate  for  the  colonics.  On  this  KC9unt,  ^# 
compoiition  and  naetbo^  of  our  Anthor  oqght  not  lo  be 
too  feYcrely  crkicifed*  His  work  bad  certainly  the  good 
^£t  to  remove  in  part  thofe  upjuft  reports  conceraing  the. 
climate  of  Weft  Florida^  which  retarded  the  fettlement  of  that 
cwmry^  and  the  matter  it  contains  miift>  in  gener^U  be  «U 
lowed  to  be  imereding  and  important.  If- we  cannot  CQfi* 
mend  bi^  nariration  and  bis  ftyle,  we  muft  ]fet  obltnc,  chat  bi; 
lias  erciry  where  exprefled  bimfclf  with  perfpicuity. 

We  ih^Il  traofcribe  for  the  enurtainment  of  our  Readers^  the 
aocbum,  which  he  has  given  of  the  country  of  the  IlIinoi9i  md 
of  tbc  ^vemment  of  this  country,  when  belonging  to  the 
French;  ^nd,  from  this  cxtra<a,  they  will  be  able  to  form  to- 
9pmion  of  his  capacity  and  merit. 

^  The  country,  favs  he^  of  the  Illinois  is  bounded  by  the 
Xliffifippi  on  the  Weft,  by  the  river  Illinois  on  the  North,  bj 
^  fivers  Qu^bacbe  and  Miamis  on  the  £aft,  and  the  Ohio  oi| 
Oie  South. 

*  The  air  in  general  is  pyre,  and  the  fty  ferene^  except  in  the, 
month  of  March  and  the  latter  end  of  September,  when  there! 
V^  heavy  rains  and  h«rd  gales  of  wind.  The  months  of  May*' 
June,  July,  and  Augyft,  are  exceffive  hot,  and  fubjeft  to  fud- 
deo  aupd  violent  ftorms  ^  January  and  February  are  extremely 
cold  i  the  other  months  of  the  year  are  moderate.  The  princi- 
pal Indian  nations  in  this  country  are,  the  Cafcafquias,  Kao- 
qyias,  Mitchigamias,  and  Peoryas  ;  thefe  foyr  tribes  are  gene- 
laiiy  called  the  Illinois  Indians :  except  in  the  hunting  fcafons*^ 
they  refide  near  the  EngJifb  fettlements  in  this  country,  where 
they  have  buih  their  huts.  'I  hey  are  9  poor,  debauched,  an4 
dafiardly  people.  They  count  about  three  hundred  and  filty 
vanripns.  The  Pcaaquifrbas,  Mafcoutias,  M^unis,  KickapotiSfi 
:md  PyatODons^  though  not  very  numerous,  are  a  brave  and 
ivarlike  people.  The  foil  of  this  country  in  general  is  very  ricfi 
smd  luxuirij^nt;  it  prodMq^  all  forts  of  European  grains^  hopssy 
hemp,  Avi^f  cotton,  and  tobacco  |  and  European,  fruits  come  tq 
great  pf:rfe<^ion.  The  inhabiunts  make  wine  pf  the  wil^ 
grapes,  which  is  v^srjf  inebriating^  and  i;i,  in  colour  and  taften 
yeify  Ukf  ih^.  red  wine  of  Provence.  The  counftry  abound^ 
^ich  bl^S^^  .<le|Br,  s^nd  wild-fowl;  particularly  ducks,  geefe^ 
|^P9,.  tifrkje^  and  pk^^t^tSp  The  rivfrs  and  lakes  afFpni 
l^kWjf.of  iifc«i 

•la 


,  f  in  ihe  late  w^ra,  li^wf  Ortetaii  und  ^^  Imrer  f§tu  nf 
touiibuin  werp  fuppli^d  with  ^our»  beer,  wipei,  k^mtf  m4 
other  provUioq^  from  this  country  :  f|(  pre&nt  its  cocofviBrce  if 
moftly  coiifineid  (o  t^e  peltry  afi4  f^vr9«  w)iicb  are  got  in  traffic 
fcofii  ^  Ifidiaiis^  for  which  are  received  in  retiirn  fucb  £ii«- 
ifpean  icommodiues  at  are  fiecefiarjr  tQ  farry  oo  that  cpmfaesc^ 
wi  the  Tupport  of  the  iahahitaii^. 

.  *  This  cofiniry,  when  in  tt^e  pofleSon  of  tlie  French  ^ras 
gpvcmed  by  9  military  Q%er,  c«Ued  the  M^JOT'^fMlttpandantb 
who  was  appointed  by  the  governor  of  New  (Jrleans.  He  waa 
alvanra  a  nan  eonneiSed  with  t$e  goveroor  hy  intereft  or  rela« 
OMijiMp  ^  i^  wfis  ahfolute  in  his  ai)thori(y9  eiccept  iq  i«2(t(«nL 
of  life  $n^  dei^hi  capital  pf&n^e^  wfre  tried  by  the  council  jt 
New  Qrleana  ^  the  whole  Indj^n  trade  was  (b  i9iicl|  in  ^ 
j^pwcr  of  the  x^ominaiidant^  that  D0JkQdy  waa  permitied  to  be 
cpqcern^  in  i^  but  pn  frpfiditipn  pf  giving  him  part  v  the  pw^ 
&t.  Whenever  he  made  prefents  to  the  In^iviSy  jn  the  mtm 
of  hi$  king,  he  received  peltry  and  f(ua  in  return :  as  the  pBe^^ 
ients  he  gave  were  to  be  confidered  as  q^arl^s  of  bis  fi|vo^r  aii4 
lore  for  them,  fo  the  returns  thev  made  were  tq  b^  regaj^d^d 
as  proofs  of  their  attachment  tP  him«  Speeches  aocpnpQ^niei) 
by  prefents  were  caUed  ParoUs  devaUur;  any  Indiana  who  ^smc 
tp  a  French  poft  were  fubfifted  at  the  expence  of  the  Kin|( 
durmg  tl^eir  nay,  and  the  (welling  this  account  waa  no  incoif^* 
^4^nd>]e  emolument. 

•As  en^rv  bufineft  the  cojch^apdant  had  with  the  Indiana 

was  attended  with  certaip  profit,  it  is  not  furprifin^  that  ha. 

fpared  no  pains  to  gain  their  aifeflions ;  and  he  qiade  it  equally 

the  intereft  of  the  o%ers  under  hW  \o  pleafe  theiiiy  ^  peiiasit- 

ting  ihem  to  trade*  and  making  theoi  hia  aaei^  in  the  Indian 

countries.   If  any  perfon  bro^gh^  gpo^<  within  the  limits  of  bii^ 

jynfdi^ipp,  wUhoia  his  particulai:  Qcfnce,  ^wotUd  oblige  theqn 

to  fell  their  merchaiidize,  at  a  very  moderate  profit,  to  the  wm^ 

oiMbry,  on  the  K^ing^s  ae^ount,  calling  it  an  emergency  of  go- 

yeramcAt,  and  emplpy  the  fame  good^  in  his  own  private  com-. 

qi^te.    It  n\ay  eafily  l)c  fupppfe^  from  what  has  been  before 

fiud,  that  a  complaint  to  t^e  governor  of  New  Orleans  wovldl 

meet  with  very  Itttle  redrefs.  .  It  may  be  aflced,  if  the  inhabit-. 

V)ts  were  not  pflended  at  this  monopoly  of  trade  and  arbitrary 

proceedings  I  The  coqamandant  could  beftow  many  favour?  onj, 

Sens,  fuch  as  giving  .contracts  for  Cumiihing  proyiuoos^  or  per- 

«ming  public  works;  by  eTnploying  tbcm  in  his  trade,  or  by} 

paking  thei/  cbildren  cadets,  who  w^re  allowed  pay  and  pron 

i/ioi«,  and  coujd,  when  they  were  g^own  MPt  recoowojeM  tbf  no^ 

X  commiffions*    They  were  happy  if  by  the  moft  fervile  and 

ibmijfiye  behaviour  they  could  gain,  hi^^cpnfiden^e  and  favoprJ 

iyery  peripA  csioajble  of  bearing  arms  wast  enrolled  io  thc( 


n^     Leianci'r  Antiqiiarti  de  Rebus  SriiannMs  CotteSimtea^ 

BiilitiaV  and  a  captain  of  militia  and  officers  were  appointed  ta 
each  parHh'iithe 'captain  of  militia  regulated  corvees  and  other 
fiferfenal  fcfVite.  From  this  military  form  of  government  the 
aithontj  of  the  commandanfwas  almoft  univerfah  The  com- 
mifiSry  was^a  mere  cypher,  and  rather  kept  for  form,  than  for 
afhyre^Iufe;  he 'was  always  a  perfon  of  low  dependance,  and 
never  dared  counteraS  tl\ejwill  of  the  commandant/ 
'Th  concluding* this  ahicle,  we  muft  remark,  that  the  draughts 
and  plans,  which  illuftrate  this  work,  appear  to  be  txecuted  with 

great  exadlriefs  and  tafte, 

-  '  ■■■  ■      '■       ■--..■■■    _i _  .. 

Art«  III*  y^nms  LfUtndi  Antiquarti  de  R,ehm  Britannids  Col^ 
r  Iklamu :  eum  Thomm-Hekmii  Prafatione  Netis  et  Indite  ad  Eds'- 

-  *^onem^ffimam»     Edith  altera,     Auedtmt  de  rebus  AngHcanh 

*  eftifcutd^aria  e  £verjis  Ccdd.  MSS,  defertpta  et  nunc  prihium  in 

*  h^em  idka^    8vo.    6  Vols.     2  1.  2s.     Impenfis  Gul.et  Jo. 
r  Ri€hardf<*i<    1770. 

THE  hiftoryand  antiquities  of  our  own  country  arc  parti- 
'cularly  interefting;  and  thofe  publications  that  attempt". 
to  clear^op  the  bbfcurity  in  which  they  are  involved,  are  deferv- 
Jngof  the  higheft  encouragement.  If  the  different  branches  of 
the  prerogiitive  'were  fiilly  explained,  and  if  the  rights  to 
which  the  people'are  ihtitled  were  clearly  underftood,  we  fhould 
»0t,  poSibTy,  iiave  experienced  of  late,  in  fo  great  a  degree, 
the  heats  and  aDimofitie^  of  political  contention.  Difputes,  jn 
Ais  cafe,  niight  be  brought  to  a  fpeedy  iffue;  and  men  would 
dcteVmine  themfclves  by  their  judgment,  rather  than  their 
pafllons. ' 

*  Iphough  the  work  before  us  is  imperfe£l,  and  is  not  reduced 
jnto  any  method,  the  materials  it  contains  are  by  no  means 
dcfpitable ;  and  ingenious  and  fpeculative  men  may  form  from 
fhem  coniiftent  details^  and  may  even  be  led  to  make  important, 
difcoveries. 

In  confcquencc  of  a  commiffion  from  Henry'  VIIL  our  Au-- 
ihor  bad  accefs  to  all  the  cathedrals,  abbies,  priories,  'cotlegesj^ 
and  other  places  in  the  kingdonf,  where  books,  records,  arid. 
Wriiingk,  relating  to  its  hiftory  and  antiquities  were  repo-^ 
fited.  Of  this  advantage  he  was  ftudious  to  avail  hinifelf  ^ 
and,  in  the  courfe  of  feveral  years;  he  had  made  very  ample' 
cofleftions.  But,  while  he  was  endeavouring  td  give  form  and 
order  to  them,  fWuck,  as  it  is  thqiight,  with  the  greatnefs  of' 
bis  defign5>  he  betame*  difordercd  in  his  judgrpent.  In  this'  fi- 
tuation  his  colIf(^an£a  hzd  poflibly  been  loft  to  the  world,  if  the 
$i(Jurftn'ous  Mr.  Thomas  Hearnc  had  not  taken  the  labour  of 
putSfffiing  them.  ^  .         ,    .    .     1.,.  .'.     '.  % 

*  tdhWd  had  a  tifte  fbf  poetry  arid  eloquence,  was  a  niaReip 
of  Ufiiu^gcs,  ahd  pdffelRd'an  acutrtiefs  that  is  rstrely'tihe-^or^ 
'    •   "  tiao 


lion  of  Antiquarians.  It  is  not  commonly  known,  and  wf 
take  this  opportunity  to  mention  it  to  his  honour,  that  Harri« 
foo,  in  his  defcription  of  Britain  ;  Scowe,  in  his  furvey  of  Lph* 
don;  and  even  Camden,  in  his  Britannia ^  have  taken  the  l^enefi^ 
of  many  of  his  obiervations  and  remarks,  without  being  very 
careful  to  acknowledge  their  obligation  to  him. 

The  prefent  edition  of  his  CoUe^lama  appears  to  be  execute^ 
with  accuracy,  and  is  enriched  with  feveral  valuable  pieocs, 
never  before  publifhed.  ^ 

Art.  IV.  An  Effay  on  Trade  and  Commerce :  containing  Obferva'^ 
tions  on  Taxes j  as  they  are  fuppofed  to  affcSi  the  Price  of-  Labour 
in  mr  ManufaSiories :  together  with  J'ome  intere/fing  Kefle^lons 
OH  the  Importance  of  our  Trade  to  America.  To  which  is  addeil 
the,  OsetlineSj  or  Sketchy  of  a  Scheme  for  the  Maintenance  and  Ensj 
fbyment  of  the  Poor^  the  Prevention  of  Vagrancy^  and  Deer eafe  of 
the  Poor^s  Rates,  Humbly  addrefled  to  the  Legiflatujie  of  ;he 
.  KiA&Jom^  by  ;Ll)e  Author  of  Conliderations  on  Taxes,  &c.^ 
8vo.     4s.  fewed.     Heoper.'-  1770.         ...  • 

l^OTHING  is  a  greater  evidence  of  the  gror9  defaEb  in 
^^  our  domefHc  policy,  than  the  burdenfome  incteafe  of  our 
pariih  poor :  and  though  our  workhoufes  are  in  general  under 
had  regulation,  yet  thofe  who  imagine  that  a  proper  mahage*^ 
mcnt  of  the  poor,  after  they  are  reduced  to  take  refuge  in  thefe 
afylums,  would  fuficicntly  cure  the, evil,  are  much  in  the  fame 
oUe  ID  which  a  fliip'a  crew-  would  be,  who  having  a  dange/ous 
leak  in  the  veflel,  ihould  think  to  clear  tlie  jiold  of  water  merdjr 
by  keeping  their  pumps  going,  and  (hould  content  themfelvci 
widi  ftudying  how  to  improve  the  ftrudure  of  thofe  machinest 
inflead  of  feaichingfor  the  inlet  of  the  water,  and  efFe<9ualI]r 
dofingit.  .^  .  . 

The  ingenious  author  of  the  work  now  before  us,  extendi  hb 
riewi  farther  than  meer  workhoufe  ccconomy,  aiming  iat  ptth 
veotiye  remedies  rather  than  palliatives  ;  and  he  makes  a  variety 
of  lenfiihle  remarks  on  the.  feveral  fubjeds  mentioned  in  the  titlh 
above^  *  chiefly  tending  to  reduce  the.  number  of  the  poon. 
We  are  however  doubtful  whether  his  views  efieduallj  reach 
tbeci^uie  of  the  evils  he  would  cure.  .^  •  -.i/i 

Our  Author,  like  Mr.  Young  f  the  writer  of  the  Fsrm^M 
Letttrs\  &c.  maintains  the  expediency  of  keeping  up  the!  price 
of  proviiaons,  in  oider  to  keep  down  thei  price  of  labour,  ao4 
prderve  our  foreign  trade ;.  an  argument  which  he  allows  to  be 
paradoxical  at  firft  view :  and  though  it  mav  have  foine  founds^ 
lion,ia  truth,  yet,  as  we  have  formerly  oblerved,.  it  ought  to  be 

•  See  Review,  voL  xxxii.  p.  389* 
t  ^ce  Review,  vol.  xlil.  p.  237, 


Vtty  ciutloufly  admitted,  Wflr,  In  A^  ardor  of  profecatlng  ihii 
favourite  principle,  humanity  ibould  ber  extin|aifhed. 

*  Thofe,  ftys  out  Author,  who  have  clorely  attended  ta  iht 
dlfpofitiod  and  conduft  of  I  rti^ufa£lufing  populate,  bav^  al- 
ways fdand  that  to  laboat  \e&  and  not  cheaper  has  heeti  th# 
confequencfc  of  a  low  price  of  provifions  j  and  that  when  pro- 
Vlfions  irt  dear,  ftom  Whatever  caafc,  labour  Isalitrays  pl^nti-^ 
^ul,  always  well  performed,  and  of  courffe  is  always  dieapdr 
than  when  provifions  are  at  a  low  price. 

<  To  explain  this,  let  iis  ob(erve,  firft,  that  mankind,  in  ge- 
neral, arc  naturally  inclined  to  eafe  and  indolence,  arid  ^hat  nof^ 
thing  but  abfolute  necefflty  will  enfoice  labotir  and  induftry^ 
Secondly,  that  our  poor,  in  general,  work  only  for  the  bare 
ixeceiTanes  of  life,  or  for  the  means  of  a  low  debauch  $  which 
tirhen  obtained,  they  ceafe  to  labour  till  roufed  agaih  by  neOef* 
fity.  Thirdly,  that  it  is  beft  for  tbemfelves,  as  well  as  for  fo^ 
ciety,  that  they  ftiould  b6  conftantly  employei/      ■ 

True ;  but  let  us  take  care  not  to  opprefs  thole  of  Otir  in<- 
diuftrious  poor,  who  come  not  under  th^s  defcriptiom. 

'  it  wei'*  much  to  Be  wifhed  that  there  were  kfs  room  kfr  tKfe 
following  obforrations  on  the  difiblutencfs  ef  oar  labouring  hia- 
HufaAures : 

<  When  it  is  confidered  what  luxuries  thd  manufa^irifig  po^, 
pulace  confume,  fach  as  brandy,  gin,  tea,  fugar,  fareigii  fruit, 
ilsong  beer,  printed  linens,  fhuff^  tobacco,  &c.  &c.  it  ssr  amati;- 
ivfgj  any  one  fliould  be  fo  weak  as  to  conceive  that  taxes  rai fe 
the  price  of  labour;  of  that  it  (boold  be  neceflary  to  ranfe  thb 
price  of  lahoor  becaufe  of  dor  taxes,  in  order  to  cnabfe  the  |>odr 
«o  live  comfortably^  knov^ng  they  confiime  fbcb  heaps  of  Taper- 
fltiities.  I  am  informed^  that  in  oiie  Irtile  aianttfadarmg  towft 
in  the  Weil  of  England,  of  about  three  thoufand  inhabrtdnta, 
^ctfe  ii  paid  far  two  thoufand  hogfheadg  of  ftfong  beer,  befidea 
what  is  ibeiit  in  fpiritoous  liquors ;  all  proofe  of  exorbitant 
^agas.  out  one  of  the  fatal  oonfeqoinces  of  an  high  price  <tf 
JabOttf  is«  Aat  it  prodiuxt  floth.  If  a  defire  of  luxuries  j>rt». 
4«eed  induftry^  it  mi^t  be  ufeful,  create  trader  and  iteprore  the 
iands  I  hence  ail  ihight  confume  mofo,  and  bnr  with  eq«a}.^- 
^ity  hi^er  taxes ;  but  an  hotif  s  labour  loft  in  a  day  i«  st  pro)^ 
^gioya  mjilry  to  a  commercial  ftate«' 

Xhouffh  die  defcription  here  drawn  appears  fomewhat  eac- 
sggenued,  yet  it  is  too  true  that  a  general  relaxation  of  tnduf*- 
try  and  morals  is  difcoverable  in  all  ranks  of  peo[4ey  in  large 
towns ;  which  affords  prognoftics  the  more  melancholy  as  it  i^ 
contrary  to  all  experience  to  fee  a  nation  contaminated  with 
luxury,  leflore  itfeif  to  indoftry  ami  fbbriety :  this  would  be 
going  backward,  whereas,  in  this  f^blunary  world,  all  things 
go  progTcffivclys 

.  The 


^  Tlie  nxA&tj  pf  the  ^rogreft  vpc  aiake  !h  all  kindfi  bf  <}ifipa« 
^ofo  and  vke  k  by  iIq  liieans  hard  to  aecbunt  for.  Luxufy  Mo^ 
(hK:ts  pdveity,  cmr  iiobilit|r  9xtfar  from  being  patterns  of  rigid 
virtue ;  and  a  dofe  attention  to  every  means  of  hicrcafixig  the 
(Fubtic  revenue,  which  in  reference  to  the  parijb  p^f^s  rati^  ttiav 
he  termed  tht  p^  n$lfiSt/s  raiij  occafiorts  the  ttuitipHcatioii  dt 
Ihrenfed  receptacfe^  of  diUblutenefa  and  Vulgar  rl6t  tb  be  en^ 
couraiged :  said  thus  We  all  galtop  merrily  bh  toward  natiMal 
hiin  ! 

The  victtf  t>f  the  Great)  render  ftate  <econottiv  impro^bfot 
and  without  a  tnore  prudent  fyftem  of  domeftic  policy,  the  p66t 
can  never  be  in  any  meafure  reformed.  To  kt  about  reforming 
the  poor,  after  conniving  at  theif  corruption,  h  beginning  S. 
die  wrong  end..  Coercive  Taws  will  never  be  able  to  effbd  it, 
keforaiacfoa  mall  beglh  where  vice  atfd  profligacy  of  every  kinl 
tjriginate;  and  Were  this,  againft  all  hope,  to  take  place,  the 
happ7  contagion  would  in  d«e  time  dlffufe  itfelfi  and  jefcend 
to  the  loweft  of  xhe  people. 

It  ia  for  thefe  reak^ns  We  think  all  tbpical  remedies  applied  to 
check  the  fyfnpioms  ot  oMt  nation^  diftempers,  while  the  caufn 
continue  to  operate  without  being  adverted  to,  as  haraiin^ 
ourfelves  to  worfe  than  no  purpof^. 

Our  Author  Is  a  ftrong  advocaier  for  a  general  natufafizatioxl 
to  ihcreafe  the  number  of  induftrlous  people,  and  keep  dowa 
the  price  of  labour.  This  Indeed  might  be  eaTiIy  efFe<aed,  if,  hf 
a  fudden  inftur  <)f  foreigners,  more  hands  fliould  otfbr  than  cati 
k:  emjiloyed,  ati  Inconvenience  which  fometimes  happens  even 
among  ourfelves:  but  Whether  an  immediate  acceffion  6f  fo- 
feign  isefojgeesy  i$  wanted  at  tills  thne^  when  the  number  of  natu. 
tal  notn  (ubjeds  is  pro^relfivefy  enlarging,  is  a  point  defervtng 
mature  conuderation.  But  as  this  h&  may  perhaps  be  doubted^ 
It  may  be  worth  explaiiiing,  4nd  may  be  convincingly  done  in 
few  words. 

.   The  mefropioKs,  and  other  large  cities  and  towns,  have  of  fat* 

yean  been  evidently  increafing.  in.  buildings  and.  inhabitants  i 

While  no  proof  appears  of  the  country  being  thinned  by  that* 

means :  yet  tholb  wbo  know  not  whence  the  people  fprlng,  ima^ 

gine  that  the  country  lofes  all  that  our  towns  gain.    We  have 

Ibeo  the  depopulation  of  the  country  taken  for  granted  as  atl 

imdoubled  fadt,    and  bewailed  In  pathetic  ftrains,   with  the 

fual  poedcal  licence  to  make  free  both  with  truth  and  com*^ 

uin  fen&,  in  defcribing  as  realities  the  vi&onary  phantoms  con^ 

'red  up  by  imagination. 

In  the  Bifliop  of  Wdrpcffer's  (ermon  in  behalf  of  Inoculattoit 

i  the  fmall-po3t,  which  was  preached  near  nineteen  years  ago, 

uid  which  in  its  tendency  is  Worth  ail  the  poertis  that  have  been 

ihricated  fince,  to  go  no  farther  back)  it  is  ftated,  that  of 

X  tbolb 


i6  Aa  Effaf  c9i  Trade  and  C^mmera. 

thofe  who  take  the  foiall-pox  cafuallj^  oae  in  feyen  i9.foj[in4  fi 
die  i  and .  that  of  1500  inoculated  by  the  furgeons  Ranby^ 
Hawkins^  and  Middleton,  three'  only  mircaitied ;  one  in  500* 
Now,  not  to  mention  that  the  hazard  is,  by  long  experience  fince, 
deduced  almoft  to  nothing,  according  to  this  computation  wlych 
bas  never  been  invalidated,  in  every  500  perfons  inocu- 
lated, 70  lives  are  preferved  to  fociety  !  Let  '  the  compiita^ 
ition  be  extended  to  the  probable  number  inoculated  every  year 
in  this  ifland,  from  the  time  when  the  pradice  began  to  obtaid 
generally;  and  to  thc(e,  add  the  pofterity  derived  from  the 
imacri^gc  of  thefe  redeemed  perfons,  as  they  advance  to  matu- 
rity, and  we  (hall  find  a  pofitive  and  happy  increafe  of  people 
continually  rifing  up^  and  ftaring  out  of  countenance  all  de« 
claimers  againft  the  praSice. 

This  being  pofitive  faft,  were  the  marriage  zSt  repealed,  and 
the  laying  together  of  farms  reftrained,  both  which  operate  as 
checks  to  pouulation,  there  would  be  no  room  to  wifh  for  a 
general  naturalization. 

We  b^ve  already  given  it  as  our  opinion  that  it  is  a  i^in 
hope  to  fucceed  in  reforming  the  morals  of  the  poor,  while  the 
rich  fet  fuch  licentious  examples ;  and  tempt  the  poor  to  Imi- 
tate their  cbndud  by  providing  fwarms  of  houfes  of  public  en- 
tertainment, to  intice  them  from  their  labour  For  the  fake  of  the 
duties  on  ftrong  liquors.  In  this  view  the  following  prioc}t>Ie 
recommended  by  our  Author  appears  with  all  the  difadvantage 
of  b^ing  oppreffive  without  producing  any  good  efFed. 

^  Any  cohfiderable  degree  of  prudence  and  ceconomy  among 
the  poor,  would  be  unnecefTary.  Their  expence  (hould  be 
conftant;  they ^  (hould  fpend  all  they  earn ;  but  then  they  fhould 
ifpend  it  in  ne.cefTaries  for  themfelves  and  families,  and  not  to 
purchafe  fuperfluities,  or  the  means  of  a  debauch. 

^  By  being  fober,  honefl  and  induilrious,  they  could  alwaya 
procure  credit  in  times  of  ficknefs  or  other  diRrefs  ^'and  fo  not 
prove  an  immediate  burthen  to  the  parifhes,  a»  they  do  at  pre- 
fent.' 

In  the  iirfl  place  there  is  fome  degree  of  cruelty  in  inten- 
tionally reducing  the  poor  to  fpend  all  they  gam  in  bare  necefla- 
ries ;  and  if  this  was  efFe£ted,  who  would  give  them  credit  in 
ficknefs  ?  out  of  what  fund*  are  fuch  debts  to  be  difcharged  t 
By  fuppofition  they  are  precluded  from  faving  any  thing  them- 
felves, and  therefpre  they  muji  prove  immediate  burthens  to 
p^ariihes,  when  their  labour  is  intermitted  by  any  of  thofe  ac- 
cidents to  which  human  nature  is  liable,  rie  propofes  feveral 
good  regulations  for  workhoufes,  which  ought  certainly  to  he 
made  afylums  for  the  helplefs  poor,  but  houfes  of  labour  and 
<orre£iion  for  the  idle  and  vagrant, ' 

%  Though 


An  BJfaj  9H  Traii  a^d  Commera.  ij 

^f'botigfa  we  caiuiot  implicidjr  fubfcribe  to  our  Author's  fcnti- 
inems  refpeding  the  regulation  of  the  poor,  we  eotertain  a  more 
farourable  opinion  of  lus  commercial  knowledgey  which  is  clear 
and  extenfive. 

After  premifihg  that  it  is  a  dangerous  miftake  to  fuppofe  that 
there  are  to  two  diftind  (interfering)  intcfefts  in  this  kingdom, 
thole  of  land  and  trade,  he  proceeds  to  inculcate  the  following 
wbolelbme  maxims : 

^  I.  Thsit  the  profperitj  of  die  landed  intereft  of  any  ftate 
depen4di  upon  foreign  commerce* 

^  ^.  That  the  increafe  of  the  riches  of  a  ftate,  depends  upon 
ezpdrting  more  in  value  of  its  native  produce  and  manufaflures, 
than  is  imported  of  manufactured  comm6ditics  from  other 
ftates. 

<  3.  That  monoplies  and  exclufive  charters  are  very  preiu* 
dicial  to  the  trade  of  a  ftate,  and,  therefore,  fliould  be  dif- 
couraged. 

'  4*  Tliat  the  increafe  of  trade  and  navigation  greatly  de* 
peads  upon  the  increafe  of  bufbandry  and  agriculture. 

<  5.  That  the  profperity  of  our  trade  depends  very  much  on 
the  encooragement  given  to  our  manufadures,*  on  laws  made 
fdativc  thereto. 

*  64  That  the  fuccefi  of  our  trade  greatly  depends  on  th« 
knowledge  our  nobility  and  gentry  have  of  all  its  various  move* 
meats,  eonoeflions,  and  dependencies,  in  a  national  light,  aa 
ambaffiidors  and  fenators,  and,  more  particularly,  on  the  wife 
i^ttlittions  of  our  board  of  trade  and  plantations. 

*  7.  That  the  profperity  of  our  trade  depends  upon  the  ju« 
dkiotn  manner  of  laying  and  colleding  our  taxes,  arid  upon  the 
cafe,  readinefe,  freedom  and  cheapnefs  of  exportation. 

*  8.  That  the  profperity  of  this  nation,  as  well  as  that  of 
her  cotenies,  depends  very  much  on  the  harmony,  good  under- 
finding,  mutual  confidence,  and  upon  the  extenfion  of  their 
comoierce,  with  each  other. 

<  9.  That  the  profperityf  flrength^  riches,  and  even  the 
well-being  of  this  kingdom,  depends  on  our  being  able  to 
fell  our  native  produce  and  manufadures  as  cheap,  and  as 
good  in  quality,  in  foreign  markets,  as  any  other  commercial 
late.' 

Tlie  difcufion  of  thefe  pohrts,  which  employs  the  major  part 
af  die  work,  gives  rife  to  many  juft  obfervations,  in  pecuilng 
which  our  eommercial  readers  will  not  find  their  time  and  at- 
IsotioD  fruitlefsly  employed.  i 

JUf.  Jan.  17 7  If  C  Art.  V* 


T   18   ] 

Art.  V.  ApoVonii  Pergai  IncUnatiohum  Ltbrl  du9.  Reftitue» 
bat  S.  Horflcy,  R.  R,  S.  Oxon.  Prince  j  Lond.  Rivington,  &c. 
Pret,()s.  Boards.     1770. 

TO  adjuft  the  comparative  merit  of  the  ancients  and  mo^ 
derns,  in  fcience  and  letters,  has  been  the  occafion  of 
very  warm  and  angry  debates^  in  v^hich  paffion  more  than  rea- 
Ton  has  been  employed  :  nor^is  this  at  all  to  be  wondered  at; 
.  far  to  be  capable  of  a  feriouS  and  interefted  liifcuifion  of  fuch  a 
qucflion,  is  the  argument  of  a  weak  and  little  mind..  True  ge- 
,  nius  will  always  hnd  a  nobler  and  more  ufefql  employment ; 
nor  will  wi(h  to  exalt  itfelf  by  the  depreiTion  of  thofe  through 
.^  whofe  alTidanccit  has  itfelf  been  enabled  to  rife.     But  however 
trifling  and  invidious  fuch  a  queftion  may  be,  when  made  the 
^.Aibjedt  of  a  ferious  argument,  the  comparifon  cannot  but  fre- 
qucntly  oflFtr  itfelf  to  every  reflefling  and  ingenuous  mind,  which 
IS  converfant  with  the  learning  of  its  own  and  preceding  times; 
'  ..and  the  moft  prejudiced  will  be  forced  to  confefs  that,  iik  many 
inflances,  and  thofe  which  are  the  fureft  teft  of  genius,  the 
ancients  are  dill  more  admired  than  equalled.     I'he  geometry 
of  the  Greeks  will  be  the  ftandard  to  all  pofterity,  wherever 
manly  fcience  and  elegant  compofition  (hall  5nd  an  sidmirer  : 
^  but  above  all,  the  geometric  analyfis  of  the  Greeks,  than  which 
'  nothing  can  be  conceived  mwe  perfe£i.    It  is  the  very  path 
in  which  Truth,  accompanied  by  Grace  and  fafte,  would  chufe 
to  walk.     Unhappily  for  po^erity  but  few  fpecimens  of  this 
beautiful  analyfis  are  preferved,  and  of  ihefe  the  greater  part 
/jure  very  imperfed  and  mutilated;  but;  in  whatever  form  thefe 
remains  have  come  down  to  us,  they  (Vill  poflefs  fo  much  ex- 
cellence, as  to  excite  the  deepeft  regret  for  the  rich  treafure 
which  has  periihed. 

The  moft  eminent  among  the  ancients  in  this  walk  of  Ge- 
nius was  Apollonius,  who  rn  his  own  time  merited  the  title 
'  of  the  Great  Geometer.   HisTreatjfe  on  the  Sections  of  theCooe 
.  is  even  at  this  day  the  moft  complete  work  upon  the  fubje^^.    Of 
.  his  analytic  produdions,  all  were  deemed  to  have  perished,  and 
almoft  the  very  knowledge  that  they  had  ever  exifted  was  owing 
to  Pappus;  who,  in  his  mathematical  coUefiions,  has  given  us 
a  catalogue  of  feveral  of  them,  which,  with  fome  lemmata 
adapted  to  ApoUonius's  demonftrations,  had  ferved  to  throw 
'  confiderable  light  on  the  ancient  method  of  invefiigation  in 
geometric  enquiries.     Dr.  Halley,  by  the  fame  good  fortuae 
which  enabled  him  to  give  to  the  public  a  perfect  edition  of  the 
above-mentioned  treatife  of  the  conic  fedions,  found  alfo  en- 
tice,  in  an  Arabic  tranflation,  the  tra£l  of  Apollonius,  ?rcpi 
hify^t  (»7r6r<^9)c,  of  which'  he  publi(hed  a  Latin  verfion,^  and 

'  .  theieby 


tlorlley  V  Jpollomi  Pirgai  inclinaii^nynk  Libri  dit9k        i% 

tWeby  made  more  fally  known  the  analyfis  of  the  Greeks^ 
whkh  had  befoie  been  but  partially  colledled  from  fcattcred 
piropoGtions,  and  the  accidental  information  of  the  more  fcarl/ 
geometric  writers. 

Before  Halley's  difcovery,  the  folution  of  fome  other  Pro-* 
1)Iems  of  Apollonius  had  been  attempted;  but  the  conftruc- 
tions  of  them,  being  derived  from  an  algebraic  invefiigation^ 
manifeftedy  by  their  ihtricacy  and  inelegance,  th^t  they  could 
have  no  refemblance  to  th^  genuine  folutions  of  Apollonius* 
Hugo  d*  Omerique,  in  his  geometric  analyfis,  endeavoured  to 
revive  the  ancient  manner;  and  Vieta,  in  his  Apoliohius  GaU 
lus,  publiflied  a  geometric  folution  of  the  problem  of  the  tac- 
tions, in  the  conftrudion  of  which  he  has  nearly  approached 
the  elegant  fimplicicy  of  the  Great  Geometer.  But  the  moft 
valuable  prefent  of  this  kind  which  the  public  has  received, 
trame  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Robert  Simfon  of  Glafgow,  in  his  latd 
reftirutlon  of  the  Loci  Plarti  of  Apollonius,  a  work  not  utiworthy^ 
'|)erhaps,  of  Apollonius  himfelf. 

It  is  laudable  even  to  attempt  to  follow  the  fteps  of  theft 
eminent  mailers,  and  contribute  with  them  to  eftablifli  a  pur4 
geometry  on  the  ruins  of  that  creeping  algebraic  analyfis,  t6 
which  fome  very  excellent  mathematicians  have  too  ferviiely 
devoted  themfelves.  But  to  attempt  only  will  not  enfure  all 
equal  praife  ;  and,  on  a  review  of  the  whole  merit  of  the  pre- 
fent publication,  we  can  by  no  means  rank  the  Author  with 
the  great  names  already  mentioned.  But,  in  refpefl  to  fome  of 
the  excellencies  which  a  work  of  this  nature  may  afpire  to,  it 
has  certainly  very  confiderable  merit,  being  almoft  entirely  a 
work  of  invention,  and  in  the  elegant  fimplicity  of  the  con-* 
ftruSions,  not,  perhaps,  to  be  exceeded.  On  the  other  hand. 
it  is  almoft  totally  deficient  in  geometric  fiyle,  and  in  that  boM 
*comprehenfion  of  particular  cafes  under  one  general  inveftiga**' 
tion,  which  marks  the  penetrating  genius;  and,  by  the  charmi 
of  fimplicity  and  perfpicuity,  gives  fo  much  delight  to  ev^ry 
rcadct. 

The  work  rs  a  reftitutton  of  the  loft  trad  of  Apollonius  ^rrpi 
Ntu«rf(ii»,  or,  Ccncifning  Inclinationsy  in  which  the  Author  hag 
been  indebted  only  to  a  flight  account  given  by  Pappus,  and  a 
few  lemmata  by  him  preferved.  The  following  account  of  the 
nature  of  the  problems  In  queftion  is  taken  chiefly  from  the 
argument  of  Pappus. 

A  line  is  faid  (I^iuny)  to  verge,  or  incline  to  a  given  point, 
when,  b^ing  produced,  it  pafles  through  that  point.  It  is  the 
lame  as  to  fay  in  other  words,  that,  in  a  line  required  to  be 
drawn,  a  point  is  given;  or  that  the  line  is  required  to  be  drawn 
through  a  given  poiAt.  From  the  firft  form  of  expreiSon  this 
work  has  taken  the  title  of  Inclinations^ 

C  a  The 


,  20        Horfley 'i  Apdlhml  Pergai  IncUnatUmm  Ltbri  du»9 

The  general  problem  is. 

Two  lines  being  given  in  poficioni  to  infert  between  thent 
a  line,  given  in  magnitude,  which  Iball  incline  to  a  given 
pornt. 

Of  the  particular  problems,  comprehended  in  this  general^ 
idea,  and  dtiFering  in  their  fubjeds,  fome  are  plane,  feme  folid^ 
Ibme  linear.  Though  the  linear  iplution  of  problems  be  juftly 
rejedled  out  of  plane  geometry,  as  being,  for  the  moft  part^ 
purely  mechanical  -,  untying  the  knot  fomething  in  the  {hort 
way  of  Alexander,  and  therefore  entirely  precluding  all  rational 
inveftigation,  which  is  the  great  charm,  and  perhaps  greateft 
life  of  thefb  problems;  yet  it  is  vaftly  more  comprehenfive.' 
Thus  the  conchoid  of  this  or  that  kind,  affords  the  moft  gene- 
ral folution  of  this  extenfive  problem.  The  few  cafes  which 
plane  geometry  is  able  to  folve,  formed  the  work  of  Apollonius, 
and  are  re-inveftigated  in  the  prefent,     T^^^J  ^te  as  follow : 

I.  A  circle  (inftead  of  the  two  lines  wboie  pofition  is  given 
m  the  general  problem}  being  given  in  pofition,  to  infert  therein 
a  right  line  of  a  given  magnitude,  which  ihatl  incline  tm  a 
given  point. 

II.  A  fquare  or  rhombus  bemg  given  in  pofition  and  magni- 
tude>  to  infcribe  a  right  line  of  a  given  magnitude  in  one  of 
its  angles  (exterior  or  interior)  which  (hall  incline  to  the  op- 
pofite  angle  of  the  figure. 

ill.  Between  a  femicircle  gjven  in  pofition,  and  a  right  line 
given  in  pofition  at  right  angles  to  the  bafe  of  the  femicircle, 

IV.  Or  between  two  femicircles,  having  their  bafes  in  the 
Aune  right  line,  to  infert  a  right  liae  of  a  given  magnitude, 
which  ihall  incline  (tn  the  III.  Problem)  to  the  angle  of  the 
femicircle,  (in  this)  to  either  angle  of  either  femicircle. 

Thefe  four  problems  are  divided  by  our  Author  into  twenty- 
eight  cafes  at  leaft,  with  nearly  as  many  different  demonftrar 
tions ;  fubfervient  to  which  are  thirteen  lemmata,  including  the 
three  dioriftic  problems.  It  is  very  juftly  obferved,  by  Mf. 
Simfon  of  Glafgow,  in  bis  notes  upon  Euclid,  that  no  cafe  of 
a  propoiltion  which  requires  a  different  deo^nftration  ought  to 
be  omitted,  and  in  this  he  has  certainly  fi^ppofed,  that  no  cafis 
of  a  propoiltion  which  is  comprebendea  in  the  fame  demonftra- 
tion  ought  to  be  difiinguifhed.  If  the  diftribation  of  the  ca(» 
in  this  performance  were  to  be  tried  by  this  rule,  the  verdiA 
mufl:  be  very  unfavoucable  to  the  Author  i  for  we  do  not  fcruple 
to  aSrm«  that  all  the  variety  which  be  has  with  fuch  minute- 
nefs  diftinguifbed,  is  reducible  to  fix  or  (even  cafes  at  moft^ 
referring  themfelves  to  the  fame  anllyfis  without  the  variation 
perhaps  of  a  fingle  word,  and  requiring,  little  more  particular 
attention  in  the  compofition^  The  fame  redundancy  is  obferv* 
abk  in  fs)me  of  the  lemmaUj  viz«  in  the  three  cafes  of  the  in« 

and 


HoHkfs  ApoHonii  Pirgal  IncUnatUmm  Litrs  du^         2 1 

9aA  the  IV.  Lem.  Lib.  IT.  which  are  included  under  one  general 
CQunciadony  and  may,  with  much  greater  brevity  than  is  found 
in  one  fingle  cafe  cmT  his,  be  refolved  by  the  fame  analyfis. 
Lem.  V.  alfo  of  the  fame  book  is  divided  into  four  cafes,  each  ' 
with  inveftigations  of  confiderable  length ;  though  the  whole  it 
little  more  than  a  cafe  of  Lem.  III.  and  an  obvious  corpllar/ 
from  it.    But  there  is  very  little  occafion  for  the  lemmata  ac 
all ;  as  neither  the  refolution  nor  compofition  of  the  problems  is 
tBQch  fliortened  hy.the  ufe  of  them.     How  far  this  charge  of 
frivolous  minuteoefs  and  difguftful  redundancy  may  be  applied 
to  Apdlonius  himfelf,  in  the  prefent  queftion,  we  cannot  de* 
termine ;  nor  perhaps  can  any  one  elfe,  for  the  condudl  of  the 
work,  by  ApoUonius,  may  have  been  very  materially  different 
from  Mr.  Horfley's  reftitution,  even  allowing  the  whole  force 
of  Pappus'  account.    But  Mr.  Horfley  was  under  no  obh'gation 
CO  reftore  the  faults  even  of  Apollonius ;  his  genius  was  left  to 
its  own  free  operation,  and  he  might  have  delivered  this  tra<5l 
on  Inclinations,  to  the  public,  with  all  the  perfection  that  he 
conceived  the  fubjed  to  be  capable  of,  or  himfelf  of  giving 
10  it. 

To  this  very  material  fault  is  added  another,  equally  eilen- 
tial.    In  the  reftitution  of  a  work  of  the  pureft  geometer,  we 
findt  generally,  neither  the  ftyle  nor  operations  of  geometry. 
An  inelegant  air,  unknown  to  the  ancients,  is  thrown  over 
almoil  the  whole  work,  by  the  introdu£Uon  of  the  algebraic 
notation,  which,  in  compofitions  of  this  fuperior  rank,  ought 
to  be  as  abiblutely  rgeded,  as  from  polite  writing  the  cur- 
tailed  language  of  the  compting-houfe^  fo  juftly  defpifed  by 
men  of  letters  and  tafte*    The  only  excufe  which  can  be  made 
for  it  is,  that  it  faves  a  little  paper,  for  tlie  words  which  the 
algebraic  fymbols  reprefent  are  fupplied  in  the  a£t  of  reading. 
But  it  has  an  ill  efFeS  upon  ftudents,  as  it  tends  to  vitiate  their 
tafte,  and  infeniibly  divert  them  into  all  the  inelegance  of  the 
algebraic  aaa]yiis«     This  however  is  far  from  being  the  whole; 
the  very  OMration  as  well  as  expreffion  is  algebraic.    What  are 
AL*  BA*  _______ 

TIt^=g^R8s  ^^4ACxAV  (pag.59.)  AB-^DBx 

AC=4BDxAD(pag.  6i.)rA  +  SxAH— AH»(pag.72.)  ' 
and  many  fimilar  infl^nces,  but  downright  algebra  ?  If  this  be^ 
to  imitate  thcgeometric  analyfis  of  the  ancients,  or  of  any  va« 
loable  example  among  the  moderns,  we  confefs  ourfelves  to  be 
ignorant  both  of  the  ancients  and  modems,  and  of  the  very  diftinc- 
ikm  between  geometry  and  algebra. ,  They  are  modes  of  ex- 
preffion  and  operation  which  might  and  ought  to  have  been 
avoided,  efpeciilly  in^  a  work  which,  profefles  to  reilore  the 
poreft  of  geometen»  and  form  the  young  mind  to  an  habit  of 
*■  C  2  rational 


%%         Horfley'j  ApcUonil  Ptrgai  Inclinathnum  Llbrl  du9» 

rational  inveftigatlon. — Neither  do  wc  think  the  Author  to  be 
commended  for  omitting  fo  frequently  the  compofition  of  the 
problem,  and  annexing  only  a  bare  conftru£lion  as  the  con<- 
fequence  of  the  analyfis.  This  is  furcly  not  agreeable  to  the 
fnanner  of  the  ancients,  who  never  (to  the  beft  of  our  remem? 
brance)  negleft  the  compofition,  but  rather  fecm  toconftder  it 
^s  the  very  fubjeft  which  the  refolution  aims  at, 

Ic  is  a  fault  alfo  in  the  demonftrations,  that  the  folution  is 
fometimes  derived  from  a  pofterior  part  of  the  Elements^  which 
a  much  earlier  propofition  offers  with  more  eafe  and  fimplicity. 
Thus,  that  a  quadrilateral,  two  of  whofe  oppofiie  angles  are 
together  equal  to  two  right  angles,  is  infcribed;  or  that  twq 
equal  angles  (landing  upon  the  fame  bafe,  are  in  the  fame  circle 
with  the  bafe ;  are  theorems  admitted  by  our  beft  geometers  as 
a  part  of  the  Elements,  being  only  the  converfe  pf  the  21  and 
22  ill.  Jilem.  and  indeed  are  obvious  corollaries  from  them. 
Of  the'cxtenfive  utility  of  thefe  theorems  that  moft  ingenious 
geometer,  ^4r.  Stewart  of  Edinburgh,  has  given  abundant  proof  5* 
and,  by  the  ufe  of  the  fame,  our  Author  might  have  rendered' 
his  folution  in  feveral  inft^nces,  particglarly  in  Probl.  III.,  much 
(horter,  and  fimpler. 

Totbefe  confiderable  faults,  little  is  to  be  oppofed  but  the* 
fimplicity  of  the  conftrudlions,  which  we  are  perfuaded  every 
pne  will  admire.  The  ift  probl.  alone  wc  would  except,  ia 
the  conftruflion  of  which,  two  circles  are  applied,  while  one 
\s  fufEcient.  It  is  to  be  lamented  that  a  work,  wherein  the 
greateft  difficulty  is  overcome,  ihoutd  have  appeared  ^broad» 
before  it  was  digefted  into  its  fimpleft  and  moft  elegant  form, 
find  before  the  Author  had  fufficiently  formed  his  ftyle  and 
habit  of  demonftration  from  the  beft  models.  Nor  is  it  from 
^ny  ill-natured  cenforioufneft  that  we  have  thus  freely  giver^ 
pur  opinion  of  the  faults  in  this  work,  but  from  a  fenfe  of  the 
juftice  we  owe  the  public,  a  regret  to  find  fuch  confiderable 
blcmiflie^  in  a  performance  which  might  have  afforded  the 
higheft  pleafure,  and  from  the  hope  that  this  mention  of  them 
piay  contribute  to  render  a  future  edition  more  pcrfetft. 

As  fome  may  probably  have  entertained  a  very  high  opitiion 
of  the  merit  of  this  work,  and  may  therefore  apprehend  o\it 
judgment  to  require  fon>eching  more  than  aiTercion  to  fupport  it, 
v/c  fliall  fubjoin  the  refolution  of  Probl.  IV.  s^nd  V.  in  evidence 
of  the  moft  difputable  part  of  our  cenfure.  Thefe  two  pro- 
blems are  feparately  inveftigated  by  our  Author,  and  have  three 
lemmata  fMbfcrvient  to  them.  The  public  will  Judge  by  the 
fpllowing  analyfis,  whether  wc  have  wantonly  aflcrted  that 
(rafes  are  needl^fsly  diftipguilbed|  9|i4  l(xpqia(a  peedlefsly  muU 


UorfleyV  Apottonil  Ptrgisi  IncUnaiionum  tibri  rfM^'        2 j 

Pro  b.l  e  m. 

Between  the  fides  of  a  given  rhombus,  or  fquare,  to  infert  a 
right  line  of  a  given  magnitude,  which  may  paf^  through  ihe 
oppofite  angle : 

Suppofe  it  done,  viz.  that  between  (he  fides  BC,  DC  of  a* 
rhombus  or  fquare  ABCD  given  in  pofition  and  magni  uJe,. 
is  infened  a  light  line  £F  of  a  given  magnitude,  and  which 
pafies  through  the  oppofite  angle  D. 


Let  a  circle  be  defcribed  round  the  triangle  ECF,  and  joia| 
AC.  Since  the  point  A  is  within  the  circle  (fig.  i.)  AC  will 
meet  the  circle  in  fome  other  point  G,  but  (fig.  %,)  bec^iurc 
|hc  angle  EFC  is  greater  than  the  angle  FCA  (i6,  i.)  viz.' 
than  the  angle  ACB,  AC  does  not  touch  the  circle,  {;^i.  j.) 
but  falling  within  it,  mud  alfo  meet  the  circle  in  fome  other 
point  G.  Join  EG,  GF.  The  angle  EFG  is  equal  to  (the 
angle  ECG,  viz.  to)  the  angle  ACB;  and  the  single  F  EG 
is  equal  to  (the  angle  A  CD,  viz.  to)  the  angle  BAG.  The 
triangles  EG F,  ABC,  arc  therefore  equiangular,  and  ABC 
being  given  in  kind,  EGF  is  given  in  kind  alfo.  But  the  fide. 
£F  is  given  in  magnitude,  wherefore  the  triangle  EGF  is' 
Jikewife  given  in  magnitude  (52.  dat.}.  But  becaufe'the  angle. 
ACB  is  equal  to  the  angle  A  CD,  the  angle  GCE  is  equul 
to  the  angle  A  £  G,  and  the  angle  CGE  being  common,  the 
triangles  CEG,  E AG,  are  equiangular ;  CG  is  therefore  to 
GE  as  GE  io^AG,  and  the  reflangle  CG  A  is  equal  to,  the 
Iquareof  GE«  But  GE  is  given  in  magnitude,  and  AC  ia 
pofition  and  magnitude,  wherefore  the  point  G  is  given.  And 
becaufe  the  point  G  is  given,  GE  in  magnitude,  and  BC  in 
pofition,  the  point  E  is  given  (31.  dat.).  But  the  point  A^ 
as  alfo  the  pofition  of  DC  is  given,  wherefore  EF  is  given  in 
pofition.  , 

The  inquifition  of  the  limits,  and  the  compofition  of  this 
Problem,  are  equally  eafy,  and  may  be  conducted  in  the  fame 
general  manner. 

Of  the  Problem  requiring  a  right  line  of  a  given  magnitude 
to  be  tnierted  between  two  circles,  and  which  fhall  verge  to  a 
givi»  point,  there  is  ftill  another  cafe,  of  which  this  work 

C  4  rnake^ 


t4      Rimarh  en  Vohairc'i  DtfcffoerUs  in  Natural  Hijftrf. 

makes  no  mention^  viz.  When  the  given  point  is  in  the  right 
y    line  joining  the  centres  of  the  circles^  and  the  diftances  of  thi! 
faid  point  from  the  centres  are  proportional  to  the  diameters  of 
the  circles. 

Art.  VI. Remaris  on M.  Ji  F*  ***  "^  ^  ^'s  New  Di/coveries  in 
Natural  Hijlmy^  in  a  lots  Publication  entitled^  Les  Singularit^s 
de  Ja  N<^ture*.  Bath  printed,  and  fold  by  Robinlbn  and 
Roberts  in  London.     8vo.     is.  6d.     1770. 

THOSE  who  areaquainted  with  Voltaire's  pbilofophy  are 
lio  ftrangers  to  the  tendency  of  the  dodrines  he  generally 
advances-^His  avowed  intention  is  to  exclude  all  final  caufes 
from  the  fyftem  of  nature,  and  to  afcribe  to  chance  or  neccffity 
thofe  phenomena  which  indicate,  to  others,  of  founder  prin- 
ciples, a  fupreme  intelligence  and  influence.  Happily,  indeed, 
for  the  interefts  of  truth  and  virtue,  his  pernicious  tenets,  how- 
ever artfully  difguifed  or  confidently  propofed,  are  fo  evidently 
contradictory  both,  to  reafon  and  fad,  as  to  brin^  with  th^m 
their  own  refutation. — Serioufly  to  confute  a  philofopher  of  hit 
caft,  would  be  paying  him  much  greater  refp^d:  than  he  deferves. 
A  pcrfon,  who  invades  ^  province  in  which  he  is  not  qualified 
fo  make  any  figure,  and  who  maintains  the  grofleft  contradidionsf 
Ibr  the  fake  of  Angularity,  of  to  gratify  either  pride  or  fpleen,  hag 
no  right  to  exped  that  he  &ould  be  reafoned  with.  His  vanity 
excites  contempt,  and  ridicule  is  the  only  weapon  with  which  he 
Ihould  be  oppofed.  We  could  fcarce  read  (bme  of  Monf.  V— ^*t 
bte  publications,  in  which  he  aflumes  the  charader  of  a  philofo- 

Sber,  without  laughter,  were  not  the  principles  be  advances  Tq 
locking  to  the  human  mind,  and  fo  contradi£tory  to  found 
pbilofophy,  as  to  excite  a  more  ferious  difpofition.— ^It  is  with 
regret  we  confider,  that  the  fine  talents  of  this  writer  have  beeif 
proftituted  to  the  bafe  and  cruel  purpofes  of  promoting  licen- 
tioufnefs  both  of  principle  and  manners. — His  Singnlarith  di  la 
Nature  has  a  tendency  to  exclude  the  E>eity  from  all  the  opera- 
tions of  nature,  and  to  invalidate  the  truth  of  revelation.^—— 
It  contains,  however,  fuch  difcoveria  and  reafinings  as  no  man  can 
read  without  mirth. — And  the  Author  of  the  Remarks  on  this 
publication  has  admirably  contributed  to  expofe  them  to  that 
contempt  and  ridicule,  which  they  deferve. 

We  fiiall  give  our  Readers  two  or  three  extrafis,  from  whence 
they  will  be  able  to  judge  of  the  fpirit  and  ftyle  of  this  Re- 
marker,  and  like  wife  q{  iht  fatgular  pofitions^  which  the  ingeniaus 
phihfipher  has  advanced. 

'  Your  works,  fays  our  Author,  are  the  only  new  books  I 
can  get  to  read  in.  the  French  language. — I  know  not  what 

good  wind  blows  them  hither,  but  I  can  afllure  you  I  find  it 

■  I  - -  -      '    •' — ^-^—^ — ■ — — ^^ — -> 

*  JfiaioumSre  Ptih/ofhtfui^ 

impoffible 


Ji£marh  m  VoltaireV  Difaif>irtes  in  Natural  lEJhry.      25 

&npofible  to  procttrc  mjielf  a  fcrap  of  any  of  the  Uarnedw^ks 
frcNB  that  kingdom. — ^Your  experiments  have  fet  aH  the  children 
of  oar  village  to  work«  Were  you  here.  Sir,  you  might  have  the 
pleaiiire  of  feeing  how  indefatigable  they  are  in  purfuit  of  your 
finonrice  infeS,  the  fnaiL — ^If  ever  I  go  out  of  my  houfe,  I  am 
fore  to  meet  fonae  with  new  ground,  or  fome  with  rufty  fcifiars, 
cfoppiog  their  afpiring  antlers,  to  have  the  pleafure  of  feeing 
them  bud  forth  again  a  fecond  time.  But  I  muft  inform  you^ 
that  a  certain  natural  hiflorian  like  yourfelf,  who  is  the  oracle 
of  our  village,  has  pretended  that  your  difcovery  is  not  at  all 
new,  nor,  fiiys  he,  is  it  confined  to  reptiles  alone,  for  he  is  per* 
fiuded  that  the  human  race  is  capable  of  the  fame  phenomenon. 
^ — ^Thefe  fentiments  of  my  friend  I  communicated  to  feveral 
narried  ladies  in  our  neighbourhood,  all  of  whom  feem  anodout 
to  obferve  the  event  of  (uch  an  uncommon  property  in  man.*— 
(Several  young  ladies,  who  in  the  bloom  of  youth  have  thrown 
their  pretty  perfons  away»  for  the  fake  of  a  fortune,  upon  gouty 
and  decrepid  batchelors,  have  fent  to  Salifbury  for  the  beft  and 
Ibarpeft  fciflars,  intending,  fhould  fuch  a  regenerative  faculty 
be  difcovered  in  their  hufbands,  to  commence  immediately  the 
ftudy  of  androtomy.  How  agreeable  to  become  young  again  at 
foi  e^fy  a  piu-chafe  I  Or  who  would  not  linger  on  through 
feventy-four  tedious  revolutions  of  the  fun,  to  experience  the 
happy  lot  of  Titan,  for  a  rofy  blooming  Aurora  I  But  however^ 
Sir,  this  does  not  feem  to  be  your  cafe  ;  for,  if  we  may  judgt 
lirogi  the  light  and  puerile  ftyle  of  fbme  of  your  late  produc** 
tions,  you  are  reduced  once  more  to  the  ftate  of  the  pap-fpooa 
and  leading  firings*  I  grant  your  afieding  the  young  man^ 
'Will  pleafe  the  country  farmers  much  better  than  all  thofe  pretty 
verfies  yoa  made  about  fifty  years  ago.*— And,  admirer  as  I  am 
of  natural  hiflory,  and  particularly  of  thofe  eilays  on  that  fub* 
jed,  which  yoor  juvenile  pen  has  produced,  I  cannot  help  con« 
gratulating  yoo,  that  in  the  fecond  ftate  of  turbulent  youth,  you 
mould  have  confiined  your  genius  to  fo  rational  a  ftoay. 

*  Who  indeed  would  have  believed  Spalanzi  upon  his  own 
bare  word,  or  who,  in  hdt^  would  have  believed  Newton, 
upon  his,  if  you  and  Madame  de  C  '  ■  had  not  been  fo 
obliging  as  to  verify  them  ?  But  now  be  it  known  onto  tho 
world,  that  the  experimenta  of  Sir  Ifaac  Newton  have  been 
judged  and  verified  beyond  a  doubt,  by  M.  de  V  ■  ■>  the 
fttblime  Author  of  feveral  tragedies  and  poems.—- And  thanks,  be 
to  you  from  this  ifland  in  general,  far  the  important  difcoveriea 
you  have  made  not  only  in  optics  but  natural  hiftory,  and  the 
kind  proteAion  you  have  deigned  to  lend  to  Spalanzi  and  New-^ 
ton. — Above  all,  thanks  be  to  yoti  for  the  care  you  have  taken 
of  the  humble  fhail ;  how  flattering  a  condefcenfion  I  that  he, 
who  bad  learned  to  found  (he  trumpet  of  fame»  and  rehte*the 
%  glo- 


a6      jELemaris'on  VoltaircV  Dsfioverus  in  Natural  Hiftmr/. 

glorious  atchievements  of  warriors  and  of  heroes  ;  he  who  ba<t'' 
^read  abroad  the  e?tploits  of  Henry  IV,  of  Louis  XIV.  and 
Louis  XV.  (bould  debafe  the  glory  of  his  pen  to  immortaliKe 

the  name  of  a  fimple  reptile ! But,  alas  !  for  the  immortal 

honour  which  you  have  given  to  the  fnail,  you  thunder  down 
deftrudion  upon  the  poor  polypus  :  in  one  hand  the  hammer  to 
dcftroy,  in  the  other  the  trowel  to  build  up  again.-— —Perhaps, 
Sir,  you  never  faw  a  polypus :  but  whether  you  have  or  not  is 
of  no  great  confequence,  as  the  inventive  powers  of  your  ima— 
gination  are'  well  known  to  every  one  of  your  readers. 
For  my  part,  when  I  read  any  Author,  if  he  has  found  the  (e* 
cret  to  iimufe  me,  I  think  it  is  all  I  can  afk  of  him. — Do  you 
call  making  us  laugh,  deceiving  us?  What  is  the  end  of  truth, - 
if  not  to  make  us  happy,  and  are  we  not  happy  when  we  are 
laughing  ?  Let  us  fuppofe  then,  for  a  moment,  that  an  Author 
would  make  us  merry,  but  in  fo  doing  ihould  lead  us  into  un- 
certainties :  would  not  this  uncertainty  be  even  preferable  to 
that  rigid  ferioufnefs  which  truth  expefls  ?  Mod  certainly  :  for 
the  prefent  age,  as  it  is  the  moft  penfiye,  fo  is  it  the  moft  fple^ 
netic  of  all  ages.— This,  if  I  miAake  not,  is  the  prefent  fyftem 
of  all  your  works. — ^You  write  to  make  us  merry:  it  is  fo  good 
of  you,  that  I  wifii  you  would  come  into  England,  that  we 
might  laugh  and  grow  fat^  together.* 

.  The  next  attack  made  by  our  Author,  in  the  fame  pleafant 
manner,  is  upon  thofe  who  have  aflerted,  as  a  prihciple  of 
nature.  That  th^  promifcuous  affimblage  cf  their  molecules  might 
froduce  as  many  organized  beings^  as  the  conjiant  fuccejfwn  ef 
generatfons.^^^-^*  Rhcdi,  Malphighi,  Valefnieri,  Swammerdam, 
Hervcy,  Willis,  &C  all  your  labours  have  been  in  vain.  Na- 
ture is  no  longer  fubjed  to  any  rule.  This  celebrated  naturalift 
(vis.  M.  de  fiuiFon)  has  thrown  back  the  origin  of  every  beings 
into  the  dark  abyfs  of  chaos  and  confufton.  And  you,  molt, 
excellent  philofopher  of  St.  Flour,  may  amufe  yourfelf  at  my 
expence,  becaufe  you  and  your  celebrated  countryman  agree  for 
once  in  opinion/ 

He  then  proceeds  to  that  which  is  the  main  fub]e£t  of  the 
work-— the  formation  of  ofK>untains ;  with  the  anfwers  to  thofe 
objedions  which  V  '  has  urged  againft  the  univerfaliiy  of 
the  deluge,  and  the  truth  of  the  Mofaic  account^  in  reference 
to  this  cataftrophe. 

We  are  forry  that  our  limits  do  not  admit  of  our  inferting  many 
more  fpecimens  of  the  Author's  lively  and  agreeable  manner  of 
obviating  thefe  difficulties, — He  attacks  V — — -  with  great 
fuccefs,  in  h'S  own  vein,  and  laughs  away  thofe  objedions, 
which  the  ableft  philofophers  have  undertaken  more  fcrioufly 

to  refute. He  concludes— *  But  as  there  is  manifeftly  a 

time  for  all  thiiigs,  may  w?  not  ^xpe^  that  onp  time  or  other 

J0I4 


Ftltatn  in  th^  Shadei.  27 

fw  win  become  z  ftrong  Teflator  for  (hells  and  fofflls  ?  And 
more  particularly  fo,  when  you  are  brought  to  believe,  without 
prejudice,  what  your  own  eyes  muft  fliew  you,  and  without 
Aat  envy  which  embitters  your  enjoyment,  at  the  happy  ac- 
quired fame  of  other  Authors.  Till  then  it  is  quite  unnecefTary 
for  you  to  fcek  for  frcfli  oyfters  on  the  top  of  the  great  moun* 
tain  St-  Bernard.  I  will  venture  my  life  you  will  not  find  any. 
Nor  will  it  anfwer  your  expectation  to  fend  one  of  your  pofti- 
hons^  on  an  old  coach  horfe,  to  gallop  over  the  ridges  of  the 
bigheft  mountains  rbund  about  your  houfe,  in  fearch  of  petri- 
fadions.— 

*  Let  me  then  perfuade  you  to  believe  that  the  fea  has  co-- 
yercd  our  earth.  — Many  perfons  of  merit,  very  learned,  and 
very  good  Chriftians,  do  no  longer  doubt  of  it,  or  even  of  the 
diminution  of  the  waters  of  the  fea,  than  they  doubt  of  the 
growth  of  the  grafs  in  the  field  or  the  ihining  of  the  fun  at 
noon  day. 

*  To  launch  out  into  the  fublime  paths  of  natural  hiftory,  to 
acquaint  ourfelves  with  the  ftrudure  of  our  terreftrial  globe,  to 
read  in  the  book  of  nature  the  diflFerent  laws  by  which  fhe 
mores,  to  learn  the  influence  which  time  makes  on  the  periOi- 
able  and  unftable  ftate  of  things,  improves  us  more  than  whole 
centuries  palled  over  old  abftrufe  authors  within  the  iiniiis  of  a 
fudy.  But  he,  who  would  launch  out  into  thefe  flowery  paths 
of  truth  muft  firft  learn  to  doubt,  Unbiafled  by  the  prejudicts 
of  anv  fyftcrtj,  he  fhould  let  his  mind  be  opened  unto  every  one, 
but  (nouid  judge  of  them  all  by  the  unvariable  loucb-ftone  of 
nature  and  her  works/ 

fiJLT.  VII.  Voltaire  in  the  Shades  j  or  Dialogues  on  the  Deijlical 
C^tttr^verfy*     8vo.     2  s.  6.  fewed.     Pearch.     1770. 

WE  have  had  repeated  opportunities,  in  the  courfe  of  our 
work,  of  paying  a  tribute  of  refped  to  the  advocates  for 
ChrifHanity.  While  infidelity  has  renewed  and  varied  its  at-s 
trks  by  all  the  arts  of  fophiftry  and  declamation,  the  fpirit  of 
free  enquiry  has  been  promoted,  the  objedtions  againft  natural 
and  revealed  religion  have  been  thoroughly  examined,  and  the 
evidences  of  both  illuflrated  and  eftablifhed  beyond  all  reafon- 
able  difpute.  The  writings  on  the  one  fide  have  been  folid  and 
udlctous ;  thofe  on  the  other  generally  flimfy  and  fpecious ; 
calculated  rather  to  amufe  than  to  convince:  and  by  this  means 
to  perplex  and  miflead  the  unthinking*  They  have  abounded 
nore  with  declamatiom  than  argument,  and  furniihed  a  light 
kind  of  reading,  which  requires  little  attention  and  labour.- ■ 
This  circumftance  has  greatly  contributed  to  render  them  ac^ 
fox^bie  to  tbofe  who  bave|  perhaps,  neither  inclination  noc 

Icifure 


aS  V^ain  in  tbi  Shades. 

leifure  for  peroficg  works  of  judgment  and  erudition.— —The. 
pcifon  has  been  infenfibly  conveyed,  wbilft  indolence  or  love 
of  pleafure  h^  prevented  tbe  young  and  dlflipated  from  apply- 
ing to  the  neceflary  antidoteSf  which  the  more  folid  and  elabo* 
rate  defences  of  Cbriftianity  have  contained. 

The  work  before  us,  which  the  moft  judicious  may  peruTo 
with  pleafure,  is  particularly  adapted  to  this  clafs  of  readers.— 
The  form  of  dialogue,  under  which  tbe  Author  has  chofen  to 
convey  his  fentiments,  the  variety  and  characters  of  tbe  fpeakers^ 
and  the  fcene  of  their  debate,  all  concur  to  intereft  the  atten- 
tion, even  of  the  moft  volatile  and  lively.— The  plan  is  well 
chofen ;  infidels,  fo  various  and  in  fome  cafes  fo  contradiAory 
to  each  other,  in  regard  to  the  principles  upon  which  they  con* 
trovert  tbe  obligations  and  evidences  of  religion,  are  reprefented 
as  falling  out  among  themfelves  and  thereby  betraying  the  weak- 
nefs  of  their  own  caufe. — The  chief  obje&ions  againft  Cbrif- 
tianity are  illuftrated  and  obviated  in  an  eafy  and  familiar  man- 
ner ;  the  Author's  ftyle  is  agreeable  and  fpiritcd;  and,  upon  the 
whole,  there  is  reafon  to  apprehend,  that  thefe  dialogMCs  will  be 
more  popular  and  more  ufeful  than  many  other  trtatifes,  writ- 
ten with  the  fam^  laudable  view,  of  defeating  the  defigns  of 
irreligious  writers. 

The  characters  of  the  principal  difputants  are  well  fupported  : 
—In  Voltaire  we  fee  that  latitude  of  fentiment,  and  in  RoufTeaa^ 
that  felf-efteem  and  vain  confidence  which  charaderize  their 
refpedive  writings.  Julian  and  Porphyry  are  pertinently  intro- 
duced to  bear  their  involuntary  teftimony  to  tbe  truth  of  thofe 
fads  on  which  Cbriftianity  depends.  St.  Auguftine  ferves  as  - 
as  an  inftru£tive  example  of  the  divine  efficacy  of  the  Chriftian 
niorals.  Sterne  and  Swift  are  more  fufpicious  characters ;  but 
the  Author  candidly  gives  them  an  opportunity  of  vindicating 
their  real  principles.— Thefe  arc  the  principal  fp^akers  t  The 
fentiments,  however,  of  other  moderns,  who  have  cither  Openljr 
profeflfed  themfelves  patrons  of  infidelity  or  more  fecretly  ferved 
that  caufe,  are  occafionally  examined  and  expofed. 

The  Author's  apology  to  the  public  we  have  in  the  b^idu- 
ning  of  his  introduction,  viz. 

^  The  confidence  of  philofophical  fuperiority  which  the  infi-> 
del  writers  aflume,  leaves  a  ftrong  tmpreflion  on  young  minds*. 
Confcious  of  this  impreiEon,  but  unwilling  to  build  his  belief 
on  any  other  foundation  than  the  refult  of  his  own  enquiries^ 
the  Author  of  the  following  pages,  at  an  early  time  of  life,  re- 
folved  on  a  careful  perufal  and  a  candid  examination  of  the 
arguments  of  thofe  mpdern  philofophers  who  arrogate  to  them** 
ielves  the  honourable  title  of  Free*thinkers.  He  read  their 
writings  ;  and,  amazed  fometimes  at  their  fophiftry,  and  fome 
times  at  the  falihood  of  their  aiTertions,  be  gave  vent  to  the^^ 

warmth 


t^mn  in  ihi  Sbader.  29 

varmA  of  a  youtbful  indignation,  and  committed  his  remarks 
to  piper.  Thefc  were  the  firft  (ketches  of  the  Dialogues  which 
^  sre  DOW  offered  to  the  public.  If  it  (hould  be  faid  that^fome 
Names,  refpedable  in  the  world  of  letters,  are  treated  with  too 
much  freedom,  he  would  reply,  that  in  preparing  thefe  fheets 
for  die  prelS)  he  wais  unwilling  to  reftrain  the  indignation  which 
lie  ielt  at  twenty  againft  the  fophiftry,  that  would  deftroy  the 
(leveft  hope  of  his  heart,  the  hope  of  yet  meeting  the  deceafed 
friend  in  another  and  better  ftate  of  exiftence/ — Perhaps  thefe 
Dialogues  may  be  more  acceptable  to  fome,  when  they  are  in* 
&nned  that  the  Author  is  not  a  clergyman  :  of  which  we  are 
afliired  in  the  concluding  paragraph  of  his  introdufiory  difcourfe. 

The  iirft  debate  is  that  between  Voltaire  and  Socrates,  on  the 
fabjcS  of  a  future  exiftence,  and  the  general  charaSers  of  mo« 
2eni  philofophj  ;  of  which  we  (hall  give  the  following  extrad* 

^VoHaire.  Happy  fate!  that  I  have  fo  foon  met  the*godlike 
Socrates !  But  to  fit  me  for  confabulation,  cafe  my  mind  at 
\  once,  and  tell  me  your  opinion  of  the  Chriftian  fuperfiition.*- 
Speak,  is  it  not  fuch  ? 

<  Sktous.  To  tell  you  what  I  know  for  certain,  I  am  not  per* 
ttitted.  My  defire  was  to  talk  with  you  as  a  philofopher,  and 
tiiat  defire  was  granted,  but  no  more.  Anfwer  me,  I  conjure 
you,  without  gloft  or  digreffion.  I  am  often  at  a  lofs  to  con- 
ceive the  nature  of  your  modern  philofophy. — ^When  Locke  was 
upon  his  death-bed,  he  wrote  to  Collins  ^  This  life  affords  no 

•  lUid  iattsfadion  but  the  confcioufnefs  of  doing  well,  and  the 
hope  of  another."  My  [philofophy  has  been  long  admired,  and 
this  fentence  is  the  very  eflence  of  it ;  yet,  amazing  to  me  ! 
this  fentence  of  Locke  has  been  treated  with  all  the  contempt 
of  ridicule,  and  pronounced  unworthy  of  a  philofopher  by  one  * 
who  generally  fpeaks  the  fenfe  of  your  party.  Explain  to  me, 
<how  is  the  hope  of  another  life  unworthy  of  a  philofopher  ? 

<  Vok*  The  philofopher  fcorns  to  be  duped  either  by  the 
^,  frars,  or  the  hopes  of  fuperftition.     He  profefles  the  nobleft 

freedom  of  enquiry ;  and  it  is  unworthy  of  him  to  affent  by 
guefs.    He  demands  demonftration. 

*  Soc,  The  metaphyfical  do£trines  of  an  after  life,  and  a  Pro* 
vidence,  aire  incapable  of  abfolute  demonftration. 

^  Foh.  The  philofopher  is  tt  leaft  a  iceptic  on  thefe  points. 
He  builds  his  happinefs  on  a-furer  foundation. 

<  Soc.  On  what  foundation  I 

'  Voh.  As  the  calamities  of  life  are  above  his  controul,  •his 
.firft  care  is  to  arm  himfelf  with  a  fortitude  above  being  con~ 
cemed  at  whatever  may  happen  \  and  hence  his  happinefs. 

*  So€.  Tell  me,' how  would  he  behave  were  his  deareft  friend, 
the  brother  of  his  foul,  fuddenly  to  fall  dead  at  his  feet  ? 

*  Or.  Middletoiu 

•  Vdi. 


30  Vdtain  in  the  Sbuda* 

*  Volt.  He  may  wifli  it  had  been  otherwise;  butas.forro^ 
will  not  redore  his  friend  to  life,  he  will  look  on  it  as  ah  acci<* 
dent  which  he  ought  co  have  expelled,  and  will  indulge  hlni<« 
fcif  in  no  further  grief. 

*  Soc.  From  hence  I  perceive  that  his  fortitude  is  built  oA 
the  exiindion  of  the  human  paffions  \  and  that  the  happinefs 
Jt  acquires  is  an  ungenerous  indiiFcrence.  Well,  but  fuppofe 
our  philofopher  on  his  own  death^bed,  what  are  his  feelings 
when  death's  cold  hand  is  upon  him  f 

^  yolt.  With  the  moft  perfe<St  tranquillity  he  knows  he  muft 
die^  his  elements  muft  refolve  into  their  kinds  *,  and  he  com* 
plains  no  more  of  it  than  a  tree  does  of  being  cut  down.  ' 

*  Soc,  Has  your  philofopher  any  religion  f 

*  Folt.  Yes,  the  noblcft.     He  adores  the  Supreme— 

^  Soc,  Hold.  I  know  your  flourifhes;  but  before  I  can  ad- 
,mire  hrs  piety,  I  mull  be  convinced  of  what  he  expeds  and  be- 
lieves. The  belief  of  an  invifible  agency  wants  proof  fufficient 
/or  him,  and  the  hopes  and  dread  of  futurity  are  unworthy  of 
your  philofopher.  For  what  then  does  he  adore  the  Supreme  ? 
_.  *  VolU  For  the  wonders  of  this  glorious  univerfc — he  woribips 
^ilmig^ty  Nature. 

*  Soc.  In  other  words,  he  admires  a  certain  wonderful  power^ 
that  by  a  kind  of  fatality  made  and  fupports  the  univerfe,  but 
which  has  no  intelligence  of  the  moral  world.     Now  what  in- 

ifiiicnce  has  this  religion  on  his  condudi  ? 

^  Fait,  The  idea  of  beauty  f  chears  his  foul,  and  confirms 
)xim  in  his  favourite  fortitude. 

*  Soc,  Would  it  fupport  him  in  fcvere  diftrcfe  ?  Suppofe  your 
philofopher  reduced  from  affluence  and  health  to  the  loweft  po- 
verty and  the  fevered  pangs  of  difeafe. 

*  Volt.  He  would  efteem  it  as  unavoidable  fate,  and  nobly 
would 

*  Sec.  Hold — I  can  bear  you  no  longer— when  one  is  wounded 
in  the  tendered  part,  on  the  death  of  a  beloved  friend,  human 
nature  mud  feel,  and  bleeding  friendfliip  will  anxioufly  enquire, 
**•  Where  is  now  the  partner  of  my  foul  ?"  And  if  the  belief 
can  in  thought  follow  the  deceafed  to  a  date  of  happy  exidence^ 
the  anguifli  which  nature  dirs  in  the  bofom  will  then,  and  then 
on)y,  feel  the  relief  adapted  to  its  pain.  A  ray  of  penfive  com- 
placenc^y  beams  acrofs  the  mind,  which  now,  arguing  on  its 
own  feelings,  builds  a  fydem  of  divine  philofophy  on  thefe  in- 
clinations, which  it  finds  interwoven  with  the  foul;  and  look- 
ing forward  to  its  own  departure  from  the  body,  encourages 
the  joyful  hope,  fo  dear,  fo  acceptable  to  nature,  of  yet  agaiti 

9  ■  ■  11. ,  I  I  1 1.    V 

*  Soch  were  the  pretences  of  Toland. 
f  Sba/iefittry^.z[xEL(^fi{jlJwu 

meeting 


I 


Vcliair4  m  ibi  Shade r.  »  ji 

meetiAg  itt  deccAfed  companion,  never  more  to  be  divided  by 
accident  or  death.  On  the  other  band^  yaur  philofopher's 
whole  fum  of  perfedioh  confifts  in  a  total  indifference  to  tha 
accidents  of  life,  in  doing  unhallowed  violence  to  his  own  feel* 
ings,  and  in  flifling  the  affections  and  workings  of  nature.  His 
mind  wraps  itfelf  up  in  an  apathy,  gloomy,  hopclef's,  and  unge- 
n^ous,  the  tranquillity  of  a  brute.  Nor  is  he  Ms  unamiable 
in  the  indiflFerence  with  which  he  would  fortify  himfelf  againft 
the  approaches  of  his  own  death.  Every  hope  and  fear  of'  fu- 
,  tarity  which  nature  whifpers  to  the  foul  he  rejeds  as  deficient 
in  proof,  and  unworthy  of  a  philofopher;  but  that  fortitude, 
brutal  as  it  is,  which  he  boaila  to  have  acquired,  is  now  found 
a  delufion.  It  was  his  principal  ci^re  to  extinguifli  and  root  out 
the  affedions  and  workings  of  nature,  in  purfuit  of  a  fortitude, 
which  not  being  founded  on  the  hopes  and  feelings  of  nature, 
is  in  the  hour  of  diftrefs  unattainable.  In  the  days  of  health 
and  joy  he  may  think  he  has  attained  it ;  and  though  he  may 
have  rendered  his  heart  callous  at  the  death  of  a  friend,  yet  at 
the  approach  of  his  own^  unlefs  be  is  abforbed  in  an  unthink- 
ing ftupidity,  injured  nature  will  then  plead  her  ov^n  cauft, 
and  painfully  convince  him  that  fhe  cannot  repofe  herfelf  in 
the  hopelefs  indifference  and  apathy  of  philofophy.  Nor  in 
death  only  does  injured  nature  aflert  her  claim  to  be  heard ; 
in  the  horrors  of  poverty,  and  in  the  torture  of  difeafe  (he  will 
feek  relief;  and  in  that  breaft,  where  juftice  has  been  taught 
to  hope  no  future  reward,  and  villainy  to  fear  no  tranfmun* 
dane  puniibment,  the  confequence  is  certain;  nature  will'^be 
,  heard.  In  the  one  cafe  fraud  will  enfue  ;  and,  in  the  other, 
the  only  refuge  of  your  philofopher  is  felf-murder;  an  exit 
truly  worthy  of  fo  deteftable  a  chara£ien  Nor  is  it  only  in- 
jur^ nature  that  will,  in  thefe  cafes,  compel  your  philofopher 
to^cfe  reliefs ;  his  own  philofophy  alfo  leads  him  to  them.  On 
his  own  principles,  in  thefe  extremes,  it  is  his  duty  to  do  fo  ; 
for  on  his  principles  it  can  never  be  proved  a^duty  to  fufferynor 

a  vice  to  catch  at  the  relief  that  can  avoid  detection. Such^ 

Voltaire,  is  the  idea  of  modern  philofophy  I  have  been  able  to 
colled  from  yours,  from  Bolingbroke*s,  and  the  writings  of 
your  other  friends.— The  fortitude  it  would  attain  is  exacftly 
the  unnatural  apathy  of  the  Stoics;  by  giving  up  the  hopes  of  im- 
mortality which  that  fe£l  indulged,  it  has  deflroyed  the  beft, 
the  only  motives  of  virtue,  and  therefore  has  no  claim  to  that 
love  of  it,  for  which  the  difciples  of  Zeno'were  juftly  honoured. 
But  you  and  your  friends  have  fometimes  talked  of  immortality^ 
. — I  know  your  writings  are  ftrangely  contradictory  ;  but  will 
a  good  fentiment  in  one  page  prove  that  you  have  not  a  bad 
one  in  the  next  ?  I  know  your  modern  philofophers  have  a  me- 
thod which  would  have  been  defpifed  by  antiquity :  after  build- 


32  Vobain  in  its  SbaJki* 

ing  yocir  fyfteilis  with  the  utmoft  care,  you  throw  in  a  few^iSnt* 
fences  of  a  contrary  tendency ;  and  to  thefe  you  loudly  and  ab- 
furdly  appeal  as  your  true  meaning,  whcfh  the  horrid  confer 
quences  of  your  fyftems  are  objeded  to  you.  Juftly»  O  Roujfeau^ 
have  you  reprefentrd  the  moderns  as  forming  a  felf-contradiftorj 
monfter,  a  fiend  deftru^ve  to  every  generous  feelings  to  evary 
virtue,  and  which  they  dignify  with  the  name  of  philofophy. 

*  Rouffiau.  Godlike  Socrates,  turn  not  away  ! 

*  Soc,  My  pity  for  th^  helplefi  ftate  of  philofophy  affe£b  me 
:  with  melancholy :    I  haften  away  to  fhake  it  off  in  the  regions 

of  the  blefled.' 

The  next  dialogue  is  between  Voltaire  and  the  Emperor  Ju* 
lian.  Confcioufnefs  of  guilt  in  Julian  prevails  over  the  flattery 
.of  Voltaire,  and  modern  unbelievers.  Porphyry  joins  the  party^ 
,  and  they  enter  warmly  into  the  debate  about  the  reality  of  thofe 
.miracles  which  are  afcribed  to  our  Lord  and  his  apoftles,  upoa 
•which  the  divinity  of  their  charader  depends.  The  ancient 
enemies  of  Chriftianity  allowed  the  fafis,  but  according  ta 
Voltaire  himfelf,  abfurdly  afcribed  them  to  magic;  whereas  mo- 
,dern  Infidels  aflert,  that  a  miracle  never  was  or  can  be  wrought. 

<  Voltaire.  When  we  are  hard  urged  by  our  adverfaries^  wtf 

1  tell  them  plainly,  that  if  the  whole  Englifli  nation  bad  afierted 

th^t  Queen  Elizabeth  had  returned  to  life,  after  being  dead 

jind  buried,  we  were  refolved  not  to  believe  it. — See  H -^s 

:  EiTay  on  Miracles. 

.  *  Jjilian.  A  happy  argument,  truly  !  to  (hift  the  fuppofitito 
from  a  cafe  which  carries  the  appearance  of  the  greateft  bene- 
volence of  the  Deity,  to  a  cafe  that  could  have  no  utility  in  H 
at  all  V 

The  weapon  with  which  Voltaire  next  attacks  Chrifttanttjr 
is  that  *  with  a  million  of  edges }'  our  criticifm,  fays  ))e,  bjr 
which  we  expofe  any  particular  paflage  we  pleafe  of  the  volume 
which  the  fuperftitious  receive  as  the  book  of  God. 

«  Julian.  A  pretty  device  to  blind  the  multitude !  But  the 
information,  O  Voltaire,  which  will  give  us  joy,  is  to  acquaint 
IIS  of  any  argument  againft  Chriftianity  that  has  truth  and  trucf 
philofophy  on  its  fide.  Common  honefty  and  candour  will  de- 
mand a  fair  trial  to  the  books  held  facred  i  and  to  a  fair  trial 
their  advocates  have  always  triumphantly  appealed.-^Porphyrjr 
.did  no  good  to  our  caufe  when  he  challenged  the  antiqmty  <tf 
the  book  of  Daniel.— 

«  Foli.  But  M.  Freret  ^  has  done  greatly :  he  levels  the 
whole  fabrick  at'once.  The  New  Teftament  is  all  a  forgery,^ 
he  iays,. contrived  about  Conftantine^s  time,  never  once  nften^ 
ti'oned  by  the  firft  Chriftian  writers.— -— 

*  Secreury  to  i)ie  Society  of  Berlin* 


Lettirs  hitwan  the  Archlnjhap  •f  Annui  and  Voltaire.         33 

•  Jul.  Amazing. falfliood  !  I  myfelf  have  given  teftimony  to 
fome  of  its  books  being  written  by  the  apoftles  :  its  forgery,  in 
my  uncle's  age,  had  never  efcaped  undetected  by  me^  who  muft 
have  been  in  the  fecret,  from  my  d^nnedHons  with  the  leaders 
of  the  church.  Long  ere  Conftantine  lived  it  was  a  thoufaod 
times  cited,  as  the  rule  of  faith,  by  the  earlieft  fathers.  I  had 
lately  a  long  difcourfe  with  Lardner:  the  authorities  he  has 
produced  refleft  difgrace  on  Freret.' 

Another  obje£lion  is  that  which  is  urged  againft  the  do£lrine 
of  the  immortality  of  the  foul,  as  it  is  taught  in  the  facred 
fcriptures. — Porphyry  denies  the  force  of  this,  and  in  anfwer.to 
Voltaire's  quefiion,  what  argument  would  moft  efFedually  re» 
fute  revelation,  proceeds  :  '  I  can  give  you  fome  defcription  of 
the  argument  that  would  do  it.  Chriilianity  addrefTes  itfelf  to  . 
the  feelings,  the  fears,  and  wifhes  of  the  human  heart.  NoiV 
when  the  world  can  produce  a  fyftem  that  will  lay  a  ftronger 
.  hold  on  thefe,  that  will  give  piety  a  fublimer  hope,  that  will 
give  to  vice  greater  fears,  and  to  true  penitence  fwceter  confola- 
tions*;  then,  and  then  only,  will  Chriftianity  be  rationally 
and  effedualjy  refuted.  The  prophecy  of  Montcfquleu,  that 
Chriftianity  would  not  ftaiid  its  ground  above  other  tw6  hun- 
.dred  years,.  difFufed  joy  through  our  manfions  ;  but  I  now  fear 
the  completion  will  never  take  place.  Either  better  arguments 
muft  be  difcovered,  or,  what  indeed  feems  already  to  be  far  ad- 
vanced, a  want  of  honefty  in  making  enquiry,  and  a  fuperficial 
dabbling  and  ttifling  in  philofophy,  muft'take  entire  pofTeflion  of 
the  human  mind  ;  in  either  of  thefe  cafes,  but  in  no  o:her,  the 
prophecy  may  be  fulfilled.  The  latter  would  prove  no  allevi- 
ation to  us  ;  and  of  the  former,  alas  !  I  greatly  defpair.' 

Thefe  extrads  arc  fufficient  to  give  the  reader  a  general  no- 
tion of  the  plan  and  execution  of  (his  work,  and  to  juf^ify  the 
character  which  has  been  given  of  it. 

Akr.  VIIL  Genuine  Letters  between  the  Archbijhop  of  Anneciy  and 
^  •  Monf.  de  Voltaire^  on  the  SubjeSi  of  his  Preaching  at  the  Parijk 
Church  at  Ferney^  without  being  ordained ;  with  the  Archbijhop'' s 
Reprefentation  of  the  Cafe  to  bis  mojl  Chrifiian  Majejly^  and 
Monf  de  Vokairis  Confeffton  of  Faith  ^  in  Qonfequence  of  an  Or'* 
derfrom  the  French  King.  All  properly  authenticated  by  Certifi-- 
tatis  of  the  mojl  unquejlionable  Authority,'  Tianilated  from  the 
French.     8vo.     1  s.     Newbery.     1770, 

IN  all  M.  Voltaire's  fkirmiflies  with  the  clergy,  he  never  be- 
fore came  off  with  fo  niuch  difgracc  to  himfelf,  nor  left  ori 
the  field  fo  many  honours  to  the  enemy;     In  all  his  fubtleti?^ 

*  Lord  Lyttelton*4  Dialogues  of  the  Dead. 
Key.  Jan.  1771.  D  ke 


34        Letters  between  the  ArchbtJf)op  of  Anneci  and  Vok'atre. 

he  was  never  fo  inefFedually  evafive ;  in  all  hisr  inconiiftencies 
he  never  was  fo  contcmpibly  inconfiftent;  in  all  his  abjeft 
conceflions  he  never  w.ii?  To  abjedl.  The  philofopher  of  Ferney 
publifhing  a  coiifcffion  of  fr.iih  in  coniequence  of  an  order  from 
the  French  Kinir ;  foltmnly  rr.ain: fining  the  veracity  of  thofe 
articles  of  faith  which  he  h^s  inctiian  ly  laughed  at;  foUiciting 
the  teAimony  of  the  lowelt  ecclefiaitics,  monks,  friars,  and 
proftors,  to  the  orthodoxy  of  his  principles— thefe  arc  circum- 
flances  at  the  fame  time  fo  humiliating  and  fo  ridiculous,  that 
we  cannot  but  look  upon  them  with  the  moft  contemptuous 
pity..  .    ' 

Had  they  arifen  from  any  religious  conviction  ;  from  behold- 
ing in  any  new  and  more  favourable  light  thofe  circumftances 
of  divine  revelation  he  had  fo  frequently  made  the  objeds  of  a 
vain  buffoonery,  they  would  have  been  no  Icfs  refpeflablc  than 
they  are  ctherwife  ridiculous  :  but  it  is  clear  from  the  courfe 
and  confequences  of  thefe  letters,  that  the  philofopher  is  vainly 
conftraining  himfelf  to  conceal  a  moft  unchriftian  rancour 
.  againft  this  dignified  corrcfpondent ;  while  his  fear  of  the  civil 
power  makes  him  openly  profcfs  every  principle  of  the  Chris- 
tian faith. 

The  occafion  of  thefe  farcical  fcenes  was  this.  Voltaire  had 
been  robbed,  and  at  the  very  folemn  and  public  time  of  Eafter^ 
he  took  upon  him  to  enter  the  pulpit  at  Ferney,  and  to  preach 
a  fermon  againft  theft.  The  clergy  were  generally  and  juftly 
fcandalized,  that  a  layman  ihould  afl'ume  the  ccclefiaftic  func- 
tion, and  proftitute  it  to  the  purpofes  of  private  intereft  or  re- 
venge. Upon  this,  M.  de  Voltaire  received  three  letters  from  the 
Archbifliop  of  Anneci  which  are  here  printed,  together  with 
Voltaire's  anfwers  to  the  firft  and  fecond.  Every  candid  and 
difcerning  perfon  who  perufes  thefe  letters,  will  acknowledge 
the  advantage  which  the  Archbifliop  has  over  the  philofophci-, 
not  only  in  point  of  rational  argument  and  ingenuity,  but  cvca 
in  literary  compofition  !  What  followed  was  the  Archbifhop's  > 
application  to  the  King;  and,  in  confequence  of  his  reprefen- 
tations,  the  pious  philofopher,  for  the  edification  of  all  good  Ca* 
thofics,  atteftcd  and  publiflied  the  following  Confeifion  of  Faith : 

'  /  believcy  firmly ^  all  that  the  Catholic^  Apojiolic^  and  Roman 
Church  believes  and  confejfes.  I  believe  in  one  God^  in  three 
PerfonSy  Father y  Sony  and' Holy  Ghoji^  really  dijlingwjhed  \  having 
the  fame  nature y  the  fame  divinity^  and  the  fame  power.  That  the 
fecond  Perfon  was  made  man^  called  Jefus  Chrijl^  who  died  for  the 
falvation  of  all  men  ;  who  has  eflablifbed  the  holy  churchy  to  which  it 
belongs  to  judge  of  the  true  fenfe  of  the  holy  fcriptures.  I  condemn 
liieuifey  -all  the  herefrn  the  faid  church  has  condemned  and  rejected  i 
likewifc  all  pervei'ted  mifinterpretations  which  may  be  put  on  them, 

'  This 


Thi  Pbihfopher.  35 

*  Tbii  true  ^nd  Catholic  faith y  out  of  which  no  one  can  he  faved^ 
Iprofefs  and  acknowledge  to  he  the  only  true  one  \  and  I  fwear^  prO'- 
mji  and  engage  my f elf  to  die  in  this  belief  by  the  grace  of  God. 

*  /  ielieve  and  acknowledge  idfo^  with  a  perfect  faith ^  ally  and 
iverj  mu  of  the  articles  of  the  ApoftUs  Creed,  [Which  he  recited  ia 
in  Latin  very  dillindly.]  /  declare  mor cover y  that  I  have  mads 
tbii  emfeffian  before  the  reverend  Father  Capuchin^  previous  to  his 
csmfejjing  nuJ 

Thus,  as  the  Editor  obrerves,  has  M.  de  Voltaire,  who  during 
tiie  long  period  of  his  life  has  lived  in  open  contempt  of  ail 
religious  eftablifliments,  in  the  moft  folemn  manner  profefTcd  to 
believe  in  the  grofleft  abfurdities  of  that  fyftem  which  all  true 
Proteftants  have,  on  the  cleareft  convidlion,  dilbelieved  and  re- 
nottnced. — ^We  fhall  add  nothing  on  the  humiliating  fubjedt  of 
an  old  man's  imbecillity. 

---     -       I  -  -  ■  --     -  I    1       . 

Art.  IX.  fi/  Philofophery  in  Three  Converfations,    8vo.     is.  6  d' 
Becket.     1771. 

'IpHERE  have  been  times  when  political  philofophy  was  a 
^  falhionable  kind  of  writing,  but  then  they  were  times 
vlien  political  virtue  was  no  unfafhionable  thing.  Had  the 
Author  of  this  little  trad  lived  during  the  exiftence  of  human 
liberty  in  the  ftates  of  ancient  Greece,  and  indulged  his  fpecu- 
lations  in  her  academic  {hades,  his  labours  might  have  been  no 
lefs  ufeful  than  their  intention  was  meritorious.  But  to  fup- 
'  pofe  that  a  fyftem  of  polity,  founded  on  the  principles  of  philo- 
fopbical  truthf  ihould  iind  attention  in  thefe  days,-  implies  either 
a  want  of  knowledge  of  the  world,  or  an  inclination  to  be  idly 
bufy  in  purfuits  as  harmlefs  as  they  are  vain. 

Prefixed  to  this  work,  however,  we  find  a  dedication  to  Lord 
Mansfield,  fo  fpirited,  fo  elegant,  and  fo  much  out  of  the  flyie 
of  dedications  in  general,  that  ^we  (hall  give  our  Readers  a 
view  of  the  moft  euential  part  of  it. 

*  I  have  taken  every  opportunity,  I  could  have,  of  hearing  you* 
^eak  in  parliament,  or  on  the  bench  :  I  have  read  every  publication 
that  has  been  attributed  to  you :  I  know  of  no  man,  whofe  abilities 
are  nearly  c<jual  to  thofe  of  your  Lordlhip. — And  I  find  my{e\(y  fo 
far  from  being  fingle  in  this  opinion,  that  none  difFcr  from  me.-«- 
But,  my  Lord — when  the  application  and  ufe  of  thefe  abilities  is- 
»ade  the  fubjed  of  converfation  :— If  I  (hould  fay,  you  employ  them 
to  preierve  the  moH  efTential  parts  of  the  conditution,  and  to  promote 
the  happioefs  of  your  country, — almoU  every  man  would  contra- 
di£l  me. 

'  All  men  are  fubje6l  to  delufions :  the  greatefl  men,  to  the  great- 
eft  variety ;  they  range  in  an  unbounded  region,  and  are  elevated 
above  the  common  flandard  of  human  views  and  anions.  This  is 
my  reafon  for  prefuming  to  think,  that  I  can  throw  out  any  hints, 
which  may  be  of  ufe  to  your  Lordfhip, 

Da  'lit. 


36  Tbi  Pbihfipher. 

.    *  In  attending  to  your  deciiions  and  jadgments  on  (bme  important 
caufes,  J  have,  fometinies,  thought^  you  were  led  aftray,  even  by 
'  your  genius. 

*  in  governmenty  as  in  common  life,  we»  often ,  reguUteonr  mea- 
fures  by  the  opinions  We  entertain  of  thoie,  whom  they  nlay  concern. 
Some  of  thoie  opinions  We  formi  b^  fuppofing  ourielves  in  their 
Situation  ;  and  others,  by  delineating,  m  imagination,  fuch  characters 
as,  \^'e  think,  wiil  fuit  them. 

*  I  need  not  point  out,  to  your  lordfhip,  the  errors,  to  which  a 
man  of  genius,  is  peculiarly  liable,  in  forming  his  opinion.  The 
difference  is  fo  great  between  him,  and  the  perfons  he  is  to  reprefent, 
.or  to  delineate ;  that  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  make  the  dedndiont 
ai^d  allowances  wlilch  are  proper  for  them. 

*  The  man,  who  knows  moft  of  mankind,  is  not,  always,  the  man 
of  genius ;  but,  often,  the  man  of,  merely,  common  fenfe ;  whoie 
talents  are  thofe,  which  are  poflefTed  by,  almoft,  the  whole  fpecies  ; 

•and 'who  judges  rightly,  becaufe  he  judges  of  others  by  himfelf. 
Hence  the  diSindion  of  genius  and  common  fenfe:  hence  the  nu- 
merous miflakes  of  the  former;  and  the  fafe  and  unerring  judgments 
of  the  latter. 

*  But  this  advantage  of  common  fenfe,  genius  might  make  all  its 
own,  while  it  remained  in  poileffion  of  thofe  peculiar  privileges, 
which  nature  had  given  it.  Every  laborious  drudge,  in  every 
fcience,  was  defigned,  by  providence,  for  its  fervice.  He  toils,  in  ^ 
the  fields  of  knowledge,  and  gathers  Hores,  which  he  has  not  capa^ 
city  to  improve  for  any  ben^t  to  mankind.  The  materials,  thus 
collected  :—- —  the  man  of  genius  has,  only,  to  put  out  his  hand  ; 

'and  he  becomes,  in,  almoff,  any  way  he  pleafes,.  a  bleffing  to  the 
world.  ' 

'  Could  limagine,  that  my  allufions  would  appear  ^  apt,  and  be 
fo  eafily  applied,  as  thofe  which  I  have,  often,  heard  from  your 
iordlhip,  it  would  not  be  neceffary  to  explain  what  I  mean. — That 

:you  may  have  beeti  led  into  miftakes,  in  your  opinions  of  the  people 
of  this  country,  and  in  the  counfels,  you  ar^  fuppofed  to.  have  givea 
to  fonie  of  its  governors :  nor,  becaufe  you  are  inferior,  iii  under* 

.  (landing,  to  any  one  of  it,  but,  perhaps,  becaufe,  you  have  not  taken 
the  pains  to  efHmate  the  merit  of  that  people :  that  you  cannot  coikie 
at  a  perfedl  knowledge  of  rhem,  only,  by  philofophical  reflection,  or 
the  mod  ingenious  attention  to  the  litigious,  and  the  crinunal;  bat» 
likewife,  by  condefcehding  to  receive  information  from  others,  whom 
you  may,  juflly,  think  much  inferior  to  yourfelf. 

*  I  believe  your  lordiliip  will  admit,  that  the  body  of  the  people, 
throughout  his  majefly's  dominions,  is  in  a  date  of  diforder.  It  is 
the  general  opinion,  that  a  fyftem  of  adminiflration  has  been,  for 
feme  time,  taken  up  and  purfued,  unfriendly  to  the  liberties  of  the 
kingdom.  You  ma^  afTeCt  to  defpife  thofe  whopretend  to  fupporc 
fuch  an  opinion:  My  Lord — the  people  are  the  beft  judges  in  many 

'  political  qucdions :  they  feel  airtne  ciFefis  of  public  meafures ;  and, 
fometimes,  they  alone,  can  tell,  whether  they  are  proper  or  not. 

*  I'he  government  mull  be  faulty,  \^hen  the  people  are  unhappy. 
i'bis  is  a  m;udm  in  policy  never  to  be  difputed. 

•  it 


Tbi  Pbibfipbir.  37 

•  It  mZf  be  6iif  Tke  people  are  their  own  enemies ;  and  fparn 
Aok  adnmtagev  which  are  defi^ned  for  them  by  a  wife  admtninra- 
tioB.  Mj  Lord,  it  is,  almoft,  impoffible  that  this  can  ever  be  the 
cafe. 

•  It  is  a£fcaally  faid,  that  we  have  fo  far  <" loft  our  vjrtne,  that  we  /^«  ^  sm^ 
m  incapable  of  liberty ;  and,  therefore,  that  our  legiflatatc^  or  mi»  */>  y^^*^  "^ 
Biftry  win  do  well  to  Chanye  our  form  nf  ynvgrniyient^  T  hnj^i  nar.  ^J^^ 
Fbelieve,  that  this  is  not  true.  This  kingdom  acquired  its  libert/^^^^  ^  ^ 
and  greatneis,  as  others  have  done,  by  induftiy,  and  by  ftruggltng.^.  ^  ^^' 
againil  oppreffion  ;  and,  as  they  have  loft,  it  will  lo(e,  it  t>y  Ipii;^  ^^^ rV^*>i 
and  corruption.  But,  as  every  ftate  has  had  fome  peculiar  circum-  o»«^^W^ 
llances  wiuclHiaftened  or  retarded  its  nfe,  fo  it  may  have  thoie  which  ^^^#^~^««^ 
will  haften  or  retatd  its  diflblution.  Thefe  are  often  concealed  from^  ,^^  >  ^ 
common  obfervadon :  they  are  not,  alwavs,  known  to  men  of  the  ^  m_^  ^ 
greateft  penetration :  and  they  render  falic  fome  of  our  moft  pro-  ^7^  ^^ 
bable  conjedures  concerning  the  events  of  a  community.                       #^^^« 

'  But,  my  Lord,  if  fuch  an  opinion,  could  be  maintained,  would 
the  inference  be  made  for  any  adminiftration,  that  was  not  highJy 
wicked?  Every  man,  who  avails  himlelt  of  the  misfortune  of  his 
country,  to  increafe  that  jriBffortune,  and  to  haften  its  ruin,  is, 
dearly,  a  public  enemy.  The  great  offices  of^  government  are  ft  lied 
up  by  men,  not  in  of der  to  wtteh  for  any  opportunities  to  diftrefs : 
bnt  to  guard  the  intercfts.   an<l  to  promote  the  happineis  of  the 

people. 

•  I  need  not  tell  your  lordfhip,  why  government  takes  place ;  why 
fuch  a  namber  of  appointments  are  made  of  great  dignity  and  pro- 
fit:  not  for  the  fake  of  thofe  by  whom  they  are  immediately  enjov- 


fit:  not  tor  tne  lage  ot  tnoie  dv  wnom  tney  are  immeaiateiv  entov- 
cd;  bat  of  thofe.  who  bey  tne  exnence  of  them,    and  who  are 
afficdied  bv  all  the  anions  of  the  pe rfons  who  fill  them  up.     I  pre-       ^ 
fume,  it  could  never  enter  yonr  imagination,  that  you  were  born  a    '  ^^^ 


fume,  it  could  never  enter  yonr  imagination,  that  you  were  born 
chief  jnfHce;  that  the  dignity  of  that  office  was  annexed  to  vour 
perfim  ;  and  that  its  emoluments  arofe  out  of  vour  patrimonv.     Mv 


Lord,  you  are  one  of  the  firf^  mapiftraffes  of  the  people  of  England  ; 
and  yonr  highcft  duty  on  eartli,  is  to" that  people  ;— you  may  ihew 
that  doty ina numner  tnat  wui  immortalize  y^ur  name,  and  make    «»    ^^y«^ 
yoo  hapwr  to  tne  latt  moments  oiyour  exifteye.    Save  your  country,  ^^;^^  ^^ 
my  Ixird  :  it  Is  in  yonr  power:  it  is  not,  too  4te,  for  you :  forget       Z^     ^  ,> 
what  IS  pail :  forgive  any  offences  againft  yoo  ;  they  are  not  objects    /^^t^e  < 
for  Ac  attention  of  yonr  mind :  turn  it  to  thofe  which  are  worthy  of 
yoo ;  torn  it  to  the  ftate  of  your  country :  everv  difficulty  in  our 
ftlf?  ^?°t<l  g^^5  way  to  your  underftanding.  and  your  eloquence. 
You  mignt  reaiixe  a  icene,  tJiat  moll,  often,  have  prefenced  itffjf     ^  y>^  ^A 
to  your  ima^nation  : — An  exteniive,  opulent  empire,  disjoined  by  j 

inteftine  broils;  corrupted  by  its  opulence;   and  on  the  brink  of    Cl^!^ ^^^Jk 
dcftni^on  :  %  cpnftitntion,  the  work  of  ages  ;  the  price  of  blood  ;  -^'^ 

•   •     admimion  o^  die  world — reftored  by  a  vigo  '  '  -     ■"' 


and  the  admiration  of  die  world — reftored  by  a  vigorous  exertion  of     ;^/     ^ 
yoor  difiingoiflied  abilides  :— A  people,  divided  in  itfelf  1  venal,      ^^  *^  yf 


cormpt^  licentions ;  diftrafted  by  danyra  on  cvyry  fide,  and  driven, 
almoft.  to  dejpair,  by  a  wicked  adimniftration: — foothcd  into  har« 
mmiy  and  peace  I  ana  bfonyht  into  Jecurity  and  hcippinefs.  by  youc 
w^filom.  and  public  fpirit:^^Can  you,  mv  Lord,  jet  fuch  a  fccne 
pafa  through  your  mind,  without  enjoying  a  pleafare^  fuperior  to 

D  3  an|r 


I 

I 

L.  


38  The  Philofopher. 

any  thing  you  have  ever  experienced  from  the  favour  of  a  prince,  or 
the  honours  aud  emoluments  that  may  have  long  courted  yon  ? 
Defpife  thefe  little  things ;  convince  the  world,  in  fpite  of  its  ilU 
nature,  that  you  are,  indeed,  the  great  nian  i^fgigive  yoqr  eqemiesj 
—and  fave  your  country.' 

Of  what  is  here  advanced,  men  will  think  diiFerently  accord- 
ing to  their  different  principles ;  but  certainly  fome  of  the 
Author's  obfef  vat  ions  are  by  no  means  uncontrovertible,  even 
when  laid  down  with  the  cnoft  confidential  air.  That  ^  the 
government  muft  be  faulty  when  the  people  are  unhappy*  ia 
not  a  maxim  fo  abfolute,  or  fo  unexceptionable  as  he  appre- 
hends it  to  be.  Does  hot  the  hiftory  of  almoft  every  ftafio 
furni(h  us  with  inftances  of  public  difcontents  difieminated  by 
the  artifices  of  ambitious  men,  who,  fo  far  from  adminiftring 
any  part  of  the  government,  fought  only  to  rife  to  power 
by  means  of  the  uneafinefs  they  nad  excited  ?  No  one  acr 
quatnted  with  the  cabals  of  Eaflern  courts,  with  the  annals  of 
the  more  liberal  dates  of  Greece  or  Rome,  with  the  hiftory 
of  our  own  country,  perhaps  we  may  be  unfortunate  enougfc^ 
to  fay,  of  our  own  times,  can  be  doubtful  of  this. 

The  pamphlet  itfelf  is  a  dialogue  between  a  Philofopher,  a 
Courtier,  and  a  Whig.  The  Courtier  and  the  Whig,  who,  by 
fome  ftrange  turn  of  affairs,  happen,  even  under  the  prefent 
eftablifhment,  to  be  of  different  fides,  aflfert,  with  violence^ 
thir  rcfpc£live  principles.  The  Philofopher  afls  as  moderator, 
and,  what  is  no  very  difficult  matter,  finds  fault  with  both.  His 
pbfcrvations  on  the  conflitution  we  ihall  give,  as  not  the  leaft 
valuable  part  of  his  work: 

*  I  have  read,'  fays  he,  *  the  hiilory  of  England,  as  many  (pecq- 
lative  men  have  done,  with  aview  to  find  out,  in  fome  remote  times, 
the  great  outlines  of  that  conftitution,  which  the  friends  of  liberty 
have  written  and  fpoken  of,  with  fo  much  refpefl  and  admiration* 
I  need  not  tell  you,  that  I  was  greatly  difappointed.  I  found  my 
renowned  anceflors,  like  thpfe  of  other  men,  ignorant^  brutal,  ana 
favage.  In  this  (late  they  had,  probably,  ever  been^  when  Jalioa 
Csfar  attempted  to  get  pofFcffion  of  their  country.  What  he  haa 
faid  of  their  courage,  and  love  of  liberty,  we  have  had^  a  thottiaad 
times,  repeated,  from  the  commendable  pride  of  their  polity.  I  ' 
fuppofe,  there  ban  be  no  doubt  of  their  courage :  it  is  the  charadler 
of  favages ;  and  it  becomes  fur)'  when  their  perfonal  liberty,  and 
their  lives  arc  attempted. — This  love  of  liberty,  and  averfion  to  con- 
qued,  l<hav9  the  fame  admiration  of,  in  them,  which  I  have  of  9 
fimilar  affcdlion  in  the  inhabitants  of  America :  and  I  read  of  their 
defeats  and  ill  treatment  with  regret.  But  I  can  find  no  more  of  th/e 
Englifh  conftitution  among  them,  than  in  the  rude  principles  and 
pradlices  of  any  other  uncivilized  barbarians. 

'    *  It  is  in  vain  to  look  for  it,  while  the  Roman?  continued  here  | 
and  the  Pi£ls  ravaged  the  country. 

•  When  the  Saxors  had  butchered  the  greateft  part  of  the  inhj^ 
bitants,  and  had  fixed  the  feats  of  their  dominion  fo  as  to  command, 

abnoft^ 


Tbi  Phibfipber*  |9 

ahnoft,  the  wbcrfe  iflaDd,  they  introduced  their  own,  forms  of  govern- 
iMit  ;  andy  we  mav  fuppofe^  with  little  or  no  regard  to  the  inlUtu- 
tioiu  of  a  people,  which  they  had,  nearly,  exterminated. — Here  our 
philosophical  politicians  have  £xed  their  fiandards;  and  difputed, 
almoft  every  line  of  the  hiftory,  for  their  refpedive  fchemes  of  Enr 
glifh  gOTernment.  If  you  believe  their  accounts,  each  of  them  has 
gained  the  vidory.  My  opinion  is,  that  if,  by  any  fatality,  we  had 
been  bound,  for  ever,  to  the  fyflems  of  thofe  times ;  the  parties  for 
which  both  are  advocates,  would  have  been  fufFercrs  in  their  favour- 
ite inteiefts :  the  king,  would  have  been  more  confined  than  he  is 
in  his  power ;  and  the  people,  in  the  enjoyment  of  liberty,  f^ow- 
ever,  from  what  we  know  of  the  cuftoms  of  thofe  times;  and  the 
codes  of  ibme  of  their  kings ;  we  can  affirm,  the  government  was  npc 
a  fifflple  sionarchy ;  and  that  the  people,  in  various  divifions,  and. 
I»y  deputations,  had  a  great  (hare  in  the  appointment  and  execution 
of  public  bttiinefs.  But  we  do  not,  in  my  opinion,  find^haLfi£^^ 
g^^g^^deK  which  the  advocates  for  liberty  call  our  ancient  con- 
SB^rayTBRi  of  which,  3!IlyTF?IR^flS?7B  to  appPthcn J,  that 
Tery  few  triCces  remain  in  our  prefent  vitiated  and  corrupted  one. 

'  We  are  not  to  look  for  this,  in  the  iirll,  or  in  any  age  of  tke 
Norman  government.  The  innovations  then  made,  were  unfavour- 
able to  liberty  ;  and  the  people  were  little  b<:tter  than  flaves ;  until 
gagaa  charta  was  obtained ;  which  we  mav  confider  as  the  firi]^ 
itpne  of  oar  prefent  eftablifhment.  Their  circumilanccs  were  fome- 
ibag  improvea;  at  that  time,  andl  by  the  regulations  of  Henry  the 
Seventh. — The  reformation,  tBough  it  increafcd  for  a  time  the  power 
of  the  crown,  gave  ry  to  a  ipirit  of  enquiry,  and  difguiiition;  and 
laid  the  foundation  of  tliat  knowledijrc.  to  which  ^U  oariQifl^utiojis.  • 
ever  itnce,  liave  been  much  indebted. 

*  In  the  unhappy  reigns  of  the  Stuarts  ;  and,  at  the  revolution, 
the  people' were  in  a  (late  to  contend  for  their  liberties,  upon,  al- 
noS,  equal  ground:  and  they  claimed  them,  as   the  privileges  of 
their  antient  conditution*    Hence,  their  petitions,  aod  bills  of  rights ; 
and  ^tatir  demands  on  the  crown,  in  various  forms.     In  every  fubfc- 
quent  coDteftj  the  advocates  of  libertv.  have  infilled  principally  on 
their  oripnal  rights ;    and  referredto  an  antient  con^ituiion.   inr 
which  tliefe  rights  were  afcertained.     But  I  cannot  help  thinking, 
that  they  wercpiiilaken :  and,  if  they  had  managed  the  difputc  in  -,  y^^ 
another  way ;  though,  at  the  time,  they  had   not  gciiued  fo  much  ^      j,^ 
tipon  the  crown  \  yet  they  would  have  opened  afield  for  their  fuc-  ^^J^ 
ceflbrs,  where  they  would  have  contended  with  much  grcaicr  advan-  ^^^^*^^-'^ 

»ge»«' 

Whig. 
'  Yon  ieem  to  me  to  deny  us  our  liberties ;  or,  at  lca(l,  the  pro* 
piety  of  pleading  our  right  to  them.' 

Philosopher. 

*  Have  a  little  patience,  Sir  ;— I  will  explain  myfelf. 

*  I  cannot  help  thinking,  that  they  were  miilakcn  ;  not,  in  plead- 
ing thcirriffhtjojibjttty  ;  but  In  refting  it,  principally,  on  found »- 
tions,  which  were  not,  always,  to  be  found;  and  which  would  not 
be  of  fuch  confegucace  as  ihey  .made  it,  whether  they  were  to  be 
loond  or  not. 

D  4  '  OnV 


40  ,        The  Pbilofopher. 

*  One  of  the  greated  political  errors,  committed  by  mankifKl,  has  - 
been  their  adherence,  at  all  events^  to  the  original  principles  of 
their  government.  They  appear  to  think  that  ihofe  principles  were 
laid  down  by  the  Almighty  ;  and  that  they  were,  for  ever»  to  accom- 
modate themfelves  to  them,  however  inconvenient  they  might  prove 
to  be.' 

Courtier. 

'  But,  without  that  adherence,  no  government  could,  longv  fub- 
£(t :  where  fome  plan  is  not  drawn,  and  Tome  principles  given, 
we  are  at  an  uncertainty,  and  have  nothing,  to  which  we  caki  refer 
our  meafures.' 

Philosopher. 

*  I  am  far  from  wiOiing,  that  men  may  be  left  without  principles' 
to  refer  themfelves  to,  in  their  political  meafures.    But  I  blame  them| 
for  adhering  to  thofe  principles,  indifcriminately,  which  were  laid> 
down,  in  the  rude  flate  of  fociety ;  when  the  faculties  «of  men  weref 
but  little  improved,  and  their  rights  but  little  underftood. 

*  I  have  found  it  a  fruitlefs,  and  not  very  fignificant  employment, 
to  enquire  into  the  methods,  by  which  men  came  to  form  them*# 
felves  into  focieties.  Their,  general,  reafon  is  implanted  in  nature ; 
and  their  views,  whether  tacit  or  declared,  are  thofe  of  fecority  and 
liappii^y^  Every  ftate,  however,  may  have  had,  particular,  reafons 
and  views  arifing  from  its  own  circomflances.  When  the  commonity 
is  (brmed,  the  beft  regulations,  in  the  opinion  of  the  legiflators,  are 
determined  upon,  for  its  welfare ;  and,  fomething  like  a  fyftem  of 
government  is  iketched  out.  This  fyfbem  will  be  adapted  to  the  tir- 
comAances  in  which  the  people  were  brought  together.     We  will 

'  fuppofe  it  to  be  the  beft  in  that  cafe  :  yet,  when  thofe  circum- 
fiances  are  no  more,  the  fyHem  will  ceafe  to  be  proper,  or  perhaps, 
ofefnj. 

*  If  we  might  imagine  a  moltitnde  of  reafonable,  and  indepen«> 
dent  people,  mqt  with  a  view  of  entering  into  fociety,  their  fyftemC 
wonld  approach  as  near  to  perfeAion  as  any  which  man  can  invent ;( 
and  be  productive  of  the  higheft  liberty,  which  he  is  formed  to  en-  V 
joy.     But  if  we  fhould  fuppofe  many  of  the  people  unreafonable  ; 
and  any  influence  exerted  by  men  of  felfifh,  and  ambitions  deiigns  ; 
their  plan  would  be  defedlive,  and  their  liberty  abridged,  in  propor- 
tion to  the  degrees  of  that  folly,  and  that  influence. 

'  If  we  fhould  fuppofe  an  armpr,  or  banditti,  fettled  in  a  con- 
quered country, — the  general  origin  of  communities,  and  govern- 
ments; their  civil  conititution  would  refemble  their  military  difci- 
pline ;  and  be  better  formed  for  fecurity  and  conqueft,  than  ^r  civil 
liberty  and  happinefs.— But,  as  the  rights  of  an  individual,  are  not 
affe^ed  by,  accidental  circumftances,  attending  his  coming  into  the 
world ;  no  more  are,  thofe  of  a  community,  by  any  circumftancet 
attending  its  formation,  and  firft  exiftence.  Both  may  labour  under 
difadvantages,  '  from  the  peculiar  circumftances  attending  thofe, 
events;  but  their  natural,  unalienable  righu  cannot  be  fct  afide: 
and,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  one  and  the  other,  to  remove  thofe 
diiadvantages,  and  to  improve  their  condition  as  much  as  poffible. 

'  The  flate  of  fociety,  fhould  be  confldered  as  a  flate  of  progref- 
fepn,  from  fmaller  dcgrces^of^vil  liberty  anjl  happioflii^o  greater  z 


Tbe  fbilofiplHr.  41 

aad  apJMadiing  to  that  perfedion,  of  which  we  hafe  tn  idu;  bat 
which  we  may  never  be  capable  of  enjoying. 

'  The  contentions,  and  wars  of  paroes  on  the  qaeftion  of  pren>> 
gadve  and  Itbertx,  have^  not,  therefore,  been  properly  condoled  ; 
and  the  xeafons  affigned  for  them,  have  not  always,  been  fuffident ; 
I  think,  never  the  belL  I  wonld  not  lofe  a  hair  of  my  own  head,  ] 
or  pluck  oflF  one  of  ahother*s  to  leftore  a  Saxon  or  Norman  conftita-  | 
tion  ;  and  to  perpetuate  it  as  the  model  of  onr  civil  government.  I 
wQi^ld  lofe  mv  life  to  obtain  that  improvement,  and  pofedtien  of 
civil  liberty,  which  every  fociety  has  a  right  to,  and  which  is  ca-- 


civil  liberty,  which  every  fociety  has  "a  mht  to,  and  which  is 

pable  of  prodncing  the  nigheft  degree  of  human  happinefa. 

It,  In  this  canle.  1  trample  on  the  intercfts  of  ambition,  and  the      ^^    y_ 

imapned  rights  oi  its  votaries,   it  wodd  be  mv  duty:   ^  tbofe    ^<^fp^^^ 

CHirft,  always,   to  be  iacrifeced  to  the  interefts,  and  rights  of  Ag 

community.^ 

Courtier. 
'  Hnih ; — you  will  fpeak  treafon,  if  you  do  not  take  care.* 

PniLosopHBa. 
'  Never  fear ;  I  intend  to  take  care.* 

Courtier. 
'  Upon  your  principles,  perfons  wonld  be  jollified  in  overturning 
and  deftroying  government,  by  violent  rebellion.' 
Philosopher. 
'  Yoa  miftake  me.    I  blame  the  advocates  of  liberty,  that  they 
have  contended  for  it,  as  a  right,  only,   by  prefcription,  when  it 
was  theirs,  alfo,  bv  nature ;  becaufe,  they  confined  their  claims,  to 
thofe  low  degrees  only  which  had  been  enjoyed ;  and  precluded  that 
enlargement  and  pertcetion,  which  they  would  have  referved  an-  un- 
doubted right  to  porfue,  U  they  ha<i  refted  their  nretenfions  on  tha 
^c  of  nature,  as  well  as  precedent.'  .   1 

Courtier. 

*  You  forvet,  intirely,  the  rights  an^  prerogatives  of  princes.  I 
was  not  miSaken,  in  Aippofing  that,  in  your  heart,  you>are  a  re- 
publican.' ' 

Philosopher.  . 

*  The  rights  and  prerogatiyes  of  princes  are  very  ferious  things  in 
the  prefent  political  Aate  of  the  world  :  but  they  are  words,  aJmoft 
without  meaning,  in ja  philofophical  difguifition. 

*  You  may  Uippofe  a  king  to  obtain  his  dignity,  any  way  you 
pleafe  ;  .and  his  rights  and  prcrog-atives,  are,  either,  ufurped  powers^ 
or  tmto,  committed  to  him  by  ^e  community.  I  need  not  be  at 
any  pains  to  prove,  that  ofrrped  powers  may  be  fetafidem  when  the 
communitv  is  able  and  difpofed  to  do  it."*- T he"other  powers,  I  moil  '. 
treat  with  more  tendernefs :  they  ought  to  be  fo  treated  :  thpngh  my 
opinion  is,  that  they  ihouid  be  fet  afide,  when  the  intereft^  of  the 
community  reqair<;it/ 

In  thefe  obfervations  there  are  fome  things  ftri6lly  true,  and. 
others  merely  fpeculative.     Ac  the  conclufion  of  tho'dialogue,  , 

:hc  interlocutors  pjopofe  another  meeting,  in  order  to  form  a  ^  j^^^*^** 
plan  of  governnttent  agreeable  to  the  principles  of  fougd  pbilQ>iP.<^^P!l^^ 
lopHyT"^  ;       \  ^  ^  /^  ^ 

Art,  <^^^^^ 


I    4^    ] 

Art,  Jt.  Anci$ni  Scoitijb  Poms.  PuUilhcd  from  the  MS.  of 
George  Bannatyne^  1568.  12010.  4  s.  bound •  Edinburgh, 
priJited  Cor  Balfour^  aad  fold  by  Cadell  in  London.     1*770. 

THE  prcfcrvation  of  ancient  poetry  is  certainly  no  Icfs  ra- 
tional than  the  prefervation  of  ancient  coins  \  for  if  the 
latter  frequently  contribute  to  re£lify  and  afcertain  the  chrono« 
logy  of  hiftory,  the  former  no  lefs  promotes  our  knowledge  of -^ 
Hrz  manners  and  purfuits  of  men  in  their  refpd<E^ive  periods. 
Hf any^of  thefe  pieces  eminently  ftnfwer  that  purpofe,  and  Lord 
Hailes,  the  learned  Editor,  has,  by  his  notes  annexed  to  this 
collcflion,  contributed  greatly  to  the  fame  end. 

A  larger  work  of  this  kind  was  publiihed  fome  years  ago 
under  the  title  of  the  Evergreen,  by  the  celebrated  Allan  Ram- 
fay  * ;  but  in  that  mifcellany  there  were  many  things  of  mo- 
dern date. 

The  poems  here  colleded  are  certainly  ancient,  and  fome  of 
them  are  of  very  high  antiquity.  The  only  objeflion  which 
lies  againft  th!§  edition  is  the  exceeding  deficiency  of  the  glof- 
fary,  which  does  not  include  one  fourth  part  of  the  words-  a«- 
ccflary  to  be  explained  to  people  on  this  fide  of  the  Tweed. 
'  The  poems  in  this  colkaion  that  were  never  before  publifhcd 
are  about  forty  in  number. 

The  famous  old  fong  called  the  Wife  of  Auchtermuchty, 
which  Lord  Hailes  fays  is  a  favourite  poem  among  the  Scots^ 
we  (ball  give  our  Readers  by  way  of  fpecimen*  The  fubfe- 
quent  tranflation,  which  we  met  with  by  accident,  will  enable 
them  to  underftand  it. 

I. 
*  In.  Auchterma^hty  thair  dwelt  aae  man. 
An  hafband,  as  I  hard  it  tawid» 
Quha  Weill  could-tippill  oat  a  can. 
And  naithir  lnvit  hungir  nor  canld : 
Qahill  anis  it  fell  upon  a  day. 
He  yokkit  his  pleach  upon  the  plain ; 
Gif  it  be  t^w,  as  I  heard  fay, 
V   The  day  was  fowll  for  wind  and  rain. 

n.  ' 

f  He  tofit  the  pleach  at  the  landis  end,] 
And  draife  his  oxin  hame  at  evin  ; 
iQahen  he  come  in  he  lukit  ben, 
And  faw  the  wif  baith  dry  and  dene. 
And  fittand  at  ane  iyi^^  beik  and  bawld, 
"With  ane  fat  fowp,  as  I  hard  fay  : 
The  man  being  verry  weit  smd  cawld, 
Betwein  thay  twa  it  was  na  play. 

*  See  Review,  vol.  xxvL  page  :88. 

«  quoth 


BtfiBatjme'j  Aneieni  Scrtri/b  Fnm^  4J1 

UL 

*  Qaoth  hcg  Qnkair  is  my  horfis  eoni  f 
"My  ox  hes  naithk  hay  nor  ftray ; 
Dame»  ye  man  t»  the  pteadi  «o  moniy 
I  fall  be  hufly»  gif  I  may. 
Hoiband,  quoth  fcho,  content  am  I 
To  tak  the  pleach  my  day  aboat, 

Sa  ye  will  rewU  baith  kavis  and  ky^ 
AjA  all  the  honft  baith  in  and  outt 

IV. 

^  But  fen  that  jt  will  ha^^ikep  btOp 
Firft  ye  fall  fift>  and  £ynt  Odi  lened  ; 
And  ay  as  ye  gatig  but  and  ben, 
X'Uk  that  the  bairnii  dr-— — >  not  the  bedt 
Yeis  lay  ane  fofc  wyfp  to  the  killj 
We  half  ane  deir  ferme  on  our  had; 
And  ay  as  ye  gan^;  forth  and  in, 
f^p  Weill  the  gaifllngis  fra  the  gled* 

V- 

*  The  wyf  wa&  np  richt  late  ar  erin^ 
I  pray  Qod  sifie  her  evill  to  fair* 

3cho  kirnd  me  kim»  and  ikamd  it  denCt 

And  left  the  gudeman  bot  the  bledoch  bair ; 

Tban  in  the  morning  up  fcho  ga^» 

And  on  hir  hairt  laid  hir  disjune. 

And  pat  als  meikle  in  hir  lap, 

As  might  haif  ferd  them  baith  at  nnne* 

•     VI. 
^  Says,  )6k,  will  be  thon  maiAer  of  wack. 
And  thoa  fall  hikd,  and  I  fall  kail ; 
Ife  promife  the  ane  ^odc  new  fark, 
Onthir  of  roand  daith  or  of  fmalL 
Scho  lowfit  the  oxinr  ao^ht  or  nine. 
And  hynt  ane  gad  fiafF  in  her  hand ; 
Up  the  godeman  raiie  after  fyne, 
.  fijid  faw  the  wyf  had  done  command. 

vn. 

*  And  cawd  the  guflingis  faith  to  feid. 
There  was  bot  ferenfom  of  tham  all ; 
And  by  thair  cnmis  the  gredy  gk 4, 
And  likit  up  Ave,  left  mm  lK>t  twa ; 
Than  oat  he  ran  in  all  his  oMne, 
How  fane  he  hard  the  gaiiingis  ciy ; 
Bot  than^or  he  came  in  againe. 

The  calyis  brak  loofe  ana  fuckit  the  ky. 

vnr. 

*  The  calvis  and  ky  met  in  the  lone. 
The  man  ran  with  ane  mn^  to  red ; 
Than  thair  camis  ane  ill-winy  cow, 
^  brodit  his  bntlok  qohiU  that  it  bled. 

Tha4  • 


44  Banttatyne'i  J/uUm  Scmljb  P^ims: 

Than  bame  ran  to  an  rok  of  tow. 
And  he  fatt  down  to  iky  the  (pinning  ; 
I  trow  he  lowtit  oar  neir  the  low. 
Quoth  he,  thia  war k  hea  ill  beginning. 

IX. 

*  Than  to  the  kirn  that  did  he  fiourt. 
And  jamlit  at  it  qohill  he  fw^t : 
Qahen  he  had  fumblit  a  fall  lang  hour. 
The  forow  fcrap  of  batter  he  gatt. 
Albeit  na  batter  he  couki  gett, 

Yet  he  was  commerit  with  the  kirne. 
And  fyne  he  het  the  mijk  our  het. 
And  lorrow  a  fpark  of  it  wald  yyme. 

X. 
■  Than  ben  their  cam  ane  greidy  fow, 
I  trow  he  cand  her  littill  thank ; 
For  in  fcho  fchot  hir  mekle  mow. 
And  xy  icho  winkit  and  fcho  drank. 
He  deikit  up  ane  crokit  club, 
And  tftocht  to  Intt  the  fow  a  root. 
The  twa  eaiflings  the  gled  had  left. 
That  ftraOc  dang  baith  their  hami»  oat. 

XL 

Than  he  bear  kendling  to  the  kill. 
Bat  fcho  ftart  ail  up  in  ane  low, 
Qahat  evir  he  hard,  <][ahat  evir  he  (aw. 
That  day  he  had  na  will  to  wow. 
Then  he  gied  to  take  up  the  bairnis, 
Thocht  to  haif  fund  thame  fair  and  dtfne  ; 
The  firft  that  he  got  in  his  armis 
Was  all  bedirtin  to  the  ene. 

Xfl. 

*  The  firft  that  he  gat  in  his  armis. 
It  was  all  dirt  up  to  the  eine ; 

The  devill  cut  a(F  thair  hands,  quoth  he. 
That  fild  you  all  as  fow  yiftrein. 
He  trailit  the  foull  (heitis  down  the  gait, 
Thocht  tp  haif  wafcht  them  on  an  ilane  ; 
The  bum  wes  rifen  grit  of  fpait. 
Away  fra  him  the  (heitis  hcs  tane. 

XIII.      . 
'  Then  up  he  gat  on  ane  know  heid. 
On  hir  to  cry,  on  hir  to  fchout, 
Scho  hard  him,  and  fcho  hard  him  not, 
Bot  ftoutly  (leirid  the  (lottis  about. 
Scho  draif  the  day  onto  the  nicht, 
Scho  lowfit  the  pleQch  and  fyne  come  hame ; 
Scho  fand  all  wrang  that  fould  bene  richt» 
I  trow  the  man  thocht  right  grit  fchame. 

*  Quoth 


1 


Bannatyne'j  Jnctefii  Stotsifi  P$ms»,  4$ 

XIV. 

*  Qnoth  be»  my  office  I  fbrfaiky 
For  all  the  dayis  of  my  lyfc. 

For  I  wald  pot  ane  houfe  to  wiiik. 
Had  I  bene  twenty  dayis  godwife. 
Qnoth  fcho,  weill  met  ye  brake  your  plaoe* 
For  trtwlie  I  will  never  excepit ; 
Qaocb  iie,  feind  fall  tbe  lyaris  face, 
Bot  yit  ye  may  be  blyth  to  get  it. 

XV. 
'  Tben  a|>  fcho  gat  ane  mekle  rung. 
And  tbe  gadman  maid  to  tbe  doir ; 
Qnotb  be,  Deme^  I  fall  bald  my  tung» 
For  and  we  fecbt  Fll  gett  tbe  woir. 
Qaotb  be,  ^ben  I  fbrieik  my  pleucb, 
I  trow  I  bot  forfak  my  feill. 
And  1  win  to  my  plencb  agaae. 
For  I  and  tbis  boas  will  nevir  do  weilU* 

The  faaie  attempted  in  Englifh,  from  a  nuinufcript  of  Toni 

Brown's. 

L 
In  Aatermnehty  fiv'd  a  man, 
Wbo  bated  neitber  cup  nor  can. 
And  all  tbe  plagues  be  felt  in  life. 
Were  cold  and  bon^r,  and  bis  wife. 
One  day  tbis  man,  in  flormy  weatber. 
Had  pat  bis  ploagb  and  flseers  togetber; 
But  as  to  montb,  or  year,  or  fo, 
Tbe  devil  and  WUl  Wbiflon  know. 

n. 

His  acre  done,  tbis  weary  wigbt 
StumpM  borne  bebind  bis  fteers  at  nigbt: 
And  on  tbe  kitcben's  cbeerful  blaze 
He  caft,  I  ween,  a  greedy  gaze. 
Snag,  warm,  and  dry,  tbe  good  wife  fitte ; 
Her  cbeek  was  brigbt,  ber  brotb  was  fat ; 
A  figbt  full  fore*  for  Hodge  to  ftareat, 
Wbo  fcolded  like  an  ill-fed  parrot. 

III. 

*  Dame,  wbcre's  my  bay,  my  ftraw,  my  corn  ? 
No  meat  iee  I  for  boof  or  born, 

Wbile  you  fit  pampering  bcre  ;— odfnigs! 
Yon  plow  to-morrow,  pleaie  tbe  pigs  1 
I'll  bofwife  bcre.*     *  Content,  quoth  Nun  ; 
Soj  goody  Roger,  I'm  your  man, 
Yott^I  mind  the  cows  and  calves,  no  doob^ 
And  all  within  doors  and  without. 

•Si* 


^  BaonttyM*!  ^naM  Scmi/b  Pomu 

IV. 

<  Sift  well  your  meal,  tkcn  knead  yonr  doughy  . 
And  tnUle  yoa're  plodding  to  and  fxo> 
As  'tis  for  cleanly  bufwite  fit. 
Let  not  the  brau  the  bed  be*——. 
Hard  reau  from  hungry  lands  we  draw^ 
So  light  yonr  kiln  with  damaged  ftraw ; 
And  mind  yoo  well*  from  mom  to  nighty 
The  gofiings  guard  from  Seijeant  Kite/ 

V, 
That  night  Nan  fate  u^  wondrons  late  ; 
Mifchief  was  working  in  her  pate* 
She  churns, — the  buuer  fafeiy  lodges. 
The  bare  four  milk  alone  was  Hodge's. 
For  her,  (he  held  no  failing  good ; 
The  laft  forgotten  thing  was  food. 
Next  mom  flie  laid  her  mcis  within  her^ 
And  took  a  doable  ihare  for  dinner. 

VI. 
*  0>me»  Jpckf  the  mafter-workman,  thou 
Shalt  hold,  and  I  will  drive,  the  plough : 
Steer  well,  and,  lo,  for  thy  reward,  .« 

A  good  roagh  fliirt  to  fcrub  thee  hard.' 
Her  team  prepared,  her  goad  flke  tooki, 
And  Hodge  was  left  at  home  to  look. 

vn. 

Seven  ^flings,  tmfted  to  his  care. 
Were  odl'd  to  take  their  morning  hot ; 
When  down  a  whorefon  kite  there  flew. 
Who  daw'd  up  five,  and  left  him  two. 
Hodge  heard  their  fcreams,  in  piteous  plight. 
And  ran  to  mark  the  felon's  flight : 
•*  The  foul  fiend  take,  quoth  he,  fuch  luck  ;'* 
Mean  while,  the  calves  broke  loofe  to  fuck. 

vra. 

Their  dams  they  found  in  neighbouring  lane  i 

Said  Hodge,  **  De'il  drive  ye  home  again."-^ 

An  ill-will'd  cow  that  faw  him  do<^. 

And  loLv'd  her  calf  much  more  than  Hodge, 

With  pointed  horn,  and  lowering  head, 
'    Grubb'd  his  bare  buttocks  till  they  bled. 
.    Quo'  He,  **  this  is  a  vile  beginningi 

However,  I'll  go  home  to  fpinning." 

He  held  his  rock  too  near  the  fire. 

And  faw  the  flax  in  flames  expire. 

K. 

Such  griefs  as  thefe  in  profe  or  rhyme 
Were  never  told.— *T was  churning  time  : 
He  fweat  and  churn'd,  and  chum'd  and  fweat# 
But  deuce  a  butter  Hodge  could  get. 

6  What 


BaoBitfne'i  Auiim  Seittijb  Pnmu,  3^f 

What  was  the  fiialc  ?  the  fault  f  God  wot! 
His  borpt  flax  made  his  milk  too  hoc 
And  had  he  j  ambled  to  this  day. 
The  cud  had  never  left  the  whey., 

X. 

Then  in  there  came  a  greedy  ibw. 
Small  thanks  might  Hodge  count  her  I  trow. 
Deep  in  the  pail  ihe  plung'd  her  fnout. 
And  fuck'dy  and  wink'd,  and  fuck'd  it  out* 
In  mighty  rage»  the  fow  to  drub, 
Hodge  feizes  on  a  heavy  club : 
But  by  his  fury  mifapplied. 
The  two  remaining  goflings  died. 

XI. 
HI  hick,  they  fay,  will  never  tire ; 
His  ftraw-wifp  fet  the  kiln  on  fire. 
Thus  teiz'd,  it  ftill  was  in  his  head. 
The  brau  were  all  this  while  in  bed, ' 
**  And  is  my  baicny  clean  and  neat," 
Said  Hodge,  "  and  is  my  bairny  fweet  ? 
O,  by  St.  Andrew's  beard,  not  it ! 
B 1!  Oh!  dreadfully  b tV 

XU. 
By  fweet  St.  Andrew's  beard,  he  cries. 
My  bairn's  b— t  o'er  cars  and  eyes. 
**  Now  de'il  cut  off  thofe  hands  outright 
That  ftuff'd  your  guts  fo  full  laft  night.'* 
This  pious  prayer  preferred,  he  took 
The  fragrant  iheets  to  neighbouring  brook : 
The  brook  was  fwellM  with  rain  that  day. 
And  fwept  the  fragrant  iheets  away. 

xm. 

Quite  weary  of  this  change  of  life, 

Hodge  climb'd  the  hill  to  call  his  wife. 

Though  loud  he  call'd,  (he  would  not  hear^ 

Perfiftug  ftill  her  plough  to  fteer : 

Nor  till  the  fall  of  ev'ning  came, 

Retum'd  the  well-contented  dame. 

Strange  work  (he  found,  as  fhe  drew  near,  ^ 

And  Hodge  once  bluih'd  from  ear  to  ear. 

XIV. 
**  If  e'er  I  hufwife  more,  he  cry*d,    . 
Let  me,  fweet  Nan,  be  crucify'd ; 
For  had  I  been  in  this  fame  way, 
•Stead  of  the  firft,  the  twentieth  day. 
We  now  had  neither  pot  nor  pan." — 
•  Well  fare  you  with  your  place,  quoth  Nan  i 
For  thcK  no  longer  1  ihall  drudge :' 
•*  The  devil  take  the  liar,"  faid  Hodge,       -  ♦ 

^  *Shc 


^  MffMtrs  of-  the  Metros  Je  St.  Forkibc. 

XV. 
She  aim'd  her  pole  indignant  at  his  head, 
And  Hodge,  in  terror,  from  the  vengeance  fled  ; 
He  knew  her  mighty  and  cry'd,  in  humble  ftraitf, 
**  If  ever  more  I  of  my  plough  complain. 
May  my^bare  buttocks  &el  the  horn  of  Ciuromy» 
And  thou,~  fweet  Nan,  (hall  beat  me  into  mommy.** 

Art.  XL  Memoirs  of  the  Marquis' de  St.  Ferlaix*  Tranflatcd 
from  the  French  of  Monf.  Framery,  by  Mrs.  Brooke.  Vols. 
IILandIV,     iimo.    5s.  fewed.     Dodfley*.   1770. 

WE  had  formerly  an  opportunity  of  making  fome  obfer- 
vations  on  the  Memoirs  of  the  Marquis  de  St.  For* 
laix  ^ ;  and  the  commendation  th^t  we  faeftowed  on  the  former 
volumes  of  this  work^  we  cannot  refufe  to  thofe  which  are 
now  before  us.  The  Author,  while  he  has  given  fufficient'  va* 
riety  to  the  incidents  he  employs,  has  (eleSed  them  with  tafte; 
and  we  equally  a<)mire  his  imagination  and  his  judgment. 
Acquainted  with*  the  .human  paffions,  he  exprefles  them 
with  delicacy,  or  wi|h  force;  as  it  fuits  the  fituations  he  de- 
fcribes.  His  art  does  not  allow  us  to  anticipate  or  Conjedlufe 
the  events  which  he.  is  to  produce.  He  holds  us  in  a  bewitch- 
ing fufpence,  andMS  ever  exciting  our  furprize.  He  has  not 
interrupted  the, unity  of  his  work,  by  calling  too  frequently 
our  attention  /rom  Sr.  Forlaix  ;  and,  on'  this  account,  we  are 
the  more  aiFc&ed  with  the  turns  of  his  fortune.  The  beha- 
viour of  Monf.  D*Ornance,  under  the  aflumed  name  and  cba- 
rader  of  MonC*  De  Fremont,  is  beautifully  imaged.  The  nice 
ideas  of  honour  which  it  difcovers,  are  perfeiSily  confUlent  with 
French  manners,  and  neceflarily  refult  from  a  defpotic  govern- 
ment. The  misfortunes  of  Corfange,  and  of  Henrietta,  are 
well  fancied,  and  finely  painted  ;  but  poetical  juftice,  we 
ihould  think^  did  not  require  that  they  (hould  have  periihed. 
Our  Author  fcems  ta  have  forgot  that  they  repented  of  thej|i^ 
imprudence.  We  muft  likewife  remark,  that  the  conclufion  of 
the  work  is  abrupt,  and  is  not  calculated  to  give  full  fatisfac* 
tion  to  the  restder  of  fenfibility.  After  all  the  diftrcfTes  of  St. 
Forlaix,  his  happinefs  ought  not  to  have  been  merely  hinted  at. 

The  foilowtng  ^xtrad  from  a  letter,  which  St.  Forlaix  ad* 
drefles  to  M.  de  Prele,  may  entertain  our  Readers : 

«  I  fet  out,  with  Monf.  D'Ornance  and  Julia,  on  the  day 
appointed  for  our  journey. 

•  We  were  not  far  from  my  fifter's  convent.  It  grew  dark  ; 
we  were  furprifed  at  feeing  a  prodigious  flame  rife  at  fome 
diftance  from  us :  the  nearer  we  approached  the  more  we  were 
»■  r    ' : — — : : ' 

*  Set  our  Review  for  November  Izkp  p.  362. 

convinced 


Memoirs  rf  the  Marjuis  Jt  St.  Forlatx.  49 

convinced  tSiere  was  a  terrible  ((re  in  die  neighbourhood.  The 
cries  of  the  fufiererS)  the  fbuiid  of  belk,  the*  tumult  did  not 
leave  us  long  in  doubt.  The  fire  was  in  the  convent :  one 
kalf  of  it  was  already  reduced  to  aiies.  I  threw  myfelf  out 
of  the  coach.  Monf.  D'OrnancC)  in  fpke  of  my  entreaties, 
(Momci  itit.  We  took  all  our  fervann  with  U9,  except  the 
coachman,  who  Aayed  with  Julia.  We  advanced  aeror^  the  ftill 
hyming  rains.  We  faw  the  nuns,  pale,  aghaft,  weeping,  la« 
teeating,  raifiag  ibeir  iiipplicatiog  eyes  to  heayeo. 

*  I  afked  with  a  trembling  voice  for  Henrietta:  nobody 
liAeiied  to  me.  IfoUght tier  in  vain  amongft  the  crowd.  One 
4»f  the  unbapf^y  women  at  length  beard  me. 

^^  Alas !  Sir,  fl>e  pertfli^?.  Her  extreme  weaknefi  has  not 
•^emitted  her  te  «fca^  as  me  ha^e  done.  She  is  in  that  win? 
of  the  convent :  it  is  not  yet  damaged ;  but  who  will  paft- 
•through  iamcs  and  ruinS)  and  faacard  life  in  the  attempt  to 
lave  her?" 

«  Her  brother,*'  cried  I,  darting  precipitately  towards  the 
{dace,  left  f  AmmiM  he  flopped  by  Monf.  D'Ornance :  he  indeed 
fallowed,  b«it  it  was  to  feeond  me.  We  had  juft  reached  the 
flace  iR^iere  the  was  inclofed,  when  the  building  fell  at  our  feet 
wkh  the  moft  horrible  noife.  What  was  my  defpair  at  that 
moment  I  -my  frantic  cries  fufictently  witneJied  it. 

^  If  my  friend  had  not  prevented  me,  I  had  buried  myfelf  ia 
the  hiiming  ruins.  He  with  difficulty  forced  me  from  ^his  fpec« 
tack  of  horror^  A  few  paces  from  us,  there  pafled  a  feene  not 
lefi  dreadful.  The  old  prieft  who  officiates  in  the  convent,  and  - 
to  whole  bofpitatity  you  were  once  obliged,  terrified,  appaled, 
his  feeUo  limb's  fcarcte~fupporttng  his  body,  ran  notwichftanding 
found  the  court,  with  an  air  of  wildnefs  and  diftra£lion.  The 
excefr  of  his  fonrow  feemed  to  give' him  new  force.  He  (bed  a 
lonent  of  tears.  He  filled  the  air  with  his  cries.  He  called 
his  Iba.  He  fought  him  every  where  ;  but  the  effort  he  had 
fluule  on  himfelf  had  wafted  his  remains  of  ftrength.  He  funic 
down  at  our  feet.     We  raifed  him  up. 

**  My  fon  !"  cried  be,  **  he  abandons  me !  He  promifed  to 
he  the  fnpport  of  my  age.  He  is  gone  to  lofe  his  life  in  the . 
flames,  into  which  be  has  thrown  himfelf.  He  defertcd  me ;  I 
would  have  followed  him.  He  did  not  hear  my  voice ;  I  only 
found  him  to  fee  him  plunge  himfelf  into  the  grpateft  dangers  ; 
he  has  entered  the  convent." 

^  We  endeavoured,  in  the  beft  manner  we  could,  to  confble 
this  good  old  man.  A  new  cry  made  us  turn  our  heads  to  the 
•rtier  fide.  We  (aw  a  man  come  out  of  the  convent,  in  a  ftate 
which  excited  all  our  coavpaffion.  He  bore  a  nun  in  bis  arms^ 
Flakes  of  fire,  flenes,  beams  half  burnt  and  ftill  blazing,  fell . 
aiwuod  him,  without  his  appearing  at  all  afFeftcd.  He  walked 
R#v.  Jan.  1771.  E  with 


50  Mmoir'i  tf  the  Marquis  di  St.  Porldn: 

with  intrepidity  over  burning  coals.  He  expofed  himfelf  to  a 
variety  of  perils,  to  turn  them  from  htt  whom  he  bad  fnatchfid 
from  the  Ere. 

•  The  old  man  raifed  himfelf.  "  Great  Heaven  V*  cried  he, 
"  it  is  my.  fon  !  it  is  the  happinefs  of  my  life  !'* 

^  The  yovmg  man  was  already  out  of  the  court:  he  ad- 
vanced towards  us  ;  we  flew  to  meet  him.  The  good  ecclefi- 
.aftic  followed  us.  The  nuns,  thofe  who  came  to  aflift  them^ 
and  who,  defpairing  of  extinguiibing  the  fire,  had  abandoned 
the  attempt,  all  furrounded  us. 

*'  The  young  man  fet  down  the  nun  on  a  beam  which  had 
ceafed  burning,  and  threw  himfelf  on  his  knees  before  her.  He 
forgot  his  pain.  He  thought  only  of  fuccouring  her.  The 
nuns,  approaching  their  dying  companion,  exclaimed,  ^*  It  is 
fifler  Henrietta !"  '  . 

*'  My  fifter !  oh  Heaven  1  it  is  fhe  !  My  fitter  !  it  isT  indeed 
you  whom  I  behold  !" 

•  I  held  her  in  my  arms.  TJie  young  man,  his  face  con- 
cealed by  one  of  the  hands  of  Henrietu,  kneeled  by  her  fide  r 
he  pronounced  her .  name  with  a  voice  interrupted  with  figbs« 
The  good  prieft  fpoke  to  him,  but  without  being  heard.  I  alfo 
pronounced  the  name  of  my  fitter.  I  endeavoured  to  recal  her 
to  life.  She  at  length  opened  her  eyes }  fhe  fighed,  fhe  regard* 
.ed  the  young  man  and  me  alternately. 

'*  My  brother !"  faid  fhe  with  a  dying  voice.  She  prelled 
my  hand ;  fhe  carried  that  of  the  unknown  to  her  heart ;  fhe 
iield  it  there  as  if  determined  never  to  quit  it. 

"  It  is  thee  1 — it  is  thee  ! — I  fhall  have  the  happinefs  of  ex- 
piring in  thy  arms.- — Corfange  !  my  dear  hufband  !— O  my 
:God  !  thou  haft  puniflied,  yet  rewarded  me  !" 

*  The  name  of  Corfange  penetrated  even  to  my  heart.  It 
made  Monf.  D*Ornance  fhudder.  He  looked  at  the  young  man 
attentively.  He  had  not  quitted  his  pofiure.  His  groans  made 
us  all  tremble. 

*  I  approached  him        ■<*  Corfange  !  is  it  you  ?'* 

,  *  He  made  no  reply.  He  drew  his  hand  from  me.  This 
movement  made  him  perceive  Henrietta  extended  almoft  with- 
out life  ;  her  eyes  clofcd,  the  palenefs  of  death  upon  her  lips. 
He  thought  her  dead.  Sorrow  drew  from  him  a  dittin^i  excla- 
mation.— **  She  is  dead  ! — I  have  lott  my  Henrietta  !— Let  them 
how  claim  this  unhappy  wretch." 

.  •  No  more  was  neceffary  to  Monf.  D'Ornance.  *'  It  is  my 
fbn's  voice.*' 

'  Corfange  turned  about  with  horror,  endeavoured  to  rife, 
ttaggered,  and  fell  wich  all  his  force,  crying  in  unutterable 
agony,  "  My  father  I— Behold  the  ftrokc  of  my  death  !" 

«  •  Monf* 


MtmoiYs  of  tbe  Marquis  de  St.  Portatx,  51 

<  Monf.  D'Ornance  bathed  with  his  tears  his  Ton,  who  had 
fainted  in  bis  arms.  I  fupported  Henrietta,  whofe  weakneis 
faved  her  a  great  part  of  this  aflfeding  fcene. 

*  The  croud  which  furrounded  us  were  obliged  to  feparate, 
in  order  to  give  a  free  paflage  to  one  who  flew  with  precipita- 
tion towards  us.     It  was  Julia,  agonized  with  terror  at  the  dan* 

Sr  we  bad  run,  which  flic  did  not  icnow  we  had  efcaped.     She 
1  into  our  arms,  diflblviag  in  tears,  which  her  tendernefs  and 
the  pleafure  of  feeing  us  redoubled. 

*  We  could  not  partake  herjojr:  our  attention  was  fixed 
on  Corfange,  whofe  fenfes  were  returning,  and  on  my  fifter, 
who  endeavoured  to  fummon  the  little  ttrength  fhe  had  re* 
maining. 

*  I  explained  to  Henrietta,  in  as  few  words  as  poffible,  the 
reafon  of  her  finding  her  lover  again,  after  having  believed  him 
dead.  She  held  out  her  hand,  which  he  prefTed  with  ardour  to 
his  bofom. 

'*  I  once  more  behold  thee,'*  faid  (he ;  •*  I  never  cxpefted 
this  happinefs.  I  tafte  it  only  in  the  laft  moments  of  my  life. 
It  is  the  morp  pure  and  perfe£t,  becaufe  this  inftant  is  the  only 
one  in  which  I  could  have  enjoyed  it  with  innocence.— Cor  ^ 
fange !  I  have  long  repented  of  my  weaknefles.  I  have  never  , 
one  moment  repented  of  having  loved  thee.  Thy  image  has 
unceafingly  engroiFed  me  in  my  retreat.  Thou  haft  never  (hared 
my  heart  but  with  the  fupreme  Being,  to  whom  doubtlefs  I 
ought  to  have  given  it  without  a  rival.  But  can  two  fentiments 
fo  different  come  in  competition  ? 

«*  Adieu,  moft  beloved  of  mankind  !  thou  haft  fnatcfaed  me 
me  from  tbe  flames,  but  not  frpm  death. 

<<  I  feel  that  my  laft  hour  approaches.  I  ble(s  this  moment, 
fmce  Heaven  permits  me  to  pafs  it  with  thee : 

«<  Adieu,  Corfange  !  Adieu,  my  brother  !  Adieu,  Julia  I 
Ah  !  my  dear  friend,  how  often  have  I  envied  your  virtues  !" 

*  She  turned  at  laft  towards  Monf.  D'Ornance,  and  could 
not  avoid  trembling.    This  emotion  was  not  of  long  duration.* 

^^  I  pardon  you  all  my  misfortunes,"  faid  he,  offering  her  his 
band  :  (he  took  hers  from  him  to  give  it  to  Corfange  j  (he  prefTed 
];nine  tenderly,  breathed  a  figb,  and  expired,  pronouncing  the 
name  of  her  huft)and.' 

We  (hall  coilclude  this  article  with  obferving,  that  in  the 
volumes  before  us,  there  is  nothing  of  that  indelicacy,  which 
we  cenfured  in  the  former  pait  of  the  work. 

E  2  Art. 


r  s2  3 

AnT.  XIL  JntiputaUs  Sarifiuritn/is :  Containing,  L  A-  Differ^ 
tation  on  the  ancicfit  Coias  found  at  OM  Sarum.  i7«  Tiic. 
Saliflmry  Ballad.  III.  The  Hiftory  of  Old  Sarucn^  from  the 
Arrival  of  the  Romatis,  <o  ks  £jial  decay  :  Ulufiratcd  with 

'  curious  Medals,  fotvnd  there,  aod  a  Piaa  of  the  ancient  Cicy, 
a«  it  was  in  rhe  Reign  lof  King  StepSien.  IV..  Hiftoricri 
Memoirs,  relativ^e  to  the  City  of  N^w  Saniaa.  V«  Tlie 
Lives  of  th^  Biihops  of  Old  and  New  Sarum.  To  whkti  is. 
Itdded  (bme  Account  of  the  Choral  fii&ops,  and  Che  Riches 
.    tof  the  Caehedral  at  the  Ref9):matioh*     VI.  The  Lives  0f 

-  eminent  MeOj  Natl  uses  of  Salilbu/y.  8va>  31*  iewed^  &i«^ 
lifbury,  Eafton  :  London,  Horsfield,  &c.    177 !•  ' 

TO  the  lovers  of  antiquity  in  general,  and  of  the  city  of 
Salifbury  in  particular,  no  doubt  but  this  book  wlli  afford 
fome  agreeable  amufement.  The  Atithor  has  taken  care  fo 
rotnutely  to  fpecify  in  his  title-paoe  the  feveral  parts  of  the  en- 
tertainment he  has  provided  for  tnem,  as  to  remove  fome  Uttia 
ttoublc  from  the  liands  of  the  Reviewers.  The  ancient  coins 
of  which  he  gives  an  account  are  in  number  twelve,  nine  rf 
them  Roman,  two  of  them  Saxon,  and  one  of  lead,  having  no*^ 
thing  to  determine  it  to  any  age  or  nation.  The  firft  coin* 
Which  is  of  copper,  bears  the  ihfcription  H  ADRIAN  US* 
AUG.  being  ftruck  in  the  third  confulfhlp  of  that  cmperbr  ; 
from  whence  the  writer  concludes,  that  Old  Sarum  was  at  that 
time  garrifoncd  by  the  Rbmani,  and  this  he  apprehends  is  as 
far  as  its  antiquity  properly  authenticated  reaches,  A.  D.  I20-* 
The  Salifbury  ballad,  immediately  annexed,  is  valued  for  its 
ht'mour  and.fimpliclty  ;  and  was  written  by  the  ingenious  Dr* 
Walter  Pope,  author  of  the  Old  Mans  Wtjh 

Poflibly  fome  zealous  antiquarians  maybe  rather  dlfappohitedy 
and  offended  with  the  Author,  when  he  proceeds  to  (peak  of 
the  ctymplogy  of  the  names  Sarum  and  ^allfbury  ;  he  does  in- 
•  deed,  in  a  humorous  Vi^ay,  propofe  fome  derivations,  and  con- 
cludes with  f^ying^  *  Is  it  not  better  to  relinquifh  this  part  of 
knowledge,  than  to  have  our  underftandings  infulted  with  ab- 
furdities,  falfehoods,  and  at  beft  very  uncertain  conjedhircs  .^ 
Thofe  who  thinlc  otherwife,  will  receive  no  fmall  pleafure  from 
the  feven  etymologies  of  Sarum  and  Salifbury  before  cnu-' 
merated.' 

•  The  hiftory  of  Old  Sarum  gives  an  account  of  its  (ituation, 
fortifications,  citadel,  cathedral,  &c;  witlx  the  changes  it  ex* 
perienced  under  the  Romans,  Saxons,  and  feveral  of  our  kings, 
till  the  time  of  the  tranflation  of  the  church  from  thence  to  the 
city  of  New  Sarum,  which  was  fully  accompliflied  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  III.  The  confequence  of  this  removal  was,  that  the 
inhabitants  of  the  ancient  city  foon  followed  the  church,  wbofa 

riches 


jIntifmtaUs  Satijhtrtenfis.  53 

ricbcs^  thqr  hsul  unquefttooably  bofore  foini<]  very  beneficiaK 
tierr  tlie  Writer  embracca  the  opportunity  of  briefly,  but  pro* 
perly,  cenriuFin^  the  impofitioBS  of  the  church  of  Rooie,  ^  Ig- 
n€»ance  and  fuperfiition,'  fays  he,  '  ever  go  band  in  band  -,  the 
people  who  lived  m  the  tines  we  are  treating  of,  fond  of  page- 
antry and  Oaowf  did  not  think  ihemfclvea  happy  either  ip  4 
fpiritual  or  temporal  fenfe  when  at  a  diftahce  from  the  cathedr^ii 
and  clergy.  Whoever  has  been  prefent  at  high  mafTes  and  pro- 
ccffions  in  Roman  catholic  countries,  muft  have  obTerved  how 
welt  calculated  that  religion  is  Co  lead  weak  minds  captive*' 
Oihet  motives  however,  he  adds,  *  concurred  .to  induce  (he 
inhabitants  of  Old  Sarum  to  remove ;  a  profpefi  of  greater  con^ 
venience,  a  total  exemption  from  caftle  duty,  and  greater  in- 
dulgence from  the  bifbop  when  they  became  his  tenants^  were 
not  among  the  lead  powerful/  ^ 

After  feveral  other  memoirs  of  the  new  city,  we  have  an 
account,  which  may  alTo  be  met  with  in  other  works,  of 
the  carls  of  Sa!ifl>ury,  from  Walter  Devcreux,  a  Norman 
carl,  on  whom  William  the  Conqueror  bellowed  this  honoiir* 
to  James  Cecil  the  prefent  earl,  and  the  twenty-firfl:  who  has  , 
borne  this  title. 

The  lives  of  the  biihops  of  Sali(bury,  which  immediately 
follow,  are  introduced  by  lamenting^  that  ^  biography,  though 
«  ftiidy  aferding  mach  entertainment  and'  folid  inftrudion,  has 
been  by  do  means  cultivated  in  the  manner  it  deferved :  the 
feti,  fays  he,  is  te-  from  being' barren,  and.  the  labour  by 
jKO  means  of  a  difagreeable  kind/  Notwithftanding  this  ob* 
fiervatfoa,  as  to  many  of  the  bifiiops  whofe  names  are  here  enii* 
nerated,  little  mtfre  ii  £iid  concerning' them  than  that  they 
lived)  were  coofeeratcd,  tranflated,  and  died  :  particulars  which, 
we  app:efaeiid»  will  not  much  contribute  to  entertainment  or 
cdificacion.  There  are  indeed  fome  in  the  lift,  who  have  been 
rendered  lemarkable  by  particular  ^occurrences,  and  fomejruly 
great  and  iiefpedable  names  both  of  ancient  and  more  modem 
timet,  of  whom  tliofe  who  are  converfant  with  hiftory  or  the 
world  mnft  have  ibme  knowledge*  We  (hould  add,  that  the 
Wricer  d^es  aekoowiedge,  that  ^  the  prefent  and  laft  ag^s  have 
eaMrttfd  a  hradableinduftry,  in  refcuing  from  oblivion  the  a<9iona 
and  merits  of  many  eminent  men  ;  but,  unfortunately,  their 
eadeavoors  coming  «oo  late,  man  v  private  anecdotes  and  ftrik* 
iiig  incidetits  are  loft,  which,  if  pieferved,  wQuId  open  their 
real  cbaradlers  more  clearly  than  the  moft  laborious  collation 
pf  hiftorians.' 

The  account  of  the  choral  bi(hop  affords  a  fingular  inftance 
pf  popiih  folly.  On  St.  Nicholas's  day,  the  children  of  the 
choir  eleded  a  biibop  among  themfeives,  under  this  name« 
who  for  fome  time  held  the  fiate  of  a  bifliop^  as  di4  the  reft  of 

E  3  the 


54  Rural  Oecommj'n 

the  children  that  of  prebends,  and  together  formecl  a  proceSon, 
and  celebrated  a  fervice  in  the  church.  It  were  well  if  all  the 
cuftoms  of  the  Romifh  church  might  fall  under  no  harfher  a 
cenfure  than  that  of  childnns  play. 

The  book  concludes  with  the  lives  of  eminent  men,  natives 
ef  Salifburv  :  for  the  particulars  of  which,  we  refer  the  reader 
to  the  work  itfelf. 

A^T.  XIII.  Rural  Oeconomy  ;  or  Effhyi  on  He  praSfUal  Parts  of 
Hujbandryy  dtfigned  to  explain  feveral  of  th^  mo  ft  important  Mit 
thods  of  conducing  Farms  of  various  Kindsy  including  many  ujeful 
Hints  to  Gentlemen  Farmers^  relative  to  the  ofconomical  Manage^ 
ment  of  their  Bujinefs*  Containing^  among  other  Enquiries^  of 
that  proportioned  Farm,  which  is  of  all  others  the  mojl  profitable^ 
Of  the  left  Method  of  conducing  Farms  that  confijl  all  of  Grafs^ 
er  all  of  arable  Land,  Of  the  means  of  keeping  the  Year  round 
the  moji  Cattle  on  a  given  Quantity  of  Land*  Confiderations  on 
the  (economical  Condu£f  of  Gentlemen  Farmers*  Of  the  cheapejl 
Way  of  manuring  Land*  Of  the  comparative  Profit  of  farming 
different  Soils.  To  which  is  added  the  Rural  Sficratesy  being  Me- 
moirs  of  a  Country  Pbilofopber.  By  the  Author  of  the  Far» 
iher's  Letters.     8vo.     6  s.  bound.     Pecket.    1770.  , 

THOUGH  it  is  certain  that  too  great  pains  cannot 
poffibly  be  taken  in  promoting  the  knowledge  of  agricul- 
ture, it  is  neverthelefs  true  that  eiTays  of  this  kind  may  be  too 
diffufe ;  and  that  the  precept,  to  which  brevity  is  ever  eflential, 
may  be  buried  amidft  the  rubbifli  of  prolix  details  and  laboured 
verbofity.  Thefe  are  the  great  faults  of  the  Author  of  Rjural 
Oeconomy ;  for  the  fubftance  of  all  that  he  has  given  in  many 
large  volumes,  might  be  contained  in  one,  of  a  moderate  flze. 
We  doubt  not,  however,  biit  that  there  may  be  thofe  who  are 
willijig  to  wander  forty  years  in  the  wildernefs  in  order  to  ob- 
tain the  promifed  land  ;  and  for  the  encouragement  of.  fuch  we 
ihall  exhibit  a  little  of  the  produce  of  the  country,  speaking 
of  that  proportioned  farm  which  is  of  all  others  llie  moft  pro« 
fitable,  the  Author,  among  many  more,  lays  down  the  follow- 
ing obfervations,  which  we  m^y  venture  to  recommend  to  our 
rural  Readers : 

*  Farms  vary  fo  prodigioufly,  that  no  ^bfolute  accurate  corollaries 
can  be  drawn  from  the  moft  judicious  reafooing  on  this  fubjed:  the 
pnly  method  of  treating  it,  is  to  date  Tome  points,  and  then  reafoq 
upon  the  proportion  between  thofe  and  others. 

*  Suppofe  in  the  flocking  of  a  fmall  farm,  that  twenty  acres  of 
arable  land  per  horfe,  is  the  quantity  to  be  managed  properly  by  the 
the  team ;  four  horfes  will,  in  that  cafe,  cultivate  eighty  acres  o^ 
arable.  Now  what  are  the  proportions  which  can  be  drawn  from 
this  one  feft  i 

1  ?Le$ 


Rural  Oiconomy,  55 

*  Let  me  here  remark  that  I  itate,  in  all  thefe  points,  not  what 
k  every  where  fbiuid  in  common  management,  but  what  ought  to 
be.  Many  farmers  are  fuch  bad  managers,  that  fcarce  one  propor- 
tion is  to  be  found  throughout  their  farm. 

*  Eighty  acres  of  arable  land,  managed  by  four  horfes,  may,  if 
tlie  foil  is  not  heavy,  be  thrown  into  fourths;  one  fown  every  year 
with  tumeps,  one  with  fpring  corn,  one  with  wheat,  and  one  with 
clover.  If  the  foil  is  heavy,  a  fallow,  or  fome  other  fallow  crop, 
fliottld  be  fobftituted  inftead  of  tumeps.  If  a  foUrth  be  not  clover, 
the  four  hories  cannot  manage  the  farm  properly. 

'  Before  we  proceed  farther,  new  proportions  arife :  the  clover, 
we  will  fuppofe,  totally  keeps  the  horfes  in  green  food  and  hay;  this 
if  common  hufbandry,  wherever  clover  is  known.  We  will  allow 
each  horfe  two  cons  of  hay  per  winter,  which  will  leave  him  a  little 
to  fpare  for  fnmmer.  The  four  wiM,  therefore,  eat  eight  tons ;  this, 
at  two  mowings,  may  be  reafbnably  called  four  acres.  For  the 
fummer  food  we  will  allow  the  four  horfes  fix  acres  of  green  clover, 
Thos  the  whole  quantity  eat  by  the  four  horfes  is  ten  acres. 

'  As  much  more  is  to  fpare  ;  hence  we  muft  fuppofe  other  cattle  to 
be  kept:  but  further— there  are  twenty  acres  of  wheat,  twenty  of 
ipring  com,  and  twenty  of  tumeps ;  befides  twenty  acres  of  ftubble 
for  Httering  the  yard.  Part  of  the  draw  of  the  wheat  mull  be  ap- 
plied to  littering  the  four  horfes,  the  refl  given  to  the  cattle.  Here, 
theiefoie,  is  the  following  winter  food ; 

20  acres  of  tumeps, 

20  tons  of  clover  hay, 

20  acres  of  ipring  corn  fb-aw, 

and  part  of  20  acres  of  wheat  draw. 

*  The  next  enquiry  is  the  cattle  thefe  will  winter.  The  food  is  all 
well  adapted  to  various  kinds;  but  I  ihall  fuppofe  them  heifers,  or  ^ 
fleers,  or  oxen,  for  fatting.  The  order  in  which  they  fhould  be  fed, 
is  to  give  them  the  wheat  ftraw  £ril  with  fome  tumeps ;  next  the 
fpring  corn  fbaw  with  fome  turneps ;  and  then  the  clover  hay  with 
the  reft  of  the  tumeps ;  which  progrefiion  will  carry  them  forward  ia 
fiefh,'  and  get  them  in  fine  order  to  turn  into  grafs  to  complete  the 
fattine.  The  number  I  fhould  affign  (in  this  management)  to  fuch  a 
quantity  of  food  is  30  head.  Thirty  middling  fteers  would  be  well 
wintered  on  this  food.  If  the  beafts  are  above  the  middling  fize, 
about  2Cor  29.  The  reader  fhould  remember  they  arc  not  fatted  ;  only 
kipii  all  that  is  wanting  is  to  keep  them  rather  on  the  improving  hand. 

*  The  quantity  of  winter  food  points  out  in  this  manner 
the  number  of  cattle  to  be  kept,  and  this  will  difcover  the  quan* 
lity  of  grafs  land  fuch  a  farm  oaght  to  have  :  this  is  at  once 
determined,  for  we  may  ^llow  ^n  acre  per  bead,  or  30  acres :  but 
it  would  be  prudent  in  fuch  a  farmer  always  to  have  a  dock  of 
hay  before  hand,  to  ufe  in  cafe  of  accidents,  fuch  as  a  bad  time,  to 
make  his  clover  hay,  &c.  &c.  &c.  for  this  purpofe  he  fhould  have 
five  acres  of  mowing  grafs  every 'year ;  or,  in  all  thirty-five. 

*  Thus  we  find  the  number  of  hories  a  clue  to  difcover  the  whole 
oeconomy  of  a  farm.  I  have  taken  this  as  one  inftance  to  explain 
what  I  mean  by/r#/tfrriw.  It  plainly  appears  from  hence,  that  it 
is^lipttter  of  ?ad  gonfe<|uence :  almod  any  other  point  to  begin  with, 

£  4  would 


,56  MMral  Oic^ncmy* 

would  bftve  yielded  the  fame  iDferflnation ;  for  tnftaqce,  die  ai(oi|a^ 
,  quantity  of  wheat  fown,  of  fpncg  corn*  &e«  &c.  or  from  dii*ertn9 
inflances.    Bat  the  connedion  is  purfued  ia  a  clearer  manner  fro«| 
the  number  of  horfes. 

*  <  If  any  of  tha  proportions  in  this  inftande  are  brokciit  the  whol^ 
chain  is  aSiTe^ed ;  take  one  horie  ftom  the  four,  all  is  varied  at  once  s 
inftead  of  a  prpper  <|aantity  of  arable  land  per  horie*  a  laafer»  ^si 
lefs  portion  is  afligned ;  the  yery  ftock  of  the  graft  land  is  at  onc& 
affected ;  fo  mttch  does  ^very  part  of  a  well  arranged  ftrm  depend 
on  each  other.. 

*  Great  variations  are  made  by  common  fanners,  without  any 
important  eff«£ls  enfoing:  this  may  feom  to  contradi^  my  afler-* 
tions ;  bnt  moft  of  them  enter  into  fanns  with  fo  tilde  idea  of  juit 
proportions,  that  foch  neter  exifted  in  their  farms,  oonfequently. 
there  were  nofne  to  break ;  aifd  jrdt  co^imoti  farmers  cannot  damage 
even  their  fhulcy  profortions,  i^hfaottt  feeling  the  ill  efieds*  Bu^ 
they  are  in  general,  fo  borthened  with  a  too  great  qnantity  of  land  &r. 
their  fortunes  to  manage,  that  they  feldom  remedy  any  thiM  of  Mtt 

.  ibrt.  Inftead  of  the  profitable  management  of  tfirneps  and  dover, 
they  very  often  omit  thoib  crops,  for  want  of  money  to  ptrcha^B  th^ 
cattle  to  eat  them :  theiand  does  not  from  this  omifion  lay  fallowf 
bat  is  fown  with  corn ;  thus  the  fi)il  is  exhauied,  and  all  geocraf 
management  prelently  in  cottfuiion* 

*  Having  thus  explained  by  an  inftaace,  what  is  tbc  proper  mean* 
ing  of  the  proportions  of  a  farm,  in  this  cafei  1  (hall,  in  the  text. 
place,  (ketch  fuch  proportions  as  I  apprehend  to  be  the  mod  profit- 
able. In  this  en<]iuryVibm^  latitude  muft  be  nfed,  becau^  real 
farms  are  fo  prodigioody  various.  Perhaps  a  mere  grazing  farm' 
may  be  found,  in  many  countries,  the  mof^Jprofi table  of  all  that  are 
Commonly  managed ;  but  1  fhsil  rejedl  thofe,  as  they  would  furnilh« 
in  this  enquiry,  very  few  ufeful  conckfions.  I  fhall  therejbre  fap« 
pofe  a  farm  that  contains  many  parts,  nnd  is  c6ndn£ked  on  a  various 
plan,  embracing  fome  new  difcoveries  in  agriculture ;  proper,  io  a 
word,  for  a  gentleman,  or,  at  leaft,  a  farmer,  whole  ideas  are  more' 
enlarged,  than  thofe  of  many  of  his  brethren  :  bnt  it  will  be  necc^ 
ikry,  at  the  fame  time,  fo  to  fuppdfe  matters,  that  if  a  common  onn 
liired  foch  a  farm,  the  iketch  I  oflfer  niay  be  of  fervice,  though  he 
rejedls  any  articles  of  culture,'  but  fuch  as  are  abfolutely  ufual*-- 

^  A  fmall  farm  may  (as  far  as  it  extends)  be  as  profitable  as  a  large 
one;  but  we  are  not  to  r^fbn  upon  uocommon  inftances ;  manjr 
circumftances  of  management  require  a  large  bufinefs  to  be  carried 
6n  with  advantage.  A  few  will  prove  it.  The  neigh boorhood  Of 
a  great  city,  or  town,  requires  that  the  &rmers  purchafe  manures  1 
but  that  is  a  work  that  goes  on  very  poorly,  if  a  ^am  is  not  kept  on 
purpofe. 

•  '  It  is  but «  poor  bufmefs  that  will  not  employ  diflin6l  teams  for 
both  plowing  and  harrowing,  and  odd  cattle  befides  for  rolling.  A 
burinefs  ihould  be  confiderable  enough  alio  for  the  employment  of  a 
bailey ;  not  one  that  has  the  whole  management  of  the  farm  in  'his 
hands,  .bu(  who  is  kept  for  the  mere  underwork,  the  overfeeing 
laboarersi  &g.  dsc*  Scq.    I  give  theft  inftances  by  no  means  as  a 

'*"  '  complete! 


foatpfctt  Hft»  oslf  to  Amr  Ait  &«#•  ^te  mUkU  in  wUdi  «  petH 
ium  hfis  like  aivMtige  ^  »  foall  •ii«,  nierdjF  from  \mi^  grettiu 
'  <  B«f  to  cone  t<>  pMicitl9rs» 

«  i  prc^xjiil  thsc  fhr  oloaghf  be  iMpc  ^Ms^our^  ^  wofk:  flw  cxf 
plotfg^  and  two  bom  ones,  o#  ftnnr  iMrfes  aiul  eight  Mica.  Om 
Mr  «f  karMviTf  moft  bd  r»pf)^fed  ftlwmyf  to  iiU«xMl  theft  ptaNigki^  m 
fhfoe  borftf .  Soaetiim,  uj^ii  extraordina^  occaintts,  on*  tff  dio 
fk>iig!ii  anf  ^p  fer'the  working  a«ath«r  p«Sr  of  Jiarrtwi;  but 
tho{e  will  be  only  in  a  hafty  time,  when  the  corn  is  laid  in  oAm 
frmnei^  iftilead  df  mitt  fiaro^.. 

*  Onehorfe  nufl  adfo  be  affigned  for  rollltfg*  T^  for  fJ#«^ag 
bccietes  the  f#ii9i  of  plants. 

'  Fov  otbtn  Aooid  be  alk>tted  foi  bridging  mamra  fiomi  cbt 
neafeft  ciiy  of  tofm. 

.  *  Tlwre  are  fo  atftf  fitaatiofl»,  wbefein  tlfl»  \t  praAittMe,  tftat 
it  iPOttld  be  cnpafdonaUe  fo  omk  tW  fuppofitiofi.  Bm  thiv  temi 
inaft  be  emfloye^  (except  when  the  hories  ai^gned  to  ibe  bitf ileft  of 
Itltage  an  idle  tkrotfgh  bad  weather)  in  eanryhig  o«i  tho  dtm-taj 
other  prodttda  of  the  fann. 

*  Fonr  osien  mnft  be  allotted  for  fondry  articles  of  carting  %  either 

in  carta  or  a  waggon :  (cich  u  wood--£^d  for  cattle  in  winter ^ 

iabble^*ifaraw-^&c.  &c.  &Ci 

*  Tffo  oxen  (bottld  eoaftantiy  be  kt^  «t  cart  the  wl^«te  y)ear 
fonnd«  witb  two  ftoall  thre»»wheelcd  eafts^  in  carrying  dnsg,  day^ 
canpoAs,  &c  IStc  A«.    And  two  horics  I  allow  ibr  extra»» 

*'  Br  means  of  fnch  a  difpofition  of  the  teamv^  none  of  the  irork 
wiB  flaad  ttt,  that  the  reft  may  be  better  exeenced.  In  eommon 
fiums»  all  common  wo^k  is  at  a  ftaod«  when  a  little  that  is  extia^ 
ordinary  is  to  be  done.  To  carry  oot  eot«»  ^s  the  plotig^$^  per* 
baps  at  acritieal  IS^afonx  the  £Ukws  are  lf«qa«ntly  feen  over-mn 
widi  woeds,^  bceadfe  it  iii  feed  time :  is  %  word,  ibmo  bnfinef*  ift 
ever  nc^eaed,  that  the  reft  may  be  decently  perfbtnied. 

<  lae  with  ftich  a  difpaition  of  draaght  cattle,  m  I  bene  fleetcbed; 
all  kinds  of  work  w^  go  on  briikhr  and  regularly;  eheuHcmipi 
lioas  of  \sf  and  hanreft  will  be  nothing  Ibr  the  fw»  extra  bodes  \ 
9»d  another  nUowed  ibr  rollings  and  two  Ibr  borib  boriog^  witk 
imne  igaxt  tatne  from  the  harrowing  team,  wbicb  it  mnft  hm,  will 
aofner  all  caning  of  that  ftirt,  and  mncb  otber.  ' 

'  I  am  the  mooe  particular  in  thte  part  of  my  fchnmer  at  the  in* 
cnnveniencies  of  the.com moivoppofite  condbd  are  ibipriatngly  great 
juifl  obvioas*  One  can  icarcely  walk  over  a  faritt#  without  remark- 
ing the  negkd:  df  ibme  work  ot  other  of  in^rcanoe,  ariiing  itt^m, 
the  want  of  a  proper  nnmber  of  drani^  cattle :  by  the  end  of  har- 
Tcft,  the  fallows  are,  many  of  tbem»  either  over'-ran  with  weeds,  or 
at  leail  very  deficient  in  pulVerizatioa :  the  facmera  team  has  been 
employed  in  getting  in  his  corn ;  for  that  bafinefs  which  if  fooneft 
to  fapply  bis  porfe,  will  be  fure  to  be  done,  at  the  expence  of  all 
other  work.  In  feed  time,  favoi^rable  iealbns  Mxit  cither  loi^  or  bnc 
partially  and  flowly  nfed,  for  want  fii  ploughs  and  barfows :  perhaps 
fhe  &-mer  bas  nearly  or  joft  ploughs  fafficient,  bat  can  ill  fpare 
4Uiy  horfes  for  harrowing.  In  fach  a  cafe,  the  latter  work  will  be 
jmtcbedl/  neglede^;  feed  will  be  fown  under  farrow  that  ought  to 
' be 


j8  Sural  Oicvmmyl 

be  harrowed  m ;  and  many  fields  only  half  harrowed ;'  the  confer 
queoce  of  which,  in  numerous  inftances^  is  very  fatal.  In  the  aiw 
tide  of  manuring)  this  is  yet  more  obfervable  ;  for,  inftead  of 
carting  the  farm-yard  dung  on  to  a  compoft  hill,  to  mix  with 
marie,  earth,  or  clay ;  or  carting  the  latter  into  the  yard,  and  fod- 
dering upon  it ;  the  dung  is  often  carried  dire&ly  on  to  the  land, 
although  the  foil  be  the  leafl  proper  for  fuch  treatment :  and  this 
only  to  &ve  a  carting,  while  the  horfes  or  oxen  are  employed  ia 
tillage. 

*  And  however  namerous  the  fences  may  be,  that  the  farmer  has 
found  necefiary  to  make,  and  confeqnently  how  great  foever  the 
quantity  of  ditch  earth  ma^  be,  that  lies  ready  for  carting  on  to  the 
Jaiid,  yet  none  or  little  of  it  is  moved,  for  want  of  draught  cattle/ 

'  p[or  are  common  farmers  more  coniiderate  with  regard  to  tak-* 
ing  advantage  of  the  neighbourhood  of  any  great  citv  or  town  in 
the  piirchaie  of  manures  fo  raifed :  when  com  or  hay  is  carried  out^ 
they  may  perhaps  load  back  with  dung,  or  afhes,  &c.  but  as  to 
keeping  a  team  merely  for  road  bufinefs,  fcarce  one  of  them  had 
ever  fuch  an  idea. 

*  It  would  be  endlefs  to  multiply  fuch  inftances,  as  far  as  conld 
with  eafe  be  done ;  but  thefe  are  fu^dent  to  ihew  the  neceffity  of 
pioviding  teams  for  all  forts  of  work, 

*  We  muft,  i;i  the  next  place,  proceed  to  fet  all  thefe  cattle  to 
work,  and  fee  what  quantity  they  will  be  able  to  perform. 

f  The  fix  ploughs,  at  the  rate  of  each  doing  an  acre  a  day  for  300 
days,  will  amount  to  1800  acres  plowed  once. 

*  But  left  objections  fhould  be  made  againft  th^  allowance  of  only 
13  days  idleneis,  befidet  Sundays,  I  (hall  fuppofe  the  Roughs  to 
move  270  days  in  the  year ;  the  plowing  teams  to  be  employed  (iq 
cafe  of  froft,  or  exceffive  wet  weather,  ^c.)  thirty  days  on  other 
work ;  and  to  be  abfolutely  idle  thirteen  days.  I  had  ^x  horfes  at 
wprk  throvgh  the  years  1766  and  1767,  both  remarkably  wet,  and 
^ley  did  not  fland  flill  ten  days  in  the  two  years.  Whatever  be  the 
weather,  a  farmer  fhould  always  have  work  of  feme  kind  or  other 
ready  for  his  plowing  teams,  when  thrown  out  of  their  own :  thirteen 
days  of  abfolute  idlenefs  are  therefore  a  laree  allowance.  Their 
working  270  days  amounts  to  1620  acres.  Let  os  next  examine 
what  fixed  and  proportioned  farm  this  plowing  forms  when  divided,  t 

160-  acres  plowed  iix  times            -  *             -        960 

160  ditto  three  ^times               •  ,            .              480 

160  ditto  once               -                -  •        •        |6<| 

*  This  divifion  gives  us  two  kinds  of  farms,  as  follow! 

160  acres  plowed  fix  times  fer  turneps,  &c. 
160  ditto  three  times  for  fpring  com. 
1 60  ditto  once  for  wheat, 

480  acres  in  tillage,  and 
160  of  clover,  one  year  old, 
160  ditto,  two  years  old. 


800  of  arable  land. 


Op 


Raral  Oeemomyi  i^^ 

*  Or  there  may  be  only  one  clover  crop,  in  wMch  cafe,  .the  arabk 
hnd  will  amount  to  640  acres. 

*  The  him  to  be  managed  by  a  team  that  ploughs  about  1600 
acres  annually,  might  be  (ketched  in  jl^reat  variety  of  other  ways  ; 
and  it  will  aid  the  general  defign  of  thefe  effiiys  to  fiate  a  fevr 
of  them. 

100  acrofi  (ix  times  for  tnrneps  «     .  .        Soo 

100  ditto  three  for  fpring  corn        •  •  300 

100  ditto  once  for  wheat  *  •  *         loo 

100  clover,  one  year. 
100  ditto,  two  years. 
50  ditto  three  times  for  potatoes  » 

50  ditto  fix  times  for  cabbages        -  • 

50  ditto  wheat  twice  •  « 

50  ditto  ipring  corn  once  ^  * 

7Q0  i6o© 

I  CO  of  Inceme,  fainfbine,  and  bnmett 

Soo  totalt 

|oo  acres  of  wheat  once             •  . »          ^        100 

100  of  barley  thrice             -  •           -                300 

100  of  oats  twice            -  .                     -        200 

ICO  of  tnmeps  five  times               »  «               900 

100  of  cabbages  five  times  •«                    •        500 

100  clover,  one  year.  ^ 
ICO  dittp,  two  yean, 

700  1600 

'  Bat  ibr  the  &ke  of  the  variety  which  there  ought  to  be  in  « 
6rm  of  this  kind,  that  is  iketched  for  the  fake  of  the  conclufions  to 
be  drawn  from  it,  I  fhall  adopt  the  following,  which  is  rather  an  im* 
provemenc  upon  the  fccond. 

.100  acres  wheat  once  plowed  •  •^        100 

50  ditto  twice  -  -  -  leo 

ICO  ditto  of  fpring  com  thrice  •  •        300 

50  ditto  peale  twice  ^  «  106 

1 00  ditto  of  turneps  five  times  *  -•        500 

50  ditto  of  cabbages  five  times  »  •>  250 

50  ditto  of  potatoes  three  times  «  •        ijo 

50  ^itto  of  carrots  twice        -    «         ^       «  lop 

1600 


f  o  4itt« 


64       Mmoirsj  Anecdot^^  Wr.  9f  il$^C§urtjf  Urns  XIF. 

$o  ddto  IdcaeriM. 

50  ditto  fainfoin. 

^o  ditto  bvrftettf 
109  clover^  one  year. 
100  dittos  tw^years^ 

870  total.     . 

*  I  muft  apon  this  arrangement  rem«'k»  thi^  die  common  crops 
are  infinitely  beyond  the  uncommon  ones;  fo^  that  were  the  fcheme 
in  execution,  the  cultiv^ator  would  not  have  reaibn  to  dread  the  trial 
ofregetables,  not  every  wharc  ufed/. 

The  Rurd  Socrates  annexed  to  this  work  is  trariflated  from  a 
French  Tra£l  entitled  Le  Swcrate  Ruftiqui.  It  was  written  ori* 
{inally  in  German,  an4  is  a  kiftd  of  philofoplkit:  hift^iry  of  the 
dotneftic  virtues,  and  rural  ceconomy  of  a  Swifs  farmef,  now 
living.  There  is  an  agreeable  cnthufiaim  about^lt ;  and  it' 
exhibits  at^^onceavyfya^^f^  pi4i*rg  Q^  tncg  country  life,  and 
contains  inanyTBcFuTlTrrits  for  cultivation. 

II  

Art.  XII.  Memoirsy  Anecdotes^  and  Chara^ers  of  tie  Court  of 
Lewis  XIV i '  Tranflatcd  from  the  Souvenir Sy  or  RecoIIedions, 
of  Madame  de  Caylus,  Niece  to  Madame  de  Malhtenon* 
By  the  Xi^nfl^tor  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Ninon  de 

^   L'Enclos.     i2mo^.   2  Vols.  .  5s,  fewed,     DodAey.  .1770. 

THE  moft  trifling  circumftances,  when  they  rdatte  to  il- 
luftrious  perfonages,  have  thelf  vakie,  and  never  fail  to 
excite  curioficy.  To  thofe,  accordingly,  who  are  acqjuainted 
with  the  great  events  which  difiinguifli  the  age  and  the  reign  of 
liewia  XIV«  there  cannot  be  a  more  agreeable  entertainment 
tha^  CO  attend  to  the  private  occurrences  of  his  coui't  1  and  to 
obfenre  ium  in  a  dbmeftie  capacity,  after  having  jconfideced  hiol 
as  a  politician  and  a  monarch. 

In  tbh  view  there  ?re  few  wofks  which  ftimifli  more  amufe*  ^ 
ment  than  the  meoTorandums  6f  Madame  de.  Caylus.  The ' 
fources  from  which  flie  drew  her'  Information,  were  her  ov^n 
obrervat]on  and  experience,  and  the  converfation  of  Madame 
^  ^  Maintenon,  with^whom  iKe  feems  to  have  lived  in  the  clbfeft 
Jalimacjr*  Her  j^^lations,  therefore,  2xm  to  be  confidered  as 
•Mthentic;  ^nd,  it  muiVbe  allowed^  that  ibe  has  given  mate- 
mfo,  ^y  which  a  confiderable  light  may  be  thrown  on  feveral 
myfterious  and  interefting  tranfadiqns.  Her  manner  is  eafy 
dll'd  graceftd ;  it  has  an  s^ir  of  the  greateft  candour  3  and  (he 
has  drawn,  with  delicacy  and  precifton,  the  chara^rs  of  many 

Serfons  who  were  diftinguifhed  by  their  rank  or  their  a£lion$ 
uring  the  period  to  which  her  Memoirs  refer.    Though  (he 
5Dttpw&  no  method  px  order,  and  never  appears  to  exert  herfelf, 

yet 


Miimin^  Anecd^ies^  Vc.  «f  ihi  Cmart  tfLem$  XfSt.       6t 

yet  flie  dtfplap  1x»tli  wtt  and  laitimenC,  and  ba^  ertfied  a/l 
d^MkC  monument  to  lier  own  memory. 

In  our  Aff^dix^  ^mbltfttd  in  July  laft,  we  kad  an  opportti« 
mtj  of  mcxitiomng  and  commending  i)er  work ;  and  on  the 
piefent  occafion  we  camioc  neftft  the  temptation  of  laying  be* 
fore  our  Readets  an  additional  fpecimen  of  it. 

The  ibilowing  extrafi,  though  a  little  tiodured  with  flio 
ladicrous.  has  fometbing  in  it  extrcmelj  cfaaraderiftic  of  Lewit 
ZfV.  and  of  Madame  ce  Montefpan. 

^  The  King  h;ul  alwavs  a  ftrong  fenfe  of  religion*  which 
would  frequently  mioifcft  itfcif  even  in  the  mldft  of  his  ex- 
cefles  of  galhuitry — for  this  was  his  only  foible.  He  had  been 
born  with  an  excellent  uoderftanding,  and  was  fo  regular  iit 
bis  condnd  that  he  never  otpitted  hearing  mafs  every  day  of  his 
lift,  excq)C  twice,  when  he  happened  to  be  with  the  army. 
The  great  feftivats  ufed  to  excite  his  remorfe  more  particularly; 
equally  troubled  not,  to  pay  his 'devotions,  or  to  perform  theni 
unworthtiy. 

.  *  Madame  de  Montefpan  bad  fo  far  the  fame  turn  of  mind, 
that  it  was  by  no  means  in  compliance  with  the  King  that  file 
mantfefted  it*  She  had  been  carefuHy  educated  by  a  mother  of 
exemplary  piety,  who  had  fown  the  feeds  of  religion  in  her 
mind  fo  early,  that  they  were  ^ever  to  be  eradicated  afterwards. 
This  was  fo  apparent  in  her,  at  all  times,  that  even  while  fhe 
hdd  on  her  criminal  intercourfe  with  the  King,  Aie  kept  her 
Lents  fo  ftrifUy,  that  {he  tifed  to  have  her  bread  weighed  out 
to  her.  The  Duehefs  d*Uzes,  afloniihed  ait  her  fcruples,  could 
not  avoid  dropping  a  hint  of  her  inconfiftency,  one  day,  before 
ber :  Jhd  wbaiy  Madame  replied  Madame  de  Montefpan,  ie^ 
eoMji  I  happen  U  be  gttfby  e/ene  (rlmi^  mufi  I  h  eulpabU  of  cU 
ibe  rent 

«  sut  to  return  to  our  jubilee*-  The  two  lovers,  admo- 
niflicd  by  their  cooiciences,  parted  with  mutuad  ^ponfent,  and 
ieterminrd  purpofe  never  to  renew  their  commerce  more  :  at 
'feaft  fo  they  Cbouditat  that  thne.  Madauie  de  Montefpan  re- 
tired to  Paris,  vmted  the  churches,  fiafled,  prayed,  and  wept 
Ibr  her  tranfgrefBons.  The  Kit^  aHb,  on  his  part,  performed 
Kkewiie  every  duty  of  a  good  Chrtflian. 

<  The  jubiye  beine  oyer,  it  became  a  divided  qu^ftioo, 
wliether  Madame  de  Montefpan  ihouid  return  to  court  anr 
more.  Whj  »tr  f  faid  her  relations  and  frjoids,  even  the  moft 
fcmptdous  of  them,  ibe  hai  a  rifbt  t$  appear  Aert^  h$th  front 
tir  Urtb,  and  ber  p9/l  i  ani  fiireiyfit  moj  continue  to  be  or  good  m 
Cbri/Han  there  as  emj  where  eife.  The  BUhop  of  Meaux,  too, 
was  of  thae^ame  opmion. 

I    -     -  —  '  -    — ■ — ^-^ — ■ *---  - 

*  A  IcafiA  of  reftitcaee  and  pn^er*  . 

•  There 


62       Memoirs^  Amcdotit^  tic.  of  the  Court  of  Lewis  XlVi 

<  There  remained,  however,  one  difficulty  ftill  in  the  cafir^ 
Madame  de  Montefpan,  faid  they,  ought  not  to  appear  agaiil 
before  the  .King  without  fome  preparation  on  both  fides.  It 
was  thought  proper  that  they  Ihould  meet  together,  at  fome 
third  place,  before  hand,  in  order  to  prevent  the  fudden  effeds 
of  an  linexpeded  interview. 

.  «  Upon  this  confideration  it  was  fettled  that  the  King  (hould 
gay  a  vifit  to  Madame  de  Montefpaa,  at  her  own  apartments  ; 
but,  to  leave  no  nx>m  for  further  fcaodal^  it  was  agreed  on  that 
fome  ladies  of  the  mofl  refpe&able  rank  and  unblemifhed  cha- 
'  rafters  of  the  court,  ihould  be  prefent  at  this  meeting,  and 
that  the  King  fhould  not  fee  Madame  de  Montefpan  except  in 
their  company. 

«  This  rendezvous  being  appointed,  the  King  appeared  there 
at  the  time,  and  on  the  terms  fpecified.  £ut  they  happened  in- 
fenfibly  to  withdraw  together  to  a  window,  whifpered  a  good 
i}irhile,  wept,  and  faid  fuch  things  to  one  another  as  one  may 
fuppofe  to  be  natural  in  fuch  a  fituation  \  till  at  length  they 
made  a  profound  obeifance  to  thefe  venerable  matrons,  and  re* 
tired  into  an  inward  apartment.  The  Duchefs  of  Orleans,  and 
afterwards  the  Count  de  Touloufe,  brought  teflimony  into  the 
world  with  them  of  the  mutual  fympathy  which  thenceforward 
^ubfifted  between  tliem. 

«  I  cannot  refift  the  temptation  of  mentioning  a  thought 
ipjiich  has  often  occurred  to  me  upon  this  fubjeA.  There  ac-  , 
tually  ieems  obvious  to  me,  from  the  charadcr,  the  caft  of 
features,  and  throughout  the  whole  air  and  perfon  of  the  Du* 
chefs  of  Orleans,  the  appearance  of  that.confli<^  which  one 
may  fuppofe  to  have  ^rifen,  on  this  renewed  tett  a  tete^  between 
love  and  the  jubilee.' 

The  mention  of  the  theatrical  exhibitions  at  St.  Cyr,  leads 
our  Author  to  fpeak  of  Racine,  and  of  the  two  fine  pieces  which 
be.  compofed  to  be  performed  by  the  young  penfioners  of  this 
convent.  Madame  de  Maintenon,  fearing  for  the  virtue  of  her 
bulkined  virgins,  defired  him  to  compofe  for  them  an  hiftorical 
dramatic  poem  that  (hould  have  nothing  of  love  in  it,  and  in 
which  he  was  not  to  confider  his  reputation  as  a  Writer  to  be 
in  any  fort  concerned,  as  it  fhould  ever  remain  buried  at  St« 
Cyr.  ^ 

<.  This  requifition,  fays  Madame  de  Caylus,  threw  poor  Ra- 
cine into  the  utmoft  agitation  of  mind.  He  would  be  glad  to 
oblige  Madame  de  Maintenon ;  the  refufal  was  impoflible  to  « 
courtier,  but  the  compliance  hazardous  for  one  who  had  (o 
great  a  reputation  to  fuflain,  and  who,  though  he  had  at  that 
time  left  off  writing  for  the  ftage,  would,  however,  have  been 
extremely  mortified  .at.fu(Fei:ingthq  chara^er  (which  his  former 
compofitions  had  fo  highly  e^abliftied}  to  fink  in  the  opinion 

of 


Mimtirsy  JmcJhuSy  tSc.  ofiht  Cmtt  §f  Lewis  XIF.       6) 

of  the  public,  by  fuch  an  imperfeA  effiiy  aswas  then  exaAed 
fircn  him* 

*  Monfieur  Boileau  (whom. he  went  to  confult  about  this 
matter)  declared  at  once  for  the  negative;  but  Racing  had 
not  ftrength  of  mind  enough  to  follow  bis  advice,  which  the 
world  has  had  good  reafon  to  be  pleafed  at  fince ;  for  after 
fomerefledion  upon  the  matter,  he 'found,  in  the  rubjeft  of 
EftbiTj  every  thing  be  could  wifli  for,  to  enable  him  to  com* 
ply  with  Madame  de  Maintenon's  commands.  Boileau  himielf 
.was  fo  ftnicJL  with  the  idea^  that  he  fpirited  him  up  to  the  exe- 
cution of  it  with  as  much  earnefinefs  as  he  had  before  exprefled 
to  prevent  his  undertaking  it. 

*  Racine  was  not  long  before  he  carried  to  Madame  de  Main* 
tenoD^  not  only  the  (ketch,  ftiled  the  SkeUtom^  his  piece  (for 
he  ufed  always  to  write  them  fcene  by  fcene  in  profe,  before  he 
turned  them  into  verfe)  but  he  brought  hec  alfo  the  firft^adl 
compleated.  She  was  extremely  charmed  with  the  whole  of 
the  defign,  nor  did  her  modefty  prevent  iier  from  finding,  in 
tbe.chanider  of  bis  heroine,  and  in  other  circumftanccs  of  tht 
fuljed,  Ibme  things  which  complimented  her  extremely.  The 
charmder  6iVafbii  bad  its  applications;  and  Haman  its  lines  of 
refemUance ;  but,  independent  of  thefe  particulars,  the  ftory 
of  £fther  alone  afforded  an  artful  hint  enough  for  a  reprefenta- 
tibn  at  St.  Cyr« 

*  The  cborufles  that  Racine,  in  imitation  of  the  Grecian 
fts^9  bad  always  a  view  of  reftoring  to  the  theatre,  appeared 
to  fall  naturally  enough  into  this  fpecies  of  writing,  which 
coofifted  not  on\j  of  a^iortf  but  didaSfion  ;  and  he  felt  himfelf 
bappy  in  thi^  opportunity  of  introducing,  and  giving  the  pub* 
lie  a  tafle  for  them. 

*  The  perfonage  of  Valhti  was  faid  to  have  alluded  to  Ma« 
dame  de  Montefpan  ;  but  I  cannot  fee  any  refemblance  between 
them,  except  in  her  being  fupplanted  by  MadamedeMainte* 
son.  The  late  Queen  appears  a  fitter  parallel,  as  they  were 
both  forfaken  conforts,  and  equally  (hy  of  appearing  before 
Aeir  hufbands.  Monfieur  de  Louvois'  perfecution  of  the  Hu- 
guenots was  faid  to  have  been  glanced  at  under  the  charaSer 
of  Hcfiutn* 

«  In  fine,  I  think  that  if  one  was  to  confider  the  place,  the 
time,  and  the  circumftances  of  this  reprefentation,  they  muft 
agree  with  me  that  Monfieur  Racine  did  not  fhew  Icis  ingenuity, 
upon  this  occaiion,  than  in  any  of  his  other  works,  however 
excellent  in  themfelves.    *  ' 

*  Eflher  was  exhibited  about  a  year  after  Madame.de  Main- 
tenon  had  interdicted  the  performance  of  any  prophahe  piece  at 
St.  Cyr ;  and  it  received  fuch  vaft  applaufe,  that  the  memory 
Qi  it  remains  fiill  frefh  in  our  minds  to  this  inilant, 

«  I  was 


*  I  W9A  thccL  very  young,  and  hoc  thought  capable  of  re^ 
)>rerenting  any  part  in  this  performance;  but  hapfcning  to 
iave  bceii  preibltAt  die  recitais  that  M.  EUcine  4ifed  lo  mttke  of 
tvery  fceni^  a$  he  ^ilhcd  them^  I  had  got^noft  of  tbe  Jines  b)r 
iM9iKt»  aad  fcpeatijig  them .  one  4ay  before  ^im,  be  was  fe 
pkaAd  with  oiy  rcbearitpg^   that   he   requdled  MadaOie  de 

,  mmiUxioti  to  fiiffcr  me  to  exhibit  onyfelf  in  foine  part  -of  thd 
djraioa»' 

.    «  This  (he  (colifented  to;  but  I  decliotti  the  taking  any  Of 
the  parts  from  thofe/Who  had  been,  appotnied  to  then  already  s 
f^.lhat  ifiiconif lioieiit  to  ray  fcrupie  he  contrived  to  aocommo^ 
date  me  by  giving  me  a  prologuJe  to  fpeak  oM  the  occafiotf^ 
jvhicb  iip  wnite'^ccially  for  this  purpofe. 

*  However,  by  bring  oonfiantly  prefent  at  the  perferamnce, 
J  hadgot.the«irhole  piece  (b  perfeSly  by  heart,  that  I  played 
IMny  of  the  parts  (iiccefively,  afier wards  occafioiMily,  as  aay 
'|»f  the  girii  h;)ppeocd  to  t^  indiipofed^  d^irtng  the  wiht^r, 
IJbroughotft  the  whole- 4)f  wi^ich  it  was  exhibited  } '  and  tlii8 
fdeoti  which  was  defigaed  to  have  been  confined  within  t4ie 
walls  of  St*  Cyr,-at  letigth  broke  loofe  from  thecloiftor,  and 
iwaa  federal  times  represented  before  the  King  and  the  whole 
^ourt,  and  ever  iyvith  the  fame  applaufe. 

*  The  great  fuc(:eft.of  this  m^irnanuint  manAer  of  compo* 
fition  infpired  the  Author  >^ith  fuch  a  tafte  for  k,  that  be  iai« 
medtatdy:a&er  undertocdL  another  work  of  die  fame  kind,  and 
fixed  on  t^e  Aory  of  Athaiiah  ;  that  is,  the  death  of  that  Qaeen, 
And  the  refiontion  of  /oas,  as  the  ficteft  fubjeA  Car  his  pur^i- 
pofe  of  aay  in  Holy  Writ.  He  loft  no  time  in  this  boiiaefi^ 
acid  laboured  at  it  fo  affidu^ufly,  that  the  winter  following  tlae 
piece  was  made  ready  for  reprefentation.  ^ 

'  <' Bat  Madame  de  'Maintenoo  received  on  all  fide$  fo  mtny 
hints  of  difapprobation,  fuch  remonflraftcos  from  devotes,  and 
(iich  oppofition  from  the  poets  jealous  of  fiacine'a  fame,  4aho 
srat  only  procured  their  friends  to  fpeak  to  her  on  this  fubjeAf 
hut  wrote  feveral  anonymous  ^lAures  agmoft  the  exhibition 
alfo  tbemidves,  that  it  finally  put  a  ftop  to4!he  perfbrmaooe  of 
Athaiiah  at  St.  Cyr.V 

The  tranflation  of  this  litile  work  is  executed  with  a  lefs  de« 
gree  of  tafle '  and  care  than  might,  in  our  appreofion,  have 
been  e»foQiod  from  the  pen  of  the  ingenious  Mrs.  GriAkh  i  ib 
that  we  can  perceive  but  few  traces  of  that  nawtU^  wfaidi 
marks  and  recommends  the  manner  of  Madame  de  Caylvs.  We 
mufi  farther  obferve  too,  that  our  Tranflatreis  may  nor,  per* 
haps,  meet  with 'univeifai  approbation  for  the  liberty  fhe  hath 
(avowedly)  taken,  of  fupprcifing  fome  paflagcs,  and  of  refiify^ 
iqg  others  which  fhe  imagiued  to  be  defedive  :  a  freedom  for 

wliicli 


1 


Liiiin  ffan  EngRJh  LdJy  to  one  rfher  P<maU  Friends.      65 

vbkh  flie  hath  indeed  aiSgned  her  rcafons:  thefe  the  Reader 
win  find  toward  the  clofe  of  the  iecond  volume. 

It  may  not  be  improper  that,  on  this  occafion,  we  take  no<« 
Uxx  of  a  pradice,  very  common  of  late  with  our  tranflator^ 
from  the  French^  By  ta  afFedatton,  which  ic  is  impoillble  to 
jufiifyy  tbey  leave  many  particular  words  and  phrafes  untrai>-*> 
flated  ;  and  fiincy,  perhaps,  that,  by  this  means,  they  enrich 
our  language^  l(ut  their  endeavours^  however  wcil  they  may 
be  intended,  neither  add  to  its  ftrength  nor  its  beauty^  ana 
would,  if  attended  with  fiiccefs,  convert  it  into  a  mere  jargon. 
In  the  preient  vrork,  for  example,  rile  is  nsore  than  once  left  aa 
it  flood  in  the  original.— **  The  fingular  rile  performed  by  Man 
^aine  de  la  Valtcre,'  p.  48.  ^  Every  thing  confpired  to  prepare 
that  high  rai!r  for  Nladame  de  Maintenou  which  we  have  all 
ften  her  fince  perferoi,'  p.  88.  It  would  have  been  better, 
Carely,  tp  have  told  the  Englifb  reader  (for  whofe  ofe  tbit 
tranllatio9  is  publifbcd)  ill  words  which  he  could  have  und^r* 
^ood,  that  one  of  the  above-mentioned  ladies  had  *^  a  fingtilar, 
die  other  an  high  fart  tp  a$  V*  Thus,  too,  fcarce  one  of  ouf 
Bumerous  tribe  of  novel-writers  will  deign  to  ufe  fuch  an 
ezpreffion  as  the  paffim  of  love,  in  their  invaluable  produc* 
ttons:  no,  it  is  ttcmAXy  pencbant^eeKbemt^-^fenchdnt^^^xXX  the 
offended  car.  of  die;  unfrenchified  reader  fickens  at  the  found, 
and  ia  almoft  ready  to  loath  the  very  idea  ittelf,  on  account  of 
ibe  uncouth  term  by  which  it  is  txprelled. 

The  foregoing  remarjc  ^iU  probably  be  thought  a  very  un« 
fiifiiionable  one,  by  the  more  fafliionable  part  of  our  readers.-^ 
With  all  our  hearts.  As  fuch  let  it  pafs,  with  this  fincere  ac- 
knowledgment in  addition  to  it,'  that  the  Monthly  Reviewers 
bope  to  be. found  among  the  laft  -of  their  countrymen  who 
fltall  muoiieft  a  preference  of  eiiheir  the  principles,  the  manners, 
or  thehuguage  of  Fraoce,to  thofe  of  pkin,  downright,  honeft 
Ojud  England. 
■j        I  ■  I  I  I  I     ■  I   ■  I  I    I    I       I      II      11      ■    I        III 

Art.  XV.  litres  d!une.  'Jlnghis^  ecrites  a  une  de  fes  Amies.  Let- 
ten  of  an  Englifh  Lady,  written  to  one  of  her  Female 
Friexids.  8vo.  38.  6d.  fewed.  Printed  at  Brentford  for 
Robinfon  and  Roberts.     1769. 

THE  cdii6rof  theie  tetteirs,  fol*  they  are  fald  not  to  be 
publiflied  by  the  writer,  has  dedicated  them  co  Lord 
Hcniy  i  becaufe,  acoong  other  things,  bis  birth  and  education 
g;ive  iiiaa  a  right  to  encourage  <  ^  language  which  has  been' 
heard  in  every  part  of  the  wotid,  and  is  become  the  language  ' 
of  meditalioii/    We  think,  in  th6  firft  place,  that  the  French  ' 
language  ha^  fufficiept  encouragcnrieht  aniong  us  already ;  and, 
in  the  next  place,  that,  to  whatever  countries  it  may  have 
reached,  it  has  no  pretenfions  to  be  conHdered  as  the  language 
Rav.  Jan.  1771.  F  of 


66       Letters  of  an  Englljh  Lady  to  one  of  her  Female  Friend^ 

of  meditation  in  preference  to  others  :  it  is  ftrongly  marked  with 
the  charadieriftic  of  its  country,  and  may  be  considered  as  an  eU^ 
gartt  trife  ;  as  fuch  it  is,  perhaps,  beft  adapted  to  the  light  Tallies 
of  fancy  and  poUteJfe^  of  which  the  converfation  in  what  they  call 
the  Beau  iMwz^/r  generally  confifts  ;  but  it  is  by  no  means  adapt- 
ed to  thought,  nor  indeed  to  converfation,  when  it  penetrates 
ihe  furfacc  of  life,  and  explores  the  depths  of  philofophy. 

Of  language  in  general,  at  leaft  of  compofition,  this  Writer 
ieems  to  know  but  little:  he  fays,  that  brilliant  and  lofty  ideas 
are,  like  flowers,  and  that  the  lead  reflexion  does  to  one  what 
the  burning  heat  of  the  fun  does  to  the  other.  Would  this 
Author  then  reduce  all  language  to  that  of  a  Gazette  ?  Would 
he  infmuate  that  rhetoric  and  •  poetry  contain  nothing  lofty, 
nothing  brilliant,  which  will  not  fade  upon  refkdion,  like  a 
flower  in  the  fun  ? 

As  to  this  performance,  he  fays,  **  Je  n^ ai  pa^  la  fitte  vaititl 
ie  fenfer  que  ce  que  je  donne  au  public  a  tbutes  les  graces  de  Im 
nouveaiite,^*  '  1  have  not  the  fiHy  vanity  to  pretend  that  what 
1  offer  to  the  publick  has  ali  the  graces  of  novelty  ;*  and  in  the 
▼ery  next  ientence  he  fays  it  has  no  novelty  at  all.  "  Je  ne 
dis  rien  de  neuf^*^  '  I  fay  nothing  n«w.'  He  adds,  that  his 
'  iolt;  view  Was  to  write  a  ftylc  that  was  eafy  and  pure  :*  if  this 
is  ti  c  cafe^  his  book  may  be  ufcful  to  thofe  who  wifh  to  learrr 
the  Irtnch  language,  but  is  a  mtfrc  fuperfiuity  with  refpefl  to 
every  thing  elfe. 

It  may,  perhaps,  be  afked,  bywhfrt  right  this  E£tor  talks  of 
writing?.  And  it  is  fit  the  reader  fliould  be  told,  that  though 
the  fubftancc  of  thcfe  letters  belongs  to  a  lady^  yet  the  form' 
is  his  own.  He  has  new- written  them,  becaufe  he  fays  the 
flile  of  a  woman  is  tender  and  feeble.  It  is  ihdefed  fomewhat 
difficult  to  determine  how  much  of  what  he  fays  about  the 
letters  is  true  j  for  in  the  advertifement  or  preface,  which  is 
m^nifdiJy  written  in  the  perfon  of  a  n]an,  he  accufes  himfelf 
of  having  betrayed  an  honourary  truft,  which  the  French  po- 
Ikely  -call  being  iftdijcreet^  in  publtfhing  letters  which  one  of 
tis  female  friends  wrote  to  him  while  fhfe  was  at  Paris  ;  and  the* 
feft  letter  begins  with,  *  I  promifed  you,  my  dear  Harrietie* 
This  certainly  is.  repugnant  even  to  h4s  own  ideas  of  reSitude  ; , 
for  though  he  fays,  that  ihe*true  religion  of  people  of  rank  is  good^ 
heedifjgy  yet  he  adds,  that  good- breeding  (houid  be  founded- 
wpon  good  morals.  ■ 

'  'He  thinks  it  very  ftrange  that  Englithmeh  (heuld  ever  be  tired' 
cf  Paris^  and  fuppofes  it  can  arife  only  from  their  aflbciating 
ifvith  each  other..     To  bring  th^m  better  acquainted  with  the 
charaders  of  the  French,  he  has  delineated  feveral,  but  they  • 
do  not  appear  to  be  fuch  as  are  likely  to*  p,uc  aa  EngUfUciaiif « 
in.j^godrhuaio;U£  with  Ffcnch  company. 

The  : 


Letters  ifanEngVtJh  Lady  to  ontofher  FemaU  Fritnds.      6'f 

The  lady  who  is  fuppofed  to  furnifh  materials  for  thcfe  letters,' 
becomes  acquainted  with  a  widow  of  good  birth  but  fmnll  for- 
tunt,  who  is  foliciting  a  military  appointment    for   her  foit. 
The  widow  was  one  day  at  dinner  with  our  correfpondcnt,  and 
in  the  afternoon  begged  to  introduce  her  fon.    vWith  the  fofi 
came  in  one  of  his  comrades,  a  moufquetaire  \  the  moufquetaires 
are  all  young  fellows  of  faihion^  and  reprefented  as  being  all^ 
nearly  of  the  fame  charadier  :  this  gentleman  having  introduced 
and    prefented   himfeif  to    the  ,lady   of   the:houfe,  an  utter 
ftranger,  declined  the  feat  that  was  brought  for 'him,  and  plant-' 
log  himidf  before  the  chimney,  immediately  engrofied  the.  con- 
verfation  $  and    with  now  a  cringe,  now  a  ftrut,  and  now  a 
ihrug  of  the  ihoulders,  faid  a  world  of  civil   things  to  all  the 
company  ;  he  then  turned  about  to  the  glafs,  admired  his  fweec- 
countenance,  reftored   a  ftray  hair   to   its  curl  with  a  gentle  • 
touch,-  adjufied  the  bofbm  of  his  ihirt,  and  then  turned  again 
to  the  company.     Our  traveller  was  fhoclced  at  thcfe  fuppifh 
impertinences;  but  her  hufcand  whifpsrcd  her  that  they  were 
the  fafliion,  and  that  ivery  body  accommodated  themfelves  to 
tbem^.     The  hero  then  afked  her  a  ihoufand  pardons  for  having 
introduced  himfeif  without  h^xug.annotujced  \  faid  that  he  knew 
very  well  the  rcfpeft  that  was  due  to  ladies,  and  that  if  this 
piece  of  rudenefs  and  predimpdon  (hould  be  talked  of  in  the 
world  it  would  ruin  him  ;  he  added,  however,  by  way  of  ex- 
cufe,  that  he  thought  only  of  waiting  upon  his  friend  to  his 
mother,  and  had  not  the  leaft  reafon  to  expect  that  he  (hou)d 
have  the  hcnour  of  making  himfeif  known  to  the  mofi  amiable 
and  beautiful  ftcangcr  in  the  world.     He  would  have  run  on  in 
the  fame  ftrain,  if, the  lady  had  not  cut  him  Cbort.     Sir,  faid  < 
(he,  it  is  impoffible  that  I  (hould  not  think  every  body  welcome 
who  comes  as  an  acquaintance  of  a  lady  whom  I  efteem  fo 
much  as  the  mother  of  your  friend.     You  are  too   good.  Ma-  . 
dam,  faid  he,  with  an  air  of  felf-fatisfadion  which  it  is  impof- 
fible to  dcfcribe,  I  always  thought  till  this  moment  that  I  was 
born  un<fer  an. unhappy  planet ;  but,  faid  he,  pinching  up  firft  * 
one  ruffle  and  then  the  other,  to  difplay  a  diamond  ring  which  • 
he  .wore   upon   each   of  his  little  fingers,    fmce  you  have  the  . 
goodnefs.  Madam,  not  to  chaftife  me  for  my  temerity,  I  (baU*  f 
think  myfelf  born  to  better  fortune.     He  then  took  out  a  very  . 
fine  gold  .fnufF- box,  and,,  as  if  without  intending  it,  fuffered  * 
the  company  to  fee  a  portrait  which  was  on  the  infide  of  the 
lid  $  he  gazed  upon  it  for  a  moment,  and  then  again  addrefling  i 
the  lovely  ftrangcr,  Ah  !  Madam,  faid  he,   if  all  the  fex  had 
the  (ame  goodnefs  of  heart,  the  fame  polite  indulgence  thatyou 
have,  they  would  be  too  amiable,  too  charming,  what  raptu* 
rous  devotion  (hould  .1  pay  them  !     At  thcfe  vvoids  hw  alTumcd 

•     F  2  a  pen- 


70         HoWworik  and' Mitidgt^sTJaiuralSbart'^ Hand. 

^  be  c^mmenf urate  to  the  frequency  of  its  ufe  ;  and  every  charader 
•fliould  be  fuch  as  will  join  with  the  greateft  cafe  and  rcadincfs 
to  any  one  preceding  or  fucceeding,  as  may  be  rcqUrrcd.* 

In  the  pio^eciition  .of  this  plan,  they  enquire  bow  many 
Jimple  founds  there  really  are  in  the  Englifli  language;  how 
many  forts  of  fi'igle  lines  or  fimple  characters  can  be  obtained  ; 
and  then  how  thcfe  two, .  the  Angle  lines  and  fimple  founds, 
may  be  m oft  naturally  and  conveniently  adapted  to  each  other. 

The  philofophy  of  their  fyftem,  which  is  very  ingenious, 
though  many  of  their  readers  may  think  it  too  much  laboured,' 
confilh  chiefly  in  the  examination  of  thefe  particulars : 

With  reference  to  the  firft  particular,  they  obferve,  *  tha^ 
the  organs  of  fpeech  by  which  all  founds  are  produced,  are, 
jft^The  lips,  2d,  The  teeth.  3d,  The  tongue.  4t;li,  The 
palate  or  throat.  Now  as  it  is  poflible  to  afcertain  the  num- 
ber of  organs,  and  what  thefe  are,  it  only  remains  to  point 
out  w^ith  equal  certainty  how  many  and  what  changes  they 
are  capable  of  undergoing  in  the  aft  of  pronunciation^  fo  as 
that  each  change  may  produce  a  found  really  d/ftin6t  frqm  the 
reft,'  And  they  have  furnifhed  a  table,  reprefenting  at  one  view 
the  number  both  of  articulate  and  vocal  founds  |  of  the  fornier 
of  which  there. are  24,  and  of  the  latter  6. 

Their  next  enquiry  leads  them  to  determine  the  number  of 
Rmple  charaSlcrs^  which  may  be  made  ufe  of  under  diiFercnt 
forms  to  reprefcni  thefe  founds.  Thefe  are  contained  in  a 
fccond  p^aie,  and  are  four  in  number,  v/z.  a  point — a  ftrait 
line— a  circle  with  its  fcveral  fegments— and  an  ellipfis  in  its 
fevcral  pofitions  and  feitions.  Of  thefe,  they  obferve,  the  mod* 
ijmple  and  convenient  are  chofen  for  the  alphabet,  "or  rather 
to  exprcfs  ihofe  fimple  founds,  which  are  the  elementary  prin- 
ciples of  all  languages.  They  then  apply  tHcfe  characters  in 
the  manner  which  appears  to  them  the  moft  convenient  and  na- 
tural to  the  founds  they  are  intended  to  reprefent.  And. for  this 
purj  ofe  they  exhibit*  in  a  third  pUte.^  the  pofitions  of  the  organs 
of  fpccch  and  the  paffage  of  the  breath  in  the  feveral  aiSis  of 
pronunciation. 

It  would  be  toD  tedious  to  purfue  their  method  of  determi- 
ning ihcic  particulars  at  large.  We  fhall  contcn.t  ourfelves 
wih  obferving,  that  they  ufe  fuch  marl;s  for  certain  founds, 
as  moft  naturjlly  reprefent  the  pofition  of  the  feveral  organs 
employed  in  u:ierlng  them.  e,g,  '  The  dentals  are  fuch  mute 
articulations  us  are  made  at  and  againft  the  teeth.  Thefe  have 
been  generally,  though  not  {o  properly,  called  linguals,  bccaufe 
their  formation,  as  does  that  of  moft  others,  depends  partly 
upon  the  pofition  and  motion  of  the  tongue.  The  mute  den^ 
tals  arc  ihcfe  four,  T,  T  H,  D,  D  H. 

'  .        '  «  T:  hard 


Holiirvrorth  and  Aldridge'i  Natural  Short- Hand.  71 

*  T  :  hard  dental,  is  pronounced  by  raifing  the  fore  part  of 
the  tongue,  and  placing  it  hard  againft  the  root  of  the  upper 
teeth,  {o  as  to  (top  the  breath  in  its  attempt  to  paf«  out.  By 
this  means  the  upper  part  of  the  tongue  forms  a  line  leaning 
forward,  defcending  from  right  to  left,  which  is  its  proper 
chara&er/     And  fo  of  the  reft. 

Their  next  objcd  is  to  fhew,  that  the  chara£lers,  as  above 
applied,  are  convenient  for  ufe,  in  due  proportion  to  the  fre*. 
queocy  of  their  occurrence  in  the  Englifh  language.  For  this 
purpofe  they  afcertain  the  comparative  frequency  of  every  letter 
in  common  writing  by  means  of  a  letter-founder's  bill,  and 
fiimifh  a  table  containing  the  feveral  proportions  ;  from  the  in- 
(pedion  of  which  it  appears,  that  thofe  recur  moft  frequently 
whidh  are  the  moft  eafily  written,  and  the  more  complex  tho 
more  rarely. 

This  alphabet  thus  determined,  is  particularly  commended* 
for  its  beauty  as  well  as  for  its  convenience.     They  obferve, 

*  tliat  in  each  clafs  a  beautiful  analogy  is  maintained  among 
the  charaiSers — that  the  afcending  and  defcending  lines,  occur- 
ing  with  equal  frequency,  muft  prefervc  the  writing  lineal — 
that  many  of  the  chara(^ers  being  of  a  curvilinear  form,  will 
render  it  the  more  beautiful.'  Defide  all  thefe  advantages,  our 
Authors  add,  ^  that  iince  the  vowels,  as  well  as  the  confonants, 
are  marked  by  lines,  there  is  no  occaflon  for  taking  off  the 
pen  in  the  writing  of  any  word,  except  for  the  fake  of  foms 
advanugeous  contra^ion.' 

Uj£^  however,  it -is  natural  to  remark,  is  in  this  connexion 
far  fupcrior  to  elegance  and  beauty.  Circles,  ellipfes  and  the  va« 
rious  fegmcnts  of  thefe  curves,  are  of  all  lines  the  moft  unfit 
for  eicpedition.  The  direction  of  the  pen  muft  be  altered  in 
every  part  of  the  fmalleft  arc;  and  this  change  of  direction  it 
equally  inconvenient  with  the  a£lual  removal  of  the  pen ;  to 
which  it  may  be  added,  that  circles  and  ellipfes,  where  celerity 
of  writing  is  the  main  obje<Si,  are  with  great  difficulty  pre- 
ferved  diftinfl.  Thefe  are  material  objedions  to  the  fimpli- 
city  of  their  plan  ;  for  though  they  have  reje£ted  arbitrary  cha- 
ra^rs,  and  introduced  the  ufe  of  thofe  to  which  in  their  opi- 
nion nature  direfls,  the  chara^Slers  they  have  fubftituted  in  the 
room  of  thefe,  are  very  far  from  fubferving  the  defireable  pur- 
pofes  of  eafe  and  difpatch.  We  muft  therefore  be  excufed  if 
we  fay,  that  we  can  by  no  means  fubfcribe  the  declaration, 

•  that  enough  has  been  faid  to  (hew  how  natural,  fliort,  fimple, 
rational  and  convenient  the  alphabet  itfelf  is.' 

_The  obje(Skions  already  fuggefted,  may  be  urged  with  ftill 
greater  force  againft  the  expreffions  which  they  have  adopted 
for  the  moft  ufual  compo&ind  founds.     The  length  of  lines^  and 

F  4  the 


y%  Monthly  CATALocvr, 

tht.Jku  of  femicircles,  arc  very  indeterminate  reprefentations  of^ 
fucb  founds.  •  •    * 

For  their,  method  of  contradiion,  rules  of  writings  and  fpeci-' 
ineps,  we  tsuft  cefer  to  the  wor^c  itfelf. 

The  appendix  to  this  woric  contains  v^hat  the  Authors  flp« 
prebend  co  be  the  moft  natnraU  convenient  and  expeditious  cba* 
ra£ier  M  inarticulate  founds,  as  expreifed  in  mufic^  The  feveA- 
lettefs  by  which  thie  notes  are  named  in  the  gamot,  are  fienified 
by  their  correfpondent  character's  in  the  fiiort-hand  alphabet. 
And  dircdxons  are  given  for  exprciling  the  diftindion  of  jthefc 
fevcn  DOtes  in  different  ofl;avc$— the  time  of  founding  each  note, 
and  the  other  fymbols  which  occur  in  mufic. 

The  curiou;  will  be  entertained  by  the  perufal  of  this  work» 
and  will  hive  reaion  to  commend  the  ingenuity  and  indullry  of 
the  Authors. 

But,  upon  the  whole,  we  cannot  help  remarking^  that  the 

performance  is 'more  ingenious  than  ufcful-^hat  it  is  better  cal- 

.  culatcd  for  amufcmcnt  than  profit — that  though*  the  method  of 

{Renography  here  ptopofed  be  more  natural  than  many  others,  tt.is 

not  entirely  what  we  could  wifh  in  point  of  eafe  and  expedition. 

MONTH  L  y    C  AT  A  L  O  G  U  E, 

For     J  A  N   U   A  R  Y,     1771. 

MrSCE't'LANEOirs. 

Art.  17.  Tfje  Spir ii  of  Liberty  :  oTy  Junius^s  Loyal' AdAefsm 
Being  a  Key  to  the  £Dgli(h  Cabinet :  or,  an  humble  Diflertatioa 
Vpon'the  Rights  and  Liberties  of  the  ancient  Britoos.  With  a 
political  Tale  upon  the  Cbaraders  of  an  arbitrary  Mlniflry  both 
^n  Church  and  State,  and  the  ynhappineff  that  flows  therefrom  to 
us  and  to  our  Children,  as  to  the  Strength  of  the  Conftitutios^ 
the  Spirit  of  the  Laws,  the  Lives  and  Liberties  of  the  People, 
Humbly  addreffed  to  his  Majefly,  By  Junius,  Junior.  To  which 
is  added,  A  Polemical  Tale  j  or.  The  Chrillian's  Winter  Piece  ; 
wherein  the  great  Contention  among  the  Chridians  is  decided^ 
rcfpedihg  the  Privileges  of  the  Magna  Charta  of  that  ancient  City 
of  ^akm  ;  in  which  the  Spirit,  Liberties,  Laws,  and  Dignities  of 
that  ancient  City  are  again  revived  and  (et  forth  in  their  primitive 
Life»  Beaaty,  and  Order.  The  Whole  being  an  Enigcnatkal  Key 
to  the  original  I^ife,  Hiftory,  Prqgrefs,  PofiiibDy  and  &cred 
Treafures  of  thole  ancient  People  who  were  ^ft  called  Chxiftiaiis 
at  Antiocl),    fiyo,     3  a.  fewed.    Wbeble.     1770. 

IF  from  the  perufal  of  this  long  and,  fingular  title,  the  Reader 
(hould  fufpe^t  the  Author  to  be  fome  wrangling  Fanatic,  he  will, 
very  poifibly,  not  be  i^och  out  in  Kis  conjeflure.  We  have  feldom 
met  with  a  more  egregious  rhapfody  ;  iach  an  odd  miedley  of  politics 
and  religion.  The  Author  feti  oot  with  lamenting  our  injured 
rights  of  eIe£UQO|  and  warmly  expatiates  ozi  ii)egal  reprefentation'i^ 


^iBifierial  violations  of  th^e  <onftttation>  ftc*  bot  lie  foon  elites  t}iis 
mdmttipi^  w«Ik»  and  felt  out  for*  tb€  koly  dcf  v^'S^ni ;  wfa^cx^ 
beiag  arxived,  down  lie  £)ts»  to  gire  ss  the  kiftorf  of  the  people 
cb1M«  or»  as  hewilMifve,!^  jsrj^dle(C  Anakt^H/h  t  !b^  whom  lie  is  a 
aealooa  ftickler.  He  desives-  this  ieft  fibni  Jloiia  tlie  Baptift ;  W 
eoatettds  that  the  Bmptifts  axe  die  onljr  GhrHluns ;  and  he  to^if 
5pnflfTff"*  the  other  dfaoahiiiatibtts  aiftopg  pirofe^  believers,  aa 
oofsly  cnonecuuy  and  mtorly  igoofant  of  the  troths  of  the  GofDeU 
He  has  a  great  deal  to  fay  to  moft  of  the  fe^aries,  ai|d  apOng  jqtheia 
of  thdc  leaders  oa  whom  he  beftbws  aipriritaal  dhibUftg,  are 
Mefib.  WJiitefield  and  W^fley.  Part  of  whit  he  Ays  of  thefe  Qt n* 
tkincn  xnaj  ferve  as  a  fpecimen  of  hit  maimer. 

Hicophiins  aiks  Philagathas  (fbf  this  work  is  wntt|»i  by  way  of 
diaiogae)  what  he  thinks  of  Mr.  Wh-— — r-d's  ;^  ?  Phflagathot 
anfwers :  'That  Mr.  Wh — ^--^d has  been  sLnian  reararlpMe zea(« 
oat  &ir  God,  and  I  bdievea  good  miui/  yet'lthiiik  litde  of'  all  his 
seat  and  Mr — ^becaafe  it  it  mixed  with  to  much  art^  noA  with  t6 
modi  ifformmcti  mixt  with  to  mileh  ari^  (whieh  is  too  natural  to 
him)  to  raifis  the  naSont  of  the  people  bv  his  rhapfbdief ,  feexning 
rapevet  and  extafiet— and  the  poor  people  are.  carried  away  with 
hmiy  at  tho*  they  weie  drinking  thif  ^ne  of  the  kingdom*— 7-^ 
fhif>^y»g  it  is  ail  heavenly  rapture  in  the  dear  ipm*  when  there  Is* 
o&en  no  more  fire  of  love  in  his  heart  than  there  it  in  zmUffonejior 
it  is  what  is  naCprai  tp  him»  and  he  moch  improyet  it ;  tor  if  ho 
fidls  by  attitudes  of  body  and  feemiag  raptores  of  mi^d— then  \i  * 
idb  bu  people  foch  a  train  of  pret^  J^is^  what  Paul  calls  M 
mkms  /miieip  many  of  them  v«rjr  moving  to  die  paffions,  fiiaie  pf 
dbem  very  traffical;  what  is  this  but  a  zealous  art  to  move  upoii 
the  pafiions  of  aie  people,  while  their  onderftan4ing  in  the  Goipel  is 
exceeding  dark,  as  is  too  evident  by  converging  wim  then* 

*  And  what  it  it  but  zealous  art,  to  be  conformable  as  a  diilfentef 
at  one  ^ad  of  the  town, — and  conlbrmabie  as  a  churchman  at  the 
Oder;   tho*  by  the  way  let  him  remember  that  as  a  diflencer'he 

a  his  Tottewun  Court  liberty^^but  if  the  Loni  be  God  let  him 
m  his,  and  if  BsuJ  be  God  dien  IbUow  him,  for  it  is  a  Siame 
tot  n  teacher  in  Iftael  to  Ut  tints  Ufwan  Mv§  ofimons, 

*  Tho*  I  beKeVIe  that  there  is  fome  gooc(  thing  in  Mt.  Wh-^^ 
to  the  Lord  God  of  lirael^  yet  how  often  has  he  affiifted  my  fool  by 
to  ignorantly  (imt  with  the  expreiBon,  for  there  is  notninglikie 
plamnefs  and  honefty)  I  fay  to  ignorantly,  for  ^  it  not  Ignorance  in 
the  higheil  degree  for  him  to  fay  to  the  people,  ^'  Here  foi^r  you 
Chrift,  here  take  him,  uke  him  now,  take  him  to-night,  or  elfe 
yon  may  be  damned  before  the  mo>ming  P'-^ 

Of  Mr,  Wefley,  ^kgathus  thinks  yei^  honborably,  as  a  gr9tle« 
man  and  a  fcholar :  '  That  he  is  a  man  of  furprizing  part^.  a  great 
hiflofiaiiy  and  is^  as  enterprising  as  he  is  rreat ;  his  natoi;^!  temper 
in  wanny  and  his  genius  taking  a  torn  tor  relipoh,  he  has  been 
like  the  FbanfetM  of  old,  very  zealous,  being  in  labpur^  more  abaQ« 
daat ;  tompaffing,  like  them,  both  fta  and  um^  to  make  prfifetytet^ 
and  mnch  good  I  believe  he  has  done  bpr  way  of  order  and  dbconomy 
the  people;  that. he  has  civilized  many  hundreds,  if  not 
in  dfe  l^bgdooii  ahV  b^>a{;h^  them  into  a  very  orderly 
%  '      ^    •     and 


nmow  thi 


74  MoNTHLT  Catalogue, 

and  regularly  way  of  living,  in  which  refped  they  are  become  better 
fubjeds,  better  mailers,  better  neighbours,  and  better  /ervantt : — in 
this  refpe£L  I  believe  Mr.  Weifey  ha^  done  a  great  deal  of  ^;ood,^ 
bat  as  10  Mr.  Weiley  being. a  Cbriftian,  I  dare  not,  Theopbilns,  at- 
tempt to  deceive  hjm  or  ypn  in  thinking  fo. 

J  *  "fh/oflf.  O  Sir !  What,  Mr.  WeHey  not  a  Chriftian  ?  What,  » 
jnanof  fuch  labour  and  fuch  univerfal  love  not  aChrildan?  O! 
$r.. 

*  Phila,  Dear  Thcophilus,  let  not  your  zeal,  like  the  aeal  of 
manv,  carry  ^ou  to  an  extreme ;  for  do  you  not  know,  that  that 
charity  that  is  not  grounded  upon  truth  is  not  charity,  but  a  dela- 
lion,  and  therefore  miflake  me  not ;  here  I  do  not  fay  but  that  there 
are  many  well  meaning  weak  preachers  under  Mr.  Wefley's  care» 
and  many  weak,  dark  and  ignorant  Chriftians  among  his  focieties,*- 
but  as  to  Mr.  Wefley,  by  all  the  fermons  he  has  preached,  and  by 
all  the  writings  he  has  wrote,  if  we  compare  one  part  with  the  other 
faithfully,  I  fee  no  fcripture  ground  to  believe  that  he  is  a  real 
Chriflian,  or  a  true  lover  of  Chrift,  and  falvation  alone  in  Jiia 
name. — I  don't  fay  that  Mr.  Wefley  may  not  be  faved, — Gpd  only 
knows^  what  turn  of  heart  his  grace  may  give  him  ;  but  this  I  iay, 
i^ay  I  will  aiHrm  and  maintain  it. from  the  word  of  God  (and  let  hina 
deny  it  if  he  dares)  that  if  the  Scriptures  be  true,  it  is  impofIibl# 
fpr  him  to  be  faved  in  the  ilate  he  is  in,  or  upon  all  he  has  done, 
or  upon  the  faith  he  has  confeiTed  to  the  world. 

'  Theoph.  O  Sir ! .  what  I  a  man  that  has  done  fb  much  good,  and 
fo  many  great  things  in  Christ's  name,  not  faved  ? 

*  Phila,  !Dear  Theophilus,  his  doing  many  great  things  id 
Christ's  name,  is  no  real  evidence  at  all  of  his  being  in  a  faved 
ftate ;  Lord!  Lord!  ha^oe  ^wt  ncl  prophcfied  in  thy  name^  and  in  thy 
rnami  dene  many  ^wcndrotu  *worh,  and  yet  not  in  a  faft  fiaU  f  Were 
not  the  Pharijees  of  old  as  religious  as  Mr.  Wefley  ?  Were  they  not 
for  failings  and  praying  as  well  as  him?  Were  they  not  as  honeft 
men  as  Mr.  Wefley  ?  Did.  they  not  pay  tithe  of  all  they  poffefl^ 
ed  ?  Were  they  not  as  zealous  as  Mr.  Wefley ;  for  did  they  not 
like  him,  compafs  fea  and  land  to  aiake  profelytes  \  And  what  doea 
Paul  fay  of  them  with  all  their  zeal,  but  as  ftrangers  to  God,  and 
unacquainted  with  the  true  way  of  falvation  ?  Rom«  x.  3.  /  barn 
them  record  that  they  have  zeal  for  Gody  but  nH  according  to  knenoledgey 
going  about  to  eflahlijh  a  rigbteou/ne/s  of  their  o*ivn»  Having  not  fub* 
niitted  themfelves  to  the  righteoufnefs  of  God,  and  therefore  what 
was  ail  their  phari/aical  religion  but  3l  pious  *vjay  tp  hell?  And  what 
is'  Mr.  Wefley's  more  than  theirs  of  whom  Chrift  fays,  /  hto^v  you 
(not^ithflanding  all  their  zeal)  that  ye  have  not  the  love  of  Qad 
in  youJ  .;        .   . 

The  Author  employs  many  pages  in  fupport  of  what  he  has,  thus  fo 
roundly  intimated  againfl  Mr.  W,  but  we  have  had  enough. of  thi a 
fnbjed,  and  we  doubt  not  but  our  Readers  are  fatisiied  too.  . 

This  Junius  the  younger  is  fo  far  from  refembling. Junius  the 
elder,  itf  his  manner  of  writing,  that  he  feldom  is  aUe  to  exprefa 
himfelf  in  common  grammatical  Englifli ;  but  he  fays  a  number  of 
fhrewd  things,  and  femetimes  he  is  really  diverting,  efpecially  where 
he  feems  to  oe  mod  fcrious,  and  aims  at  being  pathcQc. 

Art. 


MlSCBLLANSOUI.  75 

Art.  \9.  jf  Journey  into  Siberia^  made  by  Order  of  the  King  of 

•  /Vtfsff :' By  the  Abbe  Chappe  D'Auteroche,  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy of  Scrcnccs  at  Paris,  ^c.  Containing  an  Account  of  the 
Manners  and  Cuftoms  of  the  Ruflians,  &c.  Illuftrated  with 
Cuts,      Tr^nilated  from  the  French,      410.     1 2.  \  5.     Jeffe^^ys, 

•  1770. 

0«r  readers  will  find  a  very  fall  account  and  charafler  given^  <rf 
\be  original  of  this  work,  on  confulHng  the  40th  and  41ft  vo- 
lumes of  our  Review  •.  Little  more  therefore  remains  to  be  {aid 
concehiing  tke  prefent  publication,  than  to  gix'C  a  Ihort  view  of  the 
defioii'and  execution  of  the  anonymous  trahflator.  The  original 
fcork  was  poblifhed  in  two  large  volumes  in  folio ;  the  firft  of  which 
was  divided  into  two  parts.  The  fecond  volume,  which  related  fblc!/ 
to  the'hiflory  of  Kamtichatka,  was  formerly  tranflated  into  our  lan- 
guage by  Dr.  Grieve  -f*  The  prefent  article  is  a  tranflation  of  the 
firft  of  thcfc  volumes,  with  fome  alterations  in  the  arrangement  of 
^  different  parts  of  the  work,  and  fome  omiffions.  The  tranflator, 
in  particular,  has'  very  judicioufly  omitted  the  numerous  proceHes 
tnd  calculations  of  the  Author,  relative  to  his  laborious  enterprizje 
6f  caking  an  exaft  level  of  the  furface  of  the  earth,  throughout  the 
courfe  of  his  extcnfivc  rout ;  of  the  drynefs  of  which  we  w.erc  very 
ibniible  during  our  perufal  of  the  original :  but  he  has  given  the 
conclulions  deduced  from  them.  He  has  left  out  likewife,  perhaps 
with  equal  propriety,  the  particular  adronomical  obfervations  con- 
tained in  the  original  work :  but  we  do  not  fo  cordially  approve  of 
his  omifllon  of  the  Abbe's  ekSrokgical  obfervations;  as  they  relate 
to  a  matter  pretty  generally  interelling,  and  would  not  much  have 
increafcd  the  balk  of  the  volume.  There  are  likewife  a  few  other 
Offiif&ons  of  lefs  importance. 

With  regard  to  the  tranflation,  it  appears  to  us,  as  far  as  we  are 
enabled  to  judge  from  the  fole  perufal  of  it,  (the  original  being  now  out 
ef  our  hands)  to  be  tolerably  jud  to  the  fenfe  of  the  Author.  It  is  in 
general,  however,  too  fervile,  and  the  phrafeology,  confequently,  in 
many  places,  inelegant,  at  leaft,  if  not  aukward.  NevertheJefs,'this 
publication  may  be  coniidered,  upon  the  whole,  as  an  ufeful  and  cheap 
abridgment  of  an  expenfive  work.  We  fliould  add,  that  of  the  nu- 
merous maps  and  plates  which  enhance  the  price  of  the  original, 
eight  of  the  latter  are  here  given,  representing  the  figures  and  habits 
•f  the  Rufiians,  Tartars,  Wotiacs,  and  Samoyedes,  accompanied  with 
a  general  map  of  the  Ruflian  empire. 

Art.  19.  The  Academy  Keeper  \  or.  Variety  of  ufeful  Directions 
'  concerning  the  Management  of  an  Academy,  the  Terms,  Diet, 
Ix)dging,  Recreation,  Difcipline,  and  Inftruftion  of  Young  Gen- 
tlemen. With  the  proper  Methods  of  addreffing  Parents  and 
Guardians,  ^  all  Ranks  and  Conditions.  Alfo,  necefTary  Rules 
for  the  proper  Choice  and  Treatment  of  Academy  Wives,  Uftiers, 
and  other  menial  S^ervants :  with  the  Reafons  of  making  tHem 
public*  8vo«  I  s.  Peat,  177c. 
I  ■  '  ■ 

•  See  Appendix  ¥i  vol,  xl.  page  585  ;  and  vol.  xli.  December 
'7-9»  pag«43»- 


t  See  vol,  xxx.  page  i8a» 


This 


76  Monthly  CatalogvB9 

Tbb  is  an  homoroos  fatire  on  the  little  arts,  the  low  policy,  and 
Tarious  inHances  of  mirmanagemeDt,  praAf(ed  in  the  lower  ojtbrs^ 
not  of  academies  bat  of  ioarding'/cbools.  It  may  rank  next  to,  thoogh 
not  quite  on  an  equal  footing  with,  Swift>  admirable  Direddons 
to  (enrants. 

Art.  20.  The  Tutor* s  Guide:  Being  a  complete  Syftem  of  Arith- 

ipetic,  with  various  Branches  in  the  Mathematics.    By  Charles 

Vyfe,  Teacher  of  the  Mathematics,  and  Mailer,  of  the  Academy 

in  Portland-Street*     1 2mo.    3  s.     Robinfon  and  Roberts^    1 770* 

Arithmetic,  and  the  inferior  branches  of  the  mathematics,  which 

tre  the  proper  fubjeiEb  of  a  fchool-book,  have  of  late  years  bedn  fo 

thoroughly  ftudiecC  and  fure  in  gjeneral  fo  well  underftood,  that  wq 

can  expc^  little  novelty  and  variety  in  pul>lications  of  this  kind  :-^ 

it  is  a  plain  and  beaten  tra£t,  in  which  none  can  err,  who  have  any 

ihare  of  genius  and  application.— This  however  is  no  reaibn,  why 

chofe  who  have  the  care  of  youth,  and  to  whom  reputation  is  aa 

advanuge,  fhould  not  recommend  to  the  approbation  of  the  public 

that  plan  of  educaJtion^  which  they  have  adopted  and  piirfued.— 

The  b^ft  method  of  conveying  ini^ru£bion  is  derived  from  expe* 
f lence ;  and  though  the  Author  o?  the  Tutor^s  Gmde  does  not  pretend 
to  boafi  of  new  difcoveries,  it  muft  be  allowed,  that  he  has  feleded 
a  great  variety  of  ncceflary  and  uftful  rules  for  obtaining  a  chorougH 
knowledge  in  thofe  fciences,  which  depend  upon  arithmetic :  and 
his  t>ook  wiU  be. found  particularly  ufdful  in ,  this  refpe^,  that  it 
contains  a  v^ry  confjderable  number  of  queilions  to  exemplify  the 
rules  he  has  laid  down^  and  to  exercife  the  attention  of  the  learner.'— 
%Azny  of  them,  it  may  be  thought,  furpafs  the  capacity  of  youns 
fchiolars ;  but  this  circumilance  is  no  juft  objection  a^ainft  the  book 
itfelf :  it  rather  recommends  the  work  to  an  .after-review,  when  the 
underdanding  is  enlarged  and  ripened. — The  plan  and  execution  of 
Mr.  Vyfe's  performance  do  honour  to  his  judgment  and  application* 
and  entitle  it  to  the  general  notice  of  thofe  who  are  cntruiled  with 
&•  education  of  youth. 

The  Author  will,  we  hope,  teach  •,  and  no^  leant  his  fcholars,  that 
^  fraction  is  not  always  lefs  than  an  unit  f  • 

Art.  21.    Selim^s  Letters j   expoHng  the  Mal-pra<!lices  of  the 

Office  of  Ordnance ;  with  the  Particulars  of  the  Enquiry  of  the 

Board  of  Ordnance,  and  their  Determination  on  the  Charge  ex- 

^  hibited  againft  I'homas  Hartweli,    With  a  Preface  and  Conclu^ 

fion.     Svo.     2  8.  6dr'fewed.     Miller.     177I' 

Thefe  letters  were  firft  pubiiihed  in  the  London  Evening  Pod.. 

They  conuin  an  heavy  accufation  againft  the  Gentlemen  of  the  OjyK 

nance,  particularly  Sir  Charles  Frederic  and  Mr.  Hartwell ;  whom 

the  Author  charges  wit^i  great  embezzlement  of  his  Majeily's  fiorcs. 

St^lim  has  fliewn  a  warm,  zeal  in  the  profecution  of  this  ill  looking 

affair ;  and  if  it  Proceeds  merely  from  an  honeA  regard  for  the  pub- 

£c,  it  is  certainly  very  laudable.    But  we  muft  obferve,  that  the 

extreme  virulence  of  his  language,  and  the  monftoous.  torrent  of  per* 

(bnal  abufe  which  he  has  poured  upon  the  above-uamed  Gentlemen, 

will  be  apt  to  raife  a  foijpicion  in  the  mind  of  a  c^did  Reader,  with 

•  Page  I.  of  preface.  f  Page  2..  compared  with  pago  i68. 

refpeft 


MitCELt  ANKOns.  Jf 

lti)ie£l  to  our  Aot&or's  motives,  and  the  principles  oa  which  he  has 
proceeded:  aini,  indeed,  he  ibmewhere  lets  fall  an  expreffion,  in-> 
dauttiBg  that  kis  father  had,  on  fome  occafion,  been  hetrayed  by  Sir 
Charies.  If,  therefore,  it  fii'onld  have  appeared  to  the  Board  before 
which  Selim  had,  very  lately,  brought  the  caafe  to  an  hearing,  with 
itfpe^t  to  Mr.  Hartley  *,  that  there  was  any  degree  of  perfenal  or 
family  pique  in  the  cafe,  it^  is  not  much  to  be  wondered  at  if  they 
£d  regard  this  profecatton  as  in  fome  meafore  malicious ;  and  ac- 
coidingly  difmifled  the  calprit  with  only  a  moderate  refrtben/km. 
fie  this,  however,  as  it  may»  Selhn,  afliires  the  pqblic  that  he  will 
not  fnfh*  matters  to  ref(  here ;  but  that  he  is  determined  to  carry  his 
complaint  into  the  houfe  of  Commons  i  to  which,  we  mnft  fappofe, 
dM  Gendem^  accofed  can,  if  they  know  themfelves  to  be  innocent, 
have  no  oljeAlon.  Their  chara£^ers  are  publicly  impeached ;  and 
they  will  no  donbt,  be  glad  to  have  them  publicly  cleai^.  If,  how- 
ever, they  are  found  euilty,  it  will  probably  fet  on  foot  an  enquiry^ 
dieoonfeqiiences  ofwluch  maybe  highly  advantageous  to  the  nation, 
which,  we  are  afraid  (from  many  aneedotes  that  we  have  heard) 
h«^  Imig)  too  long,  been  fhamefully  plundered  by  her  ierrants,  ia 
mofi,  if  not  all,  the  pnbfie  offices,-«tO  the  amount,  it  is  to  be 
^tsa^  of  ilANY  thottted  pounds  a*yearl  And  ihoald  thefe  abu(et 
be,  in  any  cenfidtod>le  meafure,  remedied,  in  ionfequence  of  Selim's 
a^vity,  fpiri^  and  perfeverance,  hif  country  will  certainly  be 
mnch  obliged  to  him,  whatever  may  have  been  his  principal  motive 
lor  pdffimg  the  inqatry,  or  however  indifcreetly  and  intemperatel/ 
he  may  have  conduced  himfelf  in  the  courfe  of  it. 
Art.  %%.  PrtcaSngs  ef  a  Gefural  Court^Atarhal^  held  at  Peti- 
fteola  in  Weft  Florida;  March  i6,-*- April  20,  1768.  8vo. 
3s.6d.    JoKnfton.    1770. 

The  accufations  bnwght  againf^  Major  Farmer,  though  (bme  of 
them  of  the  nM^  aoodoifs  natuie,  do  not  feem  to  have  had  any  real 
foondatiOtt,  and  are  fapported  by  no  evidebce.  His  profecutors  ap- 
pear to  have  a££M  agmoft  him  from  perfonal  refentment,  and  formed 
the  wicked  defien  of  depriving  Jiim  of  his  reputation,  his  fortune, 
and  his  life.  In  this  they'  were  defeated  by  the  court-martial  before 
wfiich  he  was  tried,  ana  by  his  Majefly's  juitice  in  confirming  the 
fefttence  of  that  court,  ^ut' thbagh  he  has  recovered  his  honour  and 
his  liberty,  we  are  fdrry  to  obferve,  thut  hisaccufers  have  been  the 
itfftramehts  of  deprivhag  him  of  his  j;ank«  and  his  miliur/  cha-' 
racier. 

Atr.  23.'  A  Treattfi  on  the  Hmr^  Ihewing  its  Generation^ 
Means  of  its  Frtfervation,  Caufes  of  its  Dccajr,  how  to  recover  it 
when  lofi,  what  occafions  its  different  Colours  :  with  the  probable 
Means  to  aker  it  from  one  Colour  to  another;  its  moft  proper 
Maniigrroent  in  different  Climates,  and  in  all  the  Stages  and 
Circumltances  of  life.  Alfo  a  Defcription  of  the  moft  faO^ion- 
able  methods  of  drefling  Laditfs  and  Gentlemen's  Hair  both'na- 
tural  abd  attifidal.   Addrefied  to  the  Ladies  of  Great  Britain.    By 

♦  The  Author  ^aks  of  Mr.  Hartley  as  the  friend  of  Sir  Charles ; 
sad  pofitively  oonne^ls  thefe  Gentlemen  together  as  companions  im 
guilt. 

David 


y8  Monthly  CataloguI"; 

'     •     * 
David'RItchie,  HairdrefTer,  Perfumer,  &c.     8vo.    '2  s.  6d.    Sdld- 

at  the  Author's  Shop  in  Rupcrt-flreet,  and  by  Wilkie  in  St.  Paul'» 
Church-yai*d.    1770. 

This  hair-doftor,   in  imitation  of  many  of  his  brethren  of  the* 
faculty,  has  written  a  treatifc  to  recommend  his  own  noftrutns^ 
Art.   24.    Thg  Touth^s  Geo^Viiphical  Grammar  ;  containing  geo-- 
graphical   Definitions,    Problems  on  the  Tcrrcftria!  Globe,    the 
Situations,    Dimcclfions,    Boundaries,  Divifions,    Cape£,    kivcrsi  • 
Harbours,  Mountaips,  lilands,  Cllmateiii  Produdionsi  and  Mana- 
fa<£lures,  of  all  the  Countries  in  th«  known  VVor]<i;  with  an  Ac- 
count of  the  Religion  profcHed,   and  Form  of  Government  cilar 
bliihed  in  each  of  them.     To  which  is  added ^  L  An  alphabetical . 
Index  of  Kingdoms,  States,  and  the  moil  coniiderablp  Iflands  ;  - 
mentioning  the  Situation,.  Religion,  Governmient  and <:hief  Town 
of  each.    il.  An  alphabetical  Index  of  Cities^  Towns,  &c.  with 
an .  Account  of  the  Provinces^  Kingdoms^    and  Quarters  of  th^^-. 
World  in  which  they  are.     By  Stephen  Addioglon.     Small  8irOi 
4  s.  bound.     Bucklattd*    1770. 

A  judicious  compendium,  drawn  up  by  the  Aujthor  for  th^  in-* 
ilrudion  of  his  own  pupils^  and  may  be  ufefui  in  icHoqis, 
Art.  25.  J  Letter  to  the  Members  of  the  Prwidtnt  and  bther . 
Societies,  eftabliihed  witlt  a  View  to  Secure  a  Provi^on  in  Old 
Age,— on  the  lmfr»priety  and  Injitfficigncy  of  thdr  prefent  Plans*  . 
^vo.     I  8*    Brotherton,  &c. 

The  obfervations  contained  in  this  letter^  appear,  to  deferve  the 
moil  ferious  attention  of  the  fevtral  focieties  alluded  to  in  the  title; 
The  Author  not  only  fliews  the  defeds  of  the  ii^veral  plans  on  which  . . 
thefe  focieties  are  formed,  but  endea\'oiirs  to  point  out  proper  reme- 
dies, by  calculations  and  tables :  from   the  acpuracy  of  which  the 
merit  of  his  letter  will,  chiefly,; be  deterniined. 
Art, 26.  AnaU^s  in  Verfe  and Profe^  chiefly  dramatical^  fatirical^  • 
and  paftoral  *.     1 2mo«     z  Vols.-    5  &•  iewed.     Shatwell. 
•*  The  harmlefs'e£Forcsofaharmle{s  mufeP* 

Religious  and  CoNTftovEitsiAt. 

Art.  27..  Sermons  on  Regeneration  :  Wherein  the  Nature^  Necejffity^ 

and  E<videj:ces   of  it  are  conjideredy  and  praSically  imfrthved*     By 

Jofeph  Barber,     ismo.     2  s.  bound.     Buckland.     1770- 

Thefe  difcoiirfes  are  written  in  the  Urain  of  what  is. now  conii- 

dered  as  old  di'uinityy  and  to  thofe  who  are  partial  to  that  fcheme 

they  will  no  doubt  be  acceptable.     Trjith  i$,  imd  mufl  be,  alwayf 

the  fame ;  but  there  are  fubjefts'on  which  it  is  difficult  to  determine 

where  it  lies,  though  fome  perfons  arc  very  pofitive  that  they  havit 

difcovercd  it.     There  is  great  difTcrcnce  in  men's  reafonings  and 

apprehenfion^ ;  and  the  modes  of  thinking  as  well  as  of  expreflion, 

upon  all  topics,  vary  in  a  courfe  ofyears,  while  at  the  fame  time 

wife  and  good  men  do  not,  when  they  come  to  be  rightly  underflood, 

fo  greatly  diffent  from  each  other,  upon  important  points,  as  is  oftea 

imagined.     But  in  regard  to  fubjcfts  which  admit  of  debate,  as  to 


*  There  is  no.  mention  of  the  Author's  name  in  the- tide,  but  we 
find  the  dcdicatioa  fablcribcd  George  Sa^viU  Carey, 

the 


Religious  and  Controversial.  7^ 

tkt  meaning  of  words  an4  phrafes,  and  points  of  doflrine,  on  which 
tbe  moil  confiderable  perfons  have  had  different  ideas,  it  becomes 
ereiy  one  to  deliirer  his  thoughts  with  fomc  diffidence  and  caution, 
however  fapported  by  any  eiUbliihed  fyftero,  or  generally  received 
optnion. 

In  relation  to  the  iermons  before  us,  fo  far  as  they  are  any  way 
cakttiated  to  feire  the  caufe  of  truth,  or  folid  piety  and  virtue,  w« 
can  wifli  them  fnccefs :  bat  flioald  they  in  any  meafure  tend  to 
promote  enthaiiafm  and  ielf  conceit,  ilrife  and  uncharitablenefs,  w^ 
aad  take  the  oppofite  fide.  Some  parts  of  them  are  ferious  and 
pradkal,  others  fpeculative  and  difputable,  and  therefore  not  greatly 
tending  to  edification.  Poffibly  if  the  Author  was  carefully  to  en-* 
qidre  into  the  true  and  original  meaning  of  fome  words,  phrafes,  on 
texts,  or  to  confider  them  in  their  connexion,  he  might  fee  reafon 
fometiincs  to  alter  his  fentiraents  upon  them,  or  acknowledge  at 
kaft  the  ienfe  to  be  doubtful. 

Atl  28.  A  *Treatife  on  th$  Faith  and  Hope  of  the  GofpeU     In  two 
Parts,     iimo.     2  s.     Nicoll,     1770. 

This  treatife  is  of  the,  fame  ftamp  with  the  book  juft  mentioned. 
We  have  been  at  ibme  lofs  to  determine  whether  the  Writer  is  aR 
Hutchinibnian,  or  Sandematiian,  Methodifl,  or  Moravian.  But  we* 
tfaiak  (as  we  do  of  the  former)  that  he  has  really  a  good  end  in  view* 
He  complains  that  the  fsith  and  hope  of  the  Gofpel  have  been  con- 
founded together  by  many  writers,  as  if  they  were  but  one  thing-^- 
that  ibine  have  reprefented  faith  .as  if  it  Were  a  perfon  with  eyes 
aod  hinds — that  others  have  reprefented  the  faith  of  the  Gofpel  as 
conliiling  of  feveral  different  adts  of  faith — which  has  occafioned 
great  diiputes  ^d  cbnfiiiion ;  all  owing,  as  he  apprehends,  to  not 
underftanding  the.  meaning  of  the  word  faith  in 'its  different  accept- 
ations in  the  Scriptures*  Oar  Author  is  defirous  of  removing  this 
coiifbfion,  and  (etting  the  truth  bei>re  us  with  perfpicuity :  but  not- 
withftandiBg  his  good  intentions,  and  though '  he  often  repeats  the 
iuDit  thing,  that  he  may,  we  fuppofe,  the  better  dri^e  it  into  us^ 
ytt  he  writes  fo  much  aSeut  it^  aiid  ai^Mt  it,  that  the  Reader  may 
ibmetimes  be  long  in  diicovering  his  meaning,  and  when  he  does  ob- 
tain it,  be  doab£il,  after  all,  whether  it  is  the  trutlK 

'  Faith,  we  are  told,  is  a  perfuaiion  or  alfent  of  the  mind,  ariiing 
from  teflimony  or  evidence.  What  we  believe  is  the  perfuaflon  of 
our  mind;  and  that  which  perfuades  or  convinces  our  minds,  is 
evidence  of  fome  kind*  To  believe  a  thing  means  to  afTent  and 
give  credit  to  it  as  true.— The  faith,  belief  or  believing  of  the 
Gofpel  is  a  perfnafion  of  mind  that  the  Gofpel  is  true  ;  yea  the  very 
tmu  of  God.  It  is  tbe  believing  of  God's  faithful  teftimony  con- 
cerning his  fon  Jefus  Chrift,  and  upon  God's  authority,  and  at  God's 
command  believing  in  Jefus  Chrift  and  his  righteoufnefs.  The  af- 
furance  of  faith  is  a  firm,  full,  affured  perfuafion  and  conviflion  of 
mind  of  the  truth  of  the  Gofpel. — It  is  being  fully  fatisfied  in  the 
mind  of  the  truth  of  the  Gofpel.  To  believe  the  Gofpel  is  to  be 
perfuaded  or  convinced  that  the  Gofpel  is  true.' 

Who  can  ever  forget  or  be  doubttul  concerning  (he  meaning  of  a 
word,  thus  peremptorily  and  powerfully  inculcated  upon  us  ?  But 
a^er  M  his  flain  account  of  faith,  which  is  greatly  enlarged  upon. 


td  '  MOMTHIY  CATAtQCUfy 

when  we  oome  to  be  told  bon^it  U  to  be  attaiaed«  we  find  t&at  no 
inflruflions,  and  noend^vours  of  mettcad  poffibiy  eflbft  it:  *  One 
roan  may  teach  ano^er  Latin.  Greek,  or  Hebrewi  am  and  Sciences* 
trade  pr  bufioefs :  one  man  may  teach  another  to  make  a  profeffioA 
of  faith,  as  children  af?  (aaght  to'  (ay  a  catechiim  i  but  no  man  in 
all  the  world  can  teach  another  to  know  die  Lord,  the  jnft  God, 
4nd  the  Saviour.'  This  faith»  according  to  the  Writer,  is  prodactd 
iniiantaneoufly,  *  it  comes  not  ^ith  obfervation»  bat  in  a  way,  amSk 
manner,  and  at  a  time,  nnexpeded,  according  to  the  purpofe  of  the 
moft  High/  If  this  faith  is  tha^  eflential,  and  if  it  be  tha»  prode« 
terroioed  concerning  all  perfbns  whether  they  Budi  have  it  or  not» 
one  coafequenoe  feems  to  arife,  viz,  that  as  there  is  no  neceffity  for. 
ciur  taking  any  care  or  thottght  aboot  it,  neither  was  there  any  occa- 
sion for  this  honeft  man's  taking  fo  mach  pediis  to  inform  ns  of  its 
nature,  and  declare  its  importance*  In  the  coilrie  of  his  encpiirietf 
we  m^et  with  ar  (ev9  criticifins,  or  diff^t^t  vecfions  of  the  original 
Greek  text,  toncerning  one  or  two  of  which  tranflations,  thongh 
pretty  poiitively  afTumMl,  it  may  be  joftly  queMoncd  whether  ctey 
ikey  are  at  ap  ralid. 

Arc.  29.  jf  compin^ous  View  of  tbi  Cnunds  rf  the  TfuUnic  Pbih^ 
/9f^hy:  With  Conftderationi  by  Way  of  Emjoiry  into  the  Subjed 
.  Matter  and  Scope  of  the  Writing  of  Jaialb  Behmen,  commonif 
.  c<iUed  the  Tectonic  Philo&pher.  Alfe  federal  Extra^ks  from  his 
Writings }  and  fome  Words  nfed  by  him  etplained.  By  a  Gen- 
tleman retired  from  Bufinefs.  iimo.  4  s.  faoond.  Bathnrft,  &c. 
1776.. 

The  Editor  of  this  wOrk  nkads  fd  fbons^,  in  lus  preface,  in  be- 
half of  moderation  tod  canmr :  he  faya  ft  itoiich»  and  /mm  tkh^ 
fp  fenfibly,  concerning  the  imperfbftiba  of  hnman  knowifed^,  the 
miiiakes.to  which  ajl  are  liable,  and  thd  pofibiiitv  tiiat  others,  whbaa 
we  cenfure,  may  luAre  made  advancenients  ana  improvements  be» 
ypnd  our^lves ;  that  (though  even  here  we  obferved  an  enthniiaftse 
tindnre)  we  we^  yet  iqdiaed  to  liope  that  we  ihould  £nd  fbmething. 
more  intelligible  and  r^uohal  than  is  generally  to  be  ^pttod  from 
the  works  of  JacQ^  Behmen :  but,  alas  1  when  we  came  to  look  far* 
ther  into  the  book,'  all  u^as  myfticifin  and  rhapfody :  and  we  m^t 
add  folly,  though  we  feel  fome  kind  of  rdudanoe  in  being  femre 
upon  a  man  who  fo  gteady  intercedto  fbf  candour,*  i&  the  Publifher 
of  this  work  docs  in  the  prefiice  we  havtf  mehtiohed.  fttt  if  tUs 
book  d^es  contain  good  lenfe,  leafon,  relinon,  or  trudi,  we  nmft 
acknowledge  it  is  far  beyond  oar  ability  to  dUcover  it ;  for  who  can 
comprehend  fnch  ientiments  or'  expreflions  a[s  thefe :  when  fpeaki^ 
of  what  is  called  ittmtd  niture,  itis  faid,  '  God  brings  fordi  the  air, 
which  blows  up  the  love-fir^  efienoe,  ahd  together  with  it  conflxtotee 
the  Jixtb  form  of  eternal  narare.  The  fire  efience  being  placed  be- 
tween two  dangerous  enemies,  the  darknfefs  on  the  one  hand,  and 
'  the  water  on  the  other  :^-therefore  that  the  fire  of  his  eternal  fantiice 
might  never  be  in  danger  of  being  extiogniihed,  the  sreat  Creator 
of  all  things  brought  forth  the  air  eiTence  to  blow  up  we  lire,  that 
it  might  not  go  out  —The  air  fpirit  does  not  only  moderate  the 
wrath  fire,  but  it  alfo  blows  up  the  love- fire  efience.  This  love>fire 
has  iu  root  in  the  meek  water,  from  whence  it  fpring5,  as  the  fierce 


RBtieiOUS   tfffi  GOKTROTERSIAL.  8t 

£te  from  tlse  harfii  aftringent  darkneft. — As  (bon  as  this  child  of  love 
ifi  born,  the  whole  birth  of  eternal  nature  fta»ds  in  great  triumph  of 
divine  joy,  all  its  powers  and  eifences  become  fubilantiaU  and  they  fee, 
hear*  finell,  tafle,  and  feel  one  another  in  the  mod  raviihing  joyfuK 
»e6  beyond  words,  and  this  pen's  expreffion, — When  this  love-Are 
tmdiure  enters  into  the  dark  fire  forms,  and  comes  to  penetrate  the 
boming  fuPphar,  poifonous  mercuTy,  and  fal-nitre  of  the  fire  fpirit, 
and  to  change  them  into  its  own  nature,  there  arifes  fnch  triumphing 
joy,  charming  pieafjire,  ravifhing  extafy  and  exultation,  as  none  can 
im^ine  but  thofe  that  have  felt  them ;  and  tin^ures  them  with  fuch 
variety  <^  beaotiful  fparkiing  colours,  as  furpafTes  all  the  precious 
fiones  and  gems  of  this  vifibje  creation.' 

How  wonderful !  how  edifying !  Is  this  fenfe  ?  Is  this  piety  ?  If  it 
is  either,  we  muflown  we  know  nothing  of  the  matter.  We  fhould 
lather  think  that  ibme  parts  of  thefe  writings  were  a  kind  of  bhf- 
phemy,  than  any  way  honoorable  to  the  Supreme  Being,  or  beneficial 
to  mankind. 

^RT.  30.  J  Jhort^reatlfe  on  the  Lor£s  Supper*    Wherein  the 
chief  Meanings  which  Men  put  on  its  Inflitution  are  examined ;  the 
Ends  of  it  are  confidered ;  the  Benefits  conveyed  to  us  by  it  are 
demoofirated ;  the  Obligation  of  coming  to  it  is  proved  and  en- 
forced ;  the  feveral  Pleas  which  are  offered  by  Men  in  Excuie  for 
BOt  coming  to  it  are  anfwered;  the  Prej)aration  to  be  made  for  it 
is  recommended ;  and  .the  Behavionr  which  is  proper  at  and  after 
octr  receipting  of  it  is  pointed  out.    By  Thomas  Pollen,  A.  M. 
8vo«     2  s.  6d.  fewed.     Rivington,     1770. 
After  fo  diFufe  an  account  of  this  treatife  in  the  title-page,  it  will 
sot  be  requifite  to  fpend  much  time  in  fetting  forth  its  contents. 
How  faith&lly  and  fully  the  Author  has  executed  his  propofals.is  a 
qaeHioo  which  will  doubtlefs  be  differently  decided   by  different 
jeaders.    It  is  hardly  pofiible  that  a  perfbn  who  has  a  common  (hare 
of  ibnie  and  knowledge  fhould  write  upon  fubje^ls  of  this  kind  with* 
out  faying  fome  pertinent  and  ufcful  things.    We  acknowledge  that 
there  are  fome,  that  there  are  feveral  very  good  and  proper  obierva^ 
tioQS  in  the  little  book  before  us ;  yet  we  cannot  declare  ourfelves 
perfe&fy  fatisfied  in  it,  not  merely  becaufe  the  Writer's  views  of  the 
fubjeA  do.  not  entirely  correfpond  with  our  own   (fince  we  may 
niiSake  as  well  as  he)  but  we  apprehend  he  has  not  thoroughly  can- 
vailed,  and  is  not  truly  mailer  of  the  topic,  which  he  has  under- 
Xaken  to  treat  upon.     The  firft  chapter  encounters  the  abfurd  doc- 
trine of  tranfubftantiation,  and  plainly  overthrows  it  by  fome  fuch 
arguments  as  have  long  been  made  ufe  of  in  this  difpute.     The  fe- 
cond  considers  and  confutes  a  notion  that  has  prevailed  among  many 
ChrifUans,  *  that  the  body  and  blood  of  Chrift  are  carnally  prcfcnt 
msh  the  bread  and  wine,  and  take  up  the  very  fame  room  as  they  do, 
bat  are  not  feen  as  they  arc.'     Though  Proteftants  do  rejetSl  and  ri- 
iicuie  the  Popiih  doftrine  of  tranfubllantiation,  there  is  yet  reafon  to 
think  that  among  the  common  people,  and  among  others  who  have 
>reater  adyan.tages  in  our  church  and  land,  there  are  fome  fiiperili- 
ious  and  felfc  opinions  vary  prevalent  concerning  this  ordinance. 
Tor  are  thefe  opinions  likely  to  be  removed  unlefs  great  care  is  taken 
y  the  clergy,  in  a  plain  and  rational  way,  to  iaftrudk  their  hearers 
Jbrv,  Jan.  1771.  G  ia 


gi  V   Monthly  GATAtobHB, 

in  the  nftture  of  it,  as  it  may  be  dedaced  from  Scripture ;  or  nnleft 
fome  alterations  were  msde  in  the  metkod  of  adminiftering  it,  wUck 
lias  certainly  a  tendency  to  excite  and  encourage  fome  imilaken  ap^ 
preheniions  concerning  it.  The  prefent  work,  however  ufeful  fimio 
parts  of  it  may  be,  inclines  to  the  fame  purpofe,  iince  the  Lord's 
Supper  is  here  fpoken  of  as  a  mydery,  and  what  our  Ijord  fays  of 
^ting  kis  fitjh^  drinking  his  bloody  and  having  etimal  life^  and  iting 
taifid  up  at  the  laft  day^  applied  to  it  in  fuch  terms  as  thefe :  *  Com-^ 
'  mon  meat  and  common  drink  can  prcferve  us  alive  for  a  while,  but 
cannot  raife  us  up  when  dead,  whereas  thefe  words  feem  to  iBdmase 
that  our  Lord*s  fiefh  and  blood  both  can  and  will. — How  the  body 
and  blood  of  our  Lord  eaten  and  drunk  by  us,  become  a  principle 
within  us  of  eternal  life,  we  are  given  to  underhand,  as  much  as  we 
are  able  to  underftand  it,  by  the  fymbols  of  bread  and  wine.  For  ai 
bread  and  wine  can  lengthen  out  our  life  in  this  world,  as  far  as  ic 
is  capable  of  being  lengthened  out,  fo  can  the  body  and  blood  of  oair 
Lord  lengthen  out  our  life  in  the  next  world.'  But  without  other 
refle£llons,  we  d^ll  only  jull  obferve^  as  a  farther  inftaace  of  this 
writer's  inattention  and  miflake,  that  he  has  applied  the  parable  of 
the  marriage  feail,  without  any  heiitation,  as  inviting  and  compel!* 
ing  perfons  to  celebrate  this  ordinance. 

Art.  31.  Conjlant  Readinefs  for  Chrijfs  final  Appearance^  urg^d 

from  the  Uncertainty  of  the  Time  of  it.     The  Subftance  of  Two  Scr* 

'    mons  preached  at  Morley,  near  Leeds,  Yorkfhire :  on  die  Lord's 

.   Day,  April  17th  1768.      By  William  Whitaker.      i2mo.     6  d. 

Buckland.  1770. 

A  plain,  but  ferious  and  fenfible  exhortation  to  prepare  for  death 
and  futurity:  it  comes  recommended  to  the  public  nodce  by  the 
particular  circumflances  of  the  young  miniiler,  its  Author^  which 
gave  rife  to  the  publication.  The  evening  after  he  had  preached 
upon  this  fubjed^,  we  are  informed,  •  a  blood-veflfel  broke  in  his 
lungs,  and  iinifhed  his  capacity  for  ufefulnefs,  as  a  preacher,  in  an 
inftant:'  a  circumttance  which  he  hoped  might  procure  fome  pecu- 
liar attention  to  what  is  here  delivered,  efpecially  from  thofe  who 
had  a  perfonal  value  for  the  writer.  Therefore,  during  his  lingering 
illneis,  he  fent  it'  to  a  friend,  requeuing  that  it  might  be  publifhea 
after  his  deccafe,  which  happened  on  the  7th  of  June  laft.  He  pre* 
fixed  to  it,  with  much  diilicuity,  a  farther  addrefs  to  the  Reader, 
being  deiirous,  it  is  faid,  '  to  bear  his  dying  teftimony  againft  that 
delufion  to  which  many  truft,  the  hopes  of  a  death-bed  rq>entancey 
grounded  on  the  prefumption  of  a  lingering  death.'  Thefe  pious 
and  benevolent  intentions  of  the  Author,  together  with  his  afiedHog 
fituauon  will  befpeak  fome  regard  to  him  and  his  performance,  and 
was  there  any  reafon  for  it^  muft  eft'eftually  prevent  all  cenfure.  We 
wiih  his  good  defigns  may  be  in  any  meafure.anfwered,  andlhatl  only 
add  in  the  words  of  the  publiflier:  *  If  the  critical  Reader  (hall  yet 
difcem  the  want  of  perreft  exadtnefs,  it  is  hoped  he  will  candidly 
auend  to  the  circumftanccs  of  the  cafe.* 

Art.  32.  A  Jhart  Accmtnt  of  Theological  Leifuresy  nem  nad-^ 
ing  at  Cambridge,  To  which  is  added,  a  new  Harmony  of  the 
Gofpels.  By  the  Reverend  John  Jebb,  M.  A.  late  Fellow  of  Su 
Peter's  College,     4to.     2  s.  6 d.    White,  &c.    1770* 

From 


I 


Religious  and  ControvehsialJ  9^ 

From  the  accoant  which  isheregtveo,  Mr.  Jebb  appears  as  a  friend 
to  learning,  to  religion,  and  the  riebt  of  private  judgment ;  but  he 
laments  that  his  endeavours  to  call  the  attention  of  youth  to  th<s 
Hody  of  the  Scriptures  have  in  fome  inHances  been  treated  in  a  man- 
ner far  different  from  what  might  be  expe6ted  from  men,  bom  to  the 
enjoyment  of  civil  and  religious  liberty.  *  That  confidence,  how- 
ever, he  obfcrves,  with  which  the  uprightnefs  of  his  intention,  and 
the  approbation  of  many  worthy  and  learned  perfons  had  infpired 
him,  enabled  him  for  a  time  to  perfevere,  regardlcfs  of  the  clamour^ 
of  his  adverfaries.  But  when  he  was  informed,  that  a  charge  of  the 
molt  invidious  nature  was  folemnly  urged,  in  a  manner  which  wa» 
likely  to  do  him  great  dificrvice;  he  was  no  longer  able  to  refraift 
from  attempting  a  vindication  of  himfelf  from  thofe  calumnies,  with 
which  the  nntempercd  zeal  of  fome  otherwife  well-difpofed  brethrea 
had  afperfed  his  character.* 

The  firft  method  he  nfed  was,  we  are  told,  to  tranfmit  an  apology 
lor  himfelf,  to  fome  perfons  of  eminence  in  the  church;  and  *  had 
the  intolerant  fpirit  of  his  enemies,  it  is  faid,  been  fatiated  with  this 
exertion  of  their  power,  he  would  have  contented  hi.nfelf  with  op- 
pofing  the  efibrts  of  private  flander,  by  the  'force  of  private  repre- 
sentation and  remonflrance.  But  fince  fome  perfons  of  weight  and 
anthority  in  the  univeHity  have  thought  proper  openly  to  exert  their 
inftnence,  in  order  to  obflrudl  the  progrcfs  of  that  fcheme  of  ledlures 
which  they  once  approved ;  fince  fome  other  Gentlemen  more  art- 
ful, and  therefore  lefs  honourable  in  their  deportment,  have  given 
authentic  evidences  of  being  equally  induflrious  in  the  profecution 
of  foch  ilifling  meafnres  ;  his  only  refource  is  the  power  of  appealing 
to  the  free,  impartial  voice  of  an  unprejudiced  public.  He  there- 
fore now  fubmits  his  vindication  and  plan,  together  with  the  annexed 
harmony,  to  their  candour  and  indulgence.' 

The  method  which  this  Author  propofcs  fbr  the  fludy  of  the 
Scriptures,  and  the  plan  of  his  ledlures,  appear  to  be  rational,  ju* 
dicioos,  and  well  adapted  to  advance  an  accurate  and  critical  know- 
ledge of  the  (acred  writings,  and  alfo  to  imprefs  the  mind  with  n 
fenfe  of  their  excellence  and  value.      He  difcovers  no  bigotteA 
attachment  to  any  particular  fcheme  or  party,  but  feems  willing  to 
anrail  himfelf  of  real  ^(lance  in  his  enquiries  from  any  quarter. 
From  the  relation  he  gives,  it  certainly  appears,  as  he  fays,  that  he 
has  not  made  it  his  aim  to  (hew  the  confonancy  of  the  articles  of  the 
Church  of  England  with  the  words  and  fenfe  of  Scripture  :  '  But  I 
tmft,  he  adds,  it  will  be  apparent,  that  I  have  endeavoured  to  do 
more  ; — to  explain— eftablifh — and  recommend    to    the  love  and 
"^em  of  )fonth,  that  complete,  that  glorious  fyftem  of  faith  and  mo- 
ds, which  is  the  only  proper  foundation  of  every  Church  in  Chrif- 
ndom. — 1  have  honellly  communicated  to  all  who  have  honoured 
e  with  their  attendance,  the  fame  means  of  information  which  I 
Lve  found  to  be  of  fervice  in  my  own  cafe. — I  recommend  the  fame 
occfs  in  the  Afts  and  the  EpilUes  as  I  have  purfued  in  the  GofpciS. 
Ad,  as  afliilances,  advife  the  perufal  of  thofe  Authors,  who  have  fb 
ppily  completed  the  fcheme  of  Mr.  Locke.* 
He  proceeds  to  propofe  fome  hints  to  the  confidcration  of  (Indtnts 
.  the  Gofpel,  explaining  the  defign  of  his  hax mony,  and  pointing 

G  z  out 


*  84  Monthly  Cataiogub, 

out  a  compeodlous  method  of  acquiring  a  comprehenfive  knowledge 
of  all  thofe  dof^nnes  and  injundions,  which  Jefus  recommended  to 
the  attention  and  obfervance  of  his  dlfciples.' 

After  exprcfling  his  perfuaiion,  that  the  mode  of  fludy  here  pro- 
pofed,  will,  upon  experience,  be  found  to  be  far  lefs  irkfome,  thaa 
the  pains  of  toiling  through  a  fea  of  commentators,  expofitors,  fa« 
thers,  fchoolmen,  councils,  &c,  he  farther  obferves,  *  The  fruits  of 
fuch  indu ftry  will  be,  as  far  as  relates  to  all  necefTary  points^  a  tho- 
rough acquaintance  with,  and  a  perfe^  kntywUdge  of  our  Bible :  a 
book  which  contains  whatever  is  profitable  for  dodlrine,  for  inftriic* 
tion,  and  reproof;  and  which  amongil  its  other  epithets  and  titles 
defcriptive  of  its  worth,  may  juilly  be  fliled  in  the  words  of  the  im- 
mortal Chillingworth,  THE  RELIGION  OF  PROTESTANTS/ 
Art.  33.  Sermons  on  the  mojl  ufeful  and  important  Subje^Sy  adapted 

to  the  Family  and  Clofet.  By  the  Rev.  Sam.  Davies,  A.  M.  late 
•    Prefident  of  the  College  at  /  rinceton.  New  Jerfey.     8vo.     2  vols. 

8  s.  fewed.     Buckland,  &c.    1771- 

As  fome  notice  hath  already  been  taken  of  the  pulpit  difcourfes  of 
this  writer,  formerly  printed,  we  fhall  not  intrude  much  upon  our 
Reader's  time,  by  dwelling  on  the  prefent  publication. — A  former 
colledion  appeared,  (in  three  volumes,  under  the  fame  title  *  with 
thefe)  fince  the  Author's  death,  for  the  benefit  of  his  widow  and 
children.  The  volumes  now  before  us  are  publiihed,  with  the  iame 
view  in  regard  to  the  orphansy — the  widow,  we  underiland,  being  de- 
ceafcd. 

From  the  particulars  which  the  Editor  hath  here  colle6led,  in  rv- 
fpedl  to  the  Author,  the  latter  muft  be  re|;arded  as  a  confiderable 
and  a  worthy  man.  His  difcourfes  are  plain,  but  ftriking  and  ani- 
mated ;  Calviniftical,  as  to  principles,  but  ferious  and  pradical : 
.and,  if  not  perfedlly  accurate  and  polifhed,  yet  likely  to  be  ufeful 
to  thofe  who  hold  the  fame  opinions,  or  who  can  make  allowance 
for  them,  altliough  their  own  fentiments  fhould,  in  fome  refpeds,  be 
difierent.r— We  are,  neverthelefs,  obliged  to  obferve,  that  there  are 
Jbme  fpeculative  points,  in  thefe  compoiitions,  to  which  we  muft 
objeft,  as  being  not  merely  ufelefs,  but  even  uncomfortable, — if  not 
hurtful  to  mankind. 
Art.  34.  The  Moral  Syjlem  ef  Mofes^     By  Samuel  Pye,  M.  D, 

Member  of  the  College  ot  Phyficians,  London,   Author  of  the 

A'lofaic  Theory  J  of  the  Solar  or  Planetary  Syftem.   4to.   5  s.  3  d. 

fcwcd.    Dodfley,  &c,    1770. 

This  work,  which  is  called  the  Moral  Syflem  of  Mofes,  is  little 
jnore  than  a  paraphrafe  on  the  Mofaic  hiftory  of  the  creation  and 
,fall  of  man.  It  is  diviilcd  into  chapters,  the  contents  of  which  are 
I.  Of  the  moral  attributes  of  God.  2.  Of  the  moral  fyftem  of 
Mofes.  3.  Of  the  tree  of  life,  and  the  tree  of  knowledge  of  good 
and  evil.  4.  Of  the  inilitution  of  the  moral  government  of  God  ia 
Eden,  ^.  Of  the  old  ferpent.  6.  Of  the  formation  of  woman. 
7,  Of  the  fall.  8.  The  temptation.  9.  Of  the  fall  of  Adam* 
ic.  Of  the  origin  of  fhame,     1 1,  The  examination  of  the  offenders. 


*  See  Review,  vol.  xxxiv.  p.  485 
X  Sec  Kevicw,  vol.  xxAvi.  p.  23c 


230. 

12.  Tka 


!•  O  L  I  T  I  C  A  L;  85 

12.  Tlie  fentence  paft  on  the  diiFerent  parties  concerned  in  the  fall. 
On  the  ierpent.  13.  The  fentence  on  the  woman.  14.  Tho* 
fentence  on  the  man.  15.  An  appendix  to  chapter  iii.  of  the  tree  of 
Kfe.  16.  Of  the  origin  of  facrifices.  17.  Tne  hiftory  of  Cain  and 
Abel.  18.  A  digrefiion  on  the  mark  fet  upon  Cain.  Of  the  mark 
iist  apon  Cain.^^— -*In  thefe  difquifitions  the  Dodor  has  laid  himfelf 
extremely  open  both  to  controverfy  and  to  ridicule,  but  we  are  by 
no  means  difpofed  to  employ  either,  on  fuch  a  fubjed.  The  former, 
we  foppofe,  would  a^rd  very  little  entertainment  to  our  Readers* 
The  latter  might  produce  too  much. 

Art.  35.  J  wo  Sermons  on  the  Mortality  of  Mankind.    By  George 

Marriot,  Le6\urer  of  St.  Luke,  Middlefex,  late  Chaplain  of  the 

Britiih  Factory  at  Gottenburg.     8vo.     1  s.     Fiexney, 

There  are  many  flriking,  and  fome  very  pathetic,  obfervations  in 

theie  difcoorfes ;  which  we^  therefore,  with  pleafure,  recommend  to 

the  public. 

Political. 

Art  36.  Thoughts  on  capital  Punljhments :  In  a  Series  of  tetters: 
8vo.     IS.     Baldwin,     1770. 
Thefe  letters  have  already  been  publiihed  in  the  London  Maga- 
zine;   bat  an  advertifement  now  informs  us,  that,    '  intimacionSs 
having  been  given  of  a  defign  to  attempt  an  amendment  of  the  penal. 
laws,  the  Writer  concluded  it  would  not  be  improper  to  collcfl  and 
place  them  in  one  view,  for  the  eafier  perufal  of  thofe  who  are  dif- 
pofed to  exercife  their  thoughts   upon  this  important  fubje^ft.     The 
letters,  it  is  farther  faid,  confill  chiefly  of  extracts  from  a  variety  of. 
refpe^ble  Authors,  tlie  coincidence  of  whofe  fentiments  with  the 
Writer's,  gave  him  great  pleafure/  , 

The  fabjeft  muft  be  allowed  to  be  of  confiderable  moment,  both 
as  refpefling  fociety  in  general  and  individuals  :  wife  and  good  men 
have  long  exprefTed  their  wi(hes  that  fome  attempt  might  be  made 
for  an  alteration  and  amendment  of  the  prefent  fyilem  of  penal  laws, 
and  modes  of  pnnifhment :  it  peculiarly  requires  the  attention  of 
thofe  who  are  appointed  to  dired  and  enail  our  laws :  but  whether 
any  endeavours  will  be  ufed  as  to  this  matter  in  particular,  or  in 
refpefl  to  fome  others  which  materially  affecl  the  property  and  wel- 
fare of  the  fubjed,  or  whether  they  ihall .  all  be  left  to  taiie  their 
CDorie,  'till  by  fome  violent  efforts  they  amend  or  deftroy  themfelves, 
is  a  point  which  it  is  not  our  buGnefs  to  canvafs,  nor  can  any  one  de- 
termine it. 

Our  Author  expreifcs  his  hope  that  he  fhall  not  be  confidered  as 

an  apologift   for  criminals,  and  an  encourager  of  them,  when  he 

declares  his  wifh,   that  none  of  them  befides  murderers,  were  by  our 

aws  condemned  to  die.     He  propofes  the  following  queftion,  which 

is  obvious  to  all  who  think  upon  the  fubjed  ;  *  Doth  not  experience 

^empn^rate  that  the  law  threatening  death,  frequently  put  into  qx- 

iition,  is  not  eiTedlual  to  keep  men  from  a  violation  of  it  ?  I  well 

pmember,  fays  he,  that  very  foon  after  the  Icgiflature  had  made 

icep-llealing  a  capital  offence,  I  heard  the  Judge  on  the  bench  in- 

>rro  the  grand  jury,   that,  to  Jii*  great  furprize,  he  found  in  thQ 

ilendar  an  vncominon  number  of  that  fort  of  crimiaals,    \  w«ul4 

G  3  thcre^ 


$jS  Monthly  CATALoeuE, 

,  £bre  humbly  dk,  whether,  iaftead  of  difpatching  inalefaftors  as  ofual, 
the  end  of  panifbment  might  not  be  better,  aofwered  by  making 
thein  iMngf  ftandingj  nj'tfiote  examples,  as  the  wiiclom  of  the  legis- 
lature ihall  judge  proper?  Not  puttine  them  out  of  ^ght  by  fending 
them  abroad,  or  hiding  them  in  gaoit  or  Bridewells  at  home ;.  but 
€»pofing  them  to  public  view,  confining  them  to  hard  labour,  in 
mending  the  roads,  clearing  wood,  heathy  or  furze-lands  for  till- 
age, maidng  navigable  canals,  &c.  &c.  all  under  fuch  inipedion 
and  management,  as  on  due  con£deracion  ihall  be  judged  reqnilite 
and  neccffary.  And  whereas  the  difficulty  of  keeping  them  to  their 
work,  and  preventing  their  doing  further  mifchief  may  be  obje^d: — 
foppofe  a  finger  were  cut  oflF,  not  only  as  a  pare  of  their  puni(hment> 
but  a  mark  to  facilitate  their  difcovery  in  cafe  of  defertion. — Sup- 
pofe  too  they  were  informed,  that  they  are.  on  their  good  behaviour; 
-«-that  if  they  condudk  themfejves  as  they  ought—are  quiet,  obedient, 
diligent ; — they  may  expe£l  favour,  and  in  time  their  liberty  ma/ 
be  granted  them.  And  n^ay  not  the  hope  of  this  have  a  happy 
influence,  and. make  feme  good  impreflion  upon  them?  or  their 
prefent  difagrceable  fituation  difpofe  them  to  bethink  themfelves, 
and  make  penitent  refieflions  on  their  pall  condud?' 
*  One  part  of  the  pamphlet  fpeaks  of  a  certain  writer  who  tells  ns, 
••  that  he  was  much  aiFcdled  with  the  execution  of  a  youth  of  fifteen 
years  of  age,  for  robbery,  which,  he  fays,  is  an  age  that  our  Jaws  do 
not  confider  as  of  maturity  in  afting  in  other  aftairs  for  ourfeivcs ;  he 
thinks  fuch  an  oHender  might  have  reformed  in  the  plantations  fo  as 
to  have  become  a  ufeful  member  of  fociety,  and  therefore  wifhes, 
that  at  fuch  an  age,  they  were  confidered  iaccordingly,—  and  indeed 
the  Church  of  England  feems  in  general  not  to  think  perfons  arrived 
to  years  of  difcrction  'till  they  are  of  the  age  of  fixteen  years.* 

There  mud  doubtlefs  have  been  fome  very  extraordinary  circum- 
ftances  attending  the  cafe,  which  occafioned  (he  pailing  and  execut- 
ing fo  fevere  a  fentence  at  that  tender  age  ;  yet  it  may  be  queftioned 
whether  tranfportation  at  that  time  of  life  is  likely  to  reform  the  cri- 
minal, or  whether,  confidering  with  what  afibciates  they  arc  to  bo 
united,  there  is  not  great  danger  of  their  being  rendered  utterly 
hardened  and  abandoned* 
^  The  refledions  here  ofFered  are  not  indeed  new,  but  they  are  im- 
portant;  the  arguments' are  colleded  into  one  view,  and  they  fuf- 
ficiently  (hew  that  it  is  greatly  defirable  that  the  point  (hould  be 
maturely  confidered  by  thofe  who  have  it  in  their  power  to  effeft 
fome  alteration  in  the  prefent  method.  If  the  writer's  ftyle  and  man- 
ner ate  not  always  the  mofl  accurate  and  judicious,  every  one  muft 
be  pleafed  with  the  apparent  goodnefs  of  his  heart,  and  the  btnevo- 
lence  of  his  prefent  defign.  Muft  not  all  fober  perfons  aflent  to  fuch 
obfervations  as  the  following  ?  *  It  were  highly  to  be  wiflied  that 
Icgiflative  power  would  dired  the  law  rather  to  reformation  thaa 
feverity :  that  it  would  appear  convinced  that  the  work  of  ei;adicat-v 
ing  crimes  is  not  by  making  punifliments  familiar,  but  formidable^ 
|nltcad  of  our  prefent  prifbns  which  find  or  make  men  guilty,  which 
in^loic  wretches  for  the  Cominifijon  of  one  crime,  and  return  them, 
if  returned  alive,  fitted  for  the  perpetration  of  thoufands ;  it  wcrg 
tP  b?  wiihed  we  had,  a?  in  other  f  arts  of  Snrofe^  places  of  jfenitcnco 

*ft4 


Political.  8f 

and  Iblttvde,  where  the  accufed  might  be  attended  by  fuch  as  could 
nve  them  repenUnce  if  guilty,  or  new  motives  to  virtue  if  innocent* 
And  this,  not  the  increafing  puoiihments,  is  the  way  to  mend  4 
ftate  :  nor  can  i  avoid  even  queftioning  the  validity  of  that  right 
which  focial  combinations  have  aiTumed  of  capiuUy  puniihing  of- 
fences of  a  flight  nature.— Whether  is  it  from  the  number  of  our 
penal  laws,  or  the  licentioufnefs  of  our  people,  that  this  country 
ihoold  ihew  more  convidU  in  a  year»  than  half  the  dominions  in  Eu*» 
r^  united  }  Perhaps  it  is  owing  to  both  ;  for  they  mutually  produce 
each  other.  When  by  indifcriminate  penal  laws  a  nation  beholds 
the  fiune  puniihment  affixed  to  diifimilar  degrees  of  guilt,  from  pec* 
cetving  no  diftinftion  in  the  penalty,  the  people  are  led  to  lofe  all 
fenfe  m  diftindtion  in  the  crime,  and  this  diftin^ion  is  the  bulwark 
of  all  morality : — it  were  to  be  wifhed  then  that  power,  inftead  of 
contriving  new  laws  to  pnnifh  vice, — indead  of  cutting  away  wretches 
MM  jdtM^f  before  we  have  tried  their  utility,  inilead  of  converting 
I  common  into  vengeance, — would  try  the  reftrictive  arts  of  govern- 

I  nent,  and  make  law  the  protestor,  but  not  the  tyrant  of  the  people, 

I  We  ihould  then   find  that  creatures,  whofe  fouls  are  held  as  drofs, 

f  only  wanted  the  hand  of  a  refiner  ;    we  iliould   then    find   tnat 

wretches  now  ftuck  up  for  long  tortures,  led  luxury  ihould  {tii  a 
momentary  pang,  might,  if  properly  treated,  fcrve  to  Gnew  the  11  ace 
in  times  of  danger ;  that,  as  their  faces  are  like  ours,  their  hearts  are 
ib  too;  that  lew  minds  arc  fo  bafe  as  that  perfeverance  cannot 
amend;  that  a  man  may  fee  his  lall  crime  without  dying  for  it; 
and  that  very  little  blood  will  ibrve  to  ceinent  our  i'ecurity.' 

Should  it  bethought  that  thefe  fentimnts  are  in  any  particular 
extended  rather  too  far,  it  muft  alfo  be  allowed  that  they  contain 
jnoch  tmth,  hnmanity,  and  equity. 

Art.  37.  The  Kij  to  Abfurdities\  containing  t'.ie  Author's  pri- 
vate Thoughts  of  fome  late  Proceedings,  ^vo.  I  s.  Davenhill. 
The  Author  profeffcs  himfelf  to  be  a  JmaU  frcihzldcr  of  Jfex,  and 
Ills  profeilioQ  is  probably  true.  He  appears  to  h  a  pli^n,  t,  lettered 
man,  of  a  good  natpral  underlUnding,  of  a  lai:  .  jle  public  fpirit, 
and,  in  political  matters,  zealous  for  govern mcjit,  in  oppofiti^n  to 
the  adherents  of  Mr.  Wilkes,  the  GencJemeu  who  ;i\  c  tljcrnljlves 
Snpporters  of  the  Bill  of  Rights,  and  all  the  outs  in  gojieral,  whom 
be  confiders  as  a  iet  of  wicked  fatflious  people,  who  have  only  their 
own  private  interefb  and  party-ends  in  view.  The  avowed  prin- 
ciples of  theie  fons  of  ledition,  as  he  deems  them,  and  the  argu- 
nents  that  have  been  brought  in  fupport  of  their  proceedings,  are 
what  he  means  by  ahfurdities  ;  and  his  own  ftridlurcs  upon  thofc 
principles  and  arguments  are  the  Key  which  is  to  unlock  or  lay  open 
the  faid  ahfurdities,  and  expofe  them  to  public  view,  contempt,  and 
abhocrence.-r-He  talks  like  an  honell  man,  though  his  language  is 
not  elegant,  nor  always  grammatical ;  nor  is  there  any  thing  new  in 
his  remarks. — At  the  end  of  his  pamphlet  vve  find  an  account  of  the 
'>ppofinon  that  has  been  made  by  the  wicked  fpirit  of  party,  to  a 
rry  good  fcheme,  as  he  ftates  it,  for  rebuilding  the  jail  at  Chclmf- 
lOrd,  on  a  more  convenient  and  more  wholefome  fpot  of  ground 
than  that  on  which  the  prefent  old  building  Hands.  If  the  cafe  be 
reilly  as  he  reprefenrts  it,  and  we  fee  no  reafon  to  queflion  the  vcra- 

G  4  city 


88  Monthly  Cataloous^ 

city  of  his  report,  the  EfTexians   who  oppofed,   and  frufbated,   Co 

laudable  a  fcheme,  muft  have  been  EJex  Calves  indeed  ! 

Art.  38.  Schemes  fubmittedto  the  Conjideration  of  the  Public^  more 

efpecially  to  Members  of  Parliament,  and  the  Inhabitants  of  the 

Metropolis.     8vo.     is.     Browne.     1770.- 

Although  this  fchemer  is  a  very  bad  writer,  he  appears  to  be  a 
fenfible  obferver  of  what  paiTes  in  the  world,  and  to  have  thrown  out 
fome  hints  that  might  be  highly  ufeful  to  the  public,  if  duly  at- 
tended to,  and  improved  upon.  His  fchemes  are  I.  For  removing 
the  public  executions  of  criminals  for  the  county  of  Middlefex, 
from  T\burn ;  and  for  fevcral  ufeful  regulations  of  the  fame.  II.  A 
general  a£l  of  parliament  for  making  openings,  and  rendering  more 
commodious  the  different  itreets,  lanes,  alleys,  kc,  in  London^ 
Weftminfler,  and  Southwark,  &c.  to  fave  the  cxpence  of  fo  many 
feparate  a£ls,  for  every  trivial  improvement.  III.  An  aft  for  regu- 
lating and  prefcribing  the  rates  of  land-carriage,  and  porterage  of 
goods  from  the  Inns ;  and  for  preventing  proviiions,  game,  and  other 
commodities  from  being  fpoiled  or  loft,  for  want  of  being  ipeedily 
and  duly  delivered.  The  Author  fays,  he  is  informed  that  not  left 
than  20  tons  of  proviiions  are  annually  fpoiled  at  the  different  innt 
in  this  metropolis.  IV.  A  new  road  from  the  bridge,  near  Claptosiy 
to  the  Oxford  road,  between  Shepherd's  Bqfh  apd  Afton.  V.  A 
new  Ventilation  of  militia,  chiefly  with  a  view  to  the  fecurity  of 
London,  in  cafe  of  an  invafion.  VI.  An  enlargement  of  Billingf- 
gace  fifli-market :  this  feems  a  very  proper  fcheme,  and  the  exectttioa 
of  it  may  be  highly  expedient.  VII.  The  removal  of  Smithfield  market 
out  of  the  city :  equally  neceffary.  Vlli.  A  new  regulation  of  St. 
Tames*s  Haymarket.  IX.  Improvements  relating  to  St.  James'« 
Park,  with  a  plan  for  opening  certain  commnnications  through  it, 
to  accommodate  the  inhabitants  of  the  environs  of  the  Park.  X.  A 
new  regulation  of  the  nightly  watch,  in  the  capital ;  in  order  to 
Icffen  the  frequency  of  houfe- breaking  and  (Ireet-robberies.  XL  A 
fcheme  for  putting  a  flop  to  the  tranfportation  of  convifts,  and  fqr 
employing  them  on  the  public  roads  of  this  kingdom. 
Art.  39.  A  ColU^ion  of  the  Protefls  of  the  Lords  of  Ir^land^ 
from  1634  to  1770.     8vo.     2  s.  6d.  fewed.    Almon.    1771. 

The  Editor  afTures  his  Readers  that  the  prefent  feries  of  thcfe 
protefls  commences  with  the  fird  upon  record.  Suppofing  the  col- 
leftion  to  be  complete,  there  is  no  occaiion  to  fay  any  thing  more 
in  its  recommendation. — Mr.  Almon  has  alfo  publifhed  a  SvpplefieeHi 
to  the  protefls  of  the  Englijb  Lords,  price  i  s.  which  brings  that  • 
colleftion  down  to  June  1770. 
Art,  40.  Some  Propofah  for  Jfrengthmirtg  our  Nnval  In/lttuttcnu 

In   a  Letter  to  the  Right  Honourable  Lord  Anfon.    By  a  Sea 

Officer.     Written  in  the  Year  1759.     8vo.    Becket,    1771. 

The  propoCds  in  this  letter  are  highly  chimerical  and  romantic. 
It  is,  nirely,  ytry  neceffary,  that  tIW)fe,  who  enter  into  the  navy, 
fhould  be  properly  inflrufted  ip  every  branch  of  knowledge,  which 
has  a  reference  to  the  marine.     But,  for  this  purpofi:,  we  inufl  not 

^  Id  2  volumes  8vo«  12  u 


Poetical;        ^  f j 

ereft  noiverfitlei  on  board  our  ihips  of  war.  The  fpecalations  of 
phiiofophy  do  not.  fait  with  the  din  of  arms  ;  and  ledlures  on  aflro-> 
Bomy  and  optics  will  not  fupport  our  naval  fuperiority. 
Art.  41.  7bf  Squire  and  the  Par/on,  with  the  Interlude  of  the 
Poulterer,  izmo.  is.  Wheble. 
A  mere  colIedHon  from  the  News-papers,  of  the  proce6dtn^^s,  re- 
litiYC  to  the  general  meeting  of  the  Wcftminftcr  cIe<itors,  in  Odober 
laft,  the  Rtmonjiranciy  the  inftruSiitms^  and  the  fquabble  with  Ed- 
ridge  the  poulterer.  The  title  feems  to  be  purely  of  th^  cacch« 
penny  ftamp, 

P  O  E  T  I  C  A  L. 

Art.  42.  Grace  iriumphant.  A  facred  Poem,  in  Nine  Dialogues, 
wherein  the  utmofl  Power  of  Nature,  Reafon,  Virtue,  and  tho 
Liberty  of  the  Human  Will,  to  adminifter  Comfort  to  the  awak- 
ened Sinner,  are  impartially  weighed  and*  confidered ;  and  the 
whole  fqbmitted  to  the  ferious  and  candid  Perufal  of  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Nowell  of  Oxford,  the  Rev,  Dr.  Mams  of  Shrewlbury,  and 
the  Author  of  Pittas  Qxonienfis,  By  Philanthropos.  8vo.  2  s. 
Birmingham^  printed  lor  the  Author^  and  fold  by  Johnfon  ia 
London.     1770. 

Philanthropos  fays,  he  ♦  was  once  a  ftrenuous  advpcate  for  the 
dignity,  and  purity,  of  human  nature  j  and  expefted  to  obtain  the 
Divine  Favour,  hy  a  conformity  to  the  rules  of  natural  religion  \  but 
keiAg  brought  nnder  ibme  long  and  yitty  fevere  exerciies  of  the  mind, 
and  being  in  a  wonderful,  and  gracious  manner  brought  to  th^ 
knowledge  of  ChriH,  and  the  joys  of  his  falvation  ;  lit  thinks  it  his 
dn^  to  give  fomn  account  of  thefe  things,  and  to  bear  his  tedimony 
to  the  glorious  truths  of  that  Gofpel,  which  once  was  his  averfion  ; 
bot  now  the  delight  and  joy  of  his  foul.  As  he  delights  in  poetical 
prodadions,  he  nath  attempted  the  fubjed  in  rhime  :  and  being  ad« 
yifed  to^poblifli  it  by  fome  perfons  of  knowledge  and  experience  in 
the  ways  of  God ;  he  fends  it  into  the  world,  not  wholly  withonc 
hopes,  that  it  may  be  made  nfeful  to  perfons  of  iimilar  experiences 
with  his  own :  and  be  a  means  of  adminiilenog  comfort  to  the  dc- 
jeaedibttL' 

The  foregoing  pafTage  may  ferve  to  give  an  idea  of  the  Author's 
principles ;  thoie  that  follow  may  be  taken  as  fpecimens  of  his  poe-^ 
try.     Speaking  of  the  Redeemer,  he  ftyles  him 

*  A  God 
Equal  in  dignity,  command,  and  power, 
With  Heav'n's  Eternal,  Infinite,  Supreme! 
A  God  dilhonour'd,  difobey'd,  and  fcorn'd  1» 

<  If  thou  canft  believe 
All  things  are  poffible  to  him  that  believeth : 
The  open'd  book,  and  my  directed  eye 
Catches  the  qucftion  inxlantancous  thus'— — 

P.  78. 
•  Ahnighty  Grace  to  reafon  will  not  bend  ;  ' 

Nor  Nature's  brighteft  powers  can  comprehend 
The  ways  of  God.     He  takes  whoe'er  he  will, 
Srom  Nature's  waftc.  and  brin2:s  to  Zion-hill. 
^  Wi* 


'^  Monthly  Catalogue^ 

With  wrath  he  drives  them,  or  with  love  he  diaws^' 
But  gives  not  haughty  man  to  know  the  cai^ie.' 

P.  ii6. 
Manyy  no  doubt,  amoqg  the  followers  of  the  Author's  late  friend 
•  the  Uarntd  and  pious  Mr.  Hervey,  who  approved  the  plan,  and 
corrcdled  part  of  this  work,*  will  be  greatly  edified  by  thcfe  Dia-  ' 
logues  ;  while  others.  Grangers  to  fuch  comjtSions^  ixperiences^  and 
/tilings^  will  find  themfelves,  on  perufal  of  them,  in  a  fituation 
ibmewhat  fimilar  to  that  of  rather  a  better  poet  .than  Philanthropos^ 
when  he  fays 

*'  To  laugh,  were  want  of  goodnefs  and  of  grace; 
But  to  be  grave,  exceeds  all  power  of  faCe.'' 
Art.  43.  -/^  Monody  en  the  Diath  of  the  Reverend  Mr.  George 
Whitefield    4to.     6d.    Miller. 
Expelling  nothing  bat  trafli  on  this  fubjed,  tbefe  few  pages  \trf 
agreeably  difappointed  us.    The  monody  is  indeed  unequal^  but  it 
is  in  piany  places  truly  poetical. 

And  grief  fincere  inftruAs  the  ihell 
In  accents  fad  and  flow  to  fwell ; 
Not  with  Allegro's  frolic  (hrill. 
That  fuits  the  weeping  mind  bat  ill ; 
The  bafe's  burial  voice  alone 
With  mifery  is  in  unifon. 
The  ilrong  expreilion  in  the  laft  line  bat  one  ntuft  be  obvious  t# 
•rerycar. 

I  love  thee,  maid  of  folemn  eye  ; 

Thy  cheek  with  briny  forrows  worn* 
To  me  is  amiably  forlorn. 
Though  there  no  tints  of  purple  lie. 
.    There  is  a  fingular  elegance  and  happinefs  in  the  ^miaifjt  forlorm  ; 
but  then  the  following  Sanza  has  more  faults,  than  the  jf receding 
one  hai  beauties : 

Thy  leaden  lid,  thy  fober  brow* 
Thy  trefles  darkly  brown» 
That  in  diflievel  fqualid  flow 
Thy  ivory  neck  adown. 
In  leaden  lid  there  is  too  great  a  jingle  of  the  fame  found.   Squalid 
dijbevel  conveys  an  inelegant  ide^,  ,ill  adapted  to  the  mufe  of  rnejan- 
choly  I  and  the  lafl  word  of  the  lafl  line  enfeebles  it  too  much. 
Thee  in  the  filent  tomb  impaVd^ 
The  word  itnpaVd  is  here  wrefted  from  its  common  fenfe  and  ac- 
ceptation ;  nor  will  every  reader  eafily  difcover  what  U^e  Author 
means  by  it.    He  defcribes  the  archangel's  trumpet  in  a  manner 
which  cannot  perhaps  be  exceeded,  when  he  fays 
— -^the  clangors  loud  and  long 
Mock  the  foft  thunder's  puny  tongue. 
Art.  44*  An  Elepae  Poem  on  the  Death  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Georgo 
ITbitefield.    4to.     6d.     Wills. 
The  Author  of  this  poem  profeflcs  that  he  does  not  care  a  pin  for 
the  Reviewers  ;  and  the  Reviewers,  for  their  part,  arc  nnder  no  little 
concern  that  th^  do  not  ftand  in  a  more  lefpedaUe  light  with  fo 

cxtrap 


N  o  V  K  L  8.  ^r 

I        extraordinary  a  genius.  There  is  fomeching  altogether  firikin;;  io  the 
novelty  of  ms  ideas.    Justice  he  reprefents  as  a  bird  of  palTage : 
See  Juftkt  hafien  to  forfake  the  land. 

And  to  fome  happier  country  wing  her  flight ! 
The  V1RTUB8  as  laB)p-lighcer3>  juil  going  to  fet  up  in  the  Strand : 
With  anxious  hafte  the  Firiues  feek  the  Strand» 
And  go  to  blefs  the  Pagan  world  with  light. 
Mr.  Wliitefield's  tongae,  he  tells  us,  was  loos'd  by  prayer ;  and 
what  then? — Why,  then  he  was  £lent : 

Prayer  Jm/V  his  guilt-bound  tongue,  his  lifted  hands 
In  fiemt  Rapture  then  his  God  ador'd. 
He  next  informs  us  what  this  great  man  endured ;  and  that  was~^ 
what  every  body  elfe  endures  I 

Each  feafoh^s  various  changes  he  endured. 
Art.  45.  EUgy  U  thi  Memsry  of  Wi  Right  H$nowaiU  the  Mar^ 
fuis  of  Granby.     410.     6  d«    Dodfley. 
One  of  thofe  things  that  come  under  {he  fickly  tide  of  mediocrity : 
bat  has  not  the  printer  made  a  miilake  in  the  poet's  addrefs  to  the 
pefent  Lord  Granby  ? 
\  Great  was  his  foul  \  but  happier  (halt  thou  be, 

P  By  being  not  fi>  great  as  he. 

I         Wh&t,  if  we  ihottld  read. 

Great  was  his  foul,  but  greater  Aialt  thou  be, 
Bx  being  not  fo  great  as  he  ! 
Art.  46.  Epjftola  Politica — An  Epiflle  on  the  Times,  a  Poem* 
4to.     I  s.    Bladon. 
A  Latin  poem  about  Wilkes  and  JUib^rty,  which  has  the  merit  of 
I        s  decent  fchoolboy's  exercife. 

^^  Novels. 

Art.  47.    The  Falfe  Step ;  or  the  Hiftory  of  Mrs.  Brudcnal. 
i2mo.     2  Vols.     5  s.  fewed.     Almon. 

The  falfe  ftep  which  is  here  fet  forth  as  a  warning  to  young  female 
Readers,  is  the  heroine's  deferting  her  parents,  and  running  away 
with  an  agreeable  but  worthlefs  fellow,  in  order  to  a  clandeftine 
marriage.  The  fatal  confequences  of  this  firfl  indifcretion,  which 
is  here,  not  unnaturally,  productive  of  other  falfe  fleps,  in  a  cha« 
]«6Uir  exti^mely  amiable  in  all  other  reff>e6ls,  form  the  principal 
incidents  of  thtt  hidory  ;  which  is  thrown  into  the  modifh  form  of 
letters,  and  diverfiiied  by  an  epifodicai  part,  lefs  interefting  and  lefs 
otemplary  than  the  main  flory.  The  work,  if  not  a  brilliant  per- 
Ibrmafice,  is  a  moral  one ;  which  ought  not  to  be  confidered  as  a 
flight  commendation.  The  language,  if  not  elegant,  is  eafy,  and 
Bught  pais  very  well,  were  it  not  for  two  or  three  uncouth  expref- 

ins  %  and  an  afie£Ution  of  French  phrafes,  which  is  become  ridi- 

^  A  fine  Gentleman  exclaims  againft  his  roiftrefs  for  making  his 
al  happy,  without  any  dtmurrage ;  and  a  fine  Lady  talks  of/iuMr- 
-  that  ihe  never  faw  two  people  fo  exadly  alike :  but  we  mull  do 
f  writer  the  jnfiice  to^o)>ferv€|  that  faults  like  thefe  are  not  very 
fninon  ia  thu  work. 

i^uloufl/ 


'^%  Monthly  Catalogue, 

culoufiy  fafhionablc.     There  is  hardly  a  page  plain  Englifh  to  be 
met  with  in  our  modern  produdions :  it  is  all  ftripidy  though  wc 
feldom  meet  with  any  of  the  right  Parifian  pattern. 
Art.  48.  Authentic  Memoirs  of  the  Countefs  de  Barre^  the  French 
King's  MIftrefs,  carefully  collated  from  a  Manufcript  in  the  Pof- 

feffion  of  the  Duchefs  of  Villeroy.     By  Sir  Francis  N . 

i2mo.  3  s.  bound.  Rofon.  1771. 
*  Another  heap  of  rubbi(h,  fwept  out  of  Monf.  de  Veqjy^s  garret. 
This  foreigner,  who  has  fo  impudently  thruft  himfelf  into  the  En- 
glifli  Grubcan  fociety,  appears  determined  to  fill  all  our  bookfelJers 
§iops,  ilalls,  and  circulating  libraries,  with  lies  and  obfcenity ;  the 
iHily  ftudies  in  which  he  feems  ambitious  of  excelling.  In  truth,  we 
are  forrv  to  fee  the  Chevalier  fo  grofsly  mifapplying  his  talenta  ;  for 
be  certainly  is  capable  of  better  things. 

Art.  49.  The  Adventures  of  a  Jefuit :  interfperfed  with  feveral 

remarkable  Charaders,  and  Scenes  in  real  Life.     izmo.     2  Vols* 

5  s.  fewed.     Cook.     1771.  ' 

The  adventures  of  this  Jefuit  may  very  well  ferve  as  a  feoond  part 

to  the  adventures  of  Luke  Antony  Gavin,  as  recorded  in  his  famous 

Mafler-key  to  Popery. 

Art.  50.  Memoirs  of  Mr.  fVilfon :  or  the  Providential  Adul- 
tery. 1 2mo.  2  Vols.  5  s.  fewed.  Hall. 
Although  this  romance  abounds  with  the  g^rofTeft  abfurdities,  and 
snoft  ridiculous  flights  of  imagination,  it  is  not,  however,  a  duU 
performance.  We  cannot  give  it  a  better  charadler,  coniillently  with^ 
a  due  regard  to  our  own. 

Medical. 
Art.  51.  The  prefent  State  of  Midwifery  in  Paris.     Jf^ith  a  Theory 
of  the  Caufe  and  Mechatifm  of  Labour.     By  A.  Tolver,    Man- 
midwife.     8vo,  IS.  6d.     Cadell,  1770. 

France,  as  Mr.  Tolver  obferves,  was  not  long  ago  regarded  as  the 
fountain  of  chirurgical  knowledge  ;  but  the  feat  of  this  part  of  learn- 
ing, he  adds,  is  now  removed,  and  *  the  great  fouree  of  midwifery^ 
in  particular,  has  been  long  dried  up.*  By  this  equivocal  phra(e» 
however,  our  Author,  who  la  general  writes  rather  too  figarativel/ 
ibr  a  man-midwife,  means  only  toexprefs  that,  in  confequence  of  the 
levity  and  indecent  behaviour  of  the  French  (Indents,  ihe  doors  of 
the  lying-in  wards  of  the  Hutel-dieu  have  been  ihut  againft  them. 
The  principles  of  the  obftetric  art  are  nevcrthelefs  taught  by  many  in 
Paris  ;  though  there  are  but  two  profeiTors  of  eminence  in  that  city; 
M.  Lcvrer,  well  known  to  the  medical  world  by  his  writings,  and 
M.  Payen,  profcflfor  at  St.  Come.  Theledlures  given  by  the  firlt,and 
mofl  eminent,  of  thefe  two  gentlemen,  *  are  fupported  with  geome- 
trical reafoning  anddemonilradon,'  and  are  confequently  too  abllrufe 
for  the  generality  of  learners.  *  His  machines  too  are  finifhed  in  a 
very  ilovenly  manner,  and  their  contrivance  far  inferior  to  our  own.^ 
He  is  charadleriied  by  the  Author  as  a  perfon  of  flrong  natural  parts, 
and  pcd'cfled  of  fome  advantages  of  education  ;  •  but  partial  to  a 
fyftem,  he  treats  different  opinions  with  too  little  refped,  .and  feca 
every  ciFort  of  genius  that  docs  not  tend  to  elucidate  his  own  theory, 

with 


M  B  D  I  C  A  L«  '  ^2 

^tk  the  eye  of  malevdl«ice.  Hence,  adds  our  florid  Accoucbear,  *  He 
h^  fittirtd tbt  fret  expanfion  of  his  capacity  ;  and  with  the  afTcdatioa 
cf  originality,  often  blends  the  errors  of  prejudice  and  fancy  with  the 
sioil  (olid  reafoning.' 

The  Author  fpeaks  with  much  lefs  refpedl  of  M.  Payen's  courfc. 
It  is  leis  expensive  and  fcientifical  than  M.  Levret's,  and  is  accord- 
iBgly  more  frequented:  his  auditory  conijlling  of  a  promifcuous  and 
ili£>rderly  affembly 'of  barbers,  women,  and  regulars.  His  machi- 
nery is  ind^d  preferable  to  that  of  M.  Levret ;  but  the  cafes  on  which 
Le operates  arefiudied  and  improbable,  and  ih^manuel  often  ridicu- 
lottA  and  abfard.  The  Author  gives  an  humorous  fpecimen  of  the 
eenins  and  abilities  of  this  profeflbr,  defcribing  him  as  applying,  in 
ms  courfe,  a  pair  of  brafs  callipers  to  the  hips  of  a  woman,  in  order 
to  take  the  diflance  between  the  os  facrum  and  puhis^  and  todifcover 
the  flradlureand  proportion  of  hti pehis,  with  all  the  gravity  of  a 
bombardier  furveying  the  dimcnfions  of  a  mortar  — Such  is  Mr.  Tol- 
Fer's  reprefentation  of  the  prcfent  llate  of  the  capital  fchools  of  mid- 
wifery in  Paris.  \ 

The  remaindery  which  is  indeed  the  principal  part  of  this  pam- 
phlet, confifis  of  notes  or  general  obfervations,  chiefly  taken  from  M. 
Lcvret's  leflares ;  to  which  are  added  Ihort  defcriptions  of  his  method 
of  extraction  in  fourteen  different  cafes,  on  which  he  gives  examples 
on  his  machines,  and  to  which  he  reduces  all  others  that  can  pofTibly 
bappen.  In  the  ihort  effay  at  the  end,  on  the  caufe  and  mechanifm  of 
labour,  the  Author,  or  rather  Dr.  Petft,  whofe  theory  he  here  feems 
to  deliver,  attributes,  with  fome  preceding  theories,  the  ad  of  par- 
turition to  the  irritability  of  the  womb,  excited  by  the  diflention  of 
iu  Ebres  to  a  certain  degree ;  but  we  find  ytry  little  new  light  thrown 
npon  the  fobjed. 

Art.  52.  Remarks  m  the  Cempojition^  Vfe^  and£ffc^s  of  thi  Ex* 

iraS  of  Liodof  M.  Goulard,  and  of  bis  Vegcto-mineral  Heater*     By 

O.  Amaud,  M.  D.  lie     izmo,  is.     Elmflcy, 

Of  the  great  and  extenlive  virtues  afcribed  by  M.  Goulard  to  his 

folution  of  lead  in  the  pore  acetous  acid,  and  of  its  method  of  ope- 

^utibg  on  the  human  body,  when  applied  externally,  our  readers  will 

find  a  fttccind  account  in  our  41(1  volume  *,  extraded  from  a  Treatife 

on  this' fubjed,  publiihcd  by  the  inventor.     Ivl.  Arnaud,  who  con- 

fkA^cj%  this  preparation  as  the  beft  and  moll  univerfal  topic  which  has 

bitherto  been  employed  in  furgery,  offers  a  few  obfervations,  in  the 

prefent  fmall  pamphlet,  arifing  from  an  accurate  consideration  of  its 

Gotnpofition,  with  a  view  of  improving  this  remedy,  and  of  extending 

the  ufe  of  it.     He  lays  great,  it  may  be  thought  improper,  ftrcis  on 

the  quality  of  the  vinegar  employed  in  the  folution  of  the  metal ;  not 

nly  obicrving  that  *  pure  or  natural  vinegar  contains  an  efllntial  oil, 

bich  diffoUvti  lead,  while  its  acid  only  di^jides  its  parts  ;*  but  adding 

bat  •  M.  Goulard  has  difcovercd  that  it  is  the  property  oi  forr^c  par^ 

icalar  'vinegars  only  of  the  pro<vinct  he  lives  in,  to  difiolve  this  metal 

•rfcdly,  as  they  contain  more  efientialoil  than  the  rell.*     The  fac- 

•  Monthly  Review,  Owlober  1769,  page  31  !• 

n  ptious 


94  MoKTlTtY  CATAtOGUfi, 

titions  vegetable  acids,  M.  Arnaird  obfervos,  (fnch,  for  example,  aa 
are  brewed  in  England,  and  in  the  northern  coontrieSy  under  the 
name  of  vinegar)  '  which*  receive  their  power  of  action  {torn  the  acrid 
ingredients  only  ihixed  with  them,  ;ire  not  only  rendered  incapable 
6f  perfeflly  diflblving  the  lead ;  bat  likewife  commanicate  an  inflamr 
matory  quality  to  the  extract,  very  different  from  the  cooling  and 
calming  one  natural  to  it,  when  made  with  the  beft  vinegar.' 

^itfabut  flopping  to  controvert  what  may  appear  qnellionable  in 
the  preceding  quotations,  we  Aail  only  add,  that  thofe  who^  are  dif^ 
pofed  to  make  trial  of  preparations  of  lead,  in  any  of  thofe  cafes  in 
Itrhich  they  are  recommended  by  M«  Goulaid,  as  cooling,  diifcntienr, 
or  refolvent  applications,  will  undoubtedly  do  well  to  prefer  thoft 
prepared  by  the  inventor ;  from  whom  the  Author  of  this  pamphlet* 
convinced  by  long  experience  of  the  faperior  virtaes  of  his  extra6k» 
has  procured  a  quantity  of  it,  accompanied  with  an  exclufive  privi« 
lege  of  vending  it  in  this  country. 

Law. 

Art.  53,  Thg  Trial  cf  John  Alhwn  Bcokfittirj  up4n  an  Information 
fie^ex  officio,  iy  bis  Maitfi^s  Attomep^Gtneral^  for  fitting  Junius* s 
Ltttirto  the  K'  ^,  before  Lord  Mansfield  and  a  fpecial  jury, 

in  the  Court  of  King's  Bench,  WeHminfler,  June  2,  1770^  To 
which  is  prefixed  a  Copy  of  the  Information,  taken  in  fhort  Hand. 
Svo.     I  s.    Miller. 

It  appears  from  the  Trial  before  n«,  that  no  proof  was  eftablifhed 
perfonally  againft  the  defendant.  Prefumptive  evidence  was  thoughc 
fnfiicient  to  afcertain  his  guilt.  But  the  injury  done  to  Mr.  Almon  is,  by 
no  means,  the  chief  gronndof  exception  in  the  prefent  cafe.  The  liberty 
of  the  prefs  is  evidently  i!rnck  at,  and  a  precedent  is  given,  in  confe«> 
quence  of  which  it  may  be  effe^ually  deflroyed  by  future  decilions. 
If  ever  there  ihall  come  a  time,  when  judgments  of  this  kind  fball 
ceafe  tobecanvafTed,  and  fhall  no  longer  excite  the  public  indigna- 
tion, itmay  fafely  be  pronounced,  that  the  boafted  freedom  of  £ng« 
lifhmen  is  at  an  end. 

Art.  54.  Afecond  Poftfcript  to  a  late  PampbUtj  entitled^  A  Letter 
to  Mr.  Almon,  in  Matter  of  Libel.  By  the  Author  of  that  Let- 
ter*.    8vo.     IS.     Miller.     1770. 

The  judgment  of  the  court  of  King's-Bench  in  the  cafe,  King^ 
againd  Woodfall,  has  given  occafion  to  this  Poftfcriftn  According 
to  this  decifion,  our  Author  conceives,  that  juries,  in  matter  of  libel, 
are  not  to  be  confidered  as  judges  of  the  intent  or  criminality*  of  the 
writing,  ^nd  that,  if  they  declare  they  have  aded  in  this  manner^  it 
will  annul  their  verdifl.  This  pernicious  do£irine  he  combats  witb 
great  firength  of  argument ;  he  aflerts  the  juil  rights,  of  an  Englifk 
jury  ;  he  appeals  to  hiftory  and  precedents ;  and  explains  the  danger 
which  muft  refult  to  the  liberty  of  this  country,  from  the  infringe- 
ment  of  fo  invaluable  a  branch  of  the  conflitution.  His  publicauon 
difcovers  a  truly  patriotic  fpirit,  and  deferves  to  be  read  with  at* 
fention.  ' 

•  See  Reficw  fcr  OAobcr  1770,  p.  288. 

Art* 


If  A  w;  ^^ 

Art.  J$*  A  CoSeam  0/  Decern  cf  ibi  Court  of  Ktng^i  Batcb^ 
afM  the  Ftor^s  Lanvi^  dvwn  to  ibtprtfent  Time*  In  which  are  coita 
taiBcd  maay  Cafes  nerer  before  publifi|e(L  Extrafled  from  the 
Notes  of  «  ver/  eminent  Barrifler  deceafed.  The  whole  digefled 
in  a  regular  Oxtler.  67  a  Barrifter  at  Law  of  the  Inner-Temple* 
8vo.    2  s.    Uriel,  &c.     1771. 

The  nature  and  defign  of  this  work  cannot  be  better  explained  than 
kas  been  done  by  the  learned  Barrifler  himfelf,  in  the  advertifemenC 
piefixed  to  it.    The  number  of  collections  on  this  fubjed  already 
pnUiihed,  might  feem,  he  obferves,  to  render  any  work  of  this  na- 
tnre  ufelefs.    Bat  he  adds,  the  want  of  method  and  accuracy,  evi- 
dent, in  a  greater  or  lefs  degree,  in  all  of  them,  precludes  any  further 
apology.     *  The  namber  of  years  elapfed  fince  the  publication  of  the 
lateft  of  them  canfes  an  unavoidable  infufficiency  in  them.      A  great 
number  of  very  nice  and  important  queftions  upon  the  poor-laws  have 
been  l^^y  determined  by  the  court  of  King's-Bench.     Of  thefe  Mr. 
Burrow  has  favoured  the  world  with  an  excellent  report ;    but  from 
the  fize  of  that  colleftion,  it  is  rendered  too  expenfive  for  the  pur- 
cha/e  of  parilh  officers,  and  inconvenient  for  gentlemen  who  attend  at 
I        the  ieffions.     Dr.  Bum  dcfcrves  the  highell  refpedl  for  his  Jufticc  of 
}        Peace;  but  as  only  the  lad  edition  of  that  excellent  work  is  enriched 
by  extrads  from  Mr.  Burrow's  reports,  all  the  former  editions,  fall 
Ihort  of  that  perfection  which  their  ingenious  Authors  would  now  have 
been  able  to  beftow  upon  them.  Dr.  Burn's  Juftice  of  Peace  contains 
likewiie  a  great  number  of  matters  which  are  not  the  objcdls  of  the 
jurifdiftion  of  the  quarter  feflions,  and  of  the  attention  of  pariih 
1         officers,  for  whofe  ufe  this  prcfent  compilation  is  more  particularly 
I        intended.     The  fame  obfcrvations  likewile  may  be  applied  to  Lord 
\,      Ward's  Conatry  J uftice.     I  flatter  my  felf  therefore,    that  this  com- 
S*      pilatioD  will  corred  the  errors,  fupply  the  defeds,  and,  as  far  as  it 
extends,  more  fully  affift  the  pradlitioner  than  any  of  the  former  col- 
lections.    Reports   only  of  unexceptionable  authorities   have   been 
I         confulted  in  forming  this  Compilation,  which  has  likewife  been  im- 
1        proved  by  a  great  number  of  extracts  from  a  manufcript  colje^ion  of 
I        cafes  by  the  late  John  Ford,  Efq;      The  cafes   marked    MSS.    in 
I        tbe  following  (heets,  are  all  of  them  taken  from  that  manulcript. 
(         The  Compiler  has  very  feldom  hazarded  any  obfervations  of  his  own, 
I   f    nor  ventured  to  make  any  alterations  in  the  Hyle  of  the  reponers, 
'    bowever  uncouth  it  might  appear  to  hiij.     He  has  di/lributed,  under 
their  proper  heads,  fomc  notes  of  cafes  which  have  been  determined 
in  the  court  of  King's-Rench  fmce  the  publication  of  Mr.  Burrow's 
caies  of  fettlemenls.     Whether  the  order  in  which  the  cafes  arc  di- 
fiributed  might  not  be  changed  for  a  better,  the  Compiler  is  in  dcftbt; 
vet  be  hopes  that  is  of  no  great  importance.     But  while  he  has  endea* 
ired  to  corredlthe  deficiencies,    or  inaccuracies    of  others,    he 
^nfible*  that  he  has  much  indulgence  to  aik  for  his  own.     Many 
wfc  are  owing  to  the  intricacy  of  the  fubjed^,  and  Hill  more  to 
.  Compiler's  frequent  abfence  from  the  prefs.     He  flatters  himfilf, 
7cver,  upon  the;whole,  that  the  utility  of  this  undertaking  will 
iipenfate  for  its  defedt,  and  that  the  humility  of  his  aiLcmpt  may 
>re(s  the  feverity  of  cenfure/ 

6  The 


pi  *  C  ORIt  E  d>  0  K  D  E  N  CE. 

The  general  fubjcas  here  treated  ot  art  overfeers,  poor's  rtt^ 
maintenance  of  poor  relations^  baflardsi  certiHcateSy  apprentices,  or- 
ders of  removal,  felTions  and  fettlements.  Thcfe  are  brascbed  oat 
into  leiTer  divifions,  each  of  which  is  illuflrated  by  proper,  cafi^s. 
Xhe  decifions  col leded  together  amount  to  615  in  namber»  and  being 
.  of  the  beft  authority,  the  book  cannot  fail  of  conveying  ufefalja- 
firu<^ion  tojullicesof  the  peace,  young  barri Hers,  attonues,  parifii- 
oiiicers,  and  other  perfons  whofe  fituation  requires  them  to  be  coa* 
verfant  in  the  laws  which  relate  to  the  poor. 

Military.' 
.Art.  56.  Conftderations  on  the  Military  EJialUJhments  of  Gnaf 
Britain :  with  a  Plan  for  an  Augmentation  of  8472  efFcftive  Men,. 
without  any  additional  public  Expence.    4to.     x  s.    Wheble, 
The  Author's  propofal  is  certainly  an  objedl  worthy  of  national 
attention.     He  tells  the  fecretary  at  war,  in  his  dedication,  that  he 
is  perfe^  mafter  of  e^ery  military  ejiablijlwient  in  Europe  ;  from  whence 
we  are  to  infer  his  entire  capacity  for  a  right  inveftigation  of  {o 
important  a  fubjedt,  as  a  reform  and  improvement  of  our  u^ilitary 
fyftem. 

Art.  57.  A  Treatife  on  the  Ufe  of  defenfwe  Arms,     Tran- 

ilated  from  the  French  of  M.  Joly  de  Maizroi,  Lieutenant  Colonel 

©f  Infantry,  by  Thomas  Mnat,   late  Major  of  Brigade,  ^  With 

Notes  by  the  Tranflator.     8vo.     is.  6d.     Walter. 

Both  M.  de  Maizroi  and  his  Tranflator  plead  llrongly  for  the  re* 

lloration  of  defcnfive  arms ;  not  a  load  of  armour,  but  only  fuch  as 

was  in  ufe  among  the  Romans  *  when,  by  the  fupcriority  of  their 

arms,  and  the  excellence  of  tJieir  difcipline,  they  fubdued  the  world/ 

SERMONS. 

I.  The  Nature  and  NcceJ/ity  cf  Faith  in  the  Lord,  and  Lo've  to  all  thi 
Saints — at  St.  Thomas's,  Jan.  i.  177',  for  the  Benefit  of  the  Cha- 
riiT-School  in  Gravel-Lane,  Southwark.  By  John  Williams,  LL,D* 
6  d.     Pearch. 

II.  Heaven  the  Reftdence  of  the  Saints^On  the  Death  of  Mr.  White* 
£eld,  at  the  ThurfdayLefture  at  Bofton,  in  America,  061.  u.  I770« 
By  Ebenezer  Pembercon,  D.  D.  Pallor  of  a  Church  in  Bofton.  To 
which  is  added  an  Elegiac  Poem  on  the  Death  of  Mr.  Whitefield» 
by  Phillis,  a  Negro  Girl  of  17.  6  d,  Bollon  printed ;  London  re- 
printed by  Dilly. 

IlL  The  exalted  State  cf  the  faithful  Minlfcrs  of  Chrift,  after 
Death-'On  the  Death  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  George  Whitefield,  Dec.  2d, 
at  the  Meeting  in  Black's  Fields,  Horllydown,  Southwark,  By  John 
Langfbrd,  Miniiter  of  the  Gofpel.    6  d.    Gurney, 

CORRESPONDENCE. 

A.  B.  has  been  milinrormcd.  U'e  are,  however,  obliged  to  him 
fcr  his  well-intended  Communication ;  and  arc  only  forry  that  it 
tan<be  of  no  ufe  to  us. 


THE 

MONTHLY    REVIEW^ 

For    FEBRUARY,    ijyi. 


Art.    I.    The   Revolutions    9f  Italy.     By  Carlo  DenFfta ;  con* 
tinaed  from  our  Appendix,  publiflicd  laft  Monih. 

WHEN  Theodorct  was  gone  with  the  remains  of  bis  un- 
fortunate army,  the  Goihs  were  fo  greatly  reduced  by  ^ 
variety  of  ruinous  accidents,  and  particularly  by  the  addrefs  of 
Belifarius  in  cutting  ofF  their  provifions,  that  there  was  Jittle 
probability  of  their  holding  out  much  longer  againtt  the  imperial 
troops.     As  foon  as  the  King  of  the  Franks  underftood  this,  iij 
conjundion  with  his  brothers,  he  fent  ambaffadors  to  Vitigius, 
ofiering  hun  immediate  fuccours,    provided  the  Goths  would 
agree  to  divide  Ita4y  with  him  and  his  family.     Belifarius  being 
apprized  of  this,  fent  immediately  to  the  King  of  the  Goths,  to. 
preclude  his  negotiation  with  the  Franks,  and  gave  him  and 
the  reft  of  the  Gothic  chiefs  to  underftand,  that,  whenever  they 
ibould  think  of  ceding  a  part  of  Italy,  iheir  bed  fecurity  would 
be  to  treat  with  the  Emperor.     Thcfe  propofals  prevailed  in  the 
Gothic  council,  and  it  was  determined  without  delay  to  feh4 
ambaHadors  to  Conftantinople  to  treat  for  peace.     In  the  meaa 
time,  Belifarius  continued  the  fiege  of  Ravenna,  whither  the 
'Goths  had  retired  with  a  force  infinitely  fuperior  in  numbers  tq 
Uxc  Greeks,  waiting  the  determinations  of  the  court  of  Coa^ 
ftantinople.     The  envoys  foon  returned  with  a  letter  from  th^ 
Emperor,  in  which  he  left  the  bufinefs  of  dividing  Italy  with 
the  Goths,  and  of  concluding  the  war,  to  his  officers  and  agents. 
Jifarius,  always  rendered  obnoxious  by  the  condudl  of  hi^ 
^c,  who  carried  with  a  high  hand  every  thing  relative  to  the 
',  found  moft  of  his  inferior  officers  inclined  to  meafures  Qjf 
:c  ;  and  being  called  upon  to  give  their  opinion  in  writing, 
y  declared  that  the  imperial  army  was  infufficicnt  to  make 
\A  againft  the  Goths.     Belifarius,  however,  by  his  refolution 
I  addrefs,   got  over  this,  and  having  found  means,  by  fccret 
'-aiccs,  to  burn  the  magazines  of  Ravenna,  the  Goths  became 
L.  XLIV.  H-  more 


^8  DenlnaV  Revolutims  if  Italy.  i 

more  inclined  to  furrender.  Then  it  was,  that  the  Go^iC 
women,  obferving  the  weak  and  wretched  condition  of  the 
Oreek  army,  moft  bitterly  reproached  their  hu(bands,  for  giv- 
ing themfelves  up  as  conquered.        / 

An  event  fo  important,  as  that  of  entering  the  capital  of 
Italy,  in  quality  of  conqueror,  and  taking  prifoner  the  King  of 
the  Goths  with  a  force  fo  unequal,  was  of  the  utmoft  fervice  to 
Belifarius,  as  well  in  conciliating  the  refped  of  the  ei^emy,  as 
in  quieting  the  fufpicions,  the  jealoufies,  and  hatred,  that  pre* 
vailed  among  his  own  people.     His  enemies  could  not  now, 
poilibly,  induce  the  Emperor  to  fufpedl  that  he  had  t)a^gaine4 
"with  the  Goths  and  fold  his  interefis  ;  as  it  was  evident  he  had 
3>ot,  upon  any  view,  flifpended  his  operations.   They  attempted, 
therefore,  to  make  Juftinian  believe  that  this  enterprizing  Ge* 
3ieral  was  conquering  only  for  himfelf,  and  that  he  meant  to 
ufurp  the  kingdom  of  Italy.     This  fufpicion  found  aneafief 
accefs  to  the  bread  of  the  Emperor,  as  he.  had  fears  of  the  fame 
kind  before  the  Italian  expedition  took  place :  andl  Belifarius 
3iad,  therefore,  been  obliged  at  his  departure,  to  take  an  oath, 
that  he  would  never,  during  the  life  of  Juftinian,  affiime  the 
title  either  of  Emperor,  or  King  of  Italy.     If  Procopius  is  to 
be  credited,  we  muft  believe  that  his  hero  faithfully  kept  his 
oath,  and,  though  ftrongly  folicited  to  aflume  the  Gothic  fcep- 
irc,  implicitly  obeyed  the  orders  that  recalled  him  to  the  Eaft. 
The  reafon  of  his  recal  was,  the  hcccflity  of  his  taking  upon 
liim  the  command  in  the  PerCan  war.     We  muft  not  here  omit 
to  obfcrve,  that  the  war,  which  the  King  of  Perfia  comtnenced 
againft  the  Emperor,  was  occafioned  by  the  political  manoeuvres 
cf  the  Goths,  who,  at  this  jun£^ure,  made  a  point  of  what  the 
Homans  ought  to  have  done  for  their  fecurity  two  centuries  be- 
fore,   had  they  been  fufRcicntJy   acquainted  with  Scyihia  or 
All  itic  Tartary.     The  Goths,  when'  beaten  and  difperfed  by 
the  imperial  arms,  recoUeded  that  the  Emperors  never  difturbed 
ftemfelvcs  either  about  Italy  or  the  barbarous  ftates,  except 
M^hcn  they  were  at  peace  with  Perfial     Excited  by  thefe  reflec- 
tions, to  efcape,  or  at  lead  to  alleviate  the  calamities  of  war, 
they  privately  fcnt  two  ecclefiaftics,  a  pricft  and  a  biOiop,  who 
were  probably  Arians,  with  letters  to  the  King  of  Perfia,  to 
Induce  him  ?o  break  with  the  Emperor.    Their  application  was 
not  unfuccefsful,  for  the  Romaiis  found  their  territories  invaded,, 
when  they  Icaft  expected  it. 

In  the  mean  time,  the  Greek  affairs  in  Italy  after  the.  depar- 
ture of  Belifarius,  grew  daily  wdrfe;  and  this  was  owing  to  the 
Ignorance  and  avarice  of  the  people  in  power,  who  foon  con- 
vinced thefe  Italians  who  had  been  defirous  of  reverting  to  the 
imperial  government,  that  they  had  only  changed  their  {lighter 
bands^  for  chains  and  fetters.    The  Goths,  by  the  ill  condud!^ 


Denina*i  Revolutims  of  Italy.  ^9 

t>f  their  adverfaries,  had  already  begun  to  regain  credit  and 
'  favour;  but  when)  after  the  imprifonment  of  Vitigius,  and  tht 
violent  death  of  Hidebald  (who,  upon  the  refufal  of  fielifarius, 
had  fucceeded  to  the  crown,  by  means  that  were  ill  requited) 
the  grc^t  Totila  was  advanced  to  the  government,  they  rofe 
with  greater  vigour,  and  aiTumed  a  higher  tone.  Procopius, 
the  hiftorian,  a  partixan  of  the  Greeks,  who  wrote  after  the 
death  of  Totila,  or  after  the  deftru^ion  of  tlie  Goths,  and 
could,  therefore,  have  no  motive  for  lavifhing  unjuft  enco- 
•  miums  on  that  Prince,  fpeaks  in  fuch  a  manner  of  his  a£iions« 
in  many  parts  of  his  hiflory,  that  the  annals  of  Greece  and 
Rome  will  hardly  be  found  to  have  recorded  a  greater  hero. 
Totila  knew  fo  well  how  to  unite  the  vigour  and  firnruKfs  of 
government,  with  the  milder  virtues  of  humanity  j  how  to 
temper  the  dexterous  and  decifive  adivity  of  the  Mlnifter  with 
the  conciliating  affeftion  of  the  Prince  of  his  people,  that  it  is 
impoffible  to  reftrain  one^s  indignation,  while  hiftorians  are  re- 
viling the  Gothic  race,  and  calling  Totila,  their  King,  a  bar- 
barian and  a  tyrant.  The  care  he  took,  amidft  the  vlciilitudes 
of  government  and  the  agitations  of  war,  to  encourage  the  huf- 
bandman  to  the  labours  of  cultivation  ;  the  regulations  he  eila- 
biiihed  fur  the  payment  of  public  taxes,  and  the  fecurity  of 
private  property  ;  the  letters  he  wrote  to  the  Romans  before  he 
laid  clofe  fiege  to  the  city, — all  thefe  Ihew  that  he  was  an  able 
fiatefman,  and  a  confummate  politician. 

TYiZt  cecommical  charity,  which  after  the  red u£lion  of  Naples, 
he  (hewed  to  the  poor  famifhed  inhabitants,  (for  the  mediocrity  of 
his  fupplies  obliged  him  to  be  an  occonomift  even  in  his  charity) 
and    that  modefty  which    appeared  in  his  own  conduvS^,  and 
which  he  enjoined  his  army  to  obferve  with  refpeft  to  the  con- 
quered city,  when  compared  wiih  the  cruelty  and  intolerable 
extortion  of  the  Greeks,  who   fuftained  a  long  ficgc  merely 
from  their  love  of  empire,    plainly  dcmonftrated  that  if  the 
fete  of  Italy  had  admitted  Totila  to  fucceed  Theodoric,  or 
Amalafunta,  the  Gothic  government  would  have  been  fo  effec- 
tually eftabliibed,  that  the  Italians  would  have  entertained  do 
thoughts  of  a  change.    But  fuch  were  the  unfearchable  decrees 
of  providence,  that  the  virtues  of  Totila  (^rved  only  to  enhance 
the  ruin  of  Italy,  while  his  power  and  reputatioo  obliged  the 
crial  party  once  more  to^fl'ert  in  blood  their  difputed  con- 
ft.     In  faft,  the  merit  of  Totila,  and  the  weaknefs  of  Juf- 
m's  officers,  put  the  Goths  on  fo  rcfpeSablea  fooling,  that 
court  of  Conftantinople  thought  proper  to  fend  Bclifarius 
e  more  into  Italy.     That  great  man,  however,,  after  his  rc- 
to  the  Perfian  war,  had  fallen  into  difgrace  with  the  court, 
was  languiftiing  in  a  (late  of  inglorious  inadlivity,  while 
'"      country  he  h^d  reunited  to  the  empire,  with  fo  much  honouf 


ICO  Denina'j  Revolut'tons  ef  Italy* 

to  himfelf,  was  falling  back  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  The 
fecyet  hiftpry  alVures  us  that  the  miftakes  he  fell  into,  in  the  fe- 
cond  Perfian  war,  in  not  making  the  mo(t  of  his  advantages, 
were  owing  chiefly  to  his  diilurbance  and  agitation  of  mind,  oc- 
cafioncd  by  the  unqxpeded  arrival  of  his  wife.  For  Antonina, 
on  other  occafions,  accyftomed  to  follow  her  huftand's  camp, 
on  this,  remained  at  Conftantinople,  probably,  for  the  purprhfe  of 
regaining  a  loft  lover:  afterwards,  upon  difcovering  thit  fome 
machinations  were  going  forward  againft  her,  concerted  by  her 
huiband  and  his  fon,  (he  flew  to  the  camp  at  a  junflure  wheiii 
Belifarius  found  himfelf  in  the  m oft  critical  fituation  of  the  war. 
It  is  certain  that  at  this  time  he  fell  from  that  high  reputation 
in  which  he  had  ftood  with  the  people,  and  that  either  on  ac- 
count of  the  Emperor's  fufpicions,  or  at  the  pleafure  of  the  Em- 
prefs  Theodora,  who  undertook  to  avenge  Antonina,  he  wa^ 
recalled  to  Conftantinoplf,  divefted  of  his  comoiand,  ^deprived 
of  the  principal  part  of  his  fortune,  and  condemned  to  a  life  of 
privacy  and  difgrace.  However,  by  the  returning  favour  of  the 
Emprcfs,  who  had  every  thing  in  her  power,  and  who  profcfled 
the  greateft  obligations  to  Antonina  for  her  fervices  in  avenging 
her  on  one  of  her  moft  detefted  enemies,  the  diftreffed  and  dif- 
honourcd  Belifarius  was  reftored  to^his  former  dignities,  at  ^ 
time  when  he  moft  dcfpaired  both  of  fortune  and  of  life.  It 
Jiappencd  in  this  manner.  He  went  one  morning,  as  ufual,  to 
fee  their  imperial  Majefties,  but  far  from  receiving  any  tefti- 
mony  of  their  favour,  he  was  affronted  by  fome  of  thq  loweft 
.  fervants  of  the  court,  and  this  he  confidered  as  a  certain  proof 
^  that  he  was  fallen  into  the  laft  and  moft  humiliating  difgrace. 
He  returned  to  his  houfe  in  the  evening,  in  fuch  terror,  that  he 
every  now  and  then  looked  back  to  fee  whether  the  Officers  of 
the  court  were  not  advancing  to  kill  him.  In  this  fiate  of  mind 
he  went  into  his  chamber,  and  throwing  himfelf  on  the  bed, 
pafled  the  night  with  fuch  demonftrations  of  fear  and  pufillanx- 
mity  as  were  every  way  unworthy  of  fo  great  a  warrior.  An- 
fonina,  on  this  occafion,  as  if  totally  ignorant  of  what  was  tq 
follow,  went  to  her  huft>and's  chamber,  and  told  him  that  ihe 
could  not  reft  that  night  on  account  of  fome  indigeftion ;  when, 
behold,  a  meilenger  from  the  palace  pailing  through  the  houfc 
without  ftopping,  went  to  the  dopr  of  Belifarius's  chamber,  and 
faid  he  came  from  the  Emprefs.  When  Belifarius  heard  ihis^ 
fl:ruck  with  a  frelh  paroxifm  of  terror,  he  fell  on  his  face  on  the 
bed,  as  if  at  the  point  of  death.  Quadratus,  fo  the  meflcnger 
wav  called,  then  prefented  him  with  a  letter  from  the  Emprefs 
to  the  following  effeft.  *  You  know,  friend,  what  you  have 
done,  bur  I,  who  have  particular  obligations  to  your  wife,  for-» 
give  you  what  is  p;ift,  and  grant  her  your  life.  On  her  inte-i- 
reft  depend  your  future  hopes  of  your  fafety  ^nd  your  fortune  z 


Titt)\ti2!$  Sjvolutiont  of  Italy.  '  joi 

find  remember,  I  neither  am  nor  (hal]  be  unacquainted  with  your 
condua  to  her/  On  receiving  this  news,  his  joy  was  no  lefs  ex- 
travagant than  his  fear  had  been  contemptible.  He  immediately 
proftrated  himfelf  before  Anconina,  embraced  her  knees»  and 
kiflcd  her  it&t.  He  fcemed  refolved  to  give  even  the  meffcnger  a 
proof  of  hi^  obedience  and  converfion,  for  he  caJled  Antonina  his 
protearefs,  and  defired  that  flic  would  confidcr  him  for  the  fu- 
turc  not  as  her  friend  but  as  her  ftrvant.  After  this,  part  of 
the  treafures  which  he  had  amaflcd  from  the  fpoils  of  Gilimcr 
and  Vitigius,  and  which  were,  probably,  through  the  avarice 
of  Juftinian  and  Thco<1ora,  the  principal  caufe  of  his  difgracc, 
was  reftorcd  to  him.  Being  once  more  advanced  to  the  rank 
of  General^  it  was  propoftd  that  he  fliould  return  to  the  Per- 
fian  war.  But  Antonina  protefting  in  high  terms  that  flic 
would  return  no  more  to  a  country  where  flie  had  been  fo  ill- 
treated,  Belifarius  was  declared  grand  Armour-  bearer  to  the 
Emperor,  (the  title  of  Patrician,  which  he  had  before,  beinf^ 
poffibly  given  to  anotherj  and  he  was  fent  once,  more  into  Italyl 
It  is  faid,  and  not  without  foundation,  that  the  Emperor,  in  his 
terms  of  reconciliation  with  Belifarius,  infifted  that  he  fliould 
carry  on  the  war  againft  the  Goths  at  his  own  expencc.  It  is 
certain  that  he  was  very  ill  provided  with  men  and  arms;  and 
this  has  been  generally  attributed  to  the  avarice  of  Juftinian,  to 
the  great  expencc  he  was  at  in  the  Perfian  war,  and  to  his  rage 
for  building,  and  fpending  his  money  \n  theatres,  mufxc,  and 
fuch  kind  of  entertainments.  The  writer  we  follow  makes  one 
refleaion  here  which  muft  not  be  paffed  over.  *  Fortune,  fays 
he,  fo  totally  abandoned  Belifarius  in  bis  fecond  expedition  into 
Italy,  that  though  by  his  better  knowledge  of  the  country,  he 
conduaed  all  his  meafures  with  greater  Ikill  than  he  had  done  m 
the  firft,  yet  every  thing  went  wrong ;  whereas,  before,  the 
'raflicft  fteps  be  took  were  fuccefsful.'  Now  fctiing  afide  the 
agency  of  a  fuperior  caufe,  which  the  vulgar,  and  the  writers 
of  antiquity  idly  call  fortune,  I  am  of  opinion  that  a  moral  and 
natural  reafon  may  be  affigned,  why  the  fecond  expedition  of 
Belifarius,  though  better  conduaed  than  the  firft,  was  lefs  fuc- 
cefeful.  The  difgrace  and  difcredit  he  had  fufFered  between 
the  two  expeditions,  naturally  rendered  him  timid  and  diftruft- 
ful.  Every  one  knows  that  the  warm  and  adventurous  will 
-am,  what  the  cold  and  dilatory  will  fcarcely  be  able  to  keep  j 
nd  from  the  numberlefs  teftimonies  of  this,  came  that  proverb  fo 
>mmon  in  every  country,  that  Fortune  favour i  tht  bold.  It  is 
Tie,  Belifarius  was  ill  fupportcd  in  this  campaign  from  the 
irft,  and  all  the  fuppliea  be  could  get  from  Conftantinoplc  were 
ardly  fufficient  to  guard  a  finglc  fortreft,  much  lefs  to  defend 
Italy  and  the  iflands  that  belonged  to  it.  Who  can  re-d  with- 
nit  aftonifljiacnt  of  contempt,  that,  to  befiegc  fo  many  ftrong 

H  J  piacts 


ica  Dehina'y  Revolutions  of  Italy. 

places  as  the  Goths  ftill  had  in  Italy,  and  to  defend  fo  tnanT* 
more  that  were  in  the  imperial  hand,  reinforcements  were  fcnt 
ibmetimes  of  three  hundred  men,  fometimes  of  eighty,  and 
that  a  thoufand  were  looked  upon  as  an  army.  Upon  the  whole, 
Belifarius,  partly  from  his  own  indolence,  and  partly  from  the 
wretchedneCs  of  bis  fupplies,  could  do  little  more  than  gafrom 
fiiore  to  fhore,  and  guard  the  coafts  of  the  Ionian  and  Sicilian 
feas.  Nevcrtlffelefs,  he  did  two  things,  which,  together,  per- 
haps, were  the  caufe,  why  the  power  of  the  Goths  was  not  ab- 
fblutely  re-eftabliihed  i^i  Italy. 

Though  Belifarius  did  not  arrive  time  enough  to  the  relief 
of  Rome,  he  contributed  more  than  any  other  perfon,  to  pre- 
vent Totila,  after  he  had  taken  the  city,  from  difmantling  and 
deftroying  it,  of  which  he  had  declared  hi^  intention  to  the 
Deacon  Pelagius,  when  he  went  to  treat  with  him  before  he 
took  k.  Belifarius,  by  means  of  letters  and  embarffies,  prevailed 
en  him  to  change  his  refolution.  After  reprefenting  to  him  the 
venerable  dignity  of  that  ancient  city,  the  ruin  of  which  would 
entail  eternal  infamy  on  its  deftroyer,  he  concluded  with  the 
following  argument :  ^  Should  the  event  of  this  war  leave  you 
vi(Slorious,  by  dcftroying  Rome,  you  facrifice  a  city  of  your 
•wn,  whereas  by  preferving  it,  the  importance  of  your  viAories 
wijl  be  heightened  by  the  value  of  your  acquiikions.  On  the 
'other  hand,  fhould' fortune  be  imfavourablie  to  you^  your  fpar- 
ing  Rome  will  promote  your  intereft  with  the  conqueror,  but 
your  demolifliing  it  would  leave  you  no  hopes  of  clemency,* 
Prevailed  upon  by  tbefe  arguments,  and  by  his  natural  humanity, 
Totila  left  Rome  her  walk  entire.  The  confequencc  of  the 
nvar,  however,  gave  hhn  reafon  to  repent  his  clemency,  and 
expofed  him  to  the  cenfure  of  the  Goths  and  their  allies  ;  for 
Belilarius  foon  after  fouiid  means  to  retake  the  city,  and  forti- 
fied it  in  the  ftrongeft  mannet.  After  the  Greeks  had  retaken 
Kome,  Totila  fent  ambaiTadors  to  the  King  of  the  Franks  on 
a  treaty  of  marriage  and  clofe  alliance.  Had  this  been  con- 
cluded, the  flighteft  fuccours  from  that  quarter  would  have  left 
the  King  of  the  Goths  nothing  to  fear  from  the  Romans.  But 
the  Franks  anfwered,  with  great  baughtinefs,  that,  the  man 
who  could  not  defend  the  capital  of  his  kingdom,  was  unwor* 
thy  of  their  alliance. 

in  the  mean  time,  Belifarius  left  Italy  %  and  though  the  \m^ 
pertal  party  was  very  weak,  yet  the  Goths  had  been  fo  thinned 
and  harafied  by  repeated  loiTes,  that  they  had  not  much  confi- 
dence in  their  fortunes.  Jiiftinian,  though  he  had  formed  re* 
peated  refolutions  to  put  the  finifbing  band  to  the  Italian  expe- 
dition, and  now  appointed  one  General,  now  another  to  that 
bufinefs,  yet  his  refolutions  were  loft  while  bis  mind  was  difli- 
pated  by  the  anxieties  of  the  Perfian  war  OA  one  hand,  and  the 
» mazes  of  polemical  divinity  on  the  other.    At  laft  a  chamber- 

laitt 


Denin»'/  Revolutions  of  Italy.  103 

laih  of  the  palace,  an  eunuch,  gave  the  world  a  frefh  teffimonjr 
that,  as  the  moft  glorious  alliens  of  Princes  are  frequently  ef- 
feded  through  their  favourites,  it  can  never  be  more  fortunate 
for  the  people,  than  when  the  Prince  is  attached  to  a  perfon  of 
magnanimity  and  noble  fentiments.  Narfeces,  who  entered 
with  other  eunuchs  into  the  fervice  of  the  court,  was  foon  ap- 
pointed firft  Gentleman  of  the  bed-chamber,  to  attend  the  per- 
ibn  of  the  Emperor.  In  the  variety  of  converfation  that  necef-< 
farily  occurred,  Narfetcs  gave  his  mafter  fo  many  fpecimens  of 
his  talents  for  war  and  government,  that  he  fent  him  into  Italy 
at  the  head  of  a  few  regimehts  of  Barbarian  troops.  His  con- 
dud  to  Belifarius,  who  was  Commander  in  chief  in  this  expe- 
dition, would  incline  one  to  believe  that  he  had  a  private 
commiffion  to  a^  as  he  pleafed,  and  to  counterad  the  meafures 
of  hisTuperior  officer ;  but  probably  the  confcioufnefs  of  his  inte- 
xtft  at  court  made  him  haughty  and  regardlefs  of  fubordination. 
Certain  it  is,  that  by  the  ohftacles  he  threw  in  the  way  of  Beli- 
&ritjs,  he  loft  po  favour  with  Juftinian. 

When  Belifarius  was  recalled  a  fecond  time  from  Italy,  and 
the  projeds  of  fending  the  Emperor's  nephew,  and  afterwards 
of  appointing  John,  the  fon  of  Vitellian,  to  the  expedition, 
wefe  wholly  difperfed  and  vanifhed,  the  Emperor,  either  of  his 
own  accord,  or  through  the  ufual  means  of  court  manceuvres, 
after' the  death  of  Theodora,  began  to  think  of  fending  Naifetes 
Commander  in  chief  into  Italy.  He  was  already  acquainted 
with  the  affairs  of  that  kingdom,  having  'made  a  campaign 
there,  and  he  moreover  continued  to  give  proofs  of  a  fqperior 
genius,  Narfetes,  however,  either  from  his  native  great nefs  of 
foul,  or  from  the  confidence  he  repofcd  in  the  afFedion  of  his 
mafter,  protefted  ftrongly  ?gainft  embarking  in  this  expedition, 
unlefs  he  were  fufficiently  fupplied  with  troops,  money,  and 
every  thing  elfe  ncceflary  to  bring  it  to  an  honourable  ifTue. 
Juftinian  acquiefced  in  every  thing  he  defired,  and  Narfetes, 
having  felefted  the  flower  of  the  imperial  troops,  and. amply 
fupplied  bimfelf  with  provifions,  fet  off,  attended  by  a  train  of 
volunteers,  who  wanted  either  to  pay  their  court  to  the  favour- 
ite, or  to  Team,  under  his  aufpices,  the  art  of  war. 

From  the  account  whith  the  contemporary  hiftorians,  Pro- 
tf^r^ius  and  Agathias,  have  left  us  of  this  exp'edition,  we  may 
include  that  no  war  in  Italy  was  ever  condudled  with  fo  much 
gularity,  and  that  no  General  was  ever  more  eftecmed,  re- 
red  and  obeyed  5  an  indubitable  proof  either  of  his  peculiar 
>i|{ties  in  gaining  the  affe£)ion  of  the  fubalterns,  or  of  the 
gh  credit  he  had  at  court,  in  confequence  of  which,  none 
Duld  venture  to  oppofe,  but  all  fupported  his  meafures.     1^ 
iy  Italian   wit  thought  of  applying  to  Narfetes  Claudian's 
cp  fatire  on  Eulropius,  he  was  foon  obliged  to  change  his 
H  4  ftylc, 


ix}4  •Denina^i  Sjvoluthm  of  ttah^, 

fiylei  and  to  pay  the  wifdom,  the  dexterity  and- virtue  of  the 
eunuch  the  bigheft  encomiums.  Even  the  enemy,  who  at  firft 
made  a  jed  of  a  caftrated  warrior,  as  of  fome  unheard  of  mon- 
fter,  very  foon  had  occaflon  to  blufli  at  their  fcorn.  For  To- 
tila  being  defeated,  and,  afterwards,  Tela,  who  fucceeded  him, 
the  only  General  they  had  left  was  Aligern,  who  had  retired 
with  the  principal  part  oT  their  treafures  and  forces  into  the 
llrong  city  of  Cuma. 

But  as  fo  much  was  done  towards  refcuing  Italy  from  the 
dominion  of  a  barbarous  nation,  that  when  the  Goths  were  re- 
duced to  the  laft  extremity,  hardly  any  thing  was  left  undone; 
it  will  be  neceflary  to  go  a  little  higher  in  this  account,  to  ea- 
quire  into  the  i) ate  of  the  Franks  at  this  time,  and  their  fecond 
attempt  to  make  themfelves  matters  of  Italy.  Muratori,  whooi 
we  do  not  quote  on  this  occafion,  but  only  mention  as  the 
great  luminary  of  the  Italian  hiftory,  has  touched  but  flightly 
on  the  origixi  of  this  war,  and,  confining  himfelf  to  the  order 
of  time,  lias  left  us  but  a  fcattered  and  unconnected  account 
of  the  great  progrefs  and  fiill  greater  defigns  of  thofelCings  of 
the  Franks,  who  flouriihed  in  the  time  of  Jufiinian. 

Theodebert,  the  fon  of  that  Theodoric  who  was  the  firff 
bcrn  though  illegitimate  fon  of  Clodoveus,  at  the  fame  time 
that  he  fhared,  with  the  other  three  fons  of  that  famous  King, 
the  dotninion  of  the  Franks,  which  was  founded  on  the  ruins 
ot  Gaul,  not  only  fucceeded  to  that  portion  of  the  kingdom 
pofTeflcd  by  his  father  againft  the  attempts  of  his  uncles,  Clo- 
tharius  and  Childeberr,  but  was,  on  account  of  his  valour  and 
reputation,  the  mod  diftinguifhed  Potentate  of'that  nation.  Be- 
fide  the  parts  that  bordered  on  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy, 
which  their  united  arms  had  entirely  deftro^ed,  he  had  made 
confiderable  conquefls  in  Germany.  The  Emperor  Juftinian, 
and  the  Kings  of  the  Goths  were  competitors .  for  his  friend- 
fhip ;  and  he  flattered  each  by  turns,  while  his  aim  was  to  rife 
on  the  ruin  of  both.  We  have  already  obferved  that  he  once 
fent  a  reinforcement  of  tcn.thoufand  men  to  the  Goths  after 
they  had  fufFered  an  overthrow,  giving  out,  in  order  to  deceive  \ 
the  court  of  Conftantinople,  that  thefe  were  Burgundian  vo- 
lunteers and  adventurers  :  we  have  mentioned  likewife  that  he 
once  put  himfelf  at  the  head  of  a  very  numerous  army,  of 
which,  through  the  malignant  influence  of  the  climate,  and, 
for  want  of  proper  provifions,  he  loft  the  greateft  part.  Far, 
however,  from  being  rcprefTed  by  this  misfortune,  his  ambition 
was  ftill  more  excited  to  give  new  privileges  and  acquifitions 
CO  his  dominion ;  and  he  was  the  firft  of  all  the  powers  that 
Tofe  upon  the  ruins  of  Rome,  who,  either  through  the  concef- 
iion  or  connivance  of  the  Emperor,  coined  gold  in  his  own 
name.  From  the  fame  Emperor,  moreover,  he  obtained  an  ex* 
6  prefs 


DeniaaV  J^Jv^htiMS  of  Italy.  105 

prefa  grant,  or  rather  inveftiture,  of  tbofe  provinces^  which  he 
and  bis  anceftors  had  taken  from  the  empire* 

Not  fatisfied,  however,  with  thefe  terms,  becaufe  Juftinian, 
in  bis  titles,  announced  himfelf  Emperor  of  the  Franks,  Ger- 
mans and  Longobards,  he  bccafioned  a  violent  infurre^ion 
among  the  barbarians  who  were  fettled  in  Illyricum,  and 
went  near  to  carry  on  war  againft  the  Emperor  under  the  walls 
of  Conftaminople.  In  the  iirft  ardours  of  this  audacious  at- 
tempt Theodebert  finiihecl  bis  life,  and  was  fuccecded  by  his 
foD  Theodebald,  a  youth  of  flxteen,  of.  a  ilender  conftitution^ 
and  DO  extraordinary  parts.  Indeed,  the  prudence  .of  his  father, 
in  placing  the  ableft  minifters  and  officers  about  him,  had  in 
fome  meafure  left  a  remedy  for  the  weaknefs  and  inexperience 
of  the  young  King. 

To  this  Theodebald,  as  his  dominions  lay  nearer  to  Italy 
than  thofe  of  the  other  Potentates,  the  Goths  had  recourfe  for 
a£ftance  ;  when  after  the  death  of  Totila  and  Tela,  their 
affairs  were  become  defperate.  The  embafly,  however,  was 
not  made  in  the  name,  or  by  the  decree  of  the  whole  nation, 
but  only  of  thofe  who  lived  beyond  the  Alps  and  the  Po.  The 
reft,  who  were  at  a  greater  diftance  from  the  Alps,  either  chofc 
to  wait  till  they  faw  what  turn  the  Greek  affairs  would  take, 
and  what  the  event  of  the  fiege  of  Cuma  might  be ;  or^  in 
i^Bi^  were  afraid  that  by  calling  in  the  Franks,  they  fhould  la/ 
tbemfelves  open  to  a  new  enemy. 

However,  when  the  Gothic  AmbaOadors  had  an  audience  pf 
Theodebald,  they  endeavoured  to  perfuade  the  King  and  his 
council,  that  if  the  Goths  (hould  be  totally  routed  and  de-* 
ftroyed,  the  Franks  would  by  no  means  be  fecure  from  the 
pretenfiooa  of  the  Emperor ;  that  theirs  was  the  common  caufe, 
ajid  that,  therefore,  the  Franks  ought,  for  their  own  fakes,  to 
march  to  the  afiiftance  of  the  Goths.     To  this  they  received 
for  anfwer,  in  the  name  of  Theodebald,  that  the  youth,  and 
ill  health  of  the  King,  and  the  ftate  of  the  nation,  rendered  it 
ioEipreper  for  them  at  that  time  to  take  part  in  the  dangers  of 
Qthers.     But  Lutharius  and  Bucellinus,    two  brothers,  who 
were  Germans  by  birth,  and  the  principal  Generals  of  Theo- 
debald's  army,  when  the  Ambafiadors  took  their  leave,  encou- 
raged them  to  keep  up  their  fpirits,  afTuring  them  that,  not<- 
hfianding  the  different  fentiments  of  the  King,  they  would, 
their  own  proper  authority,  conie  with  a  powerful  army  to 
e  relief  of  the  Goths.    A  celebrated  writer,  in  his  hiflory  of 
B  Franks,  makes  a  refledlion  here  which  feems  to  be  very 
:11  grounded,  namely  that  this  difference  in  the  anlwer  of 
^  King  and  bis  Generals  was  nothing  more  than  a  concerted 
fice;   andy  indeed,   it  ferves  to  confirm   what   Procopius 
rites,  that  whatever  appearances  the  Franks  might  affea  in 

this 


io6  Denina*^  Revolutions  of  Itdfy. 

this  war  5  tliey  never  intended  to  ferve  either  the  Goths  01? 
the  Greeks,  and  that  their  folc  objeft  was  to  let  them  fight 
till  one  party  was  totally  deftroyed,  afterwards  to  fall  upon  the 
weakened  and  harafled  conqueror,  and  make  themfelves  mailers 
of  Italy. 

It  is  certain  that,  without  proceeding  to  defertibn,  and  opeh 
rebellion,  of  which  we  find  no  traces  in  this  part  of  hiftory^ ' 
'  Lutharius  and  Bucellinus  could  not  have  carried  into  Italy  aa  ' 
army  fo  numerous,  as  they  did,  immediately  after  the  depar- 
ture of  the  Gothic  ambaflfadors,  had  it  not  been  with  the  con- 
fent  of  their  King.    Into  Italy,  however,  they  did  march  ac 
the  head  of  feventy  thoufand  men.     On  the  part  of  the  Goths, 
diey  found  no  difficulty  in.pofleffing  themfelves  of  as  many 
fortrefies  as  they  thought  convenient,  in  the  Venetian  territo- 
ries, and  in  Liguria,  from  the  Alps  to  the  Tufcan  fca.     So 
that  Ital^  was  now  in  the  hands  of  three  powers,  the  Goths, ' 
the  Imperialifts,  and  the  Franks,  who  occupied  forts  and  ex- 
crcifed  dominion  in  diflFcrent  provinces.     The  Goths,  indeed, 
after  the  defeat  of  Teia,  were  no  longer  in  a  condition  of  go-' 
verning  by  their  own  weight  \  and,  had  it  not  been  for  the 
ftfong  poft  of  Cuma,  whither  they  had  retired  with  the  heft 
part  of  their  remains,  the  Jittle  that  was  left  would  foon  have 
been  deftroyed.     Such  of  them  as  had  not  retired  to  Cuma,  dif- 
perfed  in  various  parts  of  Italy,  by  no  means  adhered  to  the 
common  caufe.     Some  joined   the  Romans  and  others  the 
Franks.     And  though  the  latter  had  not,  perhaps,  a  greater 
number  ef  forts  than  were  occupied  by  the  imperial  troaps,  yet 
as  they  exceeded  them  in  numbers  of  men,  they  over-ran  the' 
country  with  greater  vigour  and  boldnefs.    * 

In  the  mean  while,  the  event  of  the  war  feemed  to  depend' 
on  the  fate  of  the  two  cities  of  Cuma  and  Lucca,  the  one  oc- 
cupied by  the  Goths,  the  other  by  the  Franks,  and  both  con-* 
ftantly  befieged  by  Narfetes.  That  General,  by  the  fiege  and 
radudion  of  Lucca,  obtained  the  bigheft  reputation,  as  much 
for  his  clemency  and  humanity,  as  for  his  (kill  and  valour*' 
This  was  the  firft  ftep  to  his  fuperiority  over  the  Franks,  and  ter* 
the  entire  recovery  of  Italy.  It  was  now  no  longer  doiibtfoF 
that  the  Franks,  in  attempting  to  drive  the  Romans  out  of 
Italy,  had  in  view  the  fubjedion  not  onty  of  the  ancient  Ita-* 
lians,  but  of  the  Goths  themfelves,'  in  whofe  favour  they  pre- 
tended to  come.  Aligern,  therefore,  who  all  this  while  main- 
tained the  fort  of  Cuma,  began  to  think  of  refcuing  himfelf 
and  his  people  from  the  diftreflcs  of  a  long  fiege,  and  from 
future  danger,  by  furrendering  the  royal  enfigns  and  every  thing 
cJfe  to  Narfetes,  and  becoming  a  fuli^ed;  of  the  Roman  empire^ 
He,  therefore,  reprefented  to  the  otHier  chiefs  ef  his  paFty-,' 
that  if  the  kingdom  of  the  Oftrpgoths  were  dcftined  to  fall,  itr 

WJE>uM 


1 


- 


DeninaV  Rtvolutiom  of  Italy*  lO^ 

VDuU  be  more  to  their  honour  that  Italy  (hould  return  to  it9 
former  pofieflbrs,  than  that  it  ihould  fall  into  the  hands  of  anf 
tther  power.  The  Gothic  chiefs  being  acquainted  with,  and 
ooacurring  in  his  defign,  he  gave  the  befiegers  to  underftand 
that  he  defired  a  conference  with  Narfetes ;  and  for  the  fame 
porpofe  he  went  to  the  neighbouring  fortrefs  of  Ravenna,  where 
tbe  Greek  General  was.  Immediately  on  their  interview,  Alt* 
gern  prefented  him  with  tbe  keys  of  Cuma,  and  declared  hi» 
readincfe  to  acq^iiefce  in  whatever  he  fbould  propofe.  A  Roman 
garibn  was  forthwith  placed  in  Cuma,  and  the  royal  fpoils, 
with  al)  the  treafures  that  the  Goths  had  brought  to  that  for* 
trefs,  were  given  up'  to  Narfetes ;  who,  on  the  other  hand, 
promifed  and  obferved  the  moft  favourable  treatment  of  Aligern 
and  the  Goths  who  fubmitted  themfelves  to  the  empire.  Not 
lonm  after  this,  the  Franks,  in  confidence  of  railing  the  iiege 
ef  Cuma,  and,  under  pretence  of  affifting  the  Goths,  of  fiez* 
kg  that  mafterfort,  were  advancing  towards  the  fcene  of 
a£on.  But  they  were  foon  informed  of  the  capitulation,  and 
dsey  loaded  Aligero  with  the  moft  unmerciful  reproaches, 
calling  him  a  traitor  to  his  country. 

Narfetes  thought  proper  that  Aligern  fhould  go  into  Cuma 
and  publiA  the  agreement  made  with  the  Romans  ;  and  that* 
fer  thb  purpofe,  he  Ihould  ihew  himfelf  from  an  eminence, 
that  thofe  who  pafTed  beneath  might  fee  him,  and  the  enemy 
give  np  all  thoughts  of  creating  a  new  King,  when  they  found 
the  honours  of  that  appointment  ceded  to  the  Romans.     The 
Franks,  notwithftanding,  ftill  retained  their  refolution  of  car- 
rying on  war  againft  the  Romans ;  till  partly  being  fubdued  iit 
battle,  though  greatly  fuperior  in  numbers,  and  partly  cut  oflf 
by  difeafes,  (by  way  of  punifhment,  Agathias  tells  us,  for  their 
fecrilege  and  impiety)  they  were  compelled  to  leave  the  Ro- 
mans, fo  far  at  leaft  as  they  were  concerned,,  the  entire  and 
UDtnterrupted  dominion  of  Italy.     Only  one  party  remained, 
confuting  of  about  (even  thoufand  Goths^  who  had  formerly 
joined  the  Franks,  but  being  deferted  by  them,  and  finding 
themfHves  abandoned  to  the  mercy  of  the  conqueror,  in  diflruft 
of  that  mercy  had  thrown  themfelves  into  Con  fa,  under  the 
command  of  Ragnax,  a  Hunn.     This  bold  man,   though  of 
the  vileil  extradion,  was  not  without  ambition  ;  and  had  not 
perfidious  machinations  failed,  he  might  have  occaiioned 
r  revolutioi^  in  the  affairs  of  Italy.     1  his  Barbarian,  con- 
»us  how  difficult  it  would  be,  to  oppofe  by  open  force  tbe 
»wing  power  and  reputation  of  Narfetes,  was  willing  to  try 
aether  be  could  not  obtain  fome  honourable  terms  by  furren- 
-,'  or  at  Icaft  avail  himfelf  by  treachery^    He  therefore  defircd 
interview  with  Narfetes,  and  obtained  it.     The  place  ap« 
mted  was  in  the  .open  field ;  where  Narfetes,  afterafhort- 

COIK 


toR  The  Life  6f  Lord  Vif count  BoKnghroke. 

tK>nferen€ei  finding  the  high  and  IhaughtyVterms,  in  whicir  tbtf 
Huon  talked  of  a  furrender,  difmifled  him ;  and»  in  all  proba- 
bility»  the  barbarian,  by  no  means  folicitous  to  come  to  terms, 
might  have  refufed  many  propofals.  Ragnar,  on  leaving  Nar- 
fetes,  fet  his  face  towards  Confa,  but  fuddenly  turning  bacit,  as 
the  Scythians  and  the  Parthians  ufed  to  do  in  battle,  aimed  a 
dart  at  Narfetes,  which  however  mifcarried.  The  guards  of 
Narfetes,  on  feeing  the  treachery  of  Ragnar,  and  the  danger  of 
t^eif  General,  immediately  came  up,  and  put  the  traitor  to 
death.  When  Ragnar  was  thus  cut  off,  whofe  audacious  fpi- 
lit  alone  bad  fupported  the  remains  of  their  party,  the  Goths 
immediately  ij^urrendered,  and  Narfetes,  without  difficulty 
granted  them  their  lives.  However,  to  defiroy  the  feedtf  of 
future  commotions,  he  determined  that  thefe  (even  thoufand 
Goths  Oiould  go  to  Conffantinople,  for  he  could  by  no  means 
afliire  himfelf  that  fuch  a  body  of  warlike  men,  might  not  in  a 
Country  their  own  nation  had  governed,  be  once  more  excited 
to  infurredion  and  rebellion.  Thus  ended  the  famous  king- 
dom of  the  Goths,  which  after  flourifliing  for  many  years,  and 
experiencing  a  variety  of  fortune  as  many  more,  was  at  length 
totally  deftroyed  by  the  valour  of  Narfetes.  . 

Thefe  extra^  will  give  our  Readers  ao  idea  of  the  utility  of 
this  hiftory,  its  clear  arrangement  of  fa£b,  the  elegance  of  the 
compofition,  and  the  judgment  and  liberality  of  the  Author's 
obfervations. 

The  fecond  volume  concludes  with  the  fixteenth  book,  and 
brings  down  the  hiftory  as  low  as  the  15th  century.  The  bu- 
finefs  fmce  that  period,  which  is  very  confiderable,  remains  for 
a  third  volume ;  of  which  we  (hall  give  our  Readers  an  ac* 
count,  as  foon  as  we  receive  it  from  Turin. 

Art.  II.  The  Life  ef  Henry  St.  John^  Lord  Vifcount  Bolingbroke^. 
8vo»     is.6d.    Davies.     1770.  r 

THE  life  of  Lord  Bolingbroke  is  fo  well  and  fo  univerfally 
known,  that  it  would  be  fuperfluous  to  give  our  Readers 
any  account  of  it,  unlefs  fomething  extraordinary  on  the  fub- 
jc*£t  had  been  ftruck  out  in  the  prefent  work.  As  that  is  not 
the  cafe,  we  fball  take  this  opportunity  of  indulging  a  dehre 
we  have  long  had  at  heart,  of  expofing  that  falfe,  futile  and 
flovenly  ftylc,  which,  to  the  utter  negle£l  of  grammatical  pre- 
C]{ion  and  purity,  difgraces  fo  many  of  our  modern  compoii- 
lions.  The  interefts  of  literature,  and  of  our  language  in 
particular,  call  us  to  this  duty,  and  no  Author  ever  gave  a 
fairer  opportunity  of  difcharging  it,  than  the  Author  of  this 
life  of  Bolingbroke  aflbrds  us. 

""  ■■■III  III.  ■  ■■» I    ■■■  I.       ■ ,    »i,       ,.i  ■     I.      .    iiM.,1    II— ^— 

*  Prefixed  to  a  new  edition  of  that  mafterly  work  of  his  Lordihip's, 
the  DiJJertation  on  Parties. 

In- 


flfs  Life  rf  L^rd  Vtfcouni  BoHnghroh.  lo^ 

Inftances  of  falfe  language,  and  othi^r  faults  in  this  traA. 

1.  The  abufc'of  metonymy  by  extending  it  too  far,  and  giving 
St  a  more  than  poetical  licence  in  profe,  is  entirely  deftruSive 
of  purity  and  precifion.  ^  There  are  fome  charaders  that 
feem  formed  by  nature  to  take  delight  in  ftruggling  with  oppo* 
fition,  and  whofe  moft  agreeable  hours  are  paii'ed  in  ftorms  of 
their  own  creating.*  Here  we  find  the  agrteabU  hours  of  cha^ 
raHcrs^  an  J  characters  creating  Jiorms. 

2.  Another  inftance  of  the  fame  fault.'  <  The  fubjed  of  the 
prefent  Iketch  was  not  lefs  employed  in  improving  his  Superior 
talents,  than  in  finding  objefls  on  which  to  exercife  their  ac- 
tivity.*    Here  we  have  a  fuhji^  employed  in  finding  obje^s,    ' 

3.  A  falfe  obfervation.  *  Thofe,  whom  his  politics  may 
pleafe,  will  be  lure  to  condemn  him  for  bis  religion.'  Is  any 
particular  fyftem  of  religion,  ncccflarily  connedted  with  any 
particular  fydem  of  politics  ?  may  there  not  be  many  who  ap* 
prove  of  Bolingbroke's  principles  in  both  ? 

4*  *  Bolingbroke's  family  is  found  to  trace  its  original  as 
bigh  as  Adam  dePort,  Baron  of  Bafing,  before  the  conqucfl.' 
We  can  recoiled  nothing  of  Barons  in  England  before  the 
conqueft  *. 

-  5.  *  Bolingbroke  imbibed  the  firft  principles  of  hjs  education 
amongft  the  diffenters ; — and  perhaps  the  abfurdity  of  the  firft 
Jedures  he  received,  might  have  given  him  that  <;ontempt  for 
all  religions,  which  he  might  have  juftly  conceived  againft  one.* 
Now,  what  are  we  to  underftand  by  all  religions?  — All  the 
religions  in  the  world*  Well,  and  what  religion  was  that  of 
the  diflenters,  again/}  which,  this  writer  fays,  Bolingbroke 
might  have  juftly  conceived  a  contempt  ?  Was  it  Judaiim,  or 
Paganifm,  or  the  religion  of  Mahomet  ?  No — What  then  ?-^ 
the  relipbn  of  Jefus  Chrift — For,  to  the  beft  of  our  knowledge, 
the  Diflenters  never  profefled  any  other  religion. 

6.  *  Sharp-Cghtcd  at  difcovering  the  abfurdities  of  others, 
^$wever  he  might  have  been  guilty  of  eftablilhing  many  of  hi^ 
own.*     Inftead  of  however  guilty  he  might  have  been. 

7.  *  His  fubtilty  in  thinking  and  reafoning  were  profound* 
What  mortal  ever  heard  of  profound  fubtilty  ?  What  writer 
but  this  heedlefs  Biographer  couki  poffibly  have  (old  us  that 
fubtilty  were  PROFouNp  ?  Subtilisy  acer^  profundus — The  idea^ 

totally  diftind. 

*  The  title  Baron  was  totally  unknown  to  the  Saxons.  Their 
m  for  that  dignity  was  Thane.  The  words  Thane  and  Thane^ 
n/were  fucceeded,  at  the  conqneft,  by  Baron  znd  Barony.  See  a 
Isable  performance  entitled  An  hijiorical  dijftrtation  concerning  tbo 
^tfoiiy  tf  tkt  Bnglijb  conjiitutioa^ 

*  ?•  •  Thi4^ 


1 10  The  Ltfi  of  Lord  Fifcount  Bolingbrohl 

8.  ^  This  period  [of  Bolingbroke'a  raki/h  youth]  might  hare 
been  compared  to  that  of  fermentation  in  liquors,  which  groiir 
snuddy  before  they  brighten;  but  it  muft  alfo  be  confeft,  that 
tbofe  liquors  which  never  ferment,  are  feldom  clear/  Upon 
thefe  principles  it  would  be  a  confiderable  advantage  to  a  man 
to  be  a  rake  in  his  youth.  But  neither  is  the  fecond  member 
of  the  fimile,  nor  the  application,  iuft.  It  is  not  true  that  fer- 
mented liquors  only  are  clear.  What  does  the  Author  think 
of  fuch  liquors  as  are  difiilled,  and  undergo  no  fermentation? 
And  was  Bolingbroke,  after  all,  really  clear?  That  cloar- 
nefs  was,  perhaps,  one  of  the  laft  qualities  he  was  capable  of 
attaining. 

9.  *  There  arc  two  or  three  things  more  of  his  compo/itioo, 
which  have  appeared  fince  his  death,  biit  which  neither  do  ho- 
nour to  his  parts  or  memory.*  By  compcjhion  we  fuppofe  the 
Author  means  poetical  compofition.  It  is  plain,  in  that  cafe, 
that  either  he  has  not  feen  his  Mmabide  f ,  or  has  wanted  taftc 
to  diftinguifli  its  beauties. 

10.  ^  Bolingbroke  and  his.  wife  parted  by  mutual  coufenf^ 
loth  cquaHy  difpleafed.*    Jrrah  ! 

11.  •The  Englifli  annals  scarce  produce  a  more  trying 
junSure,  or  that  required  fuch  various  abilities, to  regulate!  In 
this  fhort  fentence,  Priician's  head  has  received  no  fewer  than 
four  blows. 

12-  *  He  was  created  Baron  St.  John  and  Vifcount  Boling- 
l)roke ;  by  the  laft  of  which  titles  he  is  now  generally  known, 
and  likely  to  be  talked  of  to  pofterity.*  ^  Futile,  and  imperti** 
nent  \  Is  not  every  Peer  known  and  talked  of  by  the  fuperior 
title? 

13.  Such  men  *  were  unfit  to  take  the  lead  on  any  occafion, 
li  their  abilities  or  induftry  ever  fo  great.'  Groily  ungramma- 
ticat  \ 

14.  •  A  regency  had  been  fome  time  before  appointed  to 
'govern  the  kingdom.'  A  government  appointed  to  govern  ! 

15.  As  an  inftance,  among  many  others,  of  that  flovenlincfi 
we  have  already  mentioned,  we  refer  the  Reader  to  p.  80, 
where  he  will  find  the  word  that^  ufcd  no  fewer  than  five  time^ 
in  feven  lines. 

16.  *  Such  were  the  article?  [the  Pretender's  impeachment 
of  BoUngbi-oke  as  his  fecretary]  by  a  very  extraordinary  reverf$ 
of  fortune,  preferred  againft  Lord  Bolingbroke,  in  lefs  than  ,a 
year  after  fmilar  articles  were  drawn  up  againft  him  by  the 
oppofite  party  at  home.'  A  fimilaritj  of  evpnts,  a  reverfe  of 
fortune  ? 

+  See  London  ChronkUy  vol.  iv.  'p.  629  ;  from  whence,  if  we  are 
not  miftaken,  this  adiAirable  ode  v^s  copitd  into  the  periodical  col- 
ledioni  aiiout  ^at  time — 1758^ 

17.  *  Wait 


I 


LanghoraeV  Tranjlatkn  ofPlutarcVs  Lives.  m 

17.  5  Wait  for  the  csdm  that  was  to  fucceed  in  tranquillity/ 
L  e*  Watt  in  calmneis  for  calmnefs. 

18.  •  -His  deareft  connexions  were  either  dead^  or  declared 
Acmlelvet  fafpicious.'    Another  vile  abufe  of  metonymy. 

But  we  are  tired  of  animadverfions  which,  though  fome* 
times  neccffary,  are  never  agreeable  to  us;  and  have  only 
further  to  add,  that  this  life  of  Bolingbroke  feems  to  have 
been  patched  up,  by  the  mere  aid  of  amplification,  from  that 
account  given  in  the  Biographia  Britannica  :  but  we  muft 
obferve,  that  the  charadler  of  his  Lord(hip,  with  which  the 
pmphlet  concludes,  appears  to  us  to  be  written  by  a  diifFerent 
hand  s  it  being  as  much  fuperior  to  the  reft  of  the  compofition, 
as  the  ftyle  and  manner  of  Johnfon  are  to  thofe  of  his  equally 
pompous  but  feeble  imitators. 

Art,  III.  PlutarcVs  Lives.  Tranflat^  from  the  original  Gred;^ 
with  Notes  critical  and  hiftorical,  and  a  new  life  of  Plutarch^ 
by  John  Langhorne,  D.D.  and  William  Langhorne,  M.  A« 
Concluded.    See  our  lalL 

T^£  admiration  of  a  favourite  Author  frequently  induces 
a  Tranflator  to  adopt  the  forms  of  conftrudion  which 
are  peculiar  to  him.  Attached,  jikewife,  to  a  language,  in  the 
acquifition  of  which  he  has  pafled  mai^y  years,  he  has,  perhaps. 
bad  little  leifure  to  ftudy  the  genius  and  ftrufture  of  his  own^ 
or  has  contraAed  ^  contempt  of  it.  The  tranflations,  accord- 
ingly, of  the  works  of  antiquity,  while  they  arc  generally  ex-  ' 
ccuted  without  taQe  or  fpirit,  are  frequently  unintelligible  to 
the  unlearned  reader.  Even  to  thofe  who  are  acquainted  with 
ancient  literature,  they  cs^rry,  fometimes,  an  obfcurity  ;  and  in 
c^der  to  underftand  them,  it  is  neceflary,  on  m^ny  occaiions,  to 
have  recourfe  to  the  original  authors. 

The  cenfure  which  has  been  thrown  on  the  Greek  of  Plu- 
tarch,  would  have  preferved  his  tranflator,  it  may  be  thought, 
from  cropying  too  clofely  his  peculiarities;  but  very  learned 
inen  want  frequently  the  tafte  which  is  neceflary  to  judge  of 
the' beauties  and  defers  of  compofition;  and  to  give  an  equality 
to  the  ftyle  of  this  Author,  which  is  elevated  or  mean,  accord- 
ing to  the  works  from  which  he  has  traufcribed,  will  be  allowed 
to  be  n6  eafy  undertaking.     Hence,  till  the  publication  before 
S  we  could  not  boaft  of  ^  verfibn  of  his  lives,  that  deferved 
be  encouraged/ from  the  (kill  or  the  merit  which  it  difco- 
red.     Better  informed,  and  with  more  liberal  views  than  arc 
jally  to  be  found  in  the  interpreters  of  the  ancients,  our 
ranflators  engaged  in  a  taft  for  which  they  were  fully  quali- 
d.     They  poffeflcd  the  tafte,  the  penetration,  and  the  ability 
Itch  were  requifiie  to  unfold  to  them  the  difliculties  they  had 
encounter,  and  to  overcome  them*    They  have  divided  the 

involved 


1 1  a  Langhorne'i  TranJUtton  tfPlutarcFs  Liveu 

involved  and  embarralTed  periods  of  their  Creek  original  ;  and, 
while  they  have  expreflTed  the  conceptions  of  their  Author 
with  fidehty,  they  have  been  attentive  to  render  him  with 
elegance. 

«  Senfible,  fay  they,  that  the  great  art  of  a  tranflator  is  tp 
prevent  the  peculiarities  of  his  Author's  language  from  fteaTing 
into  his  own,  they  have  been  particularly  attentive  to  this  pointy 
and  have  generally  endeavoured  to  keep  their  Englifli  unmixed 
with  Greek.  At  the  fame  time  it  mud  be  obferved,  that  there 
13  frequently  a  great  fimilarity  in  the  ftru£lure  of  the  two  Ian- 
luages ;  yet  that  refemblance,  in  fome  inftances^  makes  it  the 
more  neceifary  to  guard  againft  it  on  the  whole.  This  care  is 
of  -the  greater  confeqoence,  becaufe  Plutarch's  lives  generally 
pafs  through  the  hands  of  young  people,  who  ought  to  read 
their  own  language  in  its  native  purity,  unmixed  and  untainted 
with  the  idioms  of  dtfterent  tongues.  For  their  fakes  tod,  ae 
well  as  for  the  fake  of  readers  of  a  different  clafs,  we  have 
omitted  fome  pafTages  in  th'e  text,  and  have  only  iignified  the 
omiflion  by  afterifms.  Some,  perhaps,  may  cenfure  us  for 
taking  too  great  a  liberty  with  our  Author  in  this  circumftance: 
however,  we  muft  beg  leave  in  that  inflance  to  abide  by  our 
own  opinion ;  and  fure  we  are,  we  ihould  have  cenfured  np 
tranflator  for  the  fame.  Could  every  thing  of  that  kind  have 
been  omitted,  we  fhould  have  been  ftill  lefs  diflatisfied  ;  but 
fometimes  the  chain  of  the  narrative  would  not  admit  of  it,  and^ 
the  difagreeable  parts  were  to  be  got  over  with  as  much  decency 
^s  poffible. 

^  In  the  delcriptions,  they  obferve,  of  battles^  camps,  and 
fteges,  it  is  more  than  probable  that  we  may  fometimes  be  raiftaken 
in  the  military  terms.  We  have  endeavoured,  however,  to  be 
3s  accurate  in  this  refpe£);  as  poffible,  and  to  acquaint  ourfelves 
with  this  kind  of  knowledge  as  well  as  our  muations  would 
permit ;  but  we  will  not  promife  the  Reader  that  we  have  al-'' 
;ways  fucceeded.  Where  fometbing  feemed  to  have  fallen  out 
pf  the  text,  or  where  the  cllipfis  was  too  violent  for  the  forms 
of  our  language,  we  have  not  fcrupled  to  maintain  the  tenor 
of  the  narrative,  or  the  chain  of  reafon,  by  fuch  little  infertions 
as  appeared  to  be  neceflary  for  the  purpofe/ 

Such  are  the  liberties,  which  our  Tranflators  have  taken 
with  Plutarch  y  and  fuch  is  the  very  candid  account  which 
fhey  have  given  of  them.  We  (hall  now  lay  a  fpecimen  of  their 
yerfion  before  our  Readers,  in  order  that  they  may  be  enabled  to 
iform  for  themfelves  an  opinion  of  its  merit  and  execution. 
For  this  purpofe,  we  fhall  fele<a  th^ir  tranflation  of  the  ac- 
fcount  of  the  death  of  Antony,  and  of  that  of  Cleopatra. 

«  After  Antonyms  overthrow,  fay  they,  Aggrippa  wrote  feve- 
ral  letters  to  Caefar  to  inform  him  that  his  presence  was  nec^f- 
fary  at  Rome.    This  put  off  the  war  for  fonie*  tipict  "3  biit  as 

foon 


LanghorneV  Tranjlation  of  Plutarch's  Lives.  Jif 

foc/tt  as  die  winter  was  over,  Caefar  marched  againft  Antony 
hf  the  route  of  Syria,  and  fent  his  Lieutenants  on  the  fame 
bqfineft  into  Africa.  When  Pelufium  was  taken,  it  was  ru- 
moured that  Seleiicus  had  delivered  up  the  place  with  the  con- 
fltyance  or  confent  of  Cleopatra :  whereupon,  the  queen,  in 
order  to  jvftify  herfelf,  gave  u^  the  wife  and  children  of  Seleu* 
cos  into  the  hands  of  Antony.  Cleopatra  had  ereded  near  the 
temple  of  Ifis  fome  monuments  of  extraordinary  fize  and  mag- 
flificence.*  To  thcfe  fhe  removed  her  treafure,  her  gold,  filver, 
emeralds,  pearls,  ebony,  ivory,  and  cinnamon,  together  with  ~ 
ft  large  quantity  of  flax,  and  a  number  of  torches.  Caefar  was 
under  Ibme  apprehenfions  about  this  immenfe  wealth,  left, 
upon  fome  fudden  emergency,  flie  fiiould  fet  fire  to  the  whole^ 
For  Aia  reafon  he  was  continually  fending  mellen^ers  to  her 
with  aflurances  of  gentle  and  honourable  treatment,  while  iii 
tbe  mean  time  he  haftened  to  the  city  *  with  his  army« 

*  When  he  arrived  he  encamped  near  the  Hippodrome;  upon 
which  Antony  made  a  brilk  faliy,  routed  the  cavalry,  drove 
them  back  into  their  trenches,  and  returned  to  the  city  ^yitli 
the  complacency  f  of  a  conqueror.  As  he  was  going  to  the  pa- 
lace he  met  Cleopatra,  whom,  armed  as  he  was,  be  kifled  with- 
out ceremony,  and  at  the  fame  time  he  recommended  to  her 
favour  a  brave  foldier  who  had  diftinguilhed  himfelf  in  the  -en- 
gagement. She  prefented  the  foldier  with  a  cuirafs  and  helmet 
of  gold,  which  he  took,  and  the  fame  night  went  over  to 
Cslar.  After  this  Antony  challenged  Caefar  to  fight  him  in 
fingle  combat,  but  Cscfar  only  anfwered  that  Jlnthony  might 
ibini  rfmany  other  ways  to  end  his  life.  Antony,  therefore,  con- 
cluding that  he  could  not  die  more  honourably  than  in  battle, 
determined  to  attack  Csfar  at  the  fame  time  ooth  by  fea  and 
land.  The  night  preceding  the  execution  of  this  defign,  he 
ordered  his  fervants  at  fupper  to  render  him  their  beft  fcrvices 
Aat  evening,  and  fill  the  wine  round  plentifully ;  for  the  day 
fbliowtng  they  might  belong  to  another  matter,  whilft  he  lay 
extended  on  the  ground,  nolonger  of  confequence  cither  to  them 
or  to  himfelf.  His  friends  were  afFedled,  and  wept  to  hear  him 
talk  thus ;  which  when  he  perceived,  he  encouraged  them  by 
aflitrmnces  that  his  expedations  of  a  glorious  vidocy  were  at 
leaft  equal  to  thofe  of  an  honourable  death.  At  the  dead  of 
Digbt,  when  univerfal  filence  reigned  through  the  city,  a  fileacc 
ittat  was  deepened  by  the  aweful  thought  of  the  cnfuing  day^ 
on  a  fudden  was  heard  the  found  of  mufical  inftruments,  and  a 
Hoife  which  refembled  the  exclamations  of  Bacchanals.  Thig 
tumultuous  proceffion  feemed  to  pafs  through  the  whole  city^ 

•  Alexandria.  +  Perhaps  the  meanine  of  Plutarch  woold 
hxre  been  resdered  with  more  propriety,  if  our  Tratlator*  had  em- 
ployed the  word  fri^e^  inllead  of  comflaunry, 

Rar.  Feb.  1771,  I  and 


ji4  Langhorne*j  Trtmjlatlon  of  Plutarch* s  Lives, 

and  to  go  out  at  the  gate  which  led  to  the  enemy's  camp.' 
Yhofe  who  refleQed  on  this  prodigy,  concluded  that  Bacchus, 
fhe  god  whom  Antony  afiefted  to  imitate,  had  then  forfaken 
him. 

^  As  Toon  as  it  was  light,  he  led  his  infantry  out  of  the  city, 
ind  pofted  them  on  a  rifing  ground,  from  whence  he  faw  his 
fleet  advance  towards  the  enemy.  There  he  flood  waiting  foe 
the  event ;  but  as  foon  as  the  two  fleets  met,  they  hailed  each 
other  with  their  oars  in  a  very  friendly  manner,  (Antony's  fleet 
tnaking  the  (irft  advances)  and  failed  together  peaceably  toward 
the  city.  This  was  no  fooncr  done,  than  the- cavalry  deferted  him 
in  the  fame  manner,  and  furrendered  to  Caefar,  His  infantry 
tvere  routed;  and  as  he  retired  to ^he  city,  he  exclaimed  that 
Cleopatra  had  betrayed  him  to  thofe  with  whom  he  was  fight* 
ing  only  for  her  fake. 

*  The  unhappy  Queen,  dreading  the  efFefis  of  his  anger, 
fleet  to  her  monument,  and  having  fecuring  it  as  much  as  pof- 
fible  with  bars  and  "bolts,  (he  gave  orders  that  Antony  ihould 
be  informed,  (he  was  dead.  Believing  the  informatioQ  to  be 
true,  he  cried,  **  Antony,  why  doft  thou  delay  ?  What  is  life 
to  thee,  when  it  is  taken  from  her,  for  whom  aloiie  thou  cpuldft 
wifli  to  live  ?''  He  then  went  to  his  chamber,  and  opening  his, 
coat  of  mail,  he  faid  ^<  I  am  not  diftreflfcd,  Cleopatra,  that  thou 
art  gone  before  me,  for  1  fhall  foon  be  vfc'ith  thee ;  but  I  grieve 
to  think  that  I  who  have  been  fodlftinguiihed  a  general,  (hould 
be  inferior  in  magnanimity  to  a  woman."  He  was  then  at« 
tended  by  a  faithful  fervant,  whofe  name  was  Eros,  fle  had 
engaged  this  fervant  to  kill  him,  whenever  he  (hould  think  it 
necel&ry,  and  he  now  demanded  that  fervice.  Eros  drew  his 
fword,  as  if  he  dedgned  to  kill  him;  but  fuddenly  turning  aboiic^ 
he  flew  himfelf,  and  fell  at  his  mailer's  feet.  "  This,  £ros,  was 
greatly  done,"  faid  Antony,  "  thy  heart  would  not  permit  thte 
to  kill  thy  maflcr,  but  thou  haft  taught  him  what  to  do  by  thy 
example."  He  then  plunged  his  fword  into  his  bowels,  and 
threw  himfelf  upon  a  couch  that  flood  by.  The  wound,  how- 
ever, was  not  fo  deep  as  to  caufe  immediate  death  j  and  th^ 
blood  (topping  as  he  lay  on  the  couch,  he  came  to  himfelf,  and 
.  intfeated  thofe  who  flood  by  to  put  him  out  of  his  pain..  They 
ail  fled,  neverthelefs,  and  left  him  to  his  cries  and  torments, 
till  Diomedes,  fecretary  to  Cleopatra,  came  with  her  requed, 
that  he  would  come  to  her  in  the  monument.  When  Antonys 
found  that  (he  was  flill  living,  it  gave  him  frefh  fpirits,  and, 
he  ordered  his  fervants  to  take  him  up.  Accordingly  they  car-; 
ried  him  in  their  arms  to  the  door  of  the  monument.  Cieopa* 
tra' would  not  fufTer  the  door  to  be  opened,  but  a  cord  being 
let  down  from  a  window,  Antony,  was  fattened  to  it,  and  (he 
with  her  two  women,  all  that  were  admitted  into  the  monu- 
ifent,  drew  him  up.     Nothing,  as  they  who  were  prefcnt  ob- 

(crved^* 


X*anghorne'j  TranJIation  of  Plutarch* s  Lives.  115 

feiredy  could  poffibly  be  more  aiFeding  than  that  fpe^^acle. 
Antonjr  covered  with   blood,    and  in  the   agonies  of   death, 
hoifted  up  by  the  rope,  and  ftretching  out  his  hands  to  Cleo- 
patra, while  he  was  fufpended,  for  a  confiderable  time,  in  the 
air  I  For  it  was  with  the  greateft  difficulty  they  drew  him  up, 
though  Cleopatia  herfelf  exerted  all  her  ftrengih,  draining  every 
nerve,  and  diftorting  every  feature  with  the  violence  of  the 
effort ;  while  tbofe  who  flood  below  endeavoured   to  animate 
and  encourage  her,  and  feemed  to  partake  in  all  the  toil,  and 
all  the  emotions  that  Ihe  felt.     When  (he  had  drawn  him  up, 
and  laid  him  on  a  bed,  as  (he  ftood  over  him,  (lie  rent  her 
doaths,'  beat  and  wounded  her  breaft,  and  wiping  the  blond 
from  his  disfigured  countenance,  (he  called  him  her  lord,  her 
emperor,  her  huiband  1  Her  whole  foul  was  abforbed  in  his  mif- 
fortunes;  and  (he  feemed  totally  to  have  forgot  that  (he  had 
any  miferies  of  her  own.     Antony  endeavoured   to  foothe  her 
as  well  as  he  was  able,  and  called  for  wine;  either  b^caufe  he 
was  thirfty,  or  becaufe  he  thought  it  might  fooner  put  him  out 
of  his  pain*    When  he  had  drank,  he  advifed  her  to  confult  her 
own  affairs,  and  her  fafety,  fo  far  as  might  be  confident  with 
honour,  and  to  place  her  confidence  in  Proculcius  rather  than 
in  the  other  friends  of  Caefar,  "As  to  himfelf"  he  faid,  "  that 
(be  ought  rather  to  rejoice  in  the  remembrance  of  his  paft  hap- 
pinefs  than  to  bewail  his  prefent  misfortunes  ;  fince  in  his  life 
he  had  been  illuftrious,  and  wa^  not  inglorious  in  his  death. 
He  had  conquered  like  a  Roman,  and  it  was  only  by  a  Roman 
that  he  was  conquered/*    A  little  before  he  expired^  ProculcijS/ 
arrived  JFrom  Caefar  :  For  after  Antony  had  (tabbed  himfclf,  and 
was  conveyed  to  Cleopatra,  Dercetaeus,  one  of  his  guards,  pri- 
vately, carried  off  his  bloody  fword,  and   (heivcd  it  to  Cfefar. 
When  Caefar  beheld  this  token  of  Antony's  death,  he  retircJ  to 
the  inner  part  of  his  tent,  and  fhed  fome  tears  in  remembrance 
of  a  man  who  had  been  his  relation,  his  collegue   in  govern- 
ment, and   his  affociate  in   fo  muny  battles  and  fuch  in>poitant 
affairs  *•    He  then  called   his  fricnJs  together,  and  read   ths 

letieri 

•  •  This  retirement  of  Coefar,  fay  our  Tranilators,  was  certainly 
an  a&£bition  of  concerri.     The  death  of  Antony  had  been  an  inva- 

ble  object  with  him.     He  was  too  cowardly  to  think  himfelf  fafc 

ilc  he  lived;  and  to  expofe  his  weaknefs  by  reading  his  letters  the 
\  ment  he  was  informed  of  his  death,  was  cerrainly  no  proof  that 
]     fcit  even  then. any  tcndcrnefs  for  his  memory.* 

H  is  doubtlefs  very  certain,  that  Ca.far  had  in  view  the  death  of 
A  tony;  bur,  when  he  llicd  tears  on  bein^  informedj  that  he  had 
I  iilied  by  his  own  hand,  "we  caniot  think  that  his  concern  was 
a  'ded.  The  death  of  our  moll  inveterate  enemy  rccals  to  us  all 
I      good  qualities  he  pofTefi'cd  j  we  forget,   for  a  time,  the  injuries 

I  z  we 


I  x6  Langhorne'i  Tranflatlw  of  PktarcVs  LheTh 

letters  which  had  pafled  between  him  and  Antony,  wherein  k 
a)>peared  that,  though  Cxfar  had  ftill  written  in  a  rational  and 
equitable  manner,  the  anfwers  of  Antony  were  infolent  and 
contemptuous.  After  this  he  difpatched  Proculeius  with  orders 
to  take  Cleopatra  alive,  if  it  were  poffible,  for  he  was  extremely 
folicitous  to  fave  the  treafures  in  the  monument,  which  would 
fo  greatly  add  to  the  glory  of  his  triumph.  However,  (he  rc- 
fufed  to  admit  him  into  the  monument,  and  would  only  fpeak 
to  him  through  the  bolted  gate.  The  fubftance  of  thi^  confe- 
rence was,  that  Cleopatra  made  a  requtfition  of  the  kingdom 
for  her  children,  while  Proculeius  on  the  other  hand,  encou- 
raged her  to  truft  every  thing  to  Caefar.' 

The  defcription  of  the  fate  of  Cleopatra,  which  immediately 
follows,  is  particularly  interefiing;  and  as  it  cannot  fiiil  of 
entertaining  our  Readers,  we  fhall  make  no  apologjr  for  the 
length  of  it : 

*  After  Proculeius,  it  is  faid,  had  reconnoitred  the  place,  he 
fent  an  account  of  it  to  Caefar ;  upon  which  Galius  was  dif- 
patched to  confer  with  Cleopatra.  The  thing  was  thus  con- 
certed :  Galius  wept  up  to  the  gate  of  the  monument,  and  drew 
Cleopatra  into  converfation,  while,  in  the  mean  time,  Procu- 
leius applied  a  ladder  to  the  window,  where  the  women  bad 
taken  in  Antony ;  and  having  got  in  with  two  fervants,  he  im- 
mediately made  for  the  place  where  Cleopatra  was  in  conference 
with  Galius.  One  of  her  women  difcovered  him,  and  immedi- 
ately fcreamed  aloud,  •'  Wretched  Cleopatra,  you  arc  taken 
alive  !'*  She  turned  about,  and,  feeing  Proculeius,  the  fame  in- 
ftant  attempted  to  ftab  herfelf  $  to  tMs  intent  (he  always  car- 
ried a  dagger  about  with  her.  Proculeius,  however,  prevented 
her,  and,  expofiulating  with  her,  as  he  held  her  in  hia  annsp 
he  intreated  her  not  to  be  fo  injurious  to  herielf  or  to  Caefar; 
—-that  (he  would  not  deprive  fo  humane  a  Prince  of  the  glory 
of  his  clemency,  or  expofe  him  by  her  diftruft  to  the  imputa- 
tion of  treachery  or  cruelty.     At  the  fame  time,  he  took  the 

■ — 1-^— ^— ^^ 
we  have  received  from  him  ;  and  even  feel  a  tranfient  aiRi£Uon  on 
his  accoon:.  Nor  is  it  till  this  afiti^Hon  is  over  that  we  think  of  the 
advantages  which  refult  to  as  from  his  death.  Stmck  with  the  nn^ 
expeded  intelligence  of  Antony^  (ate,  Caefar,  recoUe^ing  his  vir^* 
tocsy  and  his  greatnefs,  and  calling  to  mind  their  relation,  and  the 
fcenes  in  which  they  had  a6ted  together,  naturally  gave  himfelf  op 
to  the  tendemefs  of  a  real  forrow.^  It  was  thu  cuxamfbmce  aloiie» 
which  coul4  produce  a  folicitude  in  him  to  vindicate  his  condud  to 
his  friends,  and  induce  him  to  read  to  them  the  letters  which  had 
pafTed  between  him  and  Antony,  What  puipbfe  could  be  anfwtred 
by  an  affef^ation  of  concern  f  A  conqueror,  in  the  pride  of  vi^ry, 
docs  not  think  of  feigning  a  regret  for  the  death  of  his  coinpe«> 
tiior. 

dagger 


LanghorneV  Tpanjlatron  of  Plutarch* s  Lhifi  117 

dao^  from  her,  and  fiuwk  her  doaths,  left  (he  fliouM  have 
potion  concealed  about  her.  Caeiar  alfo  fent  his  freedinan  £pa- 
phroditus  with  orders  to  treat  her  with  the  greateft  politeneCSy 
but  by  all  means^  to  bring  her  alive. 

^  Caefar  entered  Alexandria  converfing  with  Ariua  the  phllo^ 
fepher  ;  and  that  he  might  do  him  honour  before  the  people, 
be  led  him  by  the  hand.  When  he  entered  the  Gymnailumy 
be  aicended  a  tfibunal  which  had  been  ereSed  for  him,  and 
gave  aflurances  to  the  citizens  who  proftrated  tbemfelvea  before 
him,  that  the.  city  Ihould  not  be  hurt.  He  told  them  he  had 
different  motives  for  this.  In  the  firft' place,  it  was  built  by 
Alexander }  in  the  next  place,  he  admired  it  for  its  beauty  and. 
magnitude ;  and,  laftly,  he  would  fpare  it^  were  it  but  for  the 
iake  of  his  friend  Arius,  who  was  born  there.  Caefar  gave 
bim  the  high  honour  of  this  appellation,  and  pardoned  many 
at  bis  xe^ueft.  Amoogft  thefe  was  Philoftratus,  one  of  the 
moft  acute  and  eloquent  fopbifts  of  his  time.  This  man, 
without  any  right,  pretended  to  be  a  follower  of  the  Academics  j 
and  Caefar,  from  a  bad  opinion  of  his  morals,  rejected  his  pe- 
tition :  upon  which  the  fopbift  followed  Arius  up  and  down 
in  a  mourning  cloak,  with  a  long  white  beard,  crying  con- 
ftantly,. 

««  The  wife,  if  really  fuch,  will  fave  the  wife.'* 
Caefar  beard  and  pardoned  him,  not  fo  much  out  of  favour,  as 
to  fave  Arius  from  the  impertinence  and  envy  he  might  incur 
on  bis  account. 

*  Antyllus,  the  eldeft  fon  of  Antony  by  Fulvta,  was  betrayed 
,            by  his  tutor  Theodorus,  and  put  to  death.     While  the  foldiers 

were  beheading  bim,  the  tutor  ftole  a  jewel  of  confiderable  va- 
Incy  which  he  wore  about  his  neck,  and  concealed  it  in  his 
girdle.     When  he  was  charged  with  it,  he  denied  the  fa£l ;  but 
I-  the  jewel-was  found  upon  him,  and  he  was  crucified.     Casfar 

appointed  a  guard  over  Cleopatra's  children  and  their  gover- 
I  nors,  and  allowed  them  an  honourable  fupport.    Caefario,  the 

I  reputed  ibo  of  Caeiar  the  Dictator,  had  been  fent  by  his  mo- 

ther, with  a  confiderable  fum  of  money,  through  Ethiopia 
into  India :  but  Rhodon  bis  governor,  a  man  of  the  fame  prin- 
ciples with  Theodorus,  perfuading  him  that  Caefar  would  cer- 
tainly make  bim  King  of  Egypt,  prevailed  on  him  to  turn 
back.  While  Caefar  was  deliberating,  how  he  fhould  difpofe 
of  him,  AriuS  is  faid  to  have  obferved,  that  there  ought  not, 
by  any  means,  to  be  too  many  Csefars.  However,  foon  afier 
the  death  of  Cleopatra,  he  was  flain. 

*  Many  coniiderable  Princes  begged  the  body  of  Antonv, 
Jiat  they  might  have  the  honour  of  giving  it  burial  \  but  Cseur 
would  not  uke  it  from  Cleopatra,  who  inferred  it  with  her 

I  3  own 


1 1 8  Langhornc'i  TranJIaiim  af  FlutarcFs  Lives. 

own  hands,  and  performed  the  funeral  rites  with  great  mag- 
nificence ;  for  {he  was  allowed  to  expend  what  file  thought 
proper  on  this  occafion.  The  excefs  of  her  afflidlion,  and  the 
inflammation  of  her  breaft,  which  was  wounded  by  the  blows 
file  had  given  it  in  her  anguifti,  threw  her  into  a  fever.  She 
was  pleafed  to  find  an  excufe  in  this  for  abftaining  from  food, 
and  hoped,  by  this  means,  to  die  without  interruption.  The 
phyfician  in  whom  (he  placed  her  principal  confidence  was 
Olympus  ;  and,  according  to  his  ihort  account  of  thefe  tranf- 
a^ions,  (he  made  ufe  of  his  advice  in  the  accomplifhmcnt  of 
her  dtfign,  Caefar,  however,  fufpeded  it ;  and  that  he  mrght 
prevail  on  her  to  take  the  necefTary  food  and  phyfic,  he  threat- 
ened to  treat  her  children  with  feverity.  This  had  the  defirtd 
tStiky  and  her  refolution  was  overborne. 

<  A  few  days  after,  Csfar  himfelf  made  her  a  vifit  of  condo- 
lence and  confolation.  She- was  then  in  an  undrefs,  and  lying 
negligently  on  a  couch  ;  but  when  the  conqueror  entered  the 
apartment,  though  (he  had  nothing  on  but  a  fingle  bed-gown, 
(he  arofe  and  threw  herfelf  at  his  feet.  Her  face  was  out  of 
figure^  her  hair  in  diforder,  her  voice  trembling,  her  eyes  funk, 
and  her  bofom  bore  the  marks  of  the  injuries  flie  had  done  it. 
In  (hort,  her  perfon  gave  you  the  image  of  her  mind  ;  yet,  in 
this  deplorable  condition,  there  were  fome  remains  of  that 
grace,  that  fpirit  and  vivacity  which  had  fo  peculiarly  animated 
her  former  charms,  and  ftill  fome  gleams  of  her  native  elegance 
might  be  feen  to  wander  over  her  melancholy  countenance.  * 
*  When  Caefar  had  replaced  her  on  her  couch,  and  feated 
himfelf  by  her,  (he  endeavoured  to  juftify  the  part  (he  took 
againft  him  in  the  war,  alledging  the  ncceflity  fhc  was  under, 
and  her  fear  of  Antony.  But  when  (he  found  that  thefe  apolo- 
gies had  no  weight  wiih  Cscfar,  (he  had  recourfe  to  prayers  and 
entreaties,  as  if  (he  had  been  really  defirous  of  life  ;  and,  at  the 
fame  time,  (he  put  into  his  hands  an  inventory  of  her  treafure. 
Seleucus,  one  of  her  treafurers,  who  was  prefent,  accufed  her 
of  fupprefling  fome  articles  in  the  account ;  upon  which  (he 
(larted  up  from  her  couch,  caught  him  by  the  hair,  and  gave 
him  feveral  blows  on  the  face.  Gaefar  fmiled  at  this  fpiritcd. 
refentment,  and  endeavoured  to  pacify  her :  "  But  how  is  It 
to  be  borne,  faid  (he,  Caefar,  if,  while  even  you  honour  me 
with  a  vifit  in  my  wretched  fituation,  I  muft  be  affronted  by 
one  of  my  own  fervants  ?  Suppofing  that  I  have  refcrvcd  a  few 
trinkets,  they  were  by  no  means  intended  as  oinaments  for  my 
•wn  perfon  in  thefe  miferable  fortunes,  but  as  little  prefcnts 
for  Oftavia  and  Livia,  by  whofe  good  ofEces  I  might  hope  to 
find  favour  with  you."  Caefar  was  not  difpleafed  to  hear  this 
bccaufc  be  flattered  himfelf  (he  was  willing  to  live.  He,  there- 
fore. 


LanghorneV  Tranjlatlon  of  Plutarch's  Lives.  I  ip 

for^y  afiured  her,  that,  whatever  {he  had  referved,  fhe  might 
difpofe  of  at  her  pleafure ;  and  that  flie  might,  in  every  rcfpcct, 
depend  on  the  moft  honourable  treatment.  After  this  he  toolc 
his  leave,  in  confidence  that  he  had  brought  her  to  his  purpofe, 
but  (he  deceived  him. 

*  There  was  in  Caerar's  train  a  young  nobleman,  whofe  name 
was  Cornelius  Dolabella.  He  was  fmitten  with  the  charms  of 
Cleopatra,  and  having  .engaged  to  communicate  to  her  every 
thing  that  pafied,  he  fent  her  private  notice  that  Caefar  was 
iabout  to  return  into  Syria,  and  that,  within  three  days,  Iht 
would  be  fent  away  with  her  children.  When  (he  was  in^ 
formed  of  this,  (he  requefted  of  Caefar  permiiSon  to  make  her 
lafi  oblations  to  Antony.  This  being  granted,  (he  was  con* 
veyed  to  the  place  where  he  was  buried ;  and  kneeling  at  his 
tomb,  with  her  women,  (he  thus  addrefied  the  manes  of  the 
dead  :  **  It  is  not  long.  My  Antony,  fince  with  thefe  hands  I  bu- 
ried thee,  alas !  they  then  were  free  ;  but  thy  Cleopatra  is  now 
a  prifoner,  attended  by  a  guard,  left,  in  the  tranfports  of  her 
grief,  (he  (hould  disfigure  this  captive  body,  which  is  referve^ 
to  adorn  the  triumph  over  thee.  Thefe  are  the  laft  offerings^* 
the  laft  honours  (he  can  pay  thee  ;  for  (he  is  now  to  be  con* 
vcycd  to  adiftant  country.  Nothirf|  could  part  us  while  we 
lived  ;  but  in  death  we  are  to  be  divided.  Thou,  though  a 
Roman  lie(l  buried  in  £gypt ;  and  I,  an  Egyptian,  muft  be  in- 
terred in  Italy,  the  only  favour  I  (hall  receive  from  thy  country. 
Yet  if  the  gods  of  Rome  have  power  or  mercy  left,  (for  furely 
tho(e  of  Egypt  have  forfaken  us)  let  them  not  fufFer  me  to  be 
led  in  living  triumph  to  thy  difgrace  !  No  ! — hide  me,  hide 
me  with  thee  in  the  grave  i  for  life,  fince  thou  haft  left  it  has 
been  mifery  to  me.'* 

*  Thus  the  unhappy  queen  bewailed  her  misfortunes ;  and, 
after  (he  had  crowned  the  tpmh  with  flowers,  and  kifled  it,  (he 
ordered  her  bath  to  be  prepared.  When  (he  had  bathed,  (be 
fat  down  to  a  magnificent  fupper ;  foon  after  which,  a  peafant 
came  to  the  gate  with  a  fmall  bafket.  The  guards  enquired 
what  it  contained  ;  and  the  man  who  brought  it,  putting  by 
the  leaves  which  lay  uppermoft,  (hewed  them  a  parcel  of  figs. 
As  they  admired  their  fize  and  beauty,  he  fmiled,  and  bade 
them  take  fomc  ;  but  they  refufed,  and,  not  fufpedting  that  tbc 
ba(ket  contained  any  thing  elfc  ;  it  was  carried  in.  After  fup- 
per Cleopatra  fent  a  letter  to  Caefar,  and,  ordering  every  body 
out  of  the  monument,  except  her  two  women,  (he  made  faft 
rhe  door  j  when  Caefar  opened  the  lerrer,  the  plaintive  ftyle  in 
which  it  was  written,  and  the  ftrong  requett  that  flic  might  be 
buried  in  the  fame  tomb  with  Aniony,  made  him  fufpe£l  her 
defign.      At  firft  he  was  for  hafting  to  her  himfclf,   but  he 

I  A  changed 


lao  Langhornc'^  Tranflaiion  of  Plutarch's  LhsS 

changed  fais  mind  and  difpatchcd  others  *•  Her  deatb^  hovr'» 
ever,  was  fo  fudden,  that  though  they  who  were  fent^  ran  th^ 
whole  way,  alarmed  the  guards  with  their  appreheniions  and 
immediately  broke  open  the  doors,  they  foutui  her  quite  dcad^ 
lying  qn  her  golden  bed,  and  drefled  in  all  her  royal  ornaments* 
Iras,  one  of  her  women,  lay  dead  at  her  feet,  and  Charmion, 
isardly  able  to  fupport  herfelf,  was  adjufting  ber  miftrefs's  dia^^ 
dem.  One  of  Csfar^s  melleneers.  faid  angrily,  <<  Charmioa, 
was  this  well  done  ?'*  «*  Perfeflly  well,**  f5d  iHc,  **  and  wor-. 
thy  a  defcendant  of  the  Kings  of  Egypt.''  She  had  no  fooner 
faid  this,  than  (he  fell  down  dead. 

<  It  is  related  by  fome  that  an  afp  was  brought  In  amongft 
the  figs,  and  hid  under  the  leaves ;  and  that  Cleopatra  haci 
ordered  it  fo  that  ihe  might  be  bit  without  feeing  it ;  that, 
however,  upon  removing  Ac  leaves,  (he  perceived  it,  and  faid^ 
*^  This  is  what  I  wanted/'  Upon  which  ihe  immediately 
held  out  her  arm  to  it.  Others  (ay  that  the  afp  was  kept  in  a 
i^ater-veiTel,  and  that  (be  vexed  and  pricked  it  with  a  goldea 
ipindle  till  it  feized  her  arm.  Nothing  of  this,  however,  could 
be  afcertained ;  for  it  was  reported  likewife,  th^t  Ihe  carried 
about  with  her  a  certain  poifon  in  a  hollow  bodkin  that  (he 
wore  in  her  hair ;  yet  thep  was  neither  any  mark  of  poifon  on 
ber  body,  nor  was  there  any  ferpent  found  in  the  monumeilt^ 
though  the  tr^St  of  a  reptile  was  faid  to  have  been  difcovered 
on  the  fea  fands  oppofite  to  the  windows  of  Cleopatra's  apart* 
ment.  Others,  again,  have  affirmed,  that  (he  had  two  (mall 
pundures  on  her  arm,  apparently  occaftoned  by  the  fting  of  the 
afp ;  and  it  is  clear  that  Caefar  gave  credit  to  this  $  for  her 
effigy,  which  he  carried  in  triumph,  hdd  an  afp  on  the  arm. 

^  Such  are  the  accounts  we  have  of  the  death  of  Cleopatra  ; 
and  though  Caefar  was  much  disappointed  by  it,  he  admired  ber 
fortitude,  and  ordered  her  to  be  buried  in  the  tomb  of  Antpny, 
with  all  the  magnificence  due  to  her  quality.  Her  women,  too, 
were,  by  his  orders,  interred  with  great  funeral  pomp.  Cleo- 
patra died  at  the  age  of  thirty-nine,  after  having  reigned 
twenty-two  years ;  the  fourteen  laft  in  conjun£llon  with  An- 
tony. An\ony  was  fifty- three,  fome  fay  fifty-fix,  when  1» 
died.  His  flatues  were  all  demolifhed,  but  Cleopatra's  remained 
untouched;  fof  Archibius,  a  friend  of  her's,  gave  Caefar  9, 
thoufand  talents  for  then:  redemptioni'    ' 

*  Thiscircumilance  our  Tranflators  fneation  as  another  infbuice  of 

-  the  perftnal  cowardice  of  Czfar;  but  we  confefs,  we  are  at  a  lofs 

to  coDceive,  how  his  perfon  could  be  endangered  by  fais  paying  a. 

yiiit  to  a  woman,  who  was  requeftiog  a  favour  from  him,  and  was 

farrounded  with  his  guards.      ,  .. 

.............  In 


Haldea^i  EJfy  tmards  a  ratiend  S]^  rf  Mtific.      i  n 

la  concluding  this  article  we  muft  not  forget  to  remark,  thal^ 
in  'the  prefent  tranflation,  the  numerous  quotations  of  Plutarcli 
from  the  poets  are  rendered  into  verfe,  with  great  propriety  and 
degance.  We  muft,  at  the  fame  time,  exprefs  our  regrett 
.  that  the  Tranflators  have  not  thought  it  proper  to  fupply  the 
four  parallels  of  their  Author,  which  are  fuppofed  to  be  loft: 
they  bad  thereby  a  fine  opportunity  of  enriching  ^heir  verfiont 
and  of  ofiering  a  very  acceptable  prefent  to  the  lovers  of  lite* 
lature. 

Aet.  IV.  En  EJJay  towards  a  rational  Sjifltm  of  Mufic.  By  Joha 
Bolden.  4to.  7  s.  6  d.  half  bound.  Glafgow,  printed  bj 
Uric.     1770. 

THIS  treadfe,  which  is  intended  to  explain  in  a  rational 
-and  familiar  way,  and  to  difpofe  in  a  fyftematic  order^ 
the  fevcral  principles  of  the  dodrine.  of  mufic,  is  divided  inta 
two  parts* 
The  firft  part  contains  the  rudiments  of  pra^ical  mufic,  and 

I  Gonfift  of,  1.  The  natural  fcale.  2.  The  application  of  the  fcale* 
^  The  modern  fyflem  of  mufic.  4.  Of  time*  5.  Mifcella* 
neoiis  explanations.  6.  Of  harmonica!  confonances.  7.  Of 
diflbnances.  .  8.  Of  fundamental  progreiEons.  9.  Of  the  flat 
feries.     ID.  Of  chromatic,     ii.  Of  plain  de(cant«'    ta.  Of-fi- 

I       garative  melody. 

The  fecond  part  contains  the  theory  of  mufic ;  and  confiftt^ 
!•  Of  fii^Ie  mufical  founds.  2.  Of  mufical  founds  in  fucoef- 
fion*  '  3*  Of  harmonical  arithmetic.    4.  Of  combined  founds* 

I  '  Our  mufical  Readers  will  find  a  great  deal  of  fcientific  care 
and  labour  employed  in  this  Efiay,  and  many  new  remarks  oa 
the  art,  which  are  not  unworthy  of  their  attention.  The  follow* 
log  obienrationsy  in  the  article  of  Time,  difcover  the  Author 
to  be  a  man  of  tafle,  as  well  as  a  man  of  fcience, 
'  ^  The  divifion  of  muiic  into  equal  timed  nuafuns^  anfwera 

\  cxaAly  to  the  divifion  of  p<3«try  into  feojt:  and  when 'mufic  ia 
^pted  to  poetry,'  thefe  divifions,   moft  natuially^  coincide 

I  with  each  other }  fo  that  he  who  zznfcan  the  verfes^  may  im« 
mediately  difoover  the  meafure  of  the  fong. 

I  *  it  muft  be  acknowledged,  that  this  order  is  pretty  often 
bcemipted,  eQ>ecially  in  t£^  works  of  the  more  eminent  com- 
I  jcra^  and  more,  or  lefs,  than  one  foot  of  the  poetry,  allotted 
1  one  meafure  of  the  mufic :  but  then,  fuch  paflages  are,  in 
i  e  dc^ee,  ftrained  and'  unnatural  j  and  are  introduced  for 
1  lety,  or  for  heightening  the  expreffion  of  fome  paffion,  €$€• 
i    i  ought  to  be  uf«i  with  great  caution  and  (kill. 

^  The  moft  natural  and  eafy  paiTages  are  exprefltve  of  a  calm 

t    ttffled  temper  of  mind  i  but  when  any  violent  emotion  ia 

j  fuppofed 


ja2       Holden'i  EJfay  towards  a  rational  Syji^m  of  Mujici 

fuppofed  to  take  place,  the  ftriS  rules  both  of  tunc  and  time^ 
in  mufic,  may,  and  ought  to  bft  partly  fet  afide. 

*  Our  attention  is  ftill  more  liable  to  be  diverted  from 
obferving  the  ftridl  rules  of  time,  by  the  fenfe  of  the  words,  in 
poetry  j  but  fo  far  as  we  may  be  fuppofed  at  liberty  to  regard 
the  time,  of  poetry,  we  (hall  find  that  the  very  fame  rules  take 
place  h<^e,  as  in  mufic;  viz.  the  fucceffive  feet  of  a  vcrfe, 
rooft  naturally,  require  each  an  equal  time  of  pronunciation  ; 
the  firft  fyllable  of  every  foo.t  is  accented  ;  and  every  foot  is,  ia 
imagination,  divided  either  into  three,  or  into  four,  equal  parts. 
The  two  firft  of  thefc  particulars  will  plainly  appear  to  all,  who 
are,  in  the  leaft  degree^  accuftomed  to  the  reading  of  poetry ; 
and  the  laft  particular,  though  not  quite  io  obvious,  will  be 
found  equally  true,  on  a  more  careful  examination. 

*  Befides  the  diftribution  of  mufic  into  equal  meafures,  it 
16  alfo  ncccflary  to  go  yet  further,  and  to  imagine  fomc  num- 
bers of  fuch  meafures,  as  conftituting  certain  phrafeSy  oxfirainsi 
of  a  tune.  Thefe  phrafes  may,  very  aptly,  be  compared  with 
vcrfe?,  in  poetry  :  for,  as  there  can  be  no  poetry,  without  a* 
proper  intermixture  of  cadences,  at  the  ends  of  the  lines,  fa 
there  can  be  no  muflc,  without  fome  kind  of  partition  into 
phrafes. 

*  Thefc  phrafes  contain  nfK)re,or  fewer  meafures,  as  verfcs 
confift  of  more  or  fewer  feet ;  but  both  muft  always  end  with> 
an  accented  part  of  the  meafurc. 

*  When  the  fucceffive  phrafes  in  mufic  arc  of  unequal  lengths^ 
it  refembles  that  kind  of  fiee,  unconfined  poetry,  which  is 
commonly  called  Pindaric :  and,  as  this  fort  of  compofition  is 
the  moft  capable  of  vaiiety  of  cxprefBon;  fo,  the  greateft  ma- 
ilers, both  in  poerry  and  mufic,  often  make  ufe  of  it. 

*  A  lively  cxprelJ:on  of  the  feveral  fentiments  and  paflions, 
is  undoubtedly  the  perfection  of  mufic,  as  well  as  of  poetry  and- 
patnting.  There  are  numberlefs  diflferent  modifications  of 
found.s,  which  a  (kilful  compofer  may  avail  himfelf  of,  for  thi»' 
purpofe;  fuch  as  the  different  qualities  of  loud  and  foft,  of 
hoarfe  or  rough,  and  clear  or  fmooth  founds  :  the  various  de- 
grees of  gravity  and  acutcncfs,  in  the  pitch  of  the  whole  piece  i' 
the  different  effcds  of  certain  degrees  of  the  fcalc,  and  of  certaia 
fucceliions  in  the  melody  of  fingle  parts,  as  well  as  of  confo- 
nances,  in  the  harmony  of  compounded  parts  ;  befides  feveral 
other  circumftances  in  the  manner  of  performance,  fuch  dfs  the 
diftinft,  or  Jiepping^  and  the  indiftindV,  or  Jliding  manner;  the 
keeping  one  utiiform  equality  of  loudnefs,  and  the  ocoafional 
fwelling  or  foftening  of  the  founds,  etc  and,  amon:^  the  reft,- 
the  different  moods  of  time,  have  no  fmall  (hare  in  contributing 
to  the  exprefBon  of  niufic.  Thefe  come  In  courfc  to  be  fpoke^' 
of,  befofc  we  conclude  this  chapter. 

«  The 


Holden'i  EJfaj  towards  a  rational  Sjflem  of  Mufic.       123 

*  The  particular  manners,  and  modulations  of  the  voice, 
which,  naturally^  or  by  the  cuftom  of  a  particular  country,  ba^ 
iituaihf  accompany  fuch  emotions  of  the  mind,  in  common 
fpccch,  arc  the  fureft  guides  to  expreiEon  in  mufic.  From 
bcnce  we  conclude,  in  general,  that  flow  or  quick  movements 
of  mufic  ought  to  be  introduced,  according  as  the  fentiment, 
intended  to  be  exprefled,  would  require  a  flow  or  quick  delivery, 
in  the  way  of  fpeaking  :  and  of  this  it  is  very  eafy  to  judge. 
For  tnftance,  forrow,  humility,  and  reverence,  require  a  flow 
movement,  with  gentle,  eafy  inflexions  of  the  voice;  but  joy, 
tbankfgiving,  and  triumph,  ought  to  be  diflinguiihed  by  a 
quicker  movement,  with  bolder  inflexions,  and  more  diflant 
leaps,  from  one  found  to  another.  A  moderate  movement, 
with  frequent  fwclls,  and  foftenings,  is  expreflive  of  tendernefs 
and  compaifion  j  a  quicker,  more  uniform,  and  flrongly  ac«- 
cented  movement,  exprefles  refolution  and  fortitude.  Anger  is 
generally  quick,  loud,  and  unconne(^ed ;  hope  and  expeda- 
tion,  more  moderate,  foft,  and  eafy,  and  fo  of  others. 

•  The  different  forts  of  titne  have,  in  fome  degree,  each 
their  peculiar  chara£ler.  Common  time  is  naturally  more  grave 
and  folemn  :  triple  time,  more  cheerful  and  airy.  And  for  this 
reafon,  it  is  generally  agreed,  that  every  mood  of  triple  time 
ought  to  be  performed  fomcthing  quicker,  than  the  correfpon* 
dent  mood  of  common  time ;  for  inftance,  the  meafure  in  the 
flow  triple  of  minims,  ought  to  be  made  (horter  than  the  meafure 
in  the  flow  common  time,  marked  with  a  plain  C ;  and  the 
meafure,  in  the  triple  of  crotchots,  ihould  be  fhorter  than  the 
meafure,  in  the  mood  of  the  barred  C ;  and  fo  on. 

•  After  all,  it  mufl:  be  acknowledged,  that  the  abfolute  time 
which  ought  to  be  allowed  to  different  pieces,  is  the  mod  un- 
determined matter,  that  we  meet  with,  in  the  whale  fcience 
of  mufic.  There  is  one  infuperable  difficulty,  which  fruftrates 
all  attempts  towards  regulating  this  particular,  Wz.  the  dif- 
ferent humours  and  tafles  cf  different  perfons  ;  which  are  fo 
various,  that  one  perfon  (hall  think  a  tune  much  too  quick, 
for  the  intended  exprellion,  while  another  thinks  it  not  quick 
enough. 

*  ii  we  proceed  upon  thefe  principles,  which  feem  moft 
reafonable,  that  thofe  who  have  a  brifker  flow  of  fpirits,  a  more 
r'^'dy  conception,  and  a  quicker  fucccflion  of  ideas,  require 
i  ickcr  mufic,  for  the  fame  expreflion,  and  vkt  verfa\  we 
I  ly  conclude,  in  regard  to  church  mufic,  that  the  fame  pfalm 
K  ght  to  be  fung  quicker,  when  the  congregation  confifts  moflly 
i  young  people  ;  and  flower,  when  the  greater  part  are  old  : 
I  cker,  in  general,  in  a  town,  than  in  a  country  church  ; 
<  :ker,  in  places  wh«?re  mufic  is  more  generally  praQifed ; 
a       flower,  wh^re  it  is  lefs  in  ufc :   quicker,  when  only  one 

finglc 

5 


1 24  A^LittiT  U  tbf  Jurors  rf  Gnat  Britaia. 

fingk  psirt  is  Tung,  and  flower*  as  the  parts  are  more  nume* 
rousi  becaufe  the  ideas  of  fingle  founds  are  much  more  readily 
conceived^  than  thofe  of  feveral  fouacfs,  joined  together  in  har- 
mony :  quicker^  wtien  the  voices  are  few  and  weak,  and  flowef^ 
when  the  choir  19  numerous  and  ftrong;  becaufe  nothing  can 
be  quite  agreeable  to  the  hearers,  which  feems  laborious  to  the 
performers.  Many  other  fuch  like  diftinSions, 'according  to 
the  various  circiimftances,  both  of  performers  and  hearers^  will 
occur  to  the  confiderate  reader,  from  the  fiime  principles. 
Thefe  obfervations  may,  With  equal  propriety,  be  extended  to 
opera  mufic. 

«  The  Italians,  wbofe  compofitions  are  juftiy  efteemed  the 
ftandards  of  true  tafte  in  mufic,  do  not  reftridl  themfelves  alto* 
gether  to  the  diftinSions  of  flow  and  quick,  by  the  feveral 
moods,  as  above  defcribed ;  but  rather  make  ufe  of  certain 
words,  placed  at  the  beginning  of  the  piece,  and  elfewberc, 
as  occafion  requires ;  which  ittwc  to  dire^  the  performer,  not 
onlv  in  regard  to  the  time,  but  alfo  the  particular  expreflion, 
ana  manner  of  performance. 

<  We  ihall  conclude  this  chapter  with  obferving,  that  the 
writers  on  church  mufic  feem  to  be  pretty  well  agreed,  that 
the  time  of  a  fecond  may  ferve,  at  a  medium,  for  the  length 
of  a  crotchet,  in  pfalm  tunes,  in  the  triple  of  crotchets,  and 
in  the  mood  of  the  barred  C ;  and  that  the  minim,  in  the  triple 
of  minims,  ought  to  be  made  nearly  equal  to  the  crotchet,  in 
the  mood  of  the  plain  C ;  and  that  either  of  thefe  two  ought 
to  be  longer  than  the  fecond  of  a  clock.' 

The  chapter  on  chromatic  mufic  (that  is,  the  fucceflion  which 
afcends  or  defcends  by  femitonesj  in  particular,  is  very  in* 
genious. 

Art.  V.  A  Letter  to  the  Jurors  of  Great  Britain.  Occafionedby 
an  Opinion  of  the  Court  of  KingU  Bench,  read  by  Lord  Chief 
Juftice  Mansfieldj  in  the  Cafe  of  the  King  and  WoodfaU,  aid 
faid  to  have  been  left  by  bis  Lorajhip  with  the  Clerk  of  Parlieh^ 
ment.     8vo.     is.  6d.     Pearch.     1771. 

TH  £  eftablifhment  of  a  jury  has  jufUy  been  regarded  as  the 
great  bulwark  of  Englifh  liberty.  In  every  other  govern- 
ment the  adminiflration  of  criminal  jurifdi&ion  has  been  vcfted 
in  particular  men  ;  and  thefe,  confcious  of  their  authority,  and 
expofed  to  corruption,  have  been  feldom  able  to  fupport  their 
integrity.  But  the  judicature  of  crimes,  in  this  country,  being 
lodged  in  tho  great  body  of  the  nation,  no  oppreffion  can  take 
place.  Tried  by  bis  equals,  or  his  peers,  the  criminal  has  no* 
thing  to  fear  from  the  tyranny,  the  injufiice,  or  the  paflions 
of  judges..  The  inftitution,  accordingly,  of  a  jury  has  been 
mentioned  with  thehigbeil  eulogiumsj  and,  pcrbaps,  the  wif^ 

dom 


d  Lm$r  <i  Ai  Jurors  of  Gnat  Britain.  1 25 

doioi  of  man  oioaot  fuggeft  a  more  cffeAual  prefervative  againft 
the  venality  of  ms^tftrates,  and  the  encroachments  of  power. 

When  an  attack,  therefore,  has  been  made  on  this  important 
privilege,  it  muft  necellariiy  excite  a  very  general  alarm.  In 
a  country  where  every  individual  confiders  himfelf,  in  fome 
meafure,  as  a  part  of  the  legiflature,  and  where  equal  and 
knawn  laws  pfx>teft  alike  the  artifan  and  the  noble,  even  the 
loweft  dafles  of  men  pay  an  attention  to  public  affairs  ;  and  the 
people,  in  general,  are  enlightened  with  refpedl  to  the  nature 
and  die  ends  of  government.  They  are  not  blind  to  the  faults 
of  their  rulers  like  the  fubjeds  of  a  defpot ;  they  arc  entitled 
to  think  and  to  fpeak ;  they  have  rights  to  defend,  and  will  not 
tamely  behold  their  infringement. 

The  dodrine  contained  in  the  opinion,  which  has  given  oc* 
caficm  to  the  prefent  publication,  is  conceived  by  our  Author 
to  be  contrary  to  law  and  the  fpirit  of  our  coniHtution.  He 
aSerts,  in  oppofition  to  it,  the  full  powers  of  an  Englifb  jury  ; 
and  proves,  with  much  force  of  argument,  that,  from  the 
forms  of  proceeding,  from  the  defign  of  the  inftitution,  and 
from  the  conftant  pradice  of  our  anceftors,  jurors  ought  of 
right  and  duty  to  determine  the  whole  complicated  charge  in 
the  profeciitfon  of  a  libel.  The  guilt  or  innocence  of  human 
afiions,  as  he  exprefles  bimfelf,  is,  doubtlefs,  in  this  cpuntry^ 
to  be  determined  by  juries  ;  and  we  cannot  but  agree  with  him 
in  opinion,  chat  nothing  lefs  than  the  total  abolition  9f  the 
trial  fy  our  pars  can  wr^  from  them  this  falutary  and  excluiivc 
right. 

lo  the  courfe  of  his  performance  the  intelligent  reader  will 
perceive*  that  the  writer  poffef&s  a  mafterly  knowledge  of  our 
conftitntion,  and  is  well  acquainted  with  the  general  principles 
of  criminal  jurifprudence.  In  the  following  excrafl,  in  parti- 
cular, there  is  much  acutenefs  and  ffrength  of  reafoning. 

*  When  the  verdiA  of  the  jury  in  the  King  and  PFoedfaU  was 
firft  known,  I  found  no  difBculty  in  pronouncing  it  an  acquit- 
tal. The  exprefs  negation  of  all  evil  intention  appeared  to  my 
ttndcrftanding,  ib  repugnant  to  the  idea  of  a  crime,  that  I  paid 
Itttle  attention  to  the  cavils  of  fome  loquacious  Templars,  who 
iberaed  to  be  puzzled  with  technical  difficulties,  the  nature  of 
which  they  themfdves  did  not  comprehend.  Thefe  diiEcukiea 
^«camc  important,  when  adopted  by  higher  authority. 

<  It  was  cbar^  in  the  information  that  Mr.  Woodfall  did^* 
meknBy  and  maUci^ufif^  with  intent  to  flir  up  (edition,  &c.  print 
and  publilh  a  artain  fcandalous  libely  figncd  Junius,  which  fol- 
lowed verbatim,  with  proper  innuendoes.  The  jury  found  him 
Gtiihy  of  printiff  and  ptMifl^ng  only.  No  words  can  be  le£i 
liable  to  mifreprefentation.  On(y  excludes  every  thing  which  is 
lot  expreily  found ;  that  Is^  tvziy  thing  but  printini^  and  pub-» 

liihing 
I 


1 26  A  Letter  U  the  Jurors  of  Great  Britain. 

liOiing  the  paper  recited  in  the  information.  If  evil  intention 
be  an  objeft  of  the  jury's  enquiry  ;  if  the  jury  may  determine 
the  criminality  of  the  paper  ;  in  either  event  Mr.  Woodfall  has 
been  acquitted.  Accordingly  the  judgment  of  the  Ktng^s 
Bench  goes  decifively  to  tbefe  points.  I  fhall  tranfcribe  the 
words  of  the  opinion  :  *'  If  they  f  the  jury)  meant  to  fay  that 

,'  they  did  not  iind  it  a  libel,  or  did  not  find  the  epithets,  or 
did  not  find  any  *  malicious  intent,  it  would  not  affet^  the 
verdidt,  becaufe  none  of  thefe  things  were  to  be  found  either 
way."  The  context  plainly  fliews,  that  upon  all  thefe  appli- 
cations of  the  excluding  word  onlyj  the  verdid  would  have  been 
deemed  a  conviction :  becaufe  the  court  afterwards  declare  the 
verdidl  void  for  uncertainty,  as,  ^*  It  is  poffible  fome  of  them 

i  (the  jury)  might  mean  not  to  find  the  whole  fenfe  and  expla-* 
nation  put  upon  the  paper  by  the  innuendoes  in  the  infor- 
mation." 

*  Here  then  is  a  folemn  declaration  that  a  jury,  in  a  charge 
of  libel,  have  no  right  to  determine  the  innocence  or  crimina- 
lity of  the  {iaper;  that  the  jury,  by  a  general  verdiS  of  guilty 
find  the  fa£t  of  publication,  and  verbal  fupply  of  innuendoes 
only;  that  the  jury  cannot  decide  upon  the  criminal  or  innocent 
intention  of  the  publiflier;  and  that  the  diredtion  of  a  judge 
leaving  any  of  thefe  matters  to  a  jury  would  be  illegal. 

*  It  is  not  difficult  to  trace,  to  its  fourfe,  this  conteft  of  ja- 
rlfdiSion  between  the  jury  and  the  court.  It  arifes  from  the 
different  nature  of  that  evidence  which  may  be  applied  to  prove 
Criminal  intcntim  in  profecutions  for  different  offences.  Wherq 
the  crime  is  theft,  for  inftance,  there  can  be  no  room  for.  any 
variahce  of  opinion.  The  intention  to  fiscal  (which  is  fignified 
by  the  word  felonioujly  in  the  indidment)  muft  always  be  col- 
lected from  circumflances  accompanying  the  a£t ;  circumftanpes 
which  can  only  be  knoWn  to  the  jury;  of  which  the  court 
cannot  receive  any  evidence.  How  happens  it  that  in  a  charge 
of  libelling,  malicious^  fcandalous^  and  Jeditious^  (hould  have  no 
meaning  ?  That  in  this  crime  alone  fuch  epithets  are  of  no  im- 
portance ?  mere  formalities  ?  inferences  of  law  from  the  fimple 
a6t  of  publication,  an  a<5t  in  itfelf  e:£( redely  innocent  P 
Whence  have  arifen  thefe  prctenfions  of  judges  i  The  folution 
will  not  be  difficult.  Criminal  intention  in  the  publicatipn  of  a 
libel  may  be  proved  by  two  forts  oi  evidence  ^^  one  internal^  ^xi^^ 
■  ■        ■■  '  '  ■; I  ■        ^  t      ■■  ■   ■    ■    ■ .    I    ^ 

*  Our  Author  has  omitted  here  the  word  exprefi.  With  regard  to 
the  opinioh  of  the  court  of  King's  Bench,  he  chinks  the  di&indioa 
between  exprefs  or  implied  malicious  intent,  is  w^hoat  foondatioo  ; 
bifcaufe,  fays  he,  by  the  word  only^  the  verdid  had  excluded  mah- 
cious  intent ;  and  the  only  doubt  as  to  this  part  mull  be,  whether  the 

.jury  rraA/ decide  upwi  the  iniention  of  a  pubiijLcr. 

Cng 


A  Letter  to  the  Jurors  of  Great  Briiairu  t^-j 

fing  from  the  nature  of  the  paper  ;  the  other  (xternal^  from  the 
circumilances  accompanying  the  ad  of  publication.  The  firft 
(l>dng  f^ated  in  the  record)  lies  open  to  the  obfervation  of 
court  and  jury  j  the  other  fpccies  of  evidence  can  he  known  to 
the  jury  alone.  The  court  of  King's  Bench,  adverting  only 
to  the  firft  fpecies,  and  defirous  of  drawing  the  whole  judica- 
ture to  themfelves,  declared,  that  an  exprefs  exclufion  ot  crimi* 
na/ intention  by  the  verdift  of  a  jury  would  avail  nothina ;  but 
tlkSLtJiicb  Hjerdicf  (if  the  aft  of  publication,  together  with  the 
verbal  fupply  of  innuendoes. was  found)  would  operate  as  a  con- 
vi£)ion.  Should  this  be  the  law  of  England,  a  very  ridiculous 
coDfequence  iVould  follow  !  A  man  might  have  the  cleareft 
proof  of  his  innocence  without  a  ponibijity  of  producing  it! 
To  the  jury  he  could  hot,  becaufe  they  are  not  to  judge  of  in- 
tention :  nay,  an  exprefs  negation  of  criminal  defign  bv  thcta 
would  be  void,  and  of  no  efled.  Before  the  court  at  Weftmin- 
fter  it  cannot  be  produced,  becaufe  fuch  evidence  will  contia- 
did  the  general  verdict  ^7v/7(y. 

;  *  A  man  carrying  a  linel  to  a  magiftrate,  moft  certainly  is  a 
publiiher.  So  a  ftudenl  taking  notes  in  a  court  of  law,  and 
com  mum  eating  thefe  notes  to  another.  So  likewife  a  man 
tranfcribing  an  information,  by  the  direction  of  the  Attorney- 
general,  and  collating  fuch  tranfcript  with  the  foul  copy  by  the 
aififtance  of  another  perfon.  All  thefe  are  publifhcrs,  but  not 
criminal.  Yet  if  a  jury  cannot  judge  of  intention,  the  evidence 
of  thefe  fsiSts  cannot  be  received  by  the  court,  becaufq  it  will 
contradidt  the  verdidf. 

*  Mr.;  Almon  moft  certainly  was  a  publifiier.  He  kept  a 
ihop  ;  fold  pannphlets  ;  and  gave  a  general  authority  to  his  ier- 
vants  for  that  purpofe.  He  was  therefore  bound  by  the'ach  of 
fucb  fervants,  and  liable,  in  a  civil  fujt,  to  every  demand 
founded  on  tf^eir  eUis.  Yet  was  he  exempt  from  projicution  for  a 
crimey  becaufe  criminal  infenttGn  ran  be  imputed  to  the  fervant 
^alone,  who,  ivithout  his  matter's  knowleige,  fold  the  identi-- 
cal  paper*  Lord  Mansfield  felt  this  truth  when  he  faid  (upon 
the  motion  for  a  new  trFal)  that  had  this  appeared  in  evidence 
as  opened  by  the  counfel,  he  Ih/Quld  have  di redled  the  jury  to 
acquit  the  defendant.  The  error  of  Ihc  Attorney-general  was 
Hkewife  extremely  naturajf,  who  thought  this  evidence  cqijld 
not  be  received  after  conviUJion^  as  impeachiag  the  propriety'of 
-Sc  vcrdicfi.       But  ncither'one^nbr  the  other  fcems  perfeflly  con- 

ftcnt  wilh    the  opinion  of  tTie  court,  that  the- jury  can  only  de- 

*y^mine  the  fa^  of  publication.     Mr.  Almon  could  have  been  ac-. 

litted  upon   no  other  ground  than  a  defc(Sl  oi^rimlnal  intention^ 

cither  could  the  evidence  of  this  clcfe6l  contradict  the  vcrdi<a, 

he  jury  bad  determined  the  fimplc  fadt  of  publication  alom^ 

*  I  cannot 


1  af  Jl  Letter  to  the  Jurors  of  Great  Britatju 

*  I  cannot  difmifs  Mr.  Almoa's  cafe  without  obferving  ano- 
ther moft  dangerous  encroachment  upon  the  office  of  a  jurjii 
It  was  urged  at  the  bar,  and  approved  by  the  court,  ^'  x  hat 
Mr.  Almon*s  adual  aflent  to  the  publication  was  neceflkry  to 
fix  any  crime  upon  him,  and  that  a  fale  by  a  fervant  was  only 
evidence  of  that  aflent."  The  refufal  of  a  new  trial  was  founded 
upon  the  propriety  of  a  judge's  direfiion,  who  laid  down  this 
pofition,  '^'That  the  fale  by  the  fervant  was  prima  facie  evi- 
dence of  a  fale  by  the  mader,  and  became  conclufive,  if  not 
contradicted  by  other  evidence."  This  pofition  cannot  be  Iaw» 
becaufe  the  peculiar  province  of  a  jury  is  to  judge  of  the 
weight  and  import  of  evidence,  which,  by  fuch  a  determina- 
tion, would  be  wrefted  from  them.  I  have  read  of  legal  deci- 
flons  refpeding  the  competence  of  evidence,  that  is,  whether  it 
be  admiffible  and  may  be  laid  before  the  jury  :  but  this  opinion 
df  the  judges  prefcribes  the  ejfe^  of  evidence,  and  compels  the 
jury  (whether  convinced  or  not)  upon  their  oaths  to  declare 
that  the  maiAtr  did  ajent  to  the  publication.  I  am  not  much 
furprifed  at  the  uneaflnefs  of  Mr.  Mackworth,  ^or  that  he  did 
not*  immediately  underftand  this  new  rule  of  law. 

*  The  conftant  pradice  of  the  court  of  King's  Bench  to  ad- 
mit affidavits  to  be  read,  after  convi£lion,  may,  in  fome  fort, 
have  tended  to  confound  the  refpeClive  duties  of  court  and  jury. 
Indeed;  were  we  abfolutely  certain  of  a  conftant  fucceffion  of 
uptight  and  ^5/1$/?  judges,  little  mifchief  might  enfue  from  fuch 
confufion.  A  nominal  punifliment,  where  the  party  is  inno- 
ccMt,  might  be  nearly  the  fame  with  no  punifhmeat  at  all. 
Unfortunately  this  argument  would  have  equal  force,  if  urged 
for  the  total  abolition  of  our  government,  and  an  implicit  fub- 
miffion  to  the  will  of  one  man.  To  be  ferious ;  let  us  turn 
from  mifdemeanors,  where  the  punifhment  is  uncertain,  to 
other  crimes,  and  the  abfurdity^of  this  doArine  will  appear  in 
its  true  coTours.  •  Let  the  judgment  of  the  court  in  Mr.  Wood* 
fall's  cafe  be  the  law  of  England,  and  I  will  undertalce  to  hang, 
as  a  traitor,  a  very  good  friend  to  the  government,  for  the  very 
zSt  by  which  he  meant  to  ferve  bis  King.  Suppofe  the  enemy 
landed,  and  a  manifefto  publifhed  exciting  the  people  to  join 
the  invaders :  a  good  friend  of  government  fends  a  meflenger 
with  this  manifefto  to  the  Secretary  of  State.  He  is  indi£ked» 
for  that  he  traiterouflj^  and  with  intent  to  affift  the  King's  ene- 
mies, did  publiQi  the  paper,  &c*  The  jury  are  told  that  they 
haVe  nothing  to  do  with  intention ;  that  traiteroujiyy  &c.  are  in- 
ferences of  law.  The  publication  is  proved;  there  are  no 
blanks  in  the  paper  to  fupply.  The  man  is  therefore  convi£led^ 
and  muft  be  hanged.' 

^'      ■  '      "  ■      ■    ■      ■  ■      I    ■■    ■    1  mi.  |.  ■  in  ■      ■  I        ■■ 

*  The  word  not  is  omitted  in  the  pamphlet,  we  fuppofe,  by  ai^ 
error  of  the  prefs. 

There 


'  A  Litter  i§  the  yur$rt  ofGnat  Britain.  129' 

There  is  another  pallage  in  thid  excellent  pamphlet,, which 
we  muft  beg  leave  to  lay  before  our  Readers. 
*  The  revolution,  fays  our  Author,  eftabliflied  thofc  prlnel- 

Sles  of  r^fiftancc  to  the  civil  ttiagiftrate,  which,  from- the  ob- 
inaie  oppofition  of  Tories,  were  but  obfcurely  exprefied  in  the  . 
£imous  vote  of  the  Convention  Parliament.  It  was,  however, 
determined,  that  there  are  occafions  in  which  rcfiftance  may  be 
hwful^  in  which  fubjedts  may  depofe  their  King.  They  mail 
therefore  have  a  right  to  examine  the  condu^  of  their  Kingy 
for  on  his  conduct  mud  depend  the  meafure  of  their  obedience, 
A  forfeiture  may  be  incurred,  but  the  nation  alone  can  judge 
wheli  •*  the* original  Contra<£l  between  King  and  People  i^ 
lirokeni  when  the  fundamental  laws  are  violated  \  when  an  at* 
tempt  is  made  to  fubvert  the^conftitution."  Under  a  govern- 
ment eflabiiihed  upon  thefe  principles^  every  man  has  a  right 
to  watch  the.adminiftration  pfjuftice;  to  fift, narrowly  ail  a6U 

^  of  the  King  or  his  minifter^  ;v(o  point  out  the  corruption  even- 
of  parliaments ;  and  to  fpread  an  alarm  among  the  people,, 
whenever  a  dangerous  attack  is  either  made  s^i  meditated  at^ainft 
the  public  liberty.  This  right  can  be  limited  by  no  certciin  rxiles^ 
but  muft  ever  be  governed-  by  the  particular  ocz^iion.     There 

I         are  times  of  danger  when  any  thing  which  tends  to  difunit» 

I  may  be  highly  criminal.  There  are  tinier,  when  even  invec-^ 
lives  aiajr  deferve  the  praife  of  moderatioii.  No  (cientific  knpw-^ 

^  ledge,  no  acquaintance  with  former  decifions,  f^an  enable  the 
book^^read  lawyer  to  affirm  tbis  publication  W  criminal,  that 
publication  is  innocent.  To  do  this  with  precifion,  or  juftice 
to  tbe  party  accufed^  we  muft  enter  into  copmon  life;. we 
muft  attend  to  the  politics  of  the  day ;  we  muil  imbibe  the  fen-*^ 
timeiits  of  the  people^  and  -participate  their  eyery  complaint!^ 
Jurus,  taken  by  lot  from  among  the  •  people,  are  peculiar fy  the 
pfoper  judges  ih  cafes  of  libel :  and  if  in^this^  as  in  all  other 

>  imputations  of  a  criminal  nature,  our  anceftors  have  enjoyed^ 
ihac  noble  privilege,  a  trial  by  their  peersy  fhall  we  now  relin* 
quilh  our  glorious  birthright  under  a  King,  whofe  family  was 
admitted  to  the  crown  for  the  fole  purpofe  of  defending,  pro-, 
tcdingi  and  improving  our  laws  and  conftitution  V 

I  Tlie  prefent  performancai  n^uft  not  be  clafled  with  thofe  fac- 

tious  and  violent  publications  which  are  every  day  ilTuipg  from 
the  pre<s*  It  is  full  of  candour,  information^  and  good  fenfe  ; 
and  we. have  not  the  leaft  doubt  but  that  its  Author  is  really 
what  he  fubfcribes  himfelf^,  *^  A  Friend  to  the  Laws  and  Govern^ 
ment  of  his  Country." 

*  la  the  pamphlet  it  is*^.  *  irom  arooo^  people.* 
R^y-  Feb,  J771.  K      .       s  Aet, 


r  ^p  J 

AttT.  Vl.  T'he  iintverfal  Botant/f  and  Nurferynmn:  Containing 
.  Dijcriptlons  tf  the  Spedes  and  varieties  of  all  thi  TreeSy  Shruh^ 

Hirbs^  Flowers^  and  Fruits j  Natives  and  Exotics^  at  frefent 
.  .  tultivatid  in  the  European  NurferieSj  Greenhoufes  and  Stoves^  or 

difcrihed  by  modem  Botantjis  \  arravj^ed  according  to  the  Limutsn 

Sy/iem^  with  their  Names  in  Efigli^.  To  which  a^e  addid^  m 
'  copious  Botanical  Glojfary^  fiver al  ufeful  Catalogues  isnd  Indexes. 

Illuftratcd  with  elegant  HTngravings.  In  Four  Vols.  \8vo. 
'  By  Richard  WeftoDjEfq;   Vol.1,  ^rice  5  s«  3  d.  in  Boards. 

Bell.     1770. 

TT  is  with  great  fatlsfa^lion  that  we  fee  the  ureful  and  pleaT- 
Jt  ing  ftrience  of  Botany  To  affiduoufly  cultivated  as  it  bath 
oeeh  for  fome  years  paft.  The  general  attention  paid  to  a  ftudjr 
h  innocent  as  well  as  delightful,  is  one  proof,  among  others, 
that  the  age,  liowever  depraved  in  fome  refpedis  it  is  faid  to 
&e,  is  not  fo  in  all  *,  for,  th  many  branches  of  knowledge,  in 
many  exercifts  of  virtue,  we  are  M\j  perfuaded,  otir  own 
times  and  manners  are  in  a  happy  ftate  of  improvement  Let 
half-thinking  divines,  or  ritilingy  gloomy  bigots,  wbodeliebc 
in  abnfing,  and  vilifying,  and  damning  mankind,  difpuie  &s 
truth ;  but,  for  tis,  we  really  kpprehei^,  that  not  to  acknow^ 
fedge  it^  would  be  the  bafeft  ingratitude  to  the  alUviriiiB  and  bo* 
lievoknt  adminiftration  of  that  i^orabte  BEIN0  by  whom  Kings 
reign  aftd  Princts  decree  jufticc :  by  whom  all  thingf  kre  u^ 
iield  in  the moilr  beautiful  and  perfe^  order :  who,  as  Ood  or 
ALl,  taUnees  the  univerfe  with  equal  and  unenring  hiild,  and 
ihsintains  it  in  that  tinrfbrm  courfe  df  re£litude  which  be  alone 
Ifould  give  it,  am!- from  which  neither  the  moral  nor  the  mate-^ 
rfal  t^orld  can  ever  depart  without  his  permiffion  and  appoint- 
ment. 

''Botany  is,  hidee^,  a  ftudy  of  fuch  general  importancei  Uk 
Ihlnkind,  that  it  Would  be  no  eafy  talk  fo  draw  the  line  that 
ccnild  limit  the  bounds  of  its  atilrty«  The  very  fenfible  Author 
6f  the  performance  now  before  us  hath  enumerated  fome  parti* 
c&lars  of  this  kind  *,  but  to  fpecify  WA  wouM  be  a  vain  attempt. 
What  he  has  obfprved,  however,  in  his  introdu^ion,  n  juft, 
and  pertinent.  .  He  firft  confiders  its  ufeftrlnefs  in  a  rdigtoua 
Kgbt.  *  To  be  employed  in  the^onftant  contemjdat&)n,  and 
of  courfe  in  the  conftant  admiration  of  the  wfraom  of  the 
DEITY,  to  the  harmonizing  of  the  paffionS)  and  the  ac^utii* 
tion  of  ufeful  knowledge,  is  eert^linly  one  of  the  moft  com* 
mendable  purfuits  in  which  a  rational  minfd  can  be  engaged/ 
"  Hence,  he  remarks,  ^  it  is,  that  in  all  ages,  the  greateft 
and  beft  of  men  have  found  it,  in  fothtide,  their  moft  effe£lual 
relief  againft  the  difguft  they  bad  conceived  at  the  diforders  of 
f6ciety  i  when,  like  Cincimxatus^  exchanging  xbd  iword  ibr 


WcftanV  iotai^.  x%t 

I  ^  plotighlhar^,  Aey  hiive  ukeil  as  mach  delight  in  agriculture, 
th  tbey  had  ever  done  in  poKcy  cmt  tadics;  in  cultivating  their 
i«U  or  tbeh  garden,  a3  in  the  triumphs  of  a  camp,  or  the 
(j^cnAot  o(  «  court/ 

Mr.  Wcllon  fertBcf  6brerVes,  that  In  a  commercial  view, 
*  the  cultiration  of  this  fcicnce  will  appear  of  the  greateft  ad« 
vantage  to  a  manufaduring  and  trading  nation ;  efpecially  td 
^ne  whofe  commerce  not  only  extends  to  the  fartheft  parts  of 
Ae  world,  bee  whofe  pofiei&ons  and  colonies  are  diftributed 
throQgbottt  every  climate,  over  the  known  face  of  the  whole 
cartn. 

^  The  immenfe  profit  that  muft  arife  to  the  Briti(h  empire 

tttm  ber  transferring  the  purchaf^  pf  fuch  commodities  as  are 

now  the  produce  of  foreign  countries  to  her  own,  exceeds  all 

effimate.    The  fleady  execution  of  a  plan,  ttherefore,  that  Would 

MlkSt  this,  would  in  time  turn  our  balance  of  trade  with  the 

^         Whole  world  in  our  favour.    We  fliould  traffic  only  with  the 

I         pmdiice  of  our  own  foil  and  the  commodities  of  our  own  ma** 

i         pufadure ;  for  Which  we  might  be  paid  in  whatfoevbr  coin  w^ 

|»ldded. 

<  It  Is  on  thejoKd  bafts  of  A<^lticuLTalt£  and  the  prudent 
application  of  the  advantages  arifing  from  our  improvements  In 
ivtamtti  kitticey  that  fuCh  a  plan  muft  iii  a  great  mtafure  be 
laid.  ^  / 

^  <  Oteat  Britain  and  Treland,  it  is  true,  are  of  fo  limited  atl 

extent,  and  of  a  climate  fo  variable  and  uncertain,  that  all 
thtie  advantagesr  cannot  be  fecured  to  our  mother  country.  Yet 
that  many  of  them  may,  the  feccefsful  attempts  that  have  been 
made  witnin  a  few  years,  to  introduce  the  plants  and  herbage 
of  fome  foreign  countries  are  a  fufficie nt  proof.  Of  thefe  the 
cultivation  id  Madder^  as  pradifed  in  Zealand,  t>(  Lucertu^  and 
^  other  graflet,  as  in  Switzerland,  are,  among  many  others  that 
might  be  mentioned,  no  lefs  public  than  profitable  inftances* 
I  A  very  recent  one,  and  not  fo  generally  known,  affords  a  far- 
ther proof,  as  well  a^  a  pleafing  profpeA  that  fuch  purfuits  may 
be  carried  to  an  incrtdible  lengdi,  equaHy  to  the  comfort  and 
emolument  of  individuals,  as  to  the  honour  and  independance 
tif  thrnation  in  general.  The  ufes  and  alimentary  virtues  of 
Ae  Er AlE?,  at  prefcnt  imported  from  Turkey,  are  well  known  j 
as  well  as  its  exorbitant  high  price,  which  confines  it  in  a 
great  degree  only  to  perfons  of  fortune^  By  a  late  communr- 
tratioir  to-tfae  Royal  Society,  it  appears  that  the  Ortkis  mafiuld 
I  of  LiNfr.Ai7S,  tne  OrMs  ffwfh  mat  foliis  maculaiis  of  Parkifon, 

i  the  C^n^/orcbh  moria  mas  of  Gerard,  and  the  Cynoforchis  mtjot^ 

commonly  called  doo-stonbs,  with  all  the  common  OrMs 
roots  of  our  own  country,  may  be  cafily  fo  prepared  as  per- 
fcAly  to  rc&mble  the  salep  that  comes  from  Turkey, 

^  K  a  What 


13%  Tyefton'>  Baanf* 

<  What  adds  ta-the  promifing  arptft  of  this  difeovery  aUa 

i$f  that  the  plant  grows  fpontaneouily  over  the  whole  kingdom^ 
and  needs  fo  little  culture  that  it  flouriihcs  beft  in  a  dry, 
fandy,  barren  foil :  fo  that  even  the  poor  might,  in  a  fliort 
time,  by  the- propagation. of  this  nutritious  vegetablcy  be  ac* 
commodated  with  salep-powder,  as  with  other  kinds  o£ 
smal  ox  fiour* 

He  next  expatiates  on  the  importance  of  improvements  in 
Botany,  with  refpe^)  to  chemical  knowledge,  to  manttfadures, 
and  to  medicine.  It  is  true,  he  acknowledges,  that  the  greater 
part  of  the  drugs  ufed  for  dying,  and  other  mechanical  pur- 
pofes,  aff  well  as  the  raoft  powerf4il  in  the  maUriameJicay  are 
imported  from  countries  whofe  foil  and  climate  differ  too  much 
from  thofe  of  tbefe  iflands,  'to  admit  of  their  fuccefsful  cultiva* 
tion  here  \  but  then  he  remarks,  as  others  have  done  befovTs 

*  That  thefe,  as  well  as  many  plants  *  both  of  the  herbaceous 
and  farinaceous  kinds,  may  in  all  probability  thrive  as  well  in 
the  fimilar  climates  of  fome  or  other  of  our  varioufly-fituated 
colonies,  as  in  thofe  countries  where  they  are  indigenous/ 

Having  briefly  pointed  out  the  commercial,  medicinal,  and 
other  advantages  aridng  from  the  pradical  ftodyxif. Botany,  he 
proceeds  to  remark  on  the  many  and  voluminous  publicattons 
of  botanical  writers :  that  they  have  been  equally  objeSed  to, 
both  for  their  redundance  and  their  deficiency.  The  former 
complaint,  fays  he,  has  been  ufaally  made  againft  thofe  Au- 
thors who,  confining  themfelves  to  the  plants  of  a  certain  couo- 
try,  or  difiii<£l,  ran  into  a  prolixity  of  defcription,  incompatible 
with  the  neceiTary  concifenefs  of  a  fyftematical  arrangement. 

*  The  difFufivenciis  of  their  manner,  however,  has  not  fecured 
them  from  deficience  in  matter  \  while  other  writers  arc, 
through  lapfe  of  time  or  original  inattention,  equally  exception- 
able in  both  i  even  the  inflitutions  of  the  celebrated  Tounufvrt 
wanting  many  newly*difcovered  plants,  as  well  as  the  feveral 
varieties  of  old.  ones  \  the  number  of  which  has  been  greatly 
iiicreafed  by  cultivation  fmce  the  days  of  that  eminent  fio- 
tanift. 

*  The  Sptciei  PJantofum  of  LiNN^us  is  undoubtedly  a  moft 
-.valuable  book  \  but  it  is  much  better  calculated  for  the  ufe 

the  medical  botanift,  than  the  gardener  or  nurferyman,  parti 
cularly  thofe  of  this  country  $  no  edition  yet  publilhed  having 
'the  Englifn  names  cf  the  plants  annexed  t9  the  iMtin^  as  in  the 

*  He  inftanccs  in  the  Mulberry  tree,  for  filk- worms ;  fo  fucceis*- 
fully  cultivated  in  Georgia  and  South  Carolina.  In  the  latter  pro* 
vir.ce,  too,  he  is  pcrfuadcd,  the  tea-plant  might  be  carried  to  as  great 
.pcrfcaion  as  in  China.  Aifo  the  cinnamon-tree,  and  the  true  rhu* 
barb. 

prefent 


pftfait  work>  which  -h  tb«.fif(l  general  catalogue  of 
PLANT9«  that  has  appeared  in  England.' 

In  drawing  up  this  Catalogue,  the  Author  found  i^  neccflTary 
to  arrange,  the  plants  after  fome  fy hematic  method;  and  he 
adopted  that  of  Linnaeus,  as  being  thegioft  generally  received. 
He  has  marked,  accordingly,  each  genus  with  its  cone/ponding 
number  in  the  laft  edition  of  the  Genera  Plantarum^  printed  at 
Stockholn  in  1764.  He  has  farther  pointed  out  to  what  clafs 
or  vrdiT  each  belongs,  and  has  given  an  explanation  of  techni* 
cal  terms,  from  the  Pbilofophia  Bctanica.  Where  a  verbal  ex- 
pbnadon  has-been  deemed  infufEcient,  he  has  added  the  illu* 
ftration,  by  a  drawing  of  the  figures  upon  copper- plates,  <  that 
ODthing,  fays  he,  might  be  wanting  to  render  the  whole  as  clear 
aod  explicit  as  poffible,  to  every  capacity/ 

As  only  the  firft  of  the  four  intended  volumes  of  this  ufeful 
work  is  yet  publiflied,  we  fhall  here,  for  the  farther  fatisfa£^iofi 
of  our  Botanical  Readers,  give  the  Author's  own  account  o^  the 
contents  of  the  wh^U  work,  in  the  order  in  which  he  declares 
that  they  are  at  prefent  difpofed  for  the  prefs,  and,  for  the 
aioft  part,  already  printed,  viz. 

*  In  tlK  firft  place,  **  An  alphabetical  Catalogue  of  the  Species 
and  Varieties  of  all  the  Trees  and  Shrubs,  at  prefent  cultivated 
or  defcribed  by  botanical  Writers:  comprehending  a  particular 
Befcription  of  their  Leaves,  Flowers,  Fruit,  &c.  together  with 
dieir  £ngli(h  Names." — By  means  of  this  Catalogue  not  only 
tfae  nurfery-man  and  gardener,  but  the  nobleman  or  country-' 
gentleman,  who  is  dcfirous  of  making  a  collection  of  trees  and 
ft>ntbs<i  either  to  adorn  his  eftate,  or  for  the  more  valuable  pur* 
pofes  of  raifing  timber,  may  be  informed  of  every  ornamental  or 
vaduable  tree  in  the  known  world  \  no  one  variety  being  omit- 
ted, which  I  had  fufficient  authority  to  enumerate  either  from 
authors  of  credit,  or  my  own  experience ;  and  where  there 
are  fome  curious  varieties,  as  double  fhwers^  or  beautiful  Jlriped- 
musy  not  at  prefent  in  our  nurferies,  I  have  given. the  initials  of 
the  Flora  or  Hortus  in  which  they  are  mentioned,  in  order  that 
they  may  be  procured.  Hence  they  will  be  enabled  by  difFe- 
sent  plants  to  fuit  every  foil  and  iituation  ;  and  as  the  prefent 
elegant  tafte  for  natural  improvements  in  gardening  fo  generally 
prevails  throughout  England,  the  inquifitive  Englifh  planter 
will  find  this  Catalogue  particularly  conrenient,  as  it  exhibits  at 
one  view  the  ilifFi  rent  ornamental  varieties  of  ezch  /pedes, 
»  V  A  SEPARATE  Catalogue  of  the  Trees,  Shrubs,  and  Fruits,- 
Natives  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ;  pointing  out  alfo  their- 
Time  of  flowering,  and  the  Places  where  they  are  particularly 
iixUgenous/'*-«-Tbis  part  of  the  work  is  peculiarly  defi^ned  f:)r 
thettfeof  iisc^.as>tDay4>e4ncline«i  toiaife  a  plantation  of  the* 


154  W«fto0'f'K0t^f 

moft  bcautifttl  tud  oqiameittal  tfvci,  Auubly  iad  Auitti  mthti^ 

of  our  own  ifles. 

««  An  //lAx  of  the  Genera  of  Treti  and  Shrub^/' 

«  An  alpbahiticd  Catal^i  of  th§  Sp^cMt  ami  Varieties  of 
$11  the  Herb^,  Flower9>  and  bulbous  SLools^  at  fvident  culd*. 
vat^d  or  deforibed  by  Botsmiib  }  giving  «  pa^ticilbr  PefcrifitiMft 
of  their  Leaver  and  Flowers,  with  their  diftinguiihing  QuaH* 
ties,  as  Annuals,  Biennials,  or  F^rennisk ;  together  with  their 
Engliih  Names." — In  this  Catafogui  the  herbarift  and  kitchen* 
gardciicr  will  find  all  the  various  forts  of  rofts  and  birbsf  which ' 
the  mof}  curious  gardens  in  England^  France,  Flanders,  «n4 
IlolhirJ  ^ifford.  '  ' 

''  1  he  Cryptogumian  Clafs  of  LiNMJE09,cootainiag  the  Feroa^ 
MoiT-s,  Mips,  ind  Muihroonis.*'    . 

*  The  Jubmarine  Plants, •'  for  tbr  amufanent  of  pe^Ie  who 
reii  «'  near  t/)e  Tea. 

^'  A  Catalogue  qf  all  the  Fruits  cultirated  in  England  aod 
Fraice,  particularly  thoTe  raifed  in  the  siORsaEY  or  TMft 
Cakthusian  friars  in  Paris.*'  The  lovers  of ^nrf  majr 
iience  gratify  their  choice  from  a  defcription  of  tNtrj  difestaf 
(ruit  in  a  moft  numerous  and  feled  coUeAion. 

«'  C^talo^ues  of  the  Flowers  rat&d  by  the.  moft  cminetit 
Floiiits  i(i  Europe  i  giving  a  Defcription  of  their  Cotours  an4- 
Manner  of  blowing :  to  which  are  annexed  the  eufifmary  Priai 
at  whicli  they  are  fold,  in  £iigiilh  Motney/'*— The  curiouft 
Florift  may  here  indulge  his  uimoft  fancy  in  fekdiag  froflt 
among  all  the  minute  v^iefM  that  are  tt>  be  found  m  th^ 
French^  Dutch,  and  Flemilh  flower-ggrdens. 

«^  A  general  Latin  IfuUx  of  the  Genera  of  LiNW^va.*' 

<<  The  rejcSttd  Generic  Namcf  of  LiNNiEUS^  adapted  ta| 
t)ie  prefent  Linnman  Genera*" 

<<  An  iffirx- containing  nfar  ihra  Tbwjimd  Ewgl^b  Wama  ^ 
flants^  referred  to  their  proper  Linnaan  Titles." 

<<  A  Bounical  Gloflary,  or  Explanation  of  the  Technical 
Terms  of  Linnjeus  ;  il|uftratcd  by  proper  drawings." 

To  the  above  will  be  added,  *^  A  Stfpplitnmi.  eontaintng  a 
Defcription  of  any  new  Plants  which  msf  be  ^itrodiiced  inte^ 
JLAgland,  while  the  Work  is  completing*" 

Such  is  the  proifeilSrd  deftgn  ai^d  difpofitton  of  this  under^ 
faking  i  to  t^e  execution  of  which,  t(ie  Author  declares  that  he^ 
was  induced  partly  by  refieAing  oa  the  defe£b  and  ineoiive>« 
liiences  attending  all  publlicitioas  of  the  like  nature  hkherta 
^xfant,  and  partly  by  the  particular  ufe  of  which  the  abovc^ 
tnentibned  CalaUgua  hath  b^en  to  himfelf,  during  great  part 
of  a  life  fpent  in  botanical  pitifntts,  a^d  the  pra&ical  ftudy  o£ 
agriculture,  both  abroad  aod  at  hwie,  di^eAed  faf  aa  w^emit^ 
iipd  attention  to  every  writer^  q^  fimincncej^  on  botanical  fub 


PahfipKaa  nwtfiiaimy  /k^tiYiir  1769.  \^s 

}cAl.-*Wh(n  Ibis  work  is  cm^cfted,  jwp  iMl  no(  fail  t^ 

Eve  our  Readers  a  Critical  Examimitioo  of  its  various  coQtems» 
I  the  mean  timet  we  fincereljr  wUh  ti|C  indiUlrious  Author  all 
the  iiicceft  wbidi  an  luulcfudciiig  .«f  io  -fpucb  labour  aiMl*ox^ 
peace  may  defenre* 

U  I  II   '>■,!  I     III    ■  ■  i     'I  tj'mmm^mmmi     i   J«  ■    iH ii>    i|V 

AftT.  VIL  Pbikftpbital  TVattfiM^lVt.  giving /mi  Juouni  4/  ihf 
prefiBiVndtrtaUngt^Jk^iSy  mt4  l^kfit^i  ff  thi  Ingfm$us  in 
manftm^idirMi  Paris  fftbiU^vrU.  VoUtix.  For  tbiBYcac 
1769.    la  tvo  Parti.    4JtQ.     i%%.  fesvcd.    Pavij|«         -     • 

MATHaMATICS  attd  MVCHANICS, 

Article  12.  A  LetHrfrom  Mr.  Jibn  RAertfiny  Lib.  R.  8.  tt 
ymes  Wifiy  Efi\  Prffidm^fthe  Rofol  SmHy ;  containing  tAr 
demmfftrMtimt  of  a  Law  of  Matifm^  in  thi  caftif  a  body  difit&ci 
bj  MQfvraSy  finding  eonftantbf  U  two  foenl  points » 

TH£  moon's  motions,  however  irregular,  «^en  abfolutely 
oonfidered^  furnilh,  in  their  relation  to  and  depetidance 
upon  the  other  bodies  in  the  planetary  fyftem,  an  a^ual  illu- 
iration  and  proof  of  the  Newtonian  theory  of  gra?ityw 
The  Biore  thoroughly  they  are  invcftigated  and  undcrftood:, 
the.more  they  exemplify  and  eftaUiih  Sir  Ifaac^s  principles*  -it 
is  to  be  wiflied  that,  in  general,  they  were  more  eafy  of  accefs  9 
and  that  the  anomalies,  to  which  they  are  fubjedt,  were  re- 
dttce«l  to  fome  determinate  and  obvious  rules,  level  tor  the  capa^ 
eictca  of  thofe  who  are  not  adepts  in  the  moi«  abftrufe  fpecu- 
Isdbns  of  mathematics.  It  is  well  known  to  thofe  who  have 
been  at  all  converfant  with  the  Principin^  that  the  greatoft  part 
of  the  theory  of  the  moon  is  propofed  without  proof ;  and  that 
thofe  theorems  relating  to  the  moon's  motions,  which  are  therein 
demonfirated,  generally  depend  upon  dUculations  that  are  very 
intricate  and  very  abftrufe,  the  truth  of  which  is  not  eafily  ex« 
amined  even  by  tbofe  who  me  moft  (kilful ;  and  which,  how* 
ever,  might  be  deduced  from  other  principles^  Thefe  confide* 
radons  led  the  late  Mr.  Macbin  partice^arly  to  examine  the 
theory  of  the  moon,^  and  tocompare  it  with  aAual  obfervation* 
The  refttltof  this  enquiry,  though  not  purAied,  as  he  himfelf 
acknowledges,  to  the  degree  he  could  wifh,  he  annexed  in  the 
Appendix  to  the  Engliflb  edition  of  Ntwion^s  Principia  by  Mr, 
MdCe,  publiflied  in  1729. 

One  of  the  luoar  inequalities  which  he  propofes  to  explairl^ 
isthit'Of  the  variation  of  the  inclination  of  the  moon's  orbk 
|0€hal  of  the  ecliptic.  He  obferves,  that  it  is  extremely  difH*-> 
cuk  to  Oompute  th^vin^iatron  of  the  inclination  in  any  particular 
caft,  according  to  the  rules  \M  down-  in  the-  Phmipith.  Thh 
calculations,  however  juft  when  perfofttiad  with  ingenuity  and 
care,  are  extremely  laborioos  9nd  intricate.  This  induced-  hWts 
((^propolb  a  princi{>le,  by  nseans  of  which  the  f<kid^  inequality 

K  4  wij^ht 


12,6  PMbfipik9l,^mifa3wniy  fir  fbi  Ttsr  1769* 

mi^Ht  be*  move  i%atdily  detenabied.-^Tbis  he  gives,  widiout 
•ny  demonftracion,  in  the  ibllowirig  words  r*  There  is  a  law 
f>f  ihbHon,  wbicb^olds  in  the  <:a(#,  where  a  body  is^defl^fied 
iby- two  forces,  teiiditigconft^ntlyto  two  fixed  points;'  which 
is,  <  that  the  body,  in  fuch  a  cafe,  will  defcrihe,  by  lines  drawn 
from  the  two  Axed"  points,  equal  felids  iii  equal  ttoies,  about 
^he  line  joining  the  faid 'fixad'^poin ts/      •  . 

The  article  'before  us  contains  a  dtmonftratlon  of  this  Jaw  ; 
ItX  wiy^b-H  is  fuAcient  to  add,  that  it  was  communicated  by 
that  exceUent  ma^hei^atician*  the  Ute  William  Jones,.£fqf  to 
Mr.  Robertfon,  who  apprehesded  it^t^  be  -highly  wjprth  preferv- 
ixiglathe  Philofophital  Ti'aofadibns* 

•Article  161  Ohfrrvatims  on  th  Expeda^tions  0/  Livis^jbg  In" 

»    cr^aji  of  M^nkind^  the  infiuence  of  grtat.  towns  onpopulatiouy  qnd 

particularly  thojiau  ^London  u^th  refpi£i  to  hoalihfulntfs^  and 

'  jiumbir  of  inhabitants^^,  h  \a  letter  from,  M^>  Richard.  Pria^ 
'.    F:  R.  S.>  to  benjamin  Frankliny  Efq\  IL.D.  and  F.  R.  S. 

•  The  ingenious  Autbdf: of  thefe.obC^rva.tions,  who.  bps  few 
/uperiors,  and  psrhap^  not  many  eqdals*  in  difquifitions  of  this 
it4ftife,  propofe^  chiefly; to  coniider  the  prgfent  fiate^of  the  city 
of  London,  with  refpc^t  to  healthfulnefs  and  number  of  inb^r 
^itants,  as.  far  as  it  can  i>c  collcded  from  the  bills  of  mortality. 
Though  t^his  be  the  main  fubjed  which  be  undertakes  to  difr 
£ufs,  be  has  thrown  but  feveral  incidental  obfervations  which 
are  well  worthy  pf  notice*  We  Ihall  endeavour  to  give  fuch 
an  abflraA  of  his>  inftru^^ive  and  entertaining  paper^  as  may 
Jea^  pur  Readers  to  form  fome  judgment  of  its  defign  and  exe- 
jcution  :  and,  while  we  would  avoid  extending  this  article  to 
an  immoderate  length,  it  will  be  our  wifa  to  do  the  Author 
-^U  jthjQJufiice  which  our,  limits  will  ^iow. 

.The  fir(l  objeS  Qf 'his  attentip|i»  the  meaning  of  which  be 
proppfes  accurately  to  determine,  is  that  which  writers  on  th^ 
lubji^d  of  annuities  have  eailed  tha  ixpo^ation  of  ife :  and  this 
is  the  more  necefiary^  becau(p  many  h^vp  either  entertained 
wiong  notions,  or  failed  to  exprefs  themfelves  with  proper  prer 
icifion  on  this  head*.  Mr^De  Moivre  himfelf  has  not  Oifficiently 
guarded  his  readers  from  miftakes.  The  oxpe^ation  of  life,  ac- 
cording to  this  Author,  is  that  which  Mr.  Siynpfon  and  Mr.  Dp 
Moivre  have  called. /i^#  Jhari  of  lifi  d^o  to  a  porfon^  and  figniiies 
<  the  mean  continuance  of  any  giiren  fingU^  joint  or  ftfrviving 
lives,  according  to  any  given  table  of  obfervatioos :'  that  iS)  th^ 
numbjerpf  y^ars,  which,  taking  them  ope  with  another^  shejr 
•actually  enjoy,  and  may  be  Qonf^dered  as  fure  of  enjoying  ; 
t^iofe  who  live  beyond  that  period,  eiyoyiog  as  much  mar'  timis 
jn  propprtion  to  their  number,,  as  thofe  who  fail  (bort  of  it  enr 
joy  Ujs.  Thus,  fuppofmg  46  pc»rfoos  alive,.all  40  years  of  age, 
J^4;.that,  according  tp  Mf«  De  Moivre's  bypothefis  of  an  e^u^l 
•<        /  '  decrement 


PhUofipbMl  Traa/a^Uns^  ,fof  tit'  Tear  1 769.  1 37 

iurtmnit  of  bsimfm  life  through  all  its  ftagesy  one  will  die  every 
year  tiO  they  are  all  desui  in  46  years,  half  46  or  23  will  be 
their  ixptHatim  of  life  $  46  beiiigv  by  the  aforementioned  hypo-^ 
theii$,  the  €$mpUmint  of  life,  or  what  it  wants  of  86  the  utmoft 
(nohable  extent  of  life.  In  like  manner,  the  3d.oJF  46,  or  15 
Tears  and  four  months,  4s  th«  expectation  of  two  joint  lives^ 
both  40 :  and  the  number  ex(>reffing  this  period,  multiplied 
hy  the  number  oi  fmgU  or  joint  lives  to. which  the  ixpeSfation 
belongs,  added  annually  to  a  fociety  or  town,  gives  the  whole 
number  to  which  fuch  an  annual  addition  would  in  time  grow- 
Whence  it  appears,  that  the  particular  proportion,  which  be<- 
jcomes  extind  e?ery  year,  out  of  the  whole  number  conflantlx 
exifting  together  of  fmgle  and  joint  lives,  muft,  wherever  this 
aamber  undergoes  no  variation)  be  exadly  the  fame  with  the 
fxpf&ation  of  thofe  lives,  at  the  time  when  their  exiftence  com- 
menced, e.  g»  If  it  was  found  in  any  town,  where  the  number 
of  births  is  equal  to  that  of  the  burials,  that  a  20th  or  a  30tli 
part  of  the  inhabitants  die  annually,  20  or  30  would  be  the  ix^^ 
fiifatioH  of  a  child  juft  born  in  fuch  a  town.  Thefe  expe^atient 
are  eafily  foupd  for  all  fingle  lives,  by  a  table  of  oblervations^ 
according  to  a  general  rule  given  for  that  purpofe*  The  expec^ 
tatioM  of  SL  lifp  of  20  is,  by  Mr.  Simpibn's  table,  formed  from  the 
hills  of  mortality  in  London  equal  to  28,  9. 

The  Author,  having  premifed  thefe  general  remarks,  pro* 
reeds  to  the  principal  point  be  has  in  view.  The  ixpg£lation<iS 
an  iofaot  juft  born,  in  Lojodon,  is,  by  Mr.  Simpfon's  tablc^ 
20  years.  This  number,  multiplied  by  the  yearly  births  when 
they  are  equal  to  the  burials,  gives  the  number  of  inhabitants 
in  London.  The  medium  of  yearly  births,  for.  the  laft  10  years, 
has  been  i5>7io.  This  number,  multiplied  by  20,  gives 
314^200,  which  is  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  London,  on 
die  ibppofilion  that  it  fupported  itfelf  without  any  fupply  from 
the  country  :  but  iince  the  burials  have,  at  an  average  for  the 
laft  10  years,  been  22^756,  and  therefore  exceeded  the  chriKlen- 
ing9  by  7,246,  there  muft  be  a  yearly  addition  of  this  number 
from  oelm  parts  of  the  kingdom  to  recruit  the  wafte.  Suppoie 
thefe  then  to  be  all  of  the  age  of  18  or  20  years,  and  therefore 
their  exptffatim  equal  to  30  years,  30  multiplied  by  7*246  gives 
217,3809  which  muft  be  added  to  the  former  number,  and  the 
fom,  or  53i>58p»  ibews  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  London, 
were  the  bills  perfe^  But  thefe  give  tpo  fmall  a  number  both  for 
the  births  and  b^rt^ils ;  allowance  muft  therefore  be  made  fo;r 
the  deficicnei/es  in  the  bills,  and  likewife  for  tboie  who  migrate 
^  die  out  of  th9  city.  The  AuthcM-  allows  for  thefe  6000 
in  the  births  and  6000  in  the  burials*  This  multiplied  by  20^ 
^  txpee^tm  n  bc^eAated,  ^ives  4  20,000  j  which^  addfd 


IjS .        Pbibfipbical  TrauJfBtmsy  J^  dtflnu'iji^' 

t6  the  foregoing  humbcr,  gives  651,510  for  the  nunhnr  vf  im^ 
habitants  complete. 

The  Author  then  (hews  how  to  allow  for  an  inc^^ttalttj  i« 
the  births  and  barials ;  and  makes  feveiul  caleulalions  on  cte 
fuppofiiion»  that  the  defed  is,  in  any  proportion,  eichtr  os 
the  one  fide  or  the  other :  and  he  coffeludes,  upon  the  vriiole^ 
that  651,580,  though  fliort  of  the  number  ef  inhabitants  coaa» 
snonly  fuppofed  in  London,  is  very  probably  gnaor^  b«t  caiiaot 
Ve  much  Ufs^  than  the  true  number. 

Dr.  Brakenridge  makes  it  751,600  :  but  our  >^thor  apfn^ 
lends  that  in  both  his  methods  of  eftimating,  the  DoAor  pro- 
ceeds on  wrong  principles.  He  determines,  fa^s  the  Autkarf 
the  number  of  houfes  by  a  method  too  precarious  to  be  de« 
pended  on ;  and  then  allows  6  perfons  to  a  houfe,  which  i» 
undoubtedly  too  large  an  allowance;  5  being,  at  an  avcrag^ 
an  allowance  large  enough  for  London,  and  too  large  for  £a^ 
land  in  general:  By  the  fame  reafoning  it  appears,  as  be  fog* 
gefts  in  a  note,  that  the  number  of  people  in  England^ 
which  the  Dofior  ftates  at  5,34^^1  ooo,  ought  to  be  reduced  tm 
4,450,000.  The  other  method  1)y  which  Dr.  Bndcsnridge 
propofed  to  determine  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  London^ 
was  from  the  ansual  number  of  burials,  adding  sooo  to  the 
value  for  omiffiptts,  and  fiippofing  a  jetb  part  to  die  every  yeaw. 
This,  which  the  DoAor  apprehends  a  moderate  fuppofitiM,  our 
Author  plainly  fhews  to  be  nmch  too  large,  and  at  the  host 
tiine  points  out  the  ground  of  his  mtftake. 

Dr.  Brakenridge  obfcrved,  that,  at  the  time  of  hisoalcula* 
tion,  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  London  was  197,060  le(b 
than  it  had  been.  The  bills  have  htely  advanced,  but  ftili 
they  are  mi}ch  below  What  they  w^re  from  171 7  to  1743.  And 
<mr  Author  finds  by  calculation,  that,  taking  the  medium  #f 
annual  birdi  and  burials  for  10  years,  vis.  from  ly  ^  to  1736, 
the  number  of  inirabitants  in  London  was  84,160  greater  thaa 
It  is  at  ptefent:  fo  that  London  has,  for  the  laft  30  ytaiv^ 
been  decreafing ;  and  though  now  it  is  increafing,  be  very  juftljr 
9ppreh9nd5,  that  the  additions  lately  made  (o  the  number  of 
builiKngs  round  it  are  owing,  in  a  great  maaftire,  to  the  ua^ 
creafe  of  luxury,  and  the  inhabitants  requiring  more  room  to 
tive  itpon.  And  be  ihews,  by  taking  the  medium  of  anHifeai 
jiurials  for  feveral  years,  from  1655  to  1768,  in  the  97  partfli«s 
within  the  waih,  that,  though  fince  that  period  London  h«a 
doubled  its  ipbabitants,  yet,  within  the  wM^  they'  have  dtr- 
creafed ;  and  fo  rapidly  For  the  laft  30  yeais,'  as  now  to  be  re^ 
duced  to  one  half.  'The  prefent  increafo'of  London,  -were  it 
long  to  continue,  is  an  event  more  to  be  dreaded  than  defired, 
Tl:^  mor^  Londotf  increafes^  unlefr'^g^iieral  popuiation.  fliould 


r 


PMl^ipiMfdTrwifkSim,  fir  tk^  Tim'  ijBg^  t  j|^ 

im9ft$k  hbtmifo,  the  inort  the  mft  pf  ih^  Unyclom  mtft  b« 
dcCntrd^  the  H^r  lMin4t  muft  ba  left  for  agncultiure;  ud^ 
^9iife4iiPit)y»  tke  left  muft  be  the  pjeonr  and  the  bt^r  the 
price  pf  nU  die  mans  pf  fubfifte^c^^  JkbdtrfiU  tovii9»  being 
feus  of  refinement*  emulation,  an4  arts^piay  befublic  a4^aii<v 
taget :  haign^  tovroty  toqg  before  thejr  grow  to  half  the  bulk 
of  hest4<m$  become  checks  on  population,  of  too  hurtful  a 
samre,  nurferie^  of  debauchery  iod  vohiptuaufoeis  i  and,  hi 
maaj  refpeO^,  grfaier  f vila  th ^  caa  be  <;oav«afaced  by  wy 

The  diaiifiutioo  of  tbf  aumber  of  Ae  pmfimt  i nbabitanti  af 
London^  eooipar^  with  tbofe  of  40  yean  aph  i«  ftated  00  the 
iupirditioa  that  ib^  proporf iqh  pf  the  omiAoos  in  the  birtha 
to  thofir  in  the  burial^  waa  ibe  fame  <&^  aa  at  ia  aow.-**Bi|t  thia 
atpe^tfs  not  jto  be  fadi. — Tb^fe  ofoiSoaa  ware  greater  formeriyw 
^riuch  makes  the  difference  in  the  niimb^r  of  inhabitaats  left 
coQ&dqrahle  than  it  icems  tp  be  from  the  faca  of  ihe  billa. 
Tbe  rfi^fon  pf  this  4i&repce  tb«  Author  fuggefts  in  two  or  thiaa 
poticulara.  He  obferves,  that  ^t  is  prohabU  that  London  ia 
aom  become  Ide  fatal  to  children  than  i^  waiu  But  notwith* 
Sanding  the  gia#t.  improvemfnM  ui  l4Mi4af|»  finoe  the  year 
^7S^r  wd  orber  circum(bpcc$  which  vff v  mwM  pootribme  ta( 
ibe^efeffiratioQ  ^children*  apd  (he  bcal(h  p/  ita  inbabttantSi^ 
he  proG^eda  to  ft^w  the  amas^ipg  diffei^ac^,  efpfeiaUy  to  cbil^ 
dfea,  betvreen  living  in  great  towns  and  in  the  camUry.  bf^ 
Lobdoo,  according  to  the  moft  aiodarat^  <»a>pptatioa,  half  tha 
liambar  bora>  di^  apder  ibretf  yeaia  of  ag9  i  in  eouatiy  Wlli^ 
aad  parifi^as,  the  m^t  part  live  to  mature  age,  and  even  tia 
marry.  It  appaars  ftom  the  account  g^ven  by  I>r.  Heberden« 
md  pubiifted  in  the  PbitofopbiPial  T|-apfa£tiofi3,  vol.  {vii.  that 
IP  thaifland  of  Madeira,  abpvt  tw^  tbir^f  pf  all  who  are  bora 
live  to  be  married  (  fpthat  tbe  ixpe&ffii^n  of  a  child  juft  bom^ 
if  about  59.  years,  nearly  double  that  of  a  child  juft  hori^  \vi 
Laodon.  In  Madeira,  a  socb  part  only  of  the  inhabitants  dici 
aaaaaUy.  In  London,  above,  twice  this  proportion  die  tt^^ 
muUy.  In  the  four  provinces  of  New  £nglai|d,  there  is  11. 
vary  fi^  increafe.of  the  inbabitanta  j.  aatwithftandiog  wbieb» 
at  oofyn^y  the  capital,  the  inhabitants  would  decn^e,  weivi 
thme  no  fopply  from  the  ^opntryi  for,  ffom  1731  to  J  762, 
the  burials  have  all  along  exoeaded  ^p  bir;!^.  Sp  remarhablvr 
1  B  Author  obibfves,  do  tpwps,  in  cppftquence  of  their  upfa-^ 
\  larablaoela  tp  beakbn  apd  the  luxury  which  generally  preval/a 
i  than,  chepl^  the  increa^j^  countries.  Healthf^lnefai  an4 
I  ab%aef«  «re,.  prpb^ly^  ^aufo  af  vofix^^  that  ^x»  fclTdoi^ 
1  ^arated.  .  -      ^       ,     ' 

la  aapfosmity  Uk  thJaobfervatiMi  it  appaars»  from  qtnparing    . 
(  I  bifth«  and  Wf44^Si  ia  90WVim  M  t^wft^^  wbcra  regifttrs 


r4d  Pbilofiphical  Trmjk&lmsy  for  the  Year  1769. 

of  them  have  been  kept,  that  in  the  former^  marriages,  one 
with  another,   felclom  produce  lefs  than  four  children  each  ; 

fcnerally  betv^een  four  and  five,   and  fometimcs  about  five, 
lut  in  towns  feldbm  above  four,  generally  between  three  and 
four^  and  fometimes  under  three. 

Dr.  Heberden  obferves,  that  in  Madeira  the  inhabitants 
double  their  own  number  in  84  years :  but  that  is  a  flow  in- 
creafe  compared  with  that  which  takes  place  ambngft  our  colo- 
Aiei^  in  Anieriea.  In  the  back  fettlements  they  double  their 
number  in  15  years;  and  through  the  northern  colonies  in  2$ 
yeailB.  In  Ke^  Jerfey  the  inhabitants  double  their  own  num- 
ber in  a2  years.  In  New  England  the  original  number  of  fet- 
tiers,  in  1643,  was  2r,loc :  they  have  had  no  extra^acceffion 
fince;  yet,  in  the  year  176^,  they  were  increafed  to  half  a  mil- 
lion. They  have  therefore  all  along  doubled  their  number  in 
as  years ;  and,  if  they  continue  to  increafc  at  the  fame  rate, 
they  will,  70  years  hence,  in  New  England  alone,  be  four  mil- 
lions ;  and,  in  all  North  America,  above  twice  the  number  of 
the  inhabitants  in  Great  Britain. 

All  thcfe  are'obfervations  of  very  confiderable  importance  : 
were  they  properly  attended  to  they  would,  in  all  likelihood, 
be  the  means  of  nroducing  a  new  fyflem  of  political  arithmetic. 
They  Would,  at  leaft,  recommend  pacific  and  healing  meafures  : 
as  pruit€Qce  and  fafety  forbid  our  infuhing  and  provoking  a 
growing  power. 

The  Author  concludes  with  wilhing  that  the  London  bills 
were  more  perfe6fc  and  cxtenfive  than  they  are.  (Iif  their  pre- 
tent  imperfei^  ftate  they  can  admit  of  no  very  accurate  and  fa- 
tisfiaSory  conclufions.)  Great  advantages  would  arife  from 
including  more  pariibes,  and  from  diftuling  regifters  through- 
all  the  towns  and  pari(hes  in  the  kingdom.  We  ihould  hence 
derive  the  necefiary  data  for  computing  accurately  the  value  of 
all  Ufe  annuities  and  reverfions.  It  would  enable  us  to  judge  of 
the  different  degrees  of  healthfulnefs  of  different  fituations  ;  to 
mark  the  progrefs  of  population  from  year  to  year;  to  keep 
always  in  view  the  number  of  people  in  the  kingdom  ;  and',  in 
many  other  refpeds,  furniih  inftru&ion  of  the  greateft  impor« 
tance  to  the  ftate. 

Mr.  De  Moivre  recommended  a  regulation  of  this  kind,  and* 
expreiled  his  defire  that  an  accbunt  were  taken,  at  proper  inter- 
vals, of  ail  the  living  in  the  kingdom,  with  their  ages  and  oc- 
cupations. This  would,  in  fome  degree,  anfwer  the  purpofe^ 
which  our  Author  has  mentioned. 

We  cannot  help  expreffing  our  concern,  that  the  principkt 

on  which  the  Author's  reafoning  is  founded,  are  not  asfolid  and 

latisfaSory  as  theT#fl/&BM5f  itfclf.    Wc  aire  fully  perAiaded  that 

fhe  method  here  propofed  of  efttmaling  the  number  of  inlfafei* 

6  tanta 


Pitldfopbi^  Tranfaalms^  far  the  Ytifr  1 769.  14^ 

tsots  in- London  w<mld  be  conclufiye  and  certain,  were  the  ge- 
neral grounds  on  which  it  refts  more  accurately  determined. 
Bat  the  beft  reafoning  from  falfe  premifes  is  the  moft  liable  to 
or  in  drawing  conciuiions  ;  and  this  we  much  fear  is  the  cafe, 
both  with  refped  to  Dr.  Brakenridge  and  our  Author- himfelf: 
not  from  any  waot  of  ingenuity  or  application,  but  from  the 
unavoidable  imperfefiion  of  the  regifters  of  births  and  burials^ 
and  like  wife  of  the  tables  conftruded  from  Uiem, 

The  true  expeaatitm  of  an  infant  cannot  be  siccurateiy  deter-^ 
mined  from  them ;  and  a  very  trivial  mjftake  in  the  fixft  in- 
fiance  will  multiply  and  produce  errors  of  very  great  confe-f 
queoce  in  the  laft  conclufion.  Both  thefe  gentlemen  ar6 
obliged,  after  all  their  inveftigations,  to  recur  to  conjecture  ^ 
and  it  is  odds  againft  them,  whether  they  conje^fur^  fo  well  a% 
they  rtafon* 

Were  we  allowed  the  fame  liberty,  we  (hould  cxprefe  our 
appreheDfion,  however  it  might  affect  the  general  .conclttfibn^ 
that  Dr.  Brakenridge's  allotted  number  of  inhabitants  to  everjl^ 
houfe  in  the  city  of  London  is  not  much,  if  at  ^11,  tQO  large. 

The  above  abflrad^,  in  which  nothing  efiential  to  the  fub* 
yidi  has  been  omitted,  will  enable  the  intelligent  Reader  to 
judge  what  may  be  expected  from  the  abilities  of  this  Author^ 
when  be  favours  us  with  a  larger  work  of  a  fimilar  nature, 
which  has  already  been  announced  to  the  world,  and  wbicb^ 
we  are  informed,  will  very  foon  be  publifhed. 
Astronomy. 
The  greater  number  of  articles  referred  to  this  clafs  contain 
obfervations  of  the  tranfit  of  Venus,  June  3,  1769.-— It  is  un- 
doubtedly of  confiderable  importance  tq  collect  and  compare  a 
variety  of  thefe  obfervations,  in  order  the  more  accurately  if> 
determine  the  preclfe  point  in  queftion.     Dr.  Halley  e;cpreiled 
bis  with  that  ^  many  obfervations,  of  the  fame  phenomenon, 
might  be  taken  by  different  perfons,  at  feveral  places,  by  ^hofe 
agreement  a  greater  degree  of  certainty  might  be  attained,  and 
to  prevent  the  inconveniences  to  which  the  fituation  of  any 
fingti  obferver  might  be  liable.'    Nor  is  the  ufe  of  a  multiplt- 
dty  of  well-conduded  obfervations  confined  to. the  immediate 
ehjiH  only  ;  there  are  feveral  other  defiderdia  both  in  agronomy 
and  geography,  to  the  difcovery  or  explication  of  which  they 
nay  either  intentionally  or  accidentally  contribute.   The  equal 
affidaity  and  fldll,  which  aftronomers  have  difcovered  in  thei^ 
dbfervation  of  this  rare  and  interefting  phenomenon,  arc  capar* 
ble  of  making  almoft  unlimited  advances  in  the  knowledge  of 
the  heavens:   for  none  can  prefunae  to  draw  a  line  that  fhall 
bound  their  progrefs. 

,  We  have  already  had  an  opportunity  of  prefenting  our  Readeiv 
with  the  moft  remarkable  appearances  noticed  by  the  AilrQno* 

mer 


14^  th^iflhdlOii  MCimsifi 

mer  Rbyal  In  the  Itte  tfaiifit  *  $  tnd  as  nothb^  rtry  fin^af 
b&s  occurred  finee  hit  account,  wfe  apprehend  it  is  ufineeeflarf 
tb  give  a  particular  detail  of  the  (eveni  papers  relating  to  this 
fubjed.  We  would  only  remark,  that  feveral  cifcumflances  ate 
taken  notice  of  by  very  accurate  and  ingenious  obfervets,  which 
greatly  favour  the  notion  6f  an  atmofphere  about  Venus.  Afany 
of  thefe,  we  cohfeis,  may  be  fatisfaAorily  (olved  by  the  lrregu<- 
lar  refrafiion  of  rays,  pafllflg  throogb  our  owh  atiftorphere  at 
lb  fmidf  a  height  above  <he  horixon  ;  fontij  howevtr,  fccrt  al- 
together inexplicable  on  <hi9  fuppofition  Mfy.-^'Whtn  thefe  are 
farther  confidered  and  compared,  as  without  doubt  they  will 
be,  what  is  now  the  fufpicion  and  conjedore  of  individuals 
fliay,  perhaps,  become  the  more  eftabli(hed  opinion  of  ailrodo- 
fliers  in  general. 

It  does  not  appear  from  any  of  the  late  obfervations,  wbick 
were  well  adapted  to  fuch  a  difcovery,  that  Vesus  has  any  ia« 
tellite.  At  the  time  of  the  tranfit  the  fun's  difc  was  obfcuretf 
by  feveral  cohfiderable  fpots,  one  of  which,  on  account  of  the 
roundmfi  of  its  figure,  and  hlackngft  of  its  appearance^  was  at 
firft  fufpeded  to  be  ufatilBte ;  but  as  this  is  not  corroborated 
by  any  6ther  accounts,  the  ingenious  Author  of  the  conjeAore 
candidly  acknowledges  that  it  is  probably  a  miftake. 

Nothing  need  be  faid  ott  the  obfervations  Of  the  folar  eclipfe, 
which,  in  ftveral  articles,  accompany  thofe  of  the  late  trannt. 

The  other  papers  under  this  head  fa  Ihort  one  by  Mr.  Hor* 
lley  excepted,  in  vindication  of  Dir.  Stewart's  method  of  cfjtU 
mating  the  fun's  diftance  by  the  theory  of  gravity)  contain 
aftronomical  obfervations,  made  in  various  parts  both  of  Eu- 
rope and  America ;  the  th6ft  inconfiderabk  of  which  is  of  ttai 
importance  to  the  advancement  of  aftronomy  and  geography.' 

Art.  yilT.  Tbi  Wiftjndian ;  a  Comedy :  jis  pir/ormid  at  Drury'^ 
lane.  By  the  Author  of  the  Brothers  f.  8vo.  X8«  6d« 
Griifin.     17711 

WE  think  there  are  few  pieces  intended  for  the  ftSM  lint, 
upon  the  whob,  have  more  merit  than  the  Weft  Indbiff* 
The  plot  is  complicated  without  confufion  or  perplexity  1  xhm 
diaraSers  are  ftrongly  marked,  yet  natural;  the  diah^e  te 
ijprightlyy  without  laboured  turns  of  epigrammatic  wit|  atid 
the  ientiment  is  at  once  elevated  and  tender.  It  excites  actt* 
riofity  ibongly  interefltd,  and  has  fo  blended  the  pathetic  Md 
aidicuteus,  3lat  if  the  fpeAator  or  reader  has  fenfibilfty  and 
difeernment,  hewill  be  kept  almost  continually  laughklg -Willi 
tears  in  his  eyes. 

?  Review  for  May,  1770,  f  See  Review,  vol.  xli.  p.  47S- 

7  Jit 


It  ot$  hiitfftvti  foims  dhftcls  botli  m  the  cuiIbScIs  sod  coo* 
jo^  whetbcr  they  aoB.Gpqfidieced  in  a  critical  or.tnor«l  vitw* 
To  point  them  out  will  only  be  to  IhoWy  bgr  a  frefli  example^ 
duunohniiuUi  worko  pevfeft  ^  not  with*  view  to  cenfare  this 
■c^ocmaBcfe»  hat  to  admonilh  the  Author  of  the  iiext»  who,  if 
le  avoifb  tfadc  Cmhs,  ihill  be.  more  teadilj  pardoned  for  others 
whieb  be  wiU  be  fiitie  to  commit. 

Sir  Oliver  Roundhead^  ea  oM  puritan^  who  it  find  nent  tm 
bofe  laaghed  in  his  ltfiB»  nor  allowed  his  childica  to  laagh^  bad 
tkae  daughccn ;  one  married  Sir  Stephen  Rufport,  a  rich  citi* 
leii^  iriio  had  been  Lord  Mayor>  a  widower  with  one  daarhter  | 
anedier  married  Capr.  Dadl^»  who  had  nodiing  to  Cahm  bee 
but  his  pay ;  and  the  third  lived  fingle,  and  became  his  nurfop 
Be  was  i>  afibfiionate  a  parent  that^'  becaiife  the  Captain  waa 
not  able  to  fiipport  hia  daughter  withoot  a  fortune,  he  deter* 
Sttflfid  not  to  give  her  a  fiiiliing,  and  immediately  made  his  VriUf 
bequeathing  tl^  wbok  of  his  poficffions  to  Lady  Rufport,  wiio 
bad  already  more  than  flie  wanted,  exoept  a  fmall  annuity  to 
bis  niiriGc,  who  having  bioken  her  conftitution  by  fatigue  and 
vaichiae*  was  likely  to  die  an  oM  maid. 

Capt,  Dudley  after  30  yeats  fervice^  is  reductd  (o  half  pav  $ 
bis  wife  is  dead  ;  he  baa  a  fon  an  enfigiiy  and  a  daughter  wholly 
u^fovided  for.  He  has  an  offer  to  exchange  bis  half  pay  for 
a  company  in  Seacgambia,  which  he^  wilhes  to  accept;  but 
havi^  no  other  means  of  'raifiiw  about  200 1»  to  fit  him  out^ 
than  by  affigniog  his  pay^  and  inmring  his  life»  lie  finds  that  an 
mfaperable  impoliaient  ^  the  climate  being  fo  unhealthy  that 
be  can  get  no  lofiirance  upon  his  life,  and^  without  infuranoe^ 
no  moKitj  will  be. lent  upon  his  commiffion. 

Thia  being  the  fituation  of  the  £smilyt  that  there  was  no 

vmdMT  was  an  alleviation  of  its  diftrefs :  it  might  well  be  fiip- 

pofed  that  a  marriage  which  made  death  eligible  to  the  wife, 

which  baniihed  the  hufband  to  Senegambia  after  30  vears  fer- 

vice,  and  which  left  a  fisn  and  a  daughter,  to  the  diftrefif  and 

danger  of  poterty,  combined  with  beauty  and  the  rank  of  g^n* 

tilityt  WMld  be  pointtd  out  as  a  warning  to  the  young  and 

dmidiiiefs'againft  fuch  engagements  $  and  that  as  fiuhers  csnaol 

mk  Atft  occafioos  be  mMs  kind  or  liberal,  an  opportunity 

would  be  taken  to  fliew  at  what  dreadful  xiflt  children  wcc  im^ 

psudeat;.  yet  the  Author  thrown  hsi  weight  into  the  oppofite 

tale.    An  hacefol  old  dowager  gives  tte  admonition,  and  n 

be  Iprightly  fenfible  girl  encourages  to  difobediekice.    *  To 

run  away,  at  my  fitter  did,  lays  LMy  Rufport,  with  a  mmxd 

Id  Disdky's  fort,  at  fiscteen  too  T— **  Was,  in  my  opinion,  fays 

Charlotte,  her  daughter-in-law,  the  moft  venial  trefpafs  4ilat 

rer  girl  Cif  fixtaen  codunitted ;.  of  a  noble  £iunilyi  firid  hof 

Rour, 


144  li$1Fifih£mia(kau4lf* 

Boar^'aod  fodnd  underftandibg,  what  aitoompliftimtfit'mBlhtre 
wwting  in  C»pttin  Dodley^  but  chat  vhidi  the  prodigKlitjr  of 
Ilia  anccftors  had  deprived  him  of?* 

This^  furely,  is  pleading  for  the  gndficatioo  of  paffion^  iir 
cirqumftanccs  in  which  to  gratify  it  it  to  be  fluferable  for  life, 
and  miferable  in  prppprtion  a$  the  ibdal  virtaes  are  ftronr>  and 
the  fenfibility  of  the  heart  keen.  Though  we  would  by  no 
Beans  appear  to-  recommend  money  without  worth,  yet  we 
cannot  but  think  that  the  hafty  marriage  of  young  woaaen, 
who  have  not  a  competence  of  their  own,  to  luppofed  wostlr 
without  money,  by  which  they  rifle  what  they  tx^tSt  from 
.others,  is  one  of  the  moft  frutthil  fources  of  the  keencft  mifery 
that  can  imbitter  life. 

In  the  charader  of  the  Weft  Indian,  the  Author  has  furniflied 
an  apology  for  vice,  or  rather  countenanced  an  apology  that 
every  libertine  ufes  to  filence  the  remonftrances  of  confcience, 
and  reconcile  good  principles  with  bad  pradices.  He  makes 
high  fpirits,  ftrong  feelings,  and  warm  paffibns,  a  kind  of  dif- 
penfation  for  debauchery :  as  if  virtue,  with  regard  to  women^ 
was  only  to  be  expeded  in  the  indiiFerence  of  frigidity,  or  nevcc 
to  be  purchafed  but  when  it  could  be  had  at  a  low  price.! 

This  charader,  Belcour,  is  the  fon  of  StockweU,  a  mer* 
chant  in  London,  by  the  daughter  of  Belcour,  a  rich  Weil  In« 
dian  planter.  Stockwell  hsd  privately  married  her  abroad, 
(he  was  with  child,  and  to  conceal  the  marriage  from  her  fa«> 
ther,  which  {he  knew  he  would  never  forgive,  (he  contrived  to 
lie  in  privately,  and  have  the  child  dropt  at  her  door.  In  the 
^harader  of  a  foundling  therefore  he  is  received  at  her  father's 
houfe,  the  old  man  grows  fond  of  him,  and,  his  daughter  dyings 
leaves  him  his  whole  fortune :  the  young  fellow  knows  nothing 
of  his  parents,  but,  at  the  beginning  of  the  adion  of  this  dnuna^ 
is  juft  arrived  at  Stockwell's  houfe  in  London. 

His  charader  will  appear  in  the  following  fcene : 
Belcour,  Stock  well. 
-  <  Bikwr.  Well,  Mr.  Stoclcwell,  for  the  firft  time  in  my  life, 
here  am  I  in  England  ;  at  the  founuin  head  of  pleafurei  in  Uie 
land  of  beauty,  of  arts,  and  elegancies.  My  happy  ftm  hav« 
given  me  a  good  eftate,  and  the  confpiring  winds  have  blown 
me  hither  to  fpend  it. 

^  StockweU.  To  ufe  it,-  not  to  wafle  it,  I  fliould  hope ;  to 
treat  it,  Mr.  Belcour,  not  as  a  vaflal,  over  whom  you  have  a 
wanton  .and  defpotic  power,  but  a  fubjed,  which  you  are 
bound  to  govern  with  a  temperate  and  reftrained  authority. 

^  Belcour.  True,  bir  ;  moft  truly  faid  ;  mine's  a  commiffion^ 
not  a  right:  I  am  the  offspring  of  diftrefs,  and  every  child  of^ 
ibrrow  is  my  brother  s  while  I  have  hands  to^  hold,  therefore^ 

1  will 


fwHIrhoU  them  of^n -to  mankind  :  but^  Sir^  fMs^pqffUm  ^in  my 
mifiirs  ;  they  take  me  ivhgn  they  will '^  and  oftentimes  they,  lesvc- 
to  reafon  and  to;  virtue  nothing  but  my  wifhes  and  my  figbs. 
.  <  St9chPiU.  Come^  come,  the  man  who  can  accale  corrects 
bimiclf. 

<  Belcmr.  Ah  !  that's  an  office  I  am  weary  of :  I  wiih  a  friend 
would  take  it  .up :  I  would  to  heaven  you  had  leifure  for  thtf 
employ  \  but,  did  you  drive  a  tiade  to  the  four  corners  of  the 
world,  you. would  not  i^d  the  talk  fo  toilfome  as  to  keep  me- 
free  from  faults. 

<  SteckwdL  Weil^  I  am  not  difcouraged  \  this  candour  tells 
me  I  fliould  not  have  the  fault  of  felf-conoeit  to  combat  y  that^ 
at  leaft,  \i  not  amongft  the  number.. 

<  Btkmr.  No;  if  I  knew^  that'  man: on  earth  who  thought 
more  humbly  of  me  than  I  do  ,of  myfelf,  I  would  take  up  his 
qpinion  wd  forego  my  own.. 

.  <  Si^ciwilL  And,  was  I  p  chufe  a  pupil,  it  fliquld  be  one, 
cf  your  complexion ;  fo  if  you'll  come  along  with  me,  we'll, 
agree  upon  your  admiffion,  and  enter  on  a^  courfe  of  leflures 
diredlf « 
•  B€lc0tgr.  With  all  my  heart.' 

The  anuaUeoeis  and  fplendor  of  this  charaSer,;  render  it  thd 
nore  dangerous  to  impute  its  irregularities  to  paffions  which'; 
are  irre^faUe^  nothing  is  vidtus  that  is  majfary^  and  to  repre-, 
fcnt  the  irregularities  of  a  young  fellow  ^ike,  this  as  neceffary^  is . 
ahfolving  him  from  every  tie,  which  it  fliouId  be  the  labour  * 
of  the  moralift  to  ftrengthen.  It  is  reprefenting  that  which 
icould  be  vice  in  another,  as  not  beina;  vicious  in  him,  any 
more  than  black  ^yes  and  an  olive  complexion. 

^  The  Author,  by  his  fondneis  for  this  chara(Ser,  has  alfo  beetl 
betrayed  into  inconfiftencies.  His  hero  fees  Mifs  Dudley  iii 
-therareet,  is  fired  with  her  beauty,  and  runs  after  her  into  % 
hoofe.  He  there  learns  Capt.  Dudley's  diftrefs,  and  relieves  it 
with  the  monev  which,  he  fays,  ftood  the  chance  of  hing  wor/i ' 
^tpEed'j  and  obierves,  that  after  all,  there  maybe  as  much  true 
^li^ht  in  re(cuing  a  ^How-creature  from  diftrefs,  as  there  would 
1ms  tn  fUtnging  one'into  it.  By  this  it  Appears  that,  in  his  owpt 
opinion,  he  was  injuring  a  family  in  the  moft  eflemial  pointy* 
fhnging  a  feUow-greaturt  int^diflrefs^  for  the  gratification  of  a 
mere  appetite,  for  the  padion  is  out  of  the  queltion. 

After  he  has  coofidered  it  in  this  ligbty  and  before  any  inci« 
dent  has  kt  it  in  another,  he  returns  to  the  attempt,  upon  a 
new  profpefit  of  fuccels.  Yet  he  afterwards  declares,  that  <  i^ 
he  had  not  had  good  aJETurance  of  her  being  an  attainaffii  wanting 
he  would  as  fooOi  have,  thought  of  attempting  the  chafiity  of 

Diana :'  and  again,  *  by  heaven  I  would  have  died  Ibonerthail. 
have  infulted  a  yiomzn  of  honour/    Can  it  be  iaid  that  this 
&£r.  Feb.  ijju  1*  'fliaa 


14.6-  Tbi  Wefl  Indian ;  a  &meJf. 

rtitn  thought  the  woman  he  purfued  an  dtt'ainabb  wanton^  when  * 
he  confidcred  Iv's  attempt  upon  her  as^  plunging  a  feilcw-creature 
into  difirefs?  Certainly  not:  be  then  thought' he  had  infulted 
a  woman  of  honour,- and  repeats- the  jnfult  deliberately,  without  . 
having  any  reafon  to  think  otherwife.  Afteryrards,  when  he 
is  led  to  fuppofrf  her  to  be  young  Dudley's  miftrefs,  he  cpii- 
fiders  his  attempt  upoh  ber  not  as 'criminal  but  ^s  nitritoriaus  \ 
not  as  plunging  a* fellow-creature  into  diftrefa,  but  rescuing  fe- 
vcral  .fellow-creatures  from  it,-  and  -her  among  the  reft.  *•! 
know  your  fituation,  fays  he,  and  am  refolved  to  fnatch  you 
f^om  it ;  ^twlll  be  ^  it  9  ^itoripus  a6l'i  xhit  old  Captain  (hall  re- 
jsice,  Mtfs  RufpoTt  ihall  be  made  happy,  and  creh  your  bro- 
ther (hall  thank  me/ 

'  Hi^  renewed*'  attack  u^on  Mifs  Dudley  when  he  confidered 
it  as  criminal^  even  according  to  the  man  of  honour's  lax  no- 
tions of  rnorality,  haying  diverted  him  from  executing  fome  bti* 
fihefs  for  Stockweil,  the  following 'dialogue  is  brought  on  bcr 
t^e^n  them : 

Stockwell,   Belcour. 

*  SiockwilL  Hey-day  I  What  has  turned. yo^  th)is  on  a  fuJ- 
den?.     .  ' 

"  ^  Bilc<mr.  A  woman ;  one  that  can  turn,  and  overturn  me 
and  my  tottering  refolutions  every  way  Ihe  will.  Oh,  Sir^  if 
this  is  folly  in  me^  you  muft  rail  at  Nature  :  you  muft  chide 
the  fun,  that  was  vertical  at  my  birth,  and  would  not  winlc 
up6n  my  nakednefs,  but  Twaddled  nie  in  the  broadeft,  hotteft 
glare  of  his  meridian  beaitis. 

<  StockwilL  Mere  rhapfody ;  mere  childtfh  rhapfo^y ;  the  Ii« 
bertine's  familiar  plea— —Nature  made  us,  'tis  true,  -bitf  WQ  are 
tRe  refponGble  creators  of  our  ov^rn  faults  and  follies. 

*  Belcour.  Sir  !  • 

*  StockwelL  Slave  of  every  face  you  meet,  fome  haflcy  has 
inveigled  you,  fome  hand  fome  profligate  (the  town  is  full  of* 
them;)  and,  when  once  fairly  bankrupt  in  conftitution,  as 
well  as  fortune,  nature  no  longer  fervea  as  your  excufe  for 
being  vicious,  neccffity,  perhaps,  \yiU  (land  your  friend,  and 
you'll  reform,  ,  • 

*  Bilcour,  You  are  fevere. 

•  <  St9ckwilL  It  fits  me  to  be  fo — it  weN  becomes  a  father  ■  > 
I  would  fay  a  friend— How  ftrangcly  I  forget  myfelf— How  dif- 
flfcult  it  IS  to  counterfeit  indHFercnce,  and  put  7L  mafk  upon  the. 
Wbarr — I've  ftruck  hrm  hard  ;  He  reddens.        •    •        ♦    (*yf^j^} 

•'*  BeUtur.  How  could  you  tempt* mc  fo  ?  Had  you  not  inad- 
vertently dropped  the  name  of  father,  I  fear  our  friendflitp, 
ftort  as  it  has  been,  would  fcarpe  have  held  mcf— But  even  your  " 
«iiftake  I  revc?rcncc— Give  me  your  hahd — ^tis  ^vcr. 


lifJ^^IndiaHi  a  Comedy.  147 

»  Slpckwell.  Generous  young  man— let  me  embrace  you 
•—How  (hall  I  hide  my  tears  ?  I  have  been  to  blame ;  be- 
^ufc  I  bore  you  the  affedlioh  of  a  father,  1  rafbly  took  up  the 
sTufberity  of  otie.  I  afk  your  pardon — purfue  your  courfc  j  I 
have  no  right  to  ftop  if/ 

In  this  dialogue  the  pretence  of  his  n6t  being  accountable 
for  his  vices,  bccaufe  Nature  had  given  him  ftrong  inclinations 
to  be  vicious,  is  well  anfwered.  But  when  Stockwell  has  en- 
tered OD  the  courfe  of  ledures,  to  which  the  good  qualities  of 
his  pupil  had  encouraged  him>  with  fuch  fuccefs  $  when  the 
young  man-,  ftruck  with  the  force  of  his  arguments,  and  blufll- 
kig  with  art  honcft  £hame  at  the  vilenefs  of  his  own  purpofe, 
detertnin^s  to  reUnqaifh  it,  what  could  tempt  our  Author  fo  far 
fo  betray  the  caufe  both  of  honefty  and  prudence,  as. to  re- 
prefent  the  fuccefsful  monitor,  the  intepcfted  father,  as  throw- 
ing the  rerns  back  again  upon  the  neck  of  that  paflion  which 
he  had  rcftrained^  and  bidding  his'  new  profelytc  to  virtue  and 
reafon  purfue  his  courfe  of  vice,  declaring,  at  the  fame  time, 
that  he  bad  no  right  to  ftop  it  ?  This,  furely,  is  a  bad  leffon 
bdth  to  children  and  to  parents,  and  we  are  confident  that  the 
Author  has  candour  enough  not  to  be  difTatlsfied  with  the  ca- 
veat we  have  entered  againft  it. 

Wc  arc  glad  to  obferve  that  the  filly  cuftom  of  exhibiting 
Ouf  fellow  fubjec^s,  who  happen  to  have  been  born  on  the  other 
fide  of  the  Channel,  or  of  thtf  Tweed,  as  rogues  and  fools,  is 
wearing  out.  One  of  the  chara<Sters  in  this  play  is  Major 
0*Flahc/ty,  an  Iriihman,  who  gives  this  account  of  himfcji:; 

*  'Tis  thirty  years,  come  the  time,  that  I  have  followed  the 
trade  of  fighting:,  in  a  pretty  many  (iountries- — Let  me  fee— Iii 
the  war  before  laft  I  fervid  in  the  Irifh  Brigade,  d*ye  fee  ;  there 
after  btinging  oflT  the  French  monarch,  I  Jeft  his  fervice,  with 
a  Britifh  bullet  in  my  body,  and  this  ribband  in  my  button- 
hole, Laft  war  I  foHowed  the  fortunes  of*  the  German  cajle, 
tn  the  coips  of  grenadiers  ;  there  I  had  my  belly  full  of  fighting, 
and  a  plentiful  fcafrcity  of  every  thing  elfe.  After  fix  and 
twenty  engagemenrs,  gpeat  and  fma!],  I  went  ofFwirh  this  gafii 
In  my  fcull,  and  a  kifs  of  the  Emprefs  Q^ieen's  fweet  hand, 
(HeavBjf  blefs  it)  for  my'pains  :  fince' the  peace,  my  dear,  I 
Wok  a  little  turn  v^itl^'  the  Confederates  there  in  Poland  — but 
fuch  another  fet  of  madciapsf-^by  the  Lord  Harry,  I  never 
fcilcwwhat  it  was  they  werd  fcuffling  about.'    - 

Tbiis  gentleman,  though  in  Irifhman  who  has  ferved  againft 

h»S  country,  the  Author  intended  to  rcprefcnt  in   an  amiable 

light,  as^  mart  wliom  we  "are  to  lau^rh  ati  but  not  defpife  -,      , 

■J         .  .  .  1      *  for  on  his  lip 

His  CtfJrOts  lie,  his  heart  can' never  trip*  .  _; 

'     *  *  .FRotdouF^ 

1/2  Yet 


X48  Thi  Wiji  Indian-,  ^ €cmi^,^ 

Yet  an  attempt  to  comprehend  all  virtue  in  what  is  called  ge« 
iierofity,  has  rendered  this  tbara£ler  Arangely  incOnfiflent. 

He  is  a  profefled  fortune  hunter ;  has  married  fve  wms  al« 
feady,  which^  for  ought  he  know 5^  art  all  livings  and  pays  his  ad- 
drefles  to  Lady  Riifport,  by  the  baifeft  of  all  frauds,  to  get  pof- 
fcliion  of  her  fortune  :  yet  he  defifts  from  a  fuit  carried  on  only 
with  this  view,  becaufe  £be  refufes.  to  ai&ft  old  Dudley  with  the 
Aim  he  folicited^  and  declares  that  he  will  (hare  with  this  old 
foldier  <  the  little  modicum  that  thirty  years  bard  fervic^  had 
left  him.'     ^  '  ^ 

In  thefe  incidents  there  is  a  double  inconiiftency.  It  is  an 
inconfiilency  of  charafler  for  a.  man  who  addrc;fled  a  woman» 
merely  to  rob  her  of  her  fortune,  to  defxft  merely  from  perceiv- 
ing an  unrelenting  avarice  in  her  difpofition  ;  and  it  is  an  in*, 
confidency  equally  grofs,  to  reprefent  a  man  who  had  de- 
frauded four  women  in  fucceflion  of  their  fortunes,  and  isnoMir 
about  to  defraud  a  fifth,  as  a£ling  from  a  principle  of  honour^ 
and  having  a  heart  that  can  never jrip.  Generofity,  like  all  other 
virtues,  is  uniform^  and  would  as  eSed^ually  have  reftrained 
him  from  pretending  to  become  the  hufband  of  women  who 
couM  not  be  his  wives,  to  the  total  ruin  of  their  peace  and 
fortune,- as  it  would  have  prompted  him  to  relieve  diilrefs 
brought  upon  a  ftranger  by  any  other  means* 

Mifs  fitffport  being  determined  to  raife  the  money  for  old 
Dudley,  by  pawning  her  jewels,  fends  them  to  Stockwell  by 
youdg  Dudley  for  that  purpofe,  pretending  that  the  oioney  was 
for  another  ufe. 

Young  Dudley  carries  the  jewels,  but  does  not  bring  back  the 
inoney,  which,  by  the  way,  is  not  well  accounted  for :  thisy 
however,  is  no  great  matter ;  but  Stockwell,  infiead  of  tranC- 
adline  this  delicate  affair  with  a  young  lady  by  the  agent  whoni 
ihc  chofe  to  employ,  or  doing  it  in  perfon,  which  was  the 
only  alternative  that  confidently  with  the  feelings  and  prihci* 
pies  which  the  Author  has  given  him  he  could  take,  employs 
Belcour,  wbofe  face  fhe  had  never  feen :  *  Carry  her,  fays  he, 
the  fum  (he  wants,  and  return  the  poor  girl  her  box  of  dia* 
inonds  which  Dudley  left  in  my  hands/  Surely  a  man  of  de-» 
licate  generofity  fhould  not  have  been  reprefented  as  tranfafiing 
fiich  an  affair  with  a  young  lady,  /o  as  to  acquaint,  her,  by 
means  of  a  flranger,  that  he  had,  to  that  ftranger,  communis 
cated  her  necefCty  in  fending  a  pawn  to  raife  money,  and  his 
own  generofity  io  returning  it  There  feems  alfo  fome  want 
of  (kill  in  making  this  young  lady  converfe  with  this  ftranger^ 
about  pawning  jewels,  with  as  little  referve  as  (he  would  have 
^Iked  ^bout  buying  them. 

Belcour  having  excufed  himfelf  from  carrying  the  money* 
Stockwell  afterwards  conveys  it  himfelf»  but  fiill  entittfts  Bel- 
cour 


Tbi  Wt/i  Indian  \  a  Comedy.  1 49 

C5«r  to  cany  the  jeweh,  which  leaves  the  obje^lion  \x\  all  its ' 
force.     It  is  indeed  t|ue  that  the  dramatic  incidents  require  htU 
cour  to  have  the  jewels,  and  to  be  without  the  money  ;  but 
this  fiiould  have  been  contrived  without  a  violation  of  charadcr 
and  conduct.  ^ 

Tn  the  conduct  there  is  alio  another  inconfiftency  (lill  more  * 
obivious. 

The  cries  of  MHs  Dudley,  when  Belcour  is  offering  rude- 
nefs  to  her,  bring  in  her  brother,  and  produce  the  following 
altercation : 

*  Dudley.  How's  this  ?  Rife,  Villain^  and  defend  yourfelf. 
«  Bikmr.  Villain? 

.  •  Dudley*  The  man  who  wrongs  that  lady  is  a  villain— -^ 
Draw !— — 'Tis  Dudley  fpeaks  to  you,  the  brother^  the  pf o-  * 
tedor,  of  that  injured  ladv . 

*  Bilc^ur*  The  brother  f  give  yourfelf  a  truer  title. 
^              -*  Dudley.  What  is't  you  mean  ? 

*  Bitc^ur.  Come,  come,  I  know  both  her  and  you,* 

I  Bolcour  fiippofe^  Ihe  is  his  miftrefs,  and  that  he  pretends  (he 

IS  bis  (ifter  to  colour  their  conne£iiof^.  Upon  this  ground  of 
quarrel  they  fight.  They  are  interrupted,  and  meet  to  finiih 
ihe  bufinefs  with  feconds. 

At  this  meeting  the  ground  of  quarrel  is  totally  mifreprer 
fented. 

b  ^  You^  fays  Stockwell  to  Dudley,  are  about  to  draw  your 

■  (word  againft  Belcour,  to  nfuU  a  charge  againjl  your  Jifler^s  bo- 

mur^  but  the  proofs  of  her  innocence  are  lodged  in  ottr  bofoms : 
if  we  fall,  you  dejlroy  the  evidence  that  moft  tffc£iualfy  can  clear  her 
Jame: 

The  truth  is,  as'  the  Reader  fees,  that  Dudley  was  about  to 
draw  his  fword^  mt  to  refute  a  charge  ^gainfl  his  Jjfter's  honour^ 
but  to  revenge  an  infult  on  her  ferfon.     The  only  diargc  again  (^ 
'*  her  honour  refuted  itfelf,  that  ihe  was  his  miftrefe:  Did  the' 

i«futatioa-of  this  depend  upon  any  evidence  to  be  given  by 
Belcour  or  Stockwell  f  With  Belcour  (he  could  not  be  fuppofed* 
tp  have  had  any  diihonourable  coanedion,  for  it  was  for  pro- 
tefUon  from  him  that  (he  called  upon  her  brother;  no  miftake 
about  the  jewels,  therefore,  could  affcA  hejr  reputation,  nor 
had  any  other  incident  happened  that  coul(}. 

Among  other  qualities  which  are  contrived  to  diftinguifli* 
Belcour  with  a  fal(e  luftre,  and  confound  virtue  and  vice,  mean- 

{  ne(5  and  dignitv,  is  that  of  determining  to  perfift  in  defence  of 

an  aflion  whicn  in  itfelf  was  wrong,  and  in  him  had  the  ap- 
pearance of  villany,  at  the  rifk  of  his  own  life,  and  that  of  un 
injured  perfon>  imder  a  notion  that,  having  received  the  appel- 
lation which  he  appeared  to  deferve,  it  was  become  neceilary 
to  maintain  hfs  hmur.    It  is  indeed  true>  that  Stockwell  ihewa 


150  •  jtJnnJa\  a  Tfagidf^ 

the  abfurdity  of  this  notion  i  b^t  it  is  mo|e  eflb6^u4lly  cfta« 
blifhed  by  making  it  a  part  of  fo  fplepflid  ^  charad^r  as  Bel- , 
cour,  than  fhaken  by  a  dry  fentencc  of  Stockwell,  cfpecially  as 
Stockwell  himfelf  is  made  to  bear  teftimony  t\i^K  his  very  Jml- 
ings  Jet  bim  off^  and  that  he  fliould  almoft  think  he  would  njat 
be  Jo  perJiSi  were  he  free  from  faulw 

Tfhe  felf-love  of  every  difiolutc  coxcomb  in  town»  who  i$ 
continually  upon  the  fcent  a^er  a  petticoat,  and  has  animal 
fpirtts  enough  to  beat  a  conftable,  or  fight  a  due),  And  vanity  . 
enough  to  part  with  his  money  for  the  flattering  title  of  afeUw. 
thai  haf  a  hearty  Avill  be  always  ready,  to  flatter  hitp  that  he  is 
fuch  a  chara£ler  as  Belcour,  and  he  will  th^n  be  a,t  no  pains 
to  part  with  failings*  that  fet  bim  off,  and  faults  without  wbleh 
he  would  be  lefs  pcrfcft. 

If  thefe  critical  remarks  are  thought  to  W  made  with  a  mi-t . 
nutenefs  of  attention  that  cannot  eafily  be  pirafed^^let  it  be 
a  knowledged  that  they  are  not  made  with  a  feverity  that  is 
prompt  to-  cenfure.     The  laws  of  cpmppfitio;i,  Ijlgc  thft  laws  of 
life^  are  not  the  lefs  excellent^  bfcaufe  no  man   has  perfectly 
fulfilled  them.     Nor  ihoqld.  the  l^cieach^s  of  either,  pais  unno* ' 
ticed,  beca^fe  perfed  ob^djence  is  no  more  to  be  expeded  ia  • 
the  futuie  time,  than  found  in  the  pa(^. 

From  fuch  inaccuracies,  fu^^pofing  this  critkifm  in  every  ar- 
ticle to  be  jOd,  no  performance  is  free  ;  and^  perhaps,  ir  would 
not  hp  eafy  to  find  ^another  pitsqe  upon  our  flage  in  which  they 
arc  fo  few. 

The  Weft  Indian  is  a^  appeal  to  found  judgment  and  true 
tafte,  from  the  ftcrile  afFcd^ation  of  lover's  of  funpUcityy  and  thoi 
unimpaffioned  fecundity  of  thole  who  put  mere  incidents  into 
dialogue. 

%♦  In  the  play,  p.  20,  3cenft  IIL  for  ^D id  .you  find  you i* 
aunt  Dudley  at  home  V  Wc  (hould  read,  ^  UiJ  you  find  your 
aiint  Rufport  ai  home  ?'  . 

Art.  IX.     Almida  ;   a  Trgg^y :.  At  performed  at   the  Th<e{trc- 
£^yal  in  J>rury-bjte.    By  a  Lady  ^    iJvo.    is.  6d.     BeckeK 

THE  modd  of  this  play,  as  the  Reader. ii  informed  ip  ai^ 
advertifcipent  prefixed  to  it,  is  the  7r/«frfflf#  of  Voltaire. 
The  lady  i$  faid  to  have  tranflated  her  original  like  a  poet,  andr 
not  like  an  interpreter  j  and  *  judging  that'  the  dialogue  in  the' 
French',  however  elegant,  would  appear  too  loftg  $0  ah  Eriglifti 
audience,  flie  has  taken  the  liberty  to  fliortfn  .fome  of  thq 
■  '    .'"i  — ^  -  ■  —  •  • — ' 

•  Said  to  be  dajghtcr  to  the  Ute  Mr.  David  Mallet.  Her  haf- 
band  ia  M.  C?clefii,'  a  Ocfloefe  gerrtlcman,  Who  lately  refided  here  in 
%  p.i^blic  cbaradcr;      '  '        ' 

fpecchcs.! 

■J 


.JDmidai  aTrageHj^  tp, 

fpeeches.'  In  this  (he  hat  afrtainly  done  weU,  anj  If  ihe  hai 
ihoitened  aiore,-<lie  would  have  done  better :  the  performance  it 
ftni  too  much  a  French  play  to  ^leafe  an  Engliih  audience,  or 
cvenanEngliffi  reader,  except- bis  tafte  has  been  vitiated  by 
French  crtticifm. 

The  whole  firft  a£f,  and  part'  of  the  fecond,  are  mere  nar- 
xative»  and  what  the  audience  have  once  been  told  in  a  dia- 
]<^iie  between  fome  of  the  dramatic  charaders,  they  are  told 
again  in  a  dialogue  between  others  :  the  3d  fcene  of  the  3d  aft, 
in  particular,  is  a  narrative  by  Alclamon  to  Tancred,  of  the 
fame  fads  which  make  part  of  the  dramatic  adion  already  paftj 
or  rathrr^hrch  have  betn  related  in  the  preceding  dialogue. 
It  confifts'  more  of  ftage  tricks  than  exhibitions  of  nature.  A 
lady  is  in  love  with  a  toniflied  hero  :  he  believes  her  falfe }  fhe 
flies  to  him  in  rapture,  he  coldly  reprefTes  her  :  (ke  refents  his 
believing  bis fenfes^  and,  in  a  fit  of  fury,  renounces  him:  h« 
is  too  late  convinced  he  was  miflaken  }  (he  forgives  him,  and, 
juft  as  all  matters  are  coming  right,  he  dies  of  a  wound,  and 
ihe  goes  diftraded.  It  is  indeed  true,  that  all  dramatic  diftrefs 
may  be  made  ridiculous  by  a  certain  manner  of  relating  it :  we 
ihall  hot  therefore  incur  the  charge  of  unjufl:  fevericy  to  this 
.piece  by  a  farther  reprefentation  of  the  incidents ;  but  we  can- 
not difcharge  our  duty  to  literature  arid  the  public,  without 
obferviilg  that  the  whole  aif)lon  is  founded  upon  an  abfurdity. 

When  fingle  combats  held  the  place  of  legal  decifions,  they 
were,  like  legal  dectAohs,  always  founded  upon  a  queftion^  dr 
matter  of  doubt :  one'  party  alledged  a  right,  which  the  other 
party  denied;  or  one  party . accufed  another  of  a  crime,  of 
which  the  accufed  declared  themfelves  to  be  innocent.  If  %\iq 
right  was  adihitted,  or  the  cnme  acknowledged,  there  was  no 
more  foundation  for  a  cdmbat,  than  for  a  law-fuit.  There  was 
no  'combat  to  dctcrmme  whether  a  perfon  who  acknowledged 
the  crime  of  which  he  was  accufed  (hould  be  pi^niflied,  or 
whether  a  i^ght  which' was  admitted  fliould  take  place.  Byt 
the  foundation  of  the'drsTAatic  a£lioh  in  queilion,  is  a  fingle 
combaf,  not  between  th^  accufei*'  and  the  accufed,  or  the  cham- 
piohs  oFbbth,  -or  cither;  to  determine  whether  the  accufatioh 
was'  trbe'or  fa?fc,  b^tt  between  two  p^rfons  whd  fuppofedthem- 
fclves  to  have  been  equally  betrayed  by  the  fame  woman^  in 
ordef.tb  determine  wfect\)er  that  woman  fliould  die  for  a  crime 
of  which  flic  acknowledged  hcrfelf  td  be  guilty  ? 

The  cafe  is  this,  Syracufe  being  befieged  by  the  Saracens, 
under  the  command  of  Sblyman,  it  is  determined,  by  the  go- 
vernment thaT  a  law  which  *  doom'd  to  fliamcful  and  imme- 
diate death  ,   '    . 

/Whoever  dar'd  tQ  hold  a  fecret  commerce 
'.  £atal  IP  Syracttfa  with  the  fee,' 

L  4  ihould 


IbpiildJ)^  rlgjoTQi^y  put  in  execution.;  *      '        \ 

*  A^.  lenity  ill  qmM  makes  traitors  bolder,        > 
I^et  ijeither  fex  nor  age  eogs^ge  our  pity  ;•    .  ,  ^    . 

fo  fajd  one  of  the  knights  in  council^  and  fo  it  is  luiiverTai}^ 
agreed.  _ 

.<  Tancred  k  in  exile,  Almida  i$  leeretly  contraded  tohisi  in 
jxiarriage, .  fh?  hears  that  he  is  not  far  diftant  in  difguife^  and 
/ends  hifn  a  letter,  by  a  trufty  meflenger,  in  which,  aiBong 
/^tljex?,  are'  thefc  words,  '  ,      . 

:   ;   ..  ^  *  May  youapknpwledg'd  reigttin  Syracafc 
^ ,  As  i]jj  this  he^rt  you  reign,' 

]piut  fearing  that  if  the  letter  (hould  he  intercepted,  and Icnown 
fp  be  written  to  Tancred,  the  difoovery  txiigbt  be  fatal'to  himiy 
.)Qxe  carefully  aypided  nanoing  faim,  and  .trufted  her  meflcngtr 
ff^th  a  verbal  d.iredioh  only  to  whom  it  was  to  be  delivered. 
.. :  This  lettex is  intercepted,  and  bro(ight  to  the  cout>cil  of  Sy- 
jacpfe,  .  They  knoyving  nothing  of  Almida*s  coniie<^ion  with 
^Tancred,  nor  of  Tapcred's  being  within  the  reach  of  her  mcf- 
ienger,  fuppofe  it  tp  be  written .  to  Solyman  ;  (he,  fearing:  to 
.fcndaitger  Tancred  by  difclofing  the  truth,  acquiefces  in  the 
^niiftake,  and  takes  the  crime  which  the  council  ha^Juft  de- 
.termined  fo  pupjfh  with  death,  not  regarding  either  age  or  (ci^ 
:|]pon  herfelf.  .... 

.  In  tills  fituationy  there  Is  no  queftion  which  combat,  in  tbe 
*days  pf  chivalry,  w^s  to  determine:  How  abfurd  then  is  the  ex* 
-clam^tioo  of  ope  of  the  council  which  had  condemned  A)mtd^ 
\  Where  h  thf  knight,  who,  fof  this  guiity  fi|$r. 
Will  deign  the  ancient  ^uftpm  to  ful^l 
And  irilk  &i$  lifb  or  glory  in  l^er  caufe  V 
^Where  was  the  )^ni^ht  zt  any  tipe,  who,  for  a  guil/y  fair,  s^ 
l^oman  who  ^cknqwledged  herfelf  to  b^  guilty  of  the  crio^ 
laid  to  her  ph^rge,  would  rifk,  or  thought  himfel/  obliged  Uy 
"the  lajvs  of  hcuiour  tp  rift,  his  life  or  gjory  i 

Buj,  if  fuch  a  knight  were  tp  be  fo^n^,  it  may  wel.1  be  aljEed^ 

.in  the  prfcfen^  cafe,  ^ith  whom  is  he  to  fight  ?  By  the  Jaws  of 

ffiiyalry  a  general  challenge  was  fqppofe4  to.  be  given  by  tl^e 

^accufer^  if  the  charge  was  dimeiL\  but  in  this  pife  th^re  was  no 

fuch  accufer^  smd  upon  what  pretence  could  anyone  be  cbal- 

.lengc4  to  prove  ^  crimf  whiph  the  p^rty  had  alre;^dy  cpnfefled  ?, 

\     \  Sbe  glcriis  in  hef  crime^  fays  her  father,  thus  not  a  knigb^ 

.  will  {^ir  to  iave  her/   Wl^at  fpUows  i;  cpnf^fion  wprfe  pos^i 

|bund^d : 

*  Though  with  deep  rcgref 
They  fign'd  unanimous  the  deadly  fentepce^ 
Id  fpight  of  oiir  mofl  ancient  (olen^n  law, 
Which  grants  the  fair,  when  iitjufdor  ^cfus*dt 
A  knight,  whofe  gen'roui  arin;  in  isngle  combat^ 
^er  caufe  may  fight,  and,  if  yidpnoHs»  dear  her/ 


She  who  was  ^eteded  in  a  crime  which  it  bad  been  ileteN 
mined  to  punifli  with  death,  by  a  Uttir  under  her  own  bandy  aad 
liad  ac<iuid<;ed  in  the  fenfe  put  upon  that  letter,  fo  as  to  gkrj 
in  btr-€whnf^  had  neither  beep  injured  nor  accufed^  hoW  can  flie 
then  be  feotenccd  to  die  in  fp'ght  of  thofe  laws,  which,  when 
a  woman  bad  been  injured  or  accufedj  granted  her  a  knight  to- 
prcnre  the  charge  falfe  and  injurious,  by  the  combat  i 

Tbocrim<;.  for  which  (he  is<x>ndemned  is  Amply  that  of  cor- 

'^e^nding  with  thie  enemy  j  yet  Ihe  affe£ls  to  fuppofe  herfelf 

puniflied  for  fo'methihg  elfe*     Her  father  had  determined  that 

Ihe  Ihould  marry  Orbailan,  and  (he  makes  her  difobedience  to 

ixnp  ordination  the  ground  of  her  punifliment : 

f  Ti^  true  1  (cprnf d  your  lawi,  nay,  more,  I  broke  then^  . 

Tly^ni^i^  thev.had  no  power  to  bind  me : 

A  father  would  liave  fprc'd  my  h|nd  unwilling, 

I  difobey'd  him  : .  Orbaffan  1  flighted ; 

Haughty  and  rude,  he  thdug|u  to  bend  me  to  him : 

Thefe  arc  my  crimes ;  •  \i  %\tY  arc  worthy  death  ' 

jtoike*— —  -   ••  - 

But,  with  fubmiffion  to  the  fair  Almida,  thefe  were  not  her 
crimes  :  (be  might  have  difobeyed  her  father,  and  flighted  Or- 
baflan  with  impunity,  at  leaft  without  becoming  obnoxious  to 
punishment  from  the  flate.  And  it  does  by  no  means  appear 
that  the  hw  to  puni(h  capitally  any  who  (hould  correfpond  with 
an  enemy,  then  at  the  walls,  wlis  tyrannical,  and  therefore  not 
binding. 

Tancred  at  length  arrives  in  di(guife  :  he  hears  that  his  mi(^ 
t;ie&  \i  falfe;  that  (he  has  written  toSolyman,  wi&ing  that 
be  might  reira  in  Syracufe  as  he  does  in  her  heart ;  that  file 
avows  it,  ana  gloties  in  it  \  that  (he  was  therefore  condemned 
to  die.  He  renounces  and  execrates  bet,  yet  (lands  ibrth  aa 
her  champion.  As  her  champion  for  what  ?  To  prove  her  in*- 
nocence?  No,  (he  has  gloried  in  her  guilt.  To  determine 
whether  being  guilty  (he  (ha)l  fiifferi  No,  that  la  contrary  to 
all  the  lav*  by  which  combat  is  appointed.   But*  fays  Tancrecj^ 

.  ■  '  her  deiblated  fttfaer     . 

Avows  my  arm.  to  innoccQce  |>ropitious/    ^  - 

But  whence  rofb  the  (atber's  idiigrace  ?  Not  from  th6  puni(h« 
ynent  of  his  child,  but  from  her  guilty  as  it  was  therefore  imw 
poffible  to  prove  her  innocent  agatnft  her  own  confeiSon,  it  was 
impoflMe  to  fave  him  from  d^race ;  and  there  would  be  no 
end  of  faving  cria|ia4s9  if  ^one  wais  to  fuftr*  but.tbofe  whom 
|iooe  would  lament. 

But  if  Tancred  is  to  fight,  right  or  wrong,  whp.  i%  to  \}\  hia 
Mtagonift  ?  As  there  is  no  qudSioned  accufaiion,  there  is  no 
f^cCttfei:  who  is  to  be  oppofed  as  guiltjr  of  nuliQC  gr  falTehood  ; 

but, 


fctie,  ftccortfing  to  the  cant  of  the  theatre,  a  fine  Jltttaiim  was 
lobe  i>roducea,  by  a  combat  between  the  deftined  huiband  and 
ihcforvfcrv  Tancred  therefore  Angles  *out  Orbaffan,  and  the  befi: 
yeafoA  that  is  given  for  iris,  thaft  he  was  aj^pbinted  iohif  off 
$bt  mob  at  the  execution  : 

*  My  place  and  rig'rous  duty  here  detain  me 
To  keep  in  bounds  a  giddy  daring  people.' 

Who  w  anfwerable  for  all  this  complicated  abfurdity,  Voltaire 
or  his  Tranflator,  we  do  not  pretend  to  know,  nor  is  it  worth 
em  while  to  enquire  :  our  hufinefs  is  not  with  tb^  Author  but 
'the  performanccy 

As  to  the  language,  if  Is  not  remarkable  either  for  beauty 
Of  defeS':  in  general,  however,  it  is  rather  that  of  the  epic 
than  the  drama  :  in  particular  parts  the  verification  is  defefiive, 
and  the  metaphors  are  often  incongrtioufly  mixed. 

The  drama  requires  a  natural  and  eafy  conftrudiion,  with 
which  the  fiiblime  beauties  of  poetry  are  perfeftly  confiftcnt, 
the  adjefiive  therefore  fhould  not  be  placed  after  the  nounj  a^ 

JDt^is  paflage  :    ^    ^ 

. -^.        ■   .^ —  «  the  ta/k 

Arduous  to  govern,  afks  a  farmer  hancl.' 
One  inftance  is  fufficieot^tp  illi^rate  our  reinark- 

There  is  one  palTage  in  whjch  the  fair  Aiithor  was  betrayed 
i»to  an.  .e;cprefljon  contrary  to  her  tppanipg,  by  the  ncgaiiyc 
particle  un.  When  Tancrcd,  having  been  rendered  carelefs  pf 
life  by  the  fuppofed  ir^fi<ielity  of  Almida,  is  mortally  wounded, 
Ae  confiders  his  dying  under  tha(  mi(lake,  fo  injurious  to  her 
'bonpuf,  as  an  aogravation  of  her  misfortune  ^  upon  which  flic 
is  ra<Mle  to  exclaim, 

*  He  diti—And  undatiiived,* 

"The  mcahinjg  certainly  *i^  juflr  contrary*' td  rte  words.  Tb'ci- 
frfik  the  Axifhor's  idda^:  and  Al'mrd^'i  fentiment,  another  A^ga- 
t^vc  particle  miift  be,  added  ;  iwi-untlecelvcdi  if  there  had  been 
•fuch  a  word,  wotJld  hilve  done,  and  the  Author  conceived  the 
idea  which  that  word,  eiprefles;.  under  the  word  fhe  has  ufed,  • 
which  conveys  ah  idea'dirc6tly  oppdfrte.- 

^  '  The  irerfi^iication  is  iroperfe£l  in  the,folloy^ing  among  other 
Jnffancts :  .      :   \         .  .  .   .  • 

•  By  my.wdpr  fl<e.  hete  advances'— -r-    .     ,     , 

'-   .  —^.w*  My  foul's  beft  love!  ihall  J  then  bcl  vik*-i— 

,  —  Live  happy— whilll  I  feek^death— iWeaelP    •'  -       - 

,„,  iy^ij:c4.  p3c;^a.pho;:s, JhoMlJ  not  be  to"o  feyercly  j^enluFca  in  dra- 

rpgtic  .5^^pfitions.:-;j)airipn   naturally .  flows^^'in  roqiai)hojical 

.language^  yet  tne.e^ttcm^oraiieouscirufibns'of'paffidndo  hot'aB- 

imc 


In  Eaqmirj  intaibi  gtmral  SfiSIs  rf  Hid.  i^g: 

wk  of  critical  exaftQeis  in  the  figures  :  it  it  enough  itAof  h«^ 
a  general  fitnefs,  aad  a  oommon  propriety  referred  to  their  ob«« 
jcd,  without  perfed  oongruky  when  compared  wkh  each  oiheri? 
j«t  even  with  this  licence  the  Mlowing  pi(&ge  is  not  ^  h« 
ikfiended* 

^  How  fiiofty  alas !  is  human  comprehendon ! 

PieTumptiioas  judges !  in  our  irriug  balance 

JBUndfy  we  weigh  the  life,  the  &te  of  mortals,  . 

By  the  *weai  guidance  of  failacioos  plrudence, 

BtwiUa^d  into  craelty;' 

(  In  this  palEige  a  miftake  is  produced  firft  by  the  itrorAf  ihh 
hfiltmcij  then  by  tb^  Uinintfs  of  sm  who  fufpends  rf>  then  by  a 
wiok  guidance^  by  the  weak  guidance  oifalhcious  prudence  bi'^ 
mUtrid  into  crmtj  ! 

Other  faolts  there  are  which  we  flioul<|  be  ill  employed  to 
point  out.  Upon  the  whole  we  are  of  opinion,  that  nothing 
could  have  fupported  this  piece,  upon  the  ftage,  but  the  very 
great  theatricaJ  abilities  of  Mrs.  Barry«  It  is  not  however  tlie 
only  piece  that  keeps  its-  ground  merely  by  the  excellencr.pf  a 
favourite  performer  in  a  particular  fcene;  and  it  muft  be  con- 
feflfed^hat  to  give  great  abilities  an  opportunity  to  dif play  {hem* 
felvesy  is  to  give  honour  to  meritt  9uA  pleafure  to  the  public. 
« — f    ,  ■   -J 

Art.  X.  Jn  Enquiry  into  the  general  Effe£ls  of  Heat  \  Viith 
Ohfervations  on  the  Theories  of  Mixture.  In  Two  Parts.  Il- 
hmrated  with  a  Variety  of  Experiments^  tending  to  explain  and 
deduce  from  Pi^nciples^  fome  of  the  mojl  common  Afpearances  in 
Nature.  With  an  Appendix  on  the  Form  and  life  of  the  princi- 
pal  Veffels  containing  the  SuhjeHs  on  which  the  Effi£ti  of  Heat 
and  Mixture  are  to  be  produced.     8vo.     2  s.     Noarfc.     1770. 

THIS  Eflay  appears  to  br  the  produ£lion  6i fomeciogeniods 
BcademiCy  wbo  has  been,  lately  engaged  in  the  ftudy  of 
chemiftry. 

'-  The  gfeneri4  dA£[s  of  heat,  as  enumerated  by  tlis'efiqtiirer» 
^fe,  expanfion,  fluidity,  vapour,,  ignitiooy  and  inflamnlability. 
There  is  fomelbing  new  and  curioixs  in  what  is:advaticed  con-r 
eeming  to/ii/ ^/radodrine;  whjohotiri Author •  claims  not 
as  his  own,  ^tr candidly  altnbutesxodieiitgetiioixsDir.maok^ 
Profeflbr  of  Cb«miftry  in  the  ITnivcrfity  oS  Ediobargh^^/  :.  I  : 
<  I  fatd  j(ba«  Aiitdlcy  iS'  oocaftan^^d'  b^  the  prefence  of  h&it« 
Yet  is  it  ftarce  credibte  tha»«  (pitfntoty  ^if  fenttk  btaat.wJbidh 
affba»  the  thenEnOfneter  foitatl«^^ttc)Oh*^b«ippo4aft"<vB^jfo  «cv 
traordimnr  an  efibAT-  '  Is  'it  no«  ratherl:to.>b&>beheved>^  that 
bodies  ahforb- degrees  of  h>ea6,  which,,  in  certahicircumftances^ 
lemalns  latent  and  linobfervedf  ?  and  that  Auidsr  contain  a  great 
atitotity -of  this  kKeot*bea«,  wbich^.  dkoui^h  it  does  no(  a^ 
I,       '     .  :  •  *'  fenfibly. 


156  Aa  Enparf  into  the  gimrdl  Bffeeis  rfHeal.. 

feoTibly^  tbitt  19)  paTt  eaftly  from  one  body  to  2n6chef,  it  c(- 
piUe  of  producing,  or,  more  properly,  of  pref^^rving  fluidity  ? 
^at  tbd  JUteiit  heat  never  disappears,  or  lofes  its  influence,  in 
prefetfving  fluidity,  till  the  cold  has  become  To  itf  fuper ior  as  to 
bring  the  fluid  to  the  freezing  point  ?  that  then  it  difappears 
gradually  and  but  gradually,  elfe  the  fluid  .would-  be  converted 
at  once  inte  ice ;  which  is  not  the  cafe,  greater  acceffions  of 
cold,  and  o(  a  longer  duration,  being  requifite  to  make  fluids 
afiume  a  folid  form.     . 

<  In  the  fame  manner,  the  abfbrption  of  latent  heat  is  ob*' 
feVvabte  in^  tlie  tedudion  of  a  folid  to  a  fluid — as  of  ice  to 
fvater-^a  very  great  quantity  of  heat  is  abf(9rbed  before  the  ice 
begins  to  melt,  a  quantity  more  than  faflicient  to  bring  the 
temperature  above  the  freezing  point,  if  the  heat  fo  abforbed-' 
iAed  fenffbty,  or  could  be  meafored  by  a  thermometer.  WfaraC 
then  becomes  of  this  large  portion  of  heat,  which  has  incon« 
teftably  ciltered  the  ice  ?  Jt  has  been  abforbed  by  the  ice,  md 
lies  cdiiceaied  in  it  in  a  latent  form. 

'  *  In  this  way  are  we  to  account  for  the  large  quantities  <^ 
ke  to-be  feen  on  the  iurface  of  the  earth  after  long  frofis,  JTor 
feme  days  after  the  thaw  has^ commenced.  After  fevere  fix>fts, 
the  weather  is  generally  veiy  warm :  how  comes  it  that  the  ic» 
cxpofiad  to  thfi^at  of  the  air  is. not  immediately  melted  I  Each 
piece  of  ice  being  examined  by  the  thermometer,  will  be  found 
to  be  cooled  to  the  freezing  point ;  yet  it  cannot  be  denied, 
that  every  fuch  piece  muft  be  affefied  by  the  warmth  of  the 
atmofphere,  and  the  influence  of  the  fun.  What  th^n  be* 
comes  of  this  heat,  which,  as  far  as  we  can  judge,  has  no  fen- 
JRble  eStGt  ?  It  is  evidently  abforbed  by  the  ice,  and  tootained 
in  it  latent,  tn  the  fame  manner,  ice,  in  ice-houfes,  not- 
withftanding  all  the  precautions  that  are  ufed,  could  not  fail  of 
melting,  if  all  the  heat  it  received  aded  fenfiUy ;  but  that  is 
not,  the  cafe,  great  part  of  it  being  abfarb«d>  remains  latent, 
and,  of  courfe,  has  no  fenfible  eflfefi. 

<  The  ftilowing  cxperimrnt  is  decifivtf  upon  this  (uh-- 
jeft.  IntD  a  yeflfei  yas  put  fome  water  cooled,  nearly  to  th« 
freezing-point;  into  another  a  quantity  4tf  ice:  by  a  thermo- 
meter die  change  made  upon  the  water  during  the  firft  half* 
bour,  Ky  the  temperatuie  of  the.  warm  room,  in  which  \Y^  | 
vefiels  were  fufpended,  was  ohferved,  and  it  W9»  fpund  to  havQ 
nifed  the  liquor  7  ori  8  degrtes  above  the  fctcaung  point :  no 
change  was  obfenrabk  in  the  ice,  fave  that  a  very  little  of  it 
was  mdttd ;  but  what  was:  for  meltfid,  was  fouA^^  ^y  ^  ^^^ 
tnomeier,  to  be  equally  cold  with  the  mafs  of  ice.  The  ye0ela 
hung  in  this  manner  for' 11  i-half  bourst  at  the  end  of  which 
time  all  the  ice  was  melted.  N0W9  ^  each  veifel  received  fron^ 
^  f^mpcratunB  of  th^  xpoia  m  whi^  it  wa9  placed,  about  ^ 

^cgrcfs 


Jn  Enqmry  iiiU  tbi  gtmrolJSfe^s  if  H^aS.  t$f 

fkgrecs  of  beat  every  half  bour^  it  is.evident^  the  veflel  con-* 
cainhig  the  ice,  muft,  at  the  end  of  1 1  hours  and  a  half,  have 
leccived  upwards  of  140  degrees  of  beat ;  that  is»  the  quaar. 
titjr  of  beat  flowiag  into  the  veflel,  d«iring  that  time,  muft'ha^e 
amounted  to  the  nuqi^ber  of  degrees,  fp^ciiied*  £ut  tlys  heat< 
plainly  did  not  operate  in  melting  the  ice,  for  then  it  ihould. 
have  produced  that  eiFed  at  the  eod  of  ^the  firft  half  hour,  when 
7  or  8  degrees  of  beat  muft  have  entered  the  ice  \  wfaescai* 
that  eflSeft  wa3  not  produced  till  the  end  of  23  half  hours, 
when,  by  cahrulation,  140  degrees  of  heat,  and  upwards^  muib 
have  fucceffively  pafled  through  that  fubilance.  This  beattbe» 
did  not  zdi  fenfibly : .  no;  it  vras  latent  in  the  ice»  and  ab^ 
forbedbyit. 

'<  It  may  probably  be  faid,  that  the  heat  commonicated  by  the 
air  did  not  enter  into  the  ice,  but  «ras  repelJed-  b;y  it  r  but 
this  cannot  be  \  for,  by  experiment,  a  quantity  of  .warm,  wates 
being  poured  upon  ice,  that  fubftance,  in  a.fnaanAr,inftan'* 
taneoofly  melts,  without  repelling,  in  the  finaUeft  degree,  die 
beat  that  is  thus  forced  into  it. 

*  By  the  theory  of  latent  heat  are  explained  the  curious,  phe** 
nomena  of  artificial  colds  produced  by  mixture,  as  of  fnbw- 
walier  and  fait :  when  thefe  two  are  mixed,  the  feniible  heat  is 
convened  into  latent,  therefore  the  mixture  muft  be  fenfibljrt 
colder  $  at  the  fame  time,  the  latent  heat  operates  its  ufual  eN 
ftOt  in  keeping  the  mixture  fluid,  which  would  otherwife  have 
a  tendency  to  confolidate/ 

The  fame  dodrine  is  again  introduced  under  the  head  of  va- 
poration.— ^  To  be  fatified,  fays  our  Author,  about  the  abbrp.* 
tion  of  latini  heat^  by  fluids  that  have  attained  the  vaporific 
point,  I  put  a  fmall  quantity  of  water  into  a  phial  clofely 
cbrked,  and  expofing  it  to  a  fand  beat,  foon  brought  the  tejn- 
perature  feveral  degrees  above  the  boiling  point,,  which  I  coiild 
eafily  effeiS,  as  the  prefiure  made  the  fluid  capable  of  receiving 
greater  acceflions  of  beat.  The  fteath  which  aroTe  could  no^ 
have  vent,  fo  that  upon  taking  out  the  cq-k,  after  an  interval,' 
in  which  all  the  water  .might  have  been  converted  into  fteam, 
I  expeded  the  whole  would  immediately  difappear  and  be 
changed  into  vapour^  which,  as  I  imagined,  would  ru(h  for- 
cibly out  of  the  phial.  This  did  not  happen.  Upon  taking 
^flf  the  mechanical  preflfare,  an.  ebullition  and  asttation  of  tho^ 
water  enfued,  during  which  a  portion  of  that  nuid  ruihed  out 
of  the  phial  along  with  a  quantity  o£  fteam.  The  remaining 
'water  funk  down  to  the.  boiling  point,  though  before  it  had 
been  confiderably  above  it.  What  then  became  of  this  quantity 
of  heat  \  Was  it  annihilated  \  It  does  not  appear  iji  the  water, 
though  the  minute  before  it  aded  fenfibly  in  it,  by  elevating 
the  liquor  in  the  thermometer  feveral  degrees  above  the  boiling 

point. 


t  J>       Co9k*x  yayagit  W  fhtviJs  through  Rufftdj  tfc. 

point*  That  fenfible  btat  i^  co&Teitcd  intoktent*  and,  though 
it  no  longer  appears  to  a£l  fen6bly«  refides  in  the  water.  The 
following  experinMnt^  are  e(|ualiy  dectflve' upon  this  fubjed  : 

*  A  Very  large  quality  erf  water  being  put  into  PapinV 
di^er,  was  expofed  to  the  afiion  of  a  violent  fire,  whtefar 
ibon  brought  the  temperature  30a  degrees  above  the  boilinsf 
point;  a  degree  of  heaf^of  which  water  is  fufcepttble  unde^ 
great  raechantcal  prefiure,  ^s  in  a  vedd  of  this  kind.  Aftcrf 
confining  t»he  fleana  for  a  long  time  in  fuch  an  inCreafe 
of  heac,  I  naturalYy  judged, .  that,  upon  admitting  the  air, 
or  giving  vent  to  the  bbftrufted  ffeam,  the  whok  mafi.of 
water  wquM  inftantanebufly  Evaporate.  -  .But  herd  too,  a^ 
in  the  former  experiment,  I  was  deceived  ;  fof, .  thousliy 
nj^tft  removing  the  p^flure,-  a  quantity  of  f)ram  biirft  oat  of 
the  veffef,  with  (\xt\i  ittipetuofity,  as  to  rattle  feveral  times 
agaiaft  the  cieling  of  the  rooim  in  which  the  experiment  was 
aaafc;.  yfity  by  far  the^grleater  part  of  the  water  remained*  in 
the  vjdSsl;  and  what  io  netnained,  almoft  immediately  funk  to 
the  boiling  point,  that  is^  300  <icgrces  delow  its  temperature 
at  Hie  time  of  removing  the  preflure.  This  heat  muft' cer- 
tainly have  been  abforbed  by  the  water,  and,  from  its  ^Sin^ 
jenfibfyj  have  been  .converted  into' a  latenf  form,  Nutfiihg  cHe 
could  have  pnoduced  fo  lAftantaneous  a  change.* 
•  The  general'  obiVrvbtion^  on-  the  theories  of  mixfuKe'j  and 
tha  Appendix,  contain-  nothing,  but  what*  muft  be  very  iztm^ 
liar  to  every  one  who  is  acquainted  with  chemical  fubjcfts,, 

-'""■'  "  —  * 

Art.  XT.  Voyages  and  Travels  through  the  Ruffian  Empirs^  Tar- 
taryy  and  Part  of  the  Kingdom,  0/  Ptrfia.     By  Johij  Cook, 
M,  D.  at'Ffamilton.     8vo.     2  Vols^     12  s.  Boards.'  >£dia^ 
•'  hurgh;     1770.     Sold' in  London  by  DiHy,  &c. 

THOSE  whom  buiinefs  or  plet^fure  h^s  carried  into  fo^ 
reign  coaintrieBy  feertiy  too  frecj^ritry;  to  imagine,  that 
it  i3  incuaibcnt.on  theto  to  lay  aa  account  o'f  their  t^ave)s  be- 
fore the  putiic ;  withour.  qucftianing  whether  they  have  the 
capacity  to.  felefl  tlrofe'  partwuiaits  whkh  are  of'  fiifncienf  v^lue 
to  awaken  a  general  curiofity  and  aicemidn  ;  or  whether  they 
have  the  talents,  to  cxpnrtsi  them  witfh  propriety.  All  matters 
that  baiea£Fe£fed  themfeives',  they  coti^ei^  muft  be  inteneftmg 
to  others..  Horoesof  each  Irtdo  tale,  and  important  in  -thdr 
own. opinion,  they,  forger,  that  to'  the  bivlk  of  men  th^y  are 
unknown,  andin  a  ftate  of  obfcurity.  Thtif  Vanity  does  not* 
pcwnit  them  to- fupprefs  ihcir  journals;  and,  while  they  are 
fTOurting  applaufe,  they,  expofe  th'cmfclVes  to  ridicule. 

AmiJft  the  load  of  frivolous  and  alTfur<^  details  which  Mi*. 
Cook  has?  prefcnted  to  his  Readcr^^  few  fads  or  obferyations 

occury 


CookV  Vcy^i  and  Travels  through  ^u^a,  (/a>         r^^ 

occur,  that  are  of  ceal  confequence.  U  he  chasces  to  flumbfe 
OQ  a  fubjeA  that  is  intcrefting  in  itfeif,  be  is  unable  t»  «jcplaw 
it  io  a  fausfa^ry  m^oxier.  Some  f^iot.glimcn^fiiigs.Qf  light 
bp  bai,  iodecd,  thrown  on  the  htA<|ry  of  Ruifia ;  i^t  tbefe 
point  to  nothing  gceac  or  conclufive.  His  relations  ^rc  nc itbcr 
cotcrtainiag  nor  foljd  $  and,  indicating  greAt  weaknefe  c^miad^ 
and  a  tMal  ignorance  of  the, language  ia  which  he  wiritea,  they 
eitbct  e^eite  o«r  pity,  oc  coatenopt. 

One  of  the  mod  unexceptionable  articks  in  bis  work,  j\tbe 
account  that  is  given  of  the  naAonexs  of  the  Perfians  9  and,  for 
this  rea£bn,  we  (ball  extraA  it  fof  the  entercainxnent  of  <Mir 
Readers. 

.  *  The  Perfians,  fays  Mr.  Cook,  are  naturally  a  very  agile, 
lively  people,  the  generality  of  their  men. are  o^iddJk  fized^ 
rather  of  thp  fmalter  kind,  but  very  well  made,  taway,.  bkck<» 
eyed,  with,  black  hair,  Roman  nofcd,.  and  thick  lipped*  Tt^f 
alL  wear. high,  caps  gathered  at  the  tops,  .which  are  tapeiing.^ 
they  love  the  led  colour,  becaufe  their  fpldiers  caps  are  of  thaii 
colour,  and  therc&re  they  are  called  Kifelbafhee,  or  red  heads. 
Their  coats  and  vefls  are  ihort,  and  t\^cy  wear  loug  <lrawef» 
and.hofe  made  of  cloth;  in  place -of  ihoes  they  w9Ai  univer* 
fatiy  Sipperi,  with  longer  and  more  tapering  beela  thsio  tfaofa 
wore  by  ourfirittihLadies  ;  which  make  them  appear,  in  ftand- 
ing  or  walking,  as.  if  they  had  no  mufcuJous  poilerior^ ;  be«» 
c?u£e  they  are  forced. to  (land  very.  ere&. 

*  Thcir'foldiera  confift  chiefly  in  horfci  I  have  feen  foot 
alfo;  and  they  are eftceraed,  juftly,.  I  imagine,  the  beft  horfe- 
men  in  the  worlds     They  have  a  Angular  way  of  uuuiaging 
tbcie  hoHcs  :  they  ride  at  a  gentie  trot,  or  walk  them ;  but  a» 
they  arenot  jegular,  they  very  frequently  run  off  at  a  full  gal- 
lop^ and.  at  once,  flop  their   hortes;    then   pufh  on,  turning- 
nimbly,  frequently  to  the  right  or  left  fide,  as  the  rider  thinks 
proper.    If  ibey  are  near  a  lieep  low  hill,  tiiey  jove  to  run  tip 
it  as  b&  aa  the  horfcis  able.    When  they  arrive  in.  their  camp, 
they  cover  their  bodes  over  with  cloths,  three -or  f^ur  foJds. 
thick.;  then  they.tcb^^r  their  hories  by.  the  hiader  feet,  keepic^ 
tbeokat  a diflaaoe  -^  fo  that  they, cannot  eafilxr  lie  down  ^  tbey  • 
then  place. qutnftrawv  or  hay.  at  fuch  diftance,  that  the  bor^ 
canbut  get..toit;.fa^  that  tbebeaft  is,,  asu't  were,  confianci/ 
upon  the  firetch.     They  feed  them  twice  d^ily  with  good  bar«. 
]qr,  widi  wbichlwewere  obl^ed'to.  feed,  ours,  which  •purged 
tbdn,finar^}y  for  two  or  three  days  at^rii; ;  but  it  had  a  gooA  * 
t&&^  itL  making  cikem  very. clea^.- tinned*    The  Porftan  k>U 
dicra-  riib-d«wA^  (heiF  horfes  ffec^uend^  through  the-day :  they 
aci  foiidecx>£tbeiic  horfes  thaaof  thdi^  wtye». 

^  hj  the  Mahometan  law,  the  Perfians  can,  and  frequently . 
iq,  marry  four  wives,  and  are  at  libeny-to-keep  as.many  co««. 

C.  cubinea 


1^       CooVs  Vejttgis  ofutTfMvek  tiro^gi  RuJfiOf  (iff* 

cubines  a»  th^  pleafe.  The  world  cannot  produce  greater  • 
flave^than  the  Perfian  women  are  to  their  hufbands.  We  wcro 
told,  that  a  bufband  may  cbaftife  his  wife,  but  muft  take  care 
that  his  ^verity  does  not  prove  the  caure  of  her  death  ;  for  if^ 
upon  enquiry,  it  proves  to  be  fo,  and  the  wife  has  relations 
who  can  profecute  the  murderer^  the  judge  delivers  the  criminal 
to  the  illations  of  his  deceafed  wife^  who  never  fait  to  put  him 
to  death  after  the  fame  manner  he  killed  his  wifti :  thb,  how- 
ever, is  not  always  the  cafe.— — 

*  The  women  in  Perfia  are  well  enough  proportioned  ;  but 
1  was  informed  they  were  not  very  beautiful,  having  had  but 
few  opportunities  of  feeing  them  myfelf.  At  Cura  f  one  day 
faw  an  elderly  woman  drefled  in  a  ragged  iilk  gown,  whom 
linger  bad  forced  into  our  camp,  followed  by  two  young  girla^ 
who  paid  her  great  refped.  As  (he  pafled  dirougb,  Ihe  care- 
fully picked  up  fome  barley  out  of  horfe-dung  and  eat  it ;  at 
which  one  of  our  dragoons  would  have  beaten  her,  if  I  bad 
not  prevented  him.  The  Prince  *  having  been  informed  of 
her  diftrefs,  atufid  fad  her  and  her  attendants,  as  long  as  we 
flayed  there.  She  faid,  that  ihe  was  well  born,  and  had  beea 
married  to  a  Khan  ;  but  that  her  family  happening  to  fall  un- 
der the  Shach's  difpleafure  f,  was  utterly  extirpated,  and  that 
none  remained  with  her  but  the  two  girls,  who  never  would 
leave. her.  This  woman  never  had  been  a  beauty.  I  have 
feen  many  girls,  efpedally  at  Refhd,  who  were  very  beautiful ; 
but  I  was  informed  that  theie  were  Georgians. 

'  One  day,  paffing  by  a  houfe  out  of  the  city,  five  or-  fix 
beautiful  girls  appeared  at  the  door  uncovered,  and  feemed  to 
be  very  merry  :  they  laughed,  and  made  fome  figns,  as  it  were, 
inviting  my  comrades  and  me  to  go  into  the  houfe ;  and  I  was 
tpid  by  oihers,  that  I  was  not  miftaken,  for  they  were  common 
to  any. 

*  I  once  faw  a  few  girls  who  were  kept  by  one  of  the  Gene- 
rals of  the  Perfian  army,  look  out  of  a  tent  uncovered,  as  we 
p^ed  by ;  but  I  was  told,  that  if  their  Lord  knew  that  thejr 
h^d  expofed  themfelves,  he  would  have  puniflied  them  molt 
feverely.  They  were  young,  very  pretty,  and  faid  to  be 
Georaians.  I  was  informed  that  the  Perfian  women,  in  generals 
would  fooner  expofe  to  public  view  any  part  of  their  bodlea 
than  their  faces. 

*  One  of  the  Britifh  merchants  at  Reflid  told  me^  that  one 
morning  very  early,  as  he  was  walking  by  a  burial  place^  be 
there  faw  a  very  comely  young  woman  fitting  in  her  ihifit„  be-^ 

*  Our  Author  accompanied  Prince  Oalitzin  in  bb  einbafly  to* 
Perfia. 

t  The  £unOtts  Kadir  Shadu 

*        J  *        fag 


Cook'^  fiy^ii  and  Trawls  tbreitgh  Ruffia^  t^t*         1 6  x 

ipg  extremely  hot  weather,  giving  her  child  fuck  :  he  was  very 
near  her  before  (he  fpied  him  ;  which  {he  ho  fooner  had  done, 
than  fhe  covered  her  face  with  her  fhifc,  expofing  what  our 
Women  carefully  conceal.  Many  fuch  ftories  I  was  informed 
.of»  which,  are  not  worth,  repeating. 

*  Men  .may.  marry  for  life,  or  for  any  determined  time  in 
Ferfia,  as  well  as  through  all  Tartary.  I  was  adored,,  that 
'merchants,  and  other  travellers,  who  intended  to  (lay  a  mbnth, 
or  longer  in -any  city,  commonly  applied  to  the  Cadee,  or 
Judge,  for  a  wife  during  the  time  he  propofed  to  flay.  Thit 
the  Cadee,  for  a  ftaied  gratuity,  produced  a  number  of  girls, ' 

.Whom  he  declared  to  be  honeft,  and  free  from  difeafes,  and  be* 
came  furety  for  them.  It  is  faid,  that,  amongft  thoufands, 
ihcre  has  not  been  one  inftance  of  their  difhonefty,  during  the 
time  agreed  upon,  I  have  been  alfo  told,  that  merchants  who 
trade  in  different  cities,  whofe  bufinefs  obliges  them  to  live  in 
thcfc  cities  fome  time  efery  year,  or  who  keep  a  warehoufe^ 
marry  a  wife  for  life  \  and  that  they  fuperintend  their  houfe  in 
their  abfcnce,  and  generally  prove  v^ry  true  to  the  truft  repofed 
in  them. 

*  The  Perfian  women  are  all'drefled  in  long  goWns  of  filk  or 
cotton:    they  all  wear  filk  or  cotton  drawers,   which  reach 

'down  to  their   ankles  ;   they  wear  bracelets   of  gold,    either 
wrought  or  fet  with  precious  flones  about  their  ankles  and 
wrifts  \  and  the  foremoft  parts  of  their  Ihifts,  which  are  com- 
monly of  filk,  from  a  point  immediately  below  the  navel,  are 
■embroidered  down  to  the  bottom  with  gold  or  filver  figures^ 
forming  a  large  triangle,  whofe  upper  angle  is  acute.     They 
never  cut  the  nails  of  their  fingers,  as  we  do,  but  let  them 
grow  long  and  pointed  ;  they  are  coloured  with  red  on  the  firft 
joint  of  each  finger.    I  have  fometimes  been  confulced  about 
their  difeafes ;  and  though  great  care  was  taken,   upon  fuch 
occafioDS^  that  1  Ihould  fee  no  part  of  their  perfon,  yet  they 
could  not  hinder  my  feeing  their  bands  when  I  felt  their  pulfe: 
and  though  frequency  it  is  very  necefiary  to  fee  their  faces,  l/i 
i^yea,'^  difeafes,    the  rerfians  never  would  permit  them  to  b^ 
unvailed.     When  they  go  to  the  bath,  which  they  do  twice  or 
thrice  in  a  week,  they  are  veiled  with  white  linen,  but  have  a 
^jricce  of  net- work  before  their  eyes,  which  renders  every  thing 
vifible  to  them,  but  prevents  any  from  feeing  them. 

*  The  Perfian  women  endure  all  fons  of  hardfhips,  and 
undergo  all  kinds  of  drudgery  ;  the  common  women  efpecially, 
At^h  the  land,  plant  the  rice,  and  clean  their  fields,  ai>d  do 
every  other  hard  work,  while  their  bulbands  only  look  after 
markets,  and  fmoke  the  callian.' 

Before  we  bid  adieu  to  !iVlr.  Cook,  it  would  be  injuftice  to 

liim,  not  to  declare,  tbat|  from  the  advantages  he  etijoycd,  he 

-JRev.  Feb.  1771.  M  has 


l62        Yoiing'j  Courfi  of  i^efimtntal  Agriculture^  ^u 

has  been  able  to  make  fome  pertinent  ftridiures  on  the  traTtls^ 
and  the  candour,  of  Mr.  Jonas  Hanway. 

fc  ■  - — I   '■  ■  ....,■     I  I 

Art.  XII.  A  Courfe  of  ex/arimmtdl  Agrievltkrty  bfc.    a  Volt. 
4to.  .21.  Ids.  hounds    Dodfley.     1770. 

'^  H  E  dedication  of  this  confidcrable  work,  to  the  Marquis 
^  of  Rockinghantj  (that  illuftrious,  cultivator  I)  informs  us, 
that  its  Author  is  the  indefatigable  and  ufeful  Mr.  Toung^  whofe 
former  labours  we  have  recommended  to  the  attention  of  the 
public. 

This  courfe  of  experiments  is  the  bafis  of  a  fcientific  ftudy  of 
agriculture ;  a  great  national  objedt !  and  it  is  no  eafy  matter  to 
determine  in  what  way  moft  advantageous  to  the  public,  and 
juft  to  the  Author,  fuch  a  work  ought  to  be  reviewed.  Curfory 
remarks  and  occaftonal  extraSls  may  gratifjt  the  curiofity  of  many 
Readers  who  defire  to  be  able  to  figure  in  confequence  of  their 
reading;  but  we  apprehend  that  this  method,  though  much 
ihe  eafieft  to  ourfelves,  would  not  be  To  fatisfaftory  to  the  b^Ik 
of  Readers,  for  whom  fuch  a  work  as  Mr.  .Young*s  is  Jc- 
figned. — On  the  other  hand,.,  an  accurate  jevicw  of  near  20OO 
experiments,  in  two  4t6  volumes,  containing  about  iOOO  pages^ 
would  amount  to  a  very  confiderable  work  itfelf. 

We  have  therefore  adopted  a  middle  plan,  which,  we  hope, 
may  in  a  good  meafure  fatisfy  the  generality  of  fuch  Readers 
2fi  are  competent  judges  of  Mr.  Young's  merits  ;  viz.  to  go 
'through  an  accurate  review  of  the  Authpr's  experiments  oa 
Wheat,  at  kaft ;  and  to  add  fuch  further  but  nure  curfory  azr- 
.mination  of  the  reft  of  this  large  work,  as  the  expeflation  of  our 
Readers  may  feem  to  call  for.  By  our  review  of  Mr.  Young's 
experiments  on  this  noblefl  crop,  (a  confiderable  article  of  our 
exports)  we  hope  to  be  able  to  eftablifh  a  juft  idea  of  Mr. 
Young's  fuccefs  as'  a  cultivator,  and  to  aflift  fuch  Gentlemen 
as  choofe  to  examine  his  operations  on  fubjedts  of  lets  import- 
ance. 

But  before  we  begin  this  principal  part  of  our  work,  as  Re- 
viewers^ it  fcems  neceflary  to  take  fome  notice  of  bis  Preface, 
as  leading  us  to  the  knowledge  of  his  defsgn^  and  the  mfiterials 
'of  his  execution  of  it. 

He  aflures  us  [p,  5.)  that  he  has  formed  a  dear  idea  of  per^ 
feSlion.  He  owns,  that  he  had  once  ardent  hope  to  reduce  every 
doubtful  point  to  certainty^  but  has  iiow  the  chagrin  of  poorly  an- 
Twering  even  bis  own  expedtations.  He  juftly  regrets  the 
omitting  a  multitude  of  minutes  in  the  firft  year  of  his  experi- 
ments, many  in  the  fecond,  &c. 

^  Matters ^r^/^g'n  to  agriculture  (he  tells  ub)  permitted  him 
not  to  continue  hb  experiments  on  they^^M;  land  i  otherwife  he* 

would 


voiiy  not  bave  publi^ed  this  6ourre  of  experimenU  pf  many 
yean  i  for  every  fuocceding  year  would  have  conVioced  hisi 
€i  the  exfiedieiicy  of  tonne^ing  in  one  chain,  a  long  fgrits 
of  trials :  hittt  CMtige  of  foil  bom  fjyftf/i  to  one  Uialfy  difiercnt 
in  Htrtfmjdfiiin^  Iv^  broke  all  connexion,  as  lie  juiUy  owns, 
lietvixt  thofe  [experioaenu]  he  has  ai4de  and  is  preparing  for.' 
He  it  firfiiy  he  fays,  to  oftake  a  paufe  almojl  at  his  beginning. 
BeUdbes  at  the  impirfi^hu  of  bis  prefent  iketch,  Which  is  but 
the  wt'lint  of  what  he  wiihed.-^So  much  modefty  befpeaks  tbt 
capdoar  loi  his  Readers* 

He  adures  us  of  the  accuracy  of  his  experiments  however  ; 
•  and  declares  his  regifter  fo  mixuuly  gtmaruy  that  frodi  fome  ex- 
^peomeDtiB  fcarce  any  coadufioa  can  be  drawn,  owing  to  unlucky 
Mttdmts  or  other  caufes. 

He  acknowledges  that  in  numertms  inftoHcis  he  has  been  a  Viry 
i&d  {termer J  &c.— but  fays^  he  began  with  this  principle,  <,  to 
keep  minutes  of  every  thing ;'  yet  omitted  maf^  iki  the  two  firft 
years,  and  owns  chat  oipifion  ^Jinmuhat  incM/jflifit  with  that  dc-* 
fign,'  as  it  certainfy  was.  He  affirms  hoWever  that  he  was  tuvo' 
sSt^  ^JttgH  M^eek  from  his  farm,  without  leaving  a  bailiff  whom 
ht  oouidfuify  truft,  who  gave  him  accounta.  tie  adds,  and  we 
ixlieve^  ara^,  tbat  no  experiment  has  been  here  formed  with 
aa  eye  to  cbixfirm  a  favwrite  notion^  No  wonder  then  that  he 
Aould  declare  that  *  it  is  vi^j  difficult  to  difcover,  here,  even 
the  ieaft  trace  oiprejudia  for  or  againft  any  objedi/ 

.Our  duty  to  the  public  obliges  us  to  confider  the  force  of 
tbefe  conoeffioiis,  in  abatement  of  the  ufefulnefs  of  this  courfe 
sf  experiments* 

It  muft  furely  be  allowed  a  very  great  lofs  to  the  public,  that 
any  thing  frrtigu  to  agriculture  fliould  oblige  our  Author  to 
jnake  tL  pattfe  abnofi  at  the  beginning  of  a  courfe  of  experiments 
publiflied  as  the  hufis  at  Ieaft  of  a  new  method  of  iludying 
ogricultsie  as  a  fcience !  In  the  fame  light  we  view  at  prefent  the 
oaiAioo  of  many  experiments  (inconliftent  with  his  profe^SKl 
defign)  as  we  know  not  what  eiFed  the  giving  them  might 
have  had  on  the  conclufions  we  cmght  to  make.  Nor  can  we 
view  Mr.  Young's  leaving  his  farm  to  a  bailiff^  for  weeks,  in 
therfame  finrourable  light  that  he  does.  A  mafter  may  be  fully 
iatisfied  with  the  fidelity  of  a  fervant,  whom  he  ought  not  to 
Ariiftt  at  the  beft,  the  public  can  never  have  the  fame  foun- 
dation of  canfidaui  in  a  fervant  which  a  mafter  may  ;  and  on  a 
iiibjeA  whope  fo  many  temptations  to  a  mifreprefentation  of 
wofik^  psoduce,  &c.  occur,  great  diflatisfaSion  will  remain  ia 
the^o^iikis  of  many  Readers. 

Mr.  Youiig  juftly  dbftrves,  that  the  merit  of  books  in  gem^ 
r4dk  independant  on  the  reputation  of  their  Authors  ^  but  that 

Ma  thi9 


•  X  64.        YoungV  Ccwrfe  ef  experimental  Jgricuburi^  fie. 

this  is  not  the  cafe  with  regard  to  experiments  in  anf  branch  of 
natural  philofophy  (p.  7.).  And  that  an  inquifitive  Reader y&^ 
attends  to  the  reality  of  experiments ;  *  an  inquiry  (add§  he) 
not  a  little  mcejfary  in  an  age  fo  fertile  in  beok^making^  which 
produces  fo  many  experimental  hufbandmen,  whofe  fields  yield 
fuch  great  crops  without  foilj  and  whofe  cattle  are  fattemd  fo 
.nobly  without  food — farmers  without  farms--geniufes,  in  whom 
invention  fupplies  the  defed:  of  land,  feed,  cattle^  implements, 
and  every  requifite,  fave  pen  and  paper.' 

This  is  too  true,  though  a  facetious  pi^ure  of  fome  modern 
.writers  on  agriculture,  and  perhaps  in  fome  degree  not  unlike 
that  of  Authors  of  complete  fyfiems^  &c. 

Mr.  Young  therefore,  very  juftly  thioks  that  the  Author  of 
expcrimerits  (hould  fet  his  name,  place  of  trial,  &c.  to  the 
account  of  them,  that  all  who  will,  may  make  inquiries  into  the 
truth  of  his  aflertions.  This  is  fo  plain  a  cafe,  that  a  book  of 
experiments  without  a  name,  &c.'  is  a  kind  of  IriQiifm.  Expe* 
riments  made  by  nobody  knows  whom,  will  be  regarded  by  no 
man  of  fenfe. 

•  He  very  reafonably  owns,  that  *  the  degrees  of  an  Author's 
accuracy  cannot  be  thus  difcovered ;'  he  thinks  however 
that  the  world  has  a  fatisfadlion  in  ^  knowing  that  he  [the 
Author]  is  a  r^^?/ farmer,  and  has  mzAt  great  numbers  oi  cxpe- 
Timcnts.'  This  indeed  appears  to  be  fimethingy  but  is  very 
little.  Before  we  can  reafonably  depend  on  an  experimenter^  we 
muft  know  the  man^  as  well  as  his  name^  &c.  Till  we  are 
acquainted  with  his  underjlanding^  attention^  and  even  temper 
and  principles^  we  can  form  no  juft  idea  of  the  credit  to  be 
given  to  his  experiments. 

Mr.  Young  next  <!i^/ar«  the -w^w/ypf  being  known  as  an  Author, 
and  adds,  <  A  folitary  [the  word  is  not  to  be  ftri<aiy  underftood^ 
as  will  prefently  appear}  who  lives  in  the  obfcurity  of  a  retired 
village,  whofe  attention  is  fixed  upon  the  little  circle  of  his  fa- 
mily, and  whofe  views  are  bounded  by  the  limits  of  his  farm, 
has  other  objeds  to  employ  his  mind  upon  than  literary  reputa- 
tion.' We  fincerely  believe  that  our  Author  is  an  hcne/i  man, 
and  that  character  is  the  great  bafis  of  credit ;  befide,  he  is  no 

granger  in  the  literary  world,  and  has  furely  a  decent  (hare  of 
reputation  in  it ;  fo  that  if  vanity  could  be  fuppofed  to  have 
ftimulated  any  body  to  fend  abroad  two  fuch  large  volumes  of 
experiments  as  thefe  in  earlier  days,  Mr.  Young  may  reafon- 
abjy  be  fuppofed  to  be  now  influenced  by  views  of  more  /olid 

:advantage  to  the  world  and  to  himfelf.  He  will  however,  we 
hope,  excufe  us,  if  we  fmile  at  his  reprefenting  himfelf  as  a 

folitary  who  looks  not  beyond  the  limits  of  his  farm,  when  he  is 
known  to  rooft  pahs  of  the  kingdom  by  having  made  taurt  of 

fix  weeks,  ztiifix  months. 

To 
6 


Young'/  Courfe  ifixpmmental  Agriculture^  fcfrl         165 

To  be  (erious,  wt  fincerely  approve  his  declaration,  that,  if 
a  defire  of  being  ferviceable  to  the  intercfts  of  his  country  ia 
geturalj  and  his  profeilion  in  particular^  induces  him  [the  ibli- 
tary]  to  publifh  his  remarks,  the  world  deferves  too  much  refped 
to  let  him  negled  the  rendering  his  work  as  perfe6^  as  he  is 
able/  We  muft  add,  that  the  world  not  only  deferva  but  wiil 
ixaS  this  refpefi. 

As  to  the  mere  reputation  of  being  known  as  the  writer  of  a 
booky  it  is  to  him  [let  us  add,  to  all  men]  '*  a  mere  bubbUy  it 
will  not  manure  an  acre  of  laud,  nor  fatten  ^fingle  chicken/  As 
the  review  of  works  like  this  feldom  allows  us  to  be  pleafanr, 
and  much  dry  accewit-werk  lies  in  profped,  we  will  obferve,  on 
this  bubble  Reputation,  (the  objed  of  reviewed  and  reviewing  * 
Authors,)  that  it  is  fometimes  raifed  from  7;/ry  ^iV/y  water,  and 
with  as  much  fuccefs,  as  when  made  of  the  cleaneft. 

We  muft  be  allowed  to  obferve  that  we  do  not  underftand 
one  fentence  occurring  in  this  part  of  the  Prcfa^rc,  viz.  *  The 
fame  of  doing  his  beft,  let  him  poffefs  but  not  enjoy.-  We  can 
fee  no  jreafon  why  any  man  (hould  not  enjoy  what  he  bonejily 
pojje^s. 

Our  Author  now  ftates  an  objedion  to  the  publicacion  of 
this  Courfe,  &c.  viz.  *  All  writers  on  agriculture  are  not  im^ 
poflures  [ioi  impqftors^  by  the  printer's  hurry]:  among  the  in- 
finity may  be  gleaned  knowledge  fuiEcient  without  adding  to 
tl^  number  conftjfedly  too  great  already/  This  is  rather  the 
fum  thantbe  expreiGon  of  the  objedion,  and  he  gives  the  an- 
fwer,  viz.  *  I  am  very  far  from  attempting  to  overturn  a  whole 
dty  to  find  a  foundation  for  my  cottage  !'  A  juft  and  beautiful 
exprcffion,  except  that  Mr.  Young's  erection  is  much  too  large 
to  be  called  a  cottage.  He  adds,  rightly^  ^  A  perfed  treatife  on 
agriculture  coul4.  never  preclude  others.  The  variety  of  foils, 
vegetables,  and  modes  of  culture  is  fo  great  as  to  admit  a 
thousand  admirable  works,  and  yet  the  fubjedi  remain  incomr 
pletely  treated.'    All  this  is  juft. 

Mr.  Young  now  proceeds  to  remarks  on  the  chief  writers 
on  agriculture  ;  a  review  of  his  account  of  whom  will  make  a 
very  agreeable  part  of  our  ta(k',  and,  we  hope,  prove  no  lefs  fo  to 
our  Readers.  But  it  would  be  improper  to  enter  upon  it  in  our 
operations  for  this  month.  We  (hall  therefore  referve  it  for 
the  next;  and  atprefeat  only  add  fome  ftridures  on  a  few 
things  which  feem  to  us  necefTary  to  prepare  our  Readers  for 
an  impartial  difpofuion  to  judge  of  the  merit  of  this  condder- 
able  work.  Too  great  and  fanguine  expectations  are  as  detri- 
mentfid,  (if  not  more  fp)  as  too  low  ones,  when  we  enter  on 
the  taflc  of  judging  of  any  fubjeS  or  perfon  ;  and  it  is  there- 
fore a  friendly  office  to  preclude  them.  In  this  view  we  muft 
obij^e^ 

M  3  ^  ift. 


ift.  That  Mr.  Young  gives  (p.  i^^^ar^v)  t  deferipciM  M  the 
natuTiy  &c.  of  the  fields  at  Bradfield  Cm^ufl  f,  m  which  (tfpe^ 
cially  ^as  we  (haH  have  frecfoent  rccojurfe  to  them  in  the  rtvie# 
of  experiments)  we  have  nothmg  to  rematrk  ;  for  we  milft  ttfiK 
thefe  and  all  other  fads  for  unqoefttonablif  except  that  we 
think  the  quantity  of  each  (hould  have  been  adde^* 

In  the  2d  place  we  muft  obferve,  that  the  number  of  gr<6 
fields  amottttts  to  13,  and  of  the  arable  to  20.  Two  are  wood- 
hnd|  and  two  are  called  experimnial  fields.  All  thefe  fnake  a 
great  figure,  being  marked  with  the  lettefff  of  the  alphabet  reg<H> 
larly^  and  by  a  fecofnd  alphabet  with  afterifms^  as  far  a*  M  ^. 
But  the  impartiality  of  Reviewers  obliged  us  to  add^  that  tb« 
number  of  thefe  fields  appears  to  be  much  more  confiderabla 
than  the  quantity  of  each^  6t  of  anj^  or  of  all  of  them  I 

Ip  Mr,  Young's  introduAory  explanatiolis,  there  are  fevertf 
things  well  worthy  the  attention  of  judicious  Reviewers,  and 
of  his  Readers. 

The  moft  cbnfiderable  of  thefe,  is  oor  Author^s  methdd  of 
fiating  the  expences  of  bis  experiments!  a  point  of  fe  ttlifcH 
confequence,  that  the  fenfible  Reader,  without  being  fatisfied  \S^ 
this,  cannot  atquiefce  ift  any  experiment. 
'  Our  Author  obfenres  that  there  are  three  methods : 

ift.  Taking  the  general  hiring  prices  of  the  Country  n 

ad,  Stating  only  what  is  certain,  ^i^*  the  labour  ^  -  ' 

3d,  Stating  the  adual  cofi. 

Obje£lions  to  all  occur  1^  as  to  the  ift,  That  there  is  a  prdftl 
^t  the  hiring  prices^  which  fliould  not  go  to  eJtpencts*    • 

To  the  2d,  That  the  variations  in  other  articled  dfexpehiies  («l 
keeping  horfes  or  oxen)  may  be  confiderabje  \  and  that  methdd 
leaves  the  refult  of  the  experiment  very  incomplete. 

To  the  3d,  That  real  expences  may  be  accidentally  greatet 
than  they  ought  in  general,  as  doing  that  by  raki  and  /iff/, 
which  fliould  be  done  by  the  drill- plough,  &c. 

Mr.  Young  determined  to  follow  the  2d  methods  yet  fo. 
as  to  call  in  the  aid  of  the  3d,  and  to  dedu&  the  expence  o^ 
the  cattle,  of  wiar  and  iear^  from  the  profit,  *oi(  (Which  comee. 
id  the  fame  thing)  add  them  to  the  lofs. 

We  muft  however  give  our  judgment  for  the  3d  method, 
as  the  dear  eft  and  msft  cotevxncing  \  and  we  believe  that  what«* 
ever  impartial  perfon  loots  into  any  one  of  the  experiitiellts  of 
this  cotirde,  will  find  that  Mr.  Young,  by  endeavourifig  to^ 
unite  the  2d  ai>d  3d  methods,  ha»  gained  nothing  but  per** 
plexity.  We  who  juffer  miift  be  allowed  to  complain.  What 
necdlefs  trouble  is  it,  firft  to  ftate  tarhat  he  calls  the  prefii^  and 

f  BuraeJ^  by  way  of  difilaftioft. 
7:  ^*^ 


YouttgV  Cowrfi  of  iicpmmifttal  ^rUultun^  bfc.         rt  7  ' 

tben  to  have  the  cUar  frofit  to  calculate,  when  the  whole  might 
haye  been  done  at  cna! 

We  muft  here  note,  that  we  apprehend  the  greateft  difficulty, 
by  far,  in  flating  the  iru^  cxpeoces,  to  be,  the  deteraiming  what 
ought  nalfy  to  be  allowed  for  keeping  of  cattle,  lofs  in  their 
worth,  and  wear  and  tear.  We  fometimet  hope,  for  the  credit  of 
agnoiltuie,  when  we  fee  lofs  by  fo  many  erops,  that  Mr, 
Young  may  inv^btntarify  have  rated  thefe  articles  too  high. 
In  the  ad  explanation  we  intirely  approve   Mr.  Young's 

I  fiatiAg  the  rial  not  national  prices  of  the  pcoduds ;  cfpecially 

as  we  bdieve  that  the  btter  can  fcarce  poffibiy  be  ftated  with 
aconracy. 

In  bis  3d  explanation  he  has  juftly  noted  that  fome  of 
his  crops  were  net  manured  for  $  and  though  he  thinks  experi- 
ments on  mtmanured  fields  equally  ufeful,  (as  in  fome  refpe^ls 
they  may  be,)  we  can  never  know  whgther  and  bow  far  the 

}.  failure  of  crops  was  owing  to  this  failure  of  manure^ 

I  In  his  6th  explanatioo  Mr.  Young  notes,  that  he  charges 

the  real  rent  paid  for  the  ground,  and  that  it  is  equal  to  wha( 
the  neighbourhood  pay  for  the  like*  This  point  however  we 
•  apprehend  is  of  jm  groat  confequence»  if  the  kind  of  ground  be 
accurately  defcribed ;  as  any  perfon  inclined  to  try  the  expert-* 
tnent  can  eafily  make  allowance  for  the  higher  or  lower  rent 
which  he  pays  for  like  ground.     Such  a  Gentleman  as  Mr. 

^  Young  defcribes  who  rates  his  own  improved  home-ftall  as  only 

equal  to  his  neighbour's  unimproved  one,  may  thence  fooliihly 
deduce  marvellous  fuccefs,  but  deferves  no  attention. 

We  highly  approve  the  caution'  of  Mr.  Young  in  bis  laft 
explanation,  viz.  Not  to  charge  the  real  expence  of  rake  and 
Em  worky  or  of  repairing  Mr.  RandaPs  worthUfs  drill-plough  ) 
but  the  price  of  the  work  performed  by  good  inJirumenU^  on 
fuppofition  of  which  alone  a  comparifon  betwixt  the  oid  and 
mew  hufbandry  can  fairly  be  made.     However,  as  he  confefTea 

j  that  there  are  defers  in  ^/Z  drill- ploughs  yet  produced,  which 

muft  increafe  the  cxpencc,  it  feems  as  if  no  fair  comparifon 
had  yet  been  made ;  and  finks  the  value  of  all  Mr.  Younj^^ 
fitperiments  on  this  head.  ^  .        ^ 

[7i  be  continued,  in  qur  nexi.J 


t 

M4  MOKTHCY 


t    i68    J 

MONTHLY    CATALOGUE, 

For     F  E   B  R   y   A  JR.  Y,     1771. 

Miscellaneous. 

Art.  13.  Thi  new  Latin  and  Englijh  Di£iionary  dejigned  fir  ths 

Vfi  »f  private  Scbaols J  and  pri'vate  Education :  Containing  all  the 

Words  and  Plirafes  proper  for  reading  the  claflic  Authors  in  both 

Languages.    By  John  Eittick,  M.  A.    8vo.    48.    Dilly.  1771.  . 

WE  are,  by  no  means,  of  opinion,  that  this  work  contains 
all  th6  words  and  phrafes  which  it  may  be  necelTary  and- 
proper  for  the  iludent  to  confult,  in  peruiing  the  Roman  claffics^  or. 
thofc  of  his  own  country.  The  compiler,  by  throwing  this  aiTenion 
into  the  title  of.  his  book,  difcover^  a  pontcmpt  of  former  L^ico- 
graphers,  which  his  merits  give  him  no  ground  to  entertain.  Hi9 
publication  may  \>t  of.ufe  to  tbofe,  who  have  ju(l  entered  apoz^ 
the  ftudy  of  the  Latin,  but  can  afpire  no  higher;  and,  though  Mr. 
Entick,  •  has  pajfed  fifty  years^  either  as  a  private  tutor,  a  fchwU 
tnafier^  or  a  nur iter  fir y  and  a  corrtScr  of  the  prejs^  and  had  the  ad- 
vantage of  a  regular  uni*verftty  education  for  ten  years  ;  there  would, 
yet,  belittle  difficulty  in  executing  a  work  on  a  fimilar  plan,  and 
nearly  within  the  fame  compafs,  that  would  infinitely  exceed  his 
performance. 

Art.  14.  Le  Guide  du  TraduSieuV',  or,  the  ^  Entertaining  and 
inflrudive  Exercifes  rendered  into  French.  Qy  John  Perrin. 
J  2  mo.     2S.     Law. 

See  Review,  vol.  xl.  p.  78.  where  our  Readers  will  find  a  brief 
commendation  of  thcfe  txercifes  :  Art.  24.  of  the  catalogue. 
Art.  15.  The  Travels  of  Father  IFilliam  Or  leans  ^  a  Jefutty  who 
being  banifhed  from  France,  among  the  reft  of  that  fociety,  tra- 
velled through  Afia,  Africa,  and  America,  and  at  laft  became  a 
good  Proteftant.  8vo.  Qd.  Printed  for  J.  Mackenzie,  in  Wood- 
ftrcct. 

Pretends  to  give  an  account,  of  the  travels  of  one  Father  Orleans* 
who  fet  fail  from  the  port  of  London  in  1764,  for  Gibraltar;  from 
whence  he  rambled  to  Tripoli,  Damafcus,  Aleppo,  Jerufalem* 
Grand  Cairo,  Mecca,  &c.  &c.  At  length  he  arrives  in  America, 
where  he  becomes  a  follower  of  Whitefield,.  and  an  afTociate  of 

JAcff,  John  and  Charles  Wefley. It  fecms  to  be  all  lies,  abfur- 

dity,  cant»  and  nonfenfe ;  calculated  to  impofe  on  credulous  niidif- 
cerning  Readers. 

Art.    16.    Confiderations  en  the  prefent  Stati  of  the  Peerage  of 

Scotland,    Addrefled  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Buccleagh.     By  a 

Peer  of  Scotland  f-     8vo.    6  d.    CadcU.    1771. 

We  are  |lad  to  find,  that  the  Peers  of  Scotland  are  beginning  to 

recover  their  importance.     They  are  in  titled  to  invcft  fixteen  of  their 

Dumber  with  the  higheft  dignity    to  which  a  Britifh  fubjcd  can 

afpire.    But  from  the  methods  employed  in  the  ele^on  of  thefe,  it 

rr. — -T — "TT \ — f 

•  See  his  addrcfa  to  the  teachers  '6f  the  Latin  tongue. 
I  LordElibank. 

appears^ 


POI^ITXCAI..  169 

appears,  that  they  have  been  poftcd  in  the  houfe  of  Lords  for  the 
mere  parpofe  of  fapporting  the  meafores  of  government.   They  were 
fappoled  to  have  no  opinions  of  their  own,   and  obeyed,  with  a 
pliant  fervility,  the  mandates  of  a  minifter.    Nor  are  the  advantages 
arifing  from  their  degradation,  to  be  compared  to  thofe  which,  in 
the  event  of  their  free  eleSion,  will  refult  to  thcmfelves,  to  the  rank 
to  which  they  belong,  and  to  the  country  they  reprefi*nt.     Tbefe 
particulars  are  urged,  with  great  flrength  pf  argument,  and  muck 
elegance  of  expreffion,  in  the  fpiri^ed  oublicacion  before  os. 
Art.  17.  The  Complete  Baker  ;  or  a  Method  of  effeaually  raifing 
a  Bnfhel  of  Flour  with  a  Tea-fpoonful  of  fiarm  :  intended  to  ob> 
viate  the  great  Difiicalties  Bakers  are  often  put  to,  for  Want  of  ^ 
Quantity  of  Barm. — In  which  is  likewife  (hewn,  that  the  Caufe  of 
Bread  being  clofe  and  heavy,  is  entirely  owing  to  the  Baker  being 
unacquainted  with  the  Nature  of  Barm  and  FlOur.    By  Jamei 
Stone,  of  Amport,  in  Hamplhire.     8vo.     i  s.    Salilbury  printed, 
for  the  Author,  and  fold  by  Crowder  in  London. 
Mr.  James  Stone  deferves  the  thanks  of  all  thofe  who  are  interefled 
in  the  point  in  qoeftion.     The  effects  of  barm,  as  well  as  of  many 
other  foments,  may  by  a  proper  management  be  extended  in  /«- 
faitum. — The  knowledge  of  this  fad  is  the  foundation  of  the  direc- 
tions which  are  here  delivered. 

Art.  18.  A  Jhort  Grammar  and  Vocabulary  of  the  Moors  Lan^ 
guage.     8vo.     is.  6d.     Flexney.     1771. 
The  Author  of  this  publication  may  be  very  well  acquainted  with  • 
the  Indoftan  language ;  but  the  materials  he  employs  are  {o  fcanty, 
that  tbey  famiih  but  an  inaperfedl  idea  of  it ;  an49  0x1  this  account, 
little  advanuge  can  refult  from  his  work. 

Political.. 

Art.  19.  A  free  Addrefs  to  Freemen,     By  William  Sharp,  Jirn; 
8vo.     6  d.     Flexney.     1771. 
This  performance  'is  compofed  with  more  palHon  than  judgment ; 

and,  though  we  refpedl  the  caufe  it  would  ferve,  we  muil  think,  that 

Its  intereft  may  rather  be  hurt,  than  promoted  by  it. 

Art.  20.  A  Letter  to  Robert  Morris^  Efq\  wherein  the  Rife  and 
Progrefsof  our  political  Difputes  are  confidered.  Together  with 
ibmc  Obfervations  on  the  Power  of  Judges  and  Juries,  as  relating 
to  the  Cafes  of  ^oodfall  and  Almon.     bvo.    2  s.  6  d.    Baldwin^ 

Great  abilities,  fnrely,  are  necefTary  to  the  writer,  who,  in  a  free 
conntry,  would  incolcate  leflbns  of  fubjeftion  and  dependance.  The 
Author,  however,  of  the  pamphlet  before  ns,  though  he  is  an  advo^ 
cate  Ibr  prerogative  and  tyranny,  has  no  great  claim  to  fagacity  or 
eloquence.  Bold  alTertion,  and  a  feeble  attempt  towards  wit,  he 
has  fobtitoted  in  the  place  of  argument  and  reafoning. 
Art  21.  Free  Thought^  on  the  prejenj  State  of  public  Affairs^  ia 
a  Letter  to  a  Friend.     8vo.     i  a.     1770. 

The  Writer  of  this  letter  profeffes,  that  lie  has  no  intimacy  witt 
peHticiaiis ;  and  acknowledges,  that  politics  lie  quite  out  -of  his 
province.  On  what  title,  then,  it  may  be  afked,  does  he  prefuni^ 
to  creac  of  public  afiun  ?  He  has  likewife  informed  his  Reader,  that 


ijo  Monthly  Cataiogue, 

^th  zegaxd  to  tlie  prefent  political  contdb,  he  has  no  bias  ehBer 
ene  way^  or  the  other.  His  performance,  however,  extols,  beyond 
ineafurey  all  the  a^  of  adminiftration ;  and  he  is  perpetually  ejc« 
l^reffing  his  didike  of  what  he  terms  *  the  prefent  public  commo- 
mas» — the  amazing  ferment  among  the  peo^le^ — and  the  general 
diicontent  of  the  nation.'  We  perceive  nothing  in  his  letter  that 
can  induce  as  to  recommend  it  to  the  public. 
iLrt.  aa.  jt  Litter  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  John  WeJUy  5  in  Anfwer  to 
his  late  Pamphlet,  entitled,  *  Froe  Thoughts  on  the  pK&nt  Stat# 
of  public  AEiirs.'    8vo.    9  d.    Towers. 

This  addrefs  to  Mr.  Wefley  contains  an  examination  of  the  more 
remarkable  parages  in  the  preceding  article.  It  is  fpirited  and  (en* 
£ble ;  and  the  opinions  it  combats,  deferved  not,  in  our  judgment 
ia  able  a  refutation. 

^rt.  23.  Public  Jccfiunts  of  Services  and  Grants  :  fhewing  how 

the  Money  given  for  each  Year  has  been  difpofed  of;  what  Parts 

remain  unfatisfied ;  and  the  Balance  of  Overplus  and  Deficiency. 

To  which  is  added,  an  Intrpduftory  Preface  to  explain  particular 

Parts,  and  a  Table  of  the  Totals  of  Services  and  Grants*  and  of 

the  A£^s  of  Parliament  pafTed  each  Year  for  the  Ways  and  Means  s 

likewife  an  Index  to  the  fundry  Services.     By  Sir  Charles  Whh- 

vrorth.  Chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Supply  and  Ways  ani| 

Means.    Folio,     c  s.  fewed*    Robfon.     177  »• 

The  public  is  obuged  to  Mr.  Whitworth  for  this  Taruable  com* 

stnnication,  the  worth  of  which  will  be  edimated  folely  by  its  cor-* 

'  redneis ;  and  of  its  correflne^  we  can  entertain  no  degree  of  doubt* 

The  accounts  are  extradted  from  the  parliamentary  Journals,  cqvqt 

atencinf  with  the  year  1722;    before  which  time  they  were  not 

regiilarfy  entered.     The  articles  are  arranged  under  the  particular 

^ads  of  Na*t^9  Ordnance^  Worus^  Sundry  Sernficest  Defciendes^  &c 

— — -Such  a  colle^ion  of  our  annual  pnfaJic  accounts  cannot  faiA  of 

Veing  very  ufeful,  as  the  readable  Compiler  obferves,  not  only  ta 

members  of  parliament,  but  to  t^ttj  attentive  {leader  of  Eoglii^ 

luHory, 

In  order  to  authenticate  bis  publication,  and  render  it  the  more 
nfeful^  Mr.  Whitworth  has  inierted  the  volume  and  page  of  the 
journals*  where  referred  to»  with  the  name  and  date  when  and  b]r 
^hom  the  account  was  prefented :  and  he  has,  further,  thought  it 

r'oper  to  add,  to  the  accounts  of  fervices  and  grants,  extrads  of  the 
veral  ads  relative  to  the  three  ^^Xlzlfunds^  the  aggregate,  geiferal^ 
^ni  Jin/ting  fuEkds,  recited  in  the  very  words  of  the  iUtutes^  10  pre- 
Tent  midakes. 
Art.  24.  The  LasvyfTs  i/ivejtlgoud^    In  a  Series  of  Letters  ad- 

drelTed  to  the  Right  Honourable  E D ,    Sir  S.  S^ 

S-^ he.  Sir  W M d,  kc.    By  W.  G.  of  Richmond  ; 

and  the  Lawyers  Letters  in  Reply,  with  other  jieedful  Vouchers 

$vo.     I  s.  6  d.     Binglcy. 

llie  tranfa^ions  allucjcd  to  in  this  ^rformance  may  have  had  a. 
xeal  foundation  ;  but  we  do  not  think  it  was  neceflary  to  publiAi  a^ 
dull  feries  of  letters,  to  let  the  world  know  tl^at  lawyers  arc  a4.r 
difted  to  frauds  and  chic4ner)r* 

.  *.         ..  ^^ 


Law-  171 

Art.  25.  7&  yurjmatfs'7^t*ehfime  :  Or,  1  full  Refutation  of 
h^  Mansfiekl's  lawhfi  Opinion  in  Crowra  Libels:  Addiefled 
Id  all  tke  Jumrs  of  England,  by  the  Cenfor  General.    Bvo.    2  s. 

The  Asthor  of  this  pamphlet  )ias  pnbliihed  it,  under  the  per^ 

£udM,  thttt  it  would  be  of  ofe  to  his  countrymen  %  aad  this  is  the 

aaly  oomoieadation  that  we  can  bellow  upon  it. 

Aft«  l6i  Vox  Senatui.    The  Speoches  at  large  which  were  made 

in  a  greac  AlTembly  on  the  27th  of  November  laH,  when  Mr« 

Phipps  made  a  Motion,  *  For  Leave  to  bring  in  a  Bill  to  amend 

the  A£l  ^  William  the  Third,   which  empowers  the  Attornef 

Geaeral  to  file  iBformations  ex  tffichJ'    And  on  the  6th  of  Decern* 

htr^  whea  Seijeaat  Glynn  moved,  '  That  a  Committee  fhoold  be 

appointed  to  en^aire  into  the  Adminlftration  of  criminal  Joflice^ 

and  the  Proceedings  of  the  Jadges  in  Weflminfter-hall,  particm^ 

kffy  in  Cmfis  rtUaing  H  the  Liberty  of  the  Frt/s^  and  the  conftitu- 

tioiial  Power  and  Duty  of  Juries,    8vo.    2  s.   Woodfall,  in  White^. 

Friars. 

Thde  fpeedies  art  faid,  by  the  Editor,  to  contidn  the  fentimentt 
of  the  fpeakers  to  whom  they  are  afcribed ;  and  we  have  no  reaibtt 
to  fofpefl  his  veiacity.  Concerning  their  merit,  it  is  fafficient  for 
IIS  to  obferve,  that  it  is,  by  no  meaos^  in  proportion  to  the  import* 
aace  of  the  topics  to  which  they  relate. 

Alt.  27.  A  Diklfgue  betwtin  a  Lawjir  and  a  Country  Gen^ 
fbmoMf  t^9M  the  Sulyt&  of  tbt  Ganu  Laws,  rtUitive  to  Hares^ 
?wriridgtu  «ad/  Pbiafants :  Wherein  is  (hewn,  the  feveral  Quail-. 
fications  to  kill  Gamt  y  x!tkt  Penalties  fuchPerfons  are  liable  to,  who 
kill  them  without  fnch  Qualifications ;  the  Manner  of  recovering 
fich  Peoalties,  and  being  punilhed  as  Trefpaflers  ;  the  Diftinaion^ 
between  voluntary  and  involunury  Trefpaflers ;  the  neceifary  Stept 
to  be  taken  to  make  wilful  'Trefpaflers,  and  the  Confequences  of 
being  inch ;  together  with  fome  Oifer^ations  upon  thefe  Laws. 
To  which  are  added  Three  Taiits,  (hewing,  at  oiie  View,  the 
QJhuis,  the  Statutes  creating  them,  the  Perjhns  to  whom  the  Pe^ 
i^ties  are  given,  the  Manner  of  Recovery,  and  la^lv  the  fevera^ 
Penalties  a  Fer(bn  may  be  liable  to  "by  one  Aj9t.  With  a  Letter  to 
John  Glyon,  Efqs  Serjeant  at  Law,  and  Reprefentative  of  the^ 
CouB^  of  Middlefex,  upon  the  Penal  Laws  of  this  Country.  B/ 
a  Gentleman  of  Lincoln's-Inrt,  a  Freeholder  of  Middlefex. 
The  title  of  this  publication  is  fo  ample  and  diiFufe,  that  there  Is. 
90  occaHon  for  us  to  fpeak  of  its  contents.  The  dialogue  contains  a 
very  juft  cenfure  of  the  feverity  of  the  game-laws.  The  letter  to^ 
lllr.  Glynn  on  the  penal  laws  is  lefs  fatisFadlory. 

Law. 
Art  -TZt    A  Swtmtary  if  ihi  Law  cf  Libel :    in  four  Letters, 
figned  Philetiutberms  Anglicanns,  addrelTed  to,  and  printed  in,  th«^ 
Public  Advertifer.    8vo.    6d.    Bladoi^.    1771. 
Theie  letters  abound  with  mafterly  refledlions  on  the  law  of  libel ; 
aaddifcover  that  indignant  fpirit,  with  which  the  worthy  citizen 
onft  furvey  the  proceedings  of  men,  who  would,  infringe  on,  the 
laws  and  conflitution  of  their  country. 

]^  B  D I  c  A  L« 


IJ2  Monthly  CataloccC) 

Medical. 
Art.  29.  Du^  Dijfertationes  in  Publicise  ice.  Two  Diiftr- 
tations  delivered  in  the  public  Schools  at  Cambridge.  I.  The 
Knowledge  of  Anatomy  is  not  principally  necelTary  to  the  Practice 
of  Medicine.  II.  The  Deformities  of  the  Foetus  do  pot  arife 
from  the  Imagination  of  the  Mother.  To  which  is  added,  a 
FloriUgium  Medicum^  (Anglice  a  medical  Nofegay,)  or  Extra^ 
from  the  Greek  of  Hippocrates,  with  a  new  Latin  Tranflation, 
Motes  and  Emendations.  By  Thomas  Okes,  M.  D.  Cantab. 
8vo,     2  s.     Cadelly  &c.    1770. 

The  two  difiertations  are  college  dtclamatuins. — And  the  extrads 
from  Hippocrates  are  intended  as  a  fpecimen  of  a  larger  work  of 
the  iameKind.  Caeterorum  Hippocratis  lihrorum  utiliora  prelo  quam 
dtiffime  mandare  mediior. — Itis  on  account  of  this  larger  work,  that 
oar  Author  publifhes  the  following  advertifement.** Dr.  Okes  be^s 
the  favour  of  thofe  Gentlemen  who  will  be  fo  kind  as  to  commani- 
cate  any  obfervations,  to  fend  them  to  him  at  Cambridge,  or  order 
them  to  be  left  at  Mr.  White's,  Bookfeller.  Fieetttreet,  London,  poft 
paid,  as  the  profits  arifing  from  the  fale  of  the  book  are  intended  for 
the  benefit  of  Adenbroke's  hofpital  in  Cambridge.' 

From  the  fpecimen  before  us,  Dr.  Okes  appears  to  be  well  ac* 
^uainted  with  the  Greek;  and  to  be  competently  qualified  for  the 
work  in  queflion. 

Art.  30.  A  Diffiriatim  on  ihi  Spafmodic  JJibma  of  Cbildren  : 
in  a  Letter  to  Dr.  Millar.  .  By  Benjamin  Rufh,  M.  D.  Profefifor 
of  Chemiftry  in  the  College  of  Philadelphia.  8vo.  1  a.  Cadell, 
&c.    1770, 

This  Dissertation  was  firft  publiihed  in  i  Ptiutjyi'oania  News- 
faper^  The  obfervations  it  contuns,  are  neither  fo  accurate  or  fo 
important  as  to  merit  a  republication. 

Mathematical. 
Article  31.  Cychmathejis  \  or,  an  eafy  IntroduSiton  to  the  fever al 
Branches  of  the  Mathematics »  Principally  defigned  for  the  InRnic* 
tion  of  young  Students  before  they  enter  upon  the  more  abftrufe 
and  diiiicult  Parts.  By  Mr.  Emerfon.  8vo.  10  Vols.  3I.  5  s. 
Nourfe. 

The  feveral  volumes  of  which  this  work  confids,  have  been  fepa* 
rately  mentioned  in  our  late  Reviews,  at  the  times  of  their  refpeftive 
publications. 

Art.  32.  An  Attempt  to  illuflrati  the  Ufefulnefs  of  Decimal  Afith^ 
metict  in  the  Rev.  Mr.  Brown's  Method  of  working  interminate 
Fractions.  To  which  is  now  added  A/i  Appendix,  By  Williani 
Rive(,.£fq;  the  fecond  Edition.      i2mo.      is.    6d.      Brown. 

This  fmall  treatife  on  decimal  arithmetic,  in  the  method  of  Mr. 
Brown,  we  have  formerly  had  occaAon  to  fpcak  of  with  approbation*. 
■  The  Appendix,  which  is  new,  (and  is  fold  feparately  j)  con- 
tains a  brief  abftrafl  of  ihc  work  itfclf,  togfethcr  with  tables  for  ex- 
pediting the  calculation  of  all  annuities,  penfions,  &c.  condru^led 

♦  $cc  Review^  vol.  xxix.  p.  479.  J  Price  6  i 

on 


N  O  V.B  t  8.,  i;3 

•a  tbe  plan  which  the  Aathor  had  laid  down  ^  of  which  we  need 
oaijr  iay*  that  the.ufe  of  them  is  illaftrated  by  two  or  three  ex- 
amples, and  that  they  may  be  acceptable  to  thofe  who  are  defirous 
of  ctrtaimty  and  dijpatcb  in  all  fuch  matters. 

Novels. 
Art.  33.  TT)i  ContraJI :  or,  Hiftory  of  Mifs  Weldon  and  Mi& 

Moiely.  i2mo.  2  Vols.  5  s.*  fewed.  Noble. 
.  Two  femide  ckara£lers  form  the  oppoiition  alluded  to  in  the  fore* 
rang  title.;  each  Lady  is  beautiful  and  accomplilhed,  but  very  dif- 
fimilar  in  inclinations  and  manners.  Although  both,  being  relations, 
were  brought  opi  in  the  fame  family,  one  otthem  was  gay,  giddy » 
and  extravagant ;  the  other,  decent,  thoughtful,  and  prudent.  The 
£rft  marries,  and  ruins  her  hufband  by  her  indifcretions.  Her 
cottfin  alfo  becomes  a  wife ;  and  is  efteemed  and  admired  by  all  who 
know  her ;  while  the  diflipated  dame  is  pitied  by  fome  and  defpifed 
by  aU. 

The  adventures  in  which  thefe  contraded  heroines  are  involved, 
are  interefHn^  and  exemplary;  and  their  ftory,  upon  the  whole, 
dioagh  not  ot  the  bigheft  rank  in  this  fpecies  of  literature,  deierves 
commendation  for  its  good  tendency.  An  evening  or  two  fpent,  by 
a  young  female,  in  perufing  it,  may  not  only  be  innocently  em- 
ptojred,  bot  perhaps  attended  with  fome  degree  of  improven»:nr. 
Art.  34*  Louifa.   A  fentimental  Novel.    12010.    3$.  Lowndes. 

A  very  high  encomium  on  this  performance  is  prefij^ed  to  it ;  in 
which  the  Editor  afTures  the  public,  that  it  is  the  elegant  produdion  '  of 
a  Lady,  who,  to  a  fine  genius,  has  added  every  advantage  that  could  be 
derived  from  a  polite  education :' — an  a/Tertion  which  will  not  weigh 
mach  with  thoie  readers  who  may  apprehend  that  the  two  letters, 
T.  M.  fnbfcribed  to  it,  are  by  no  means  fufficient  vouchers  for  its 
venudty.  '  Who  is  this  Mr.  T.  M.  ?  they  may  afk  ;  and  they  will 
reibrt,  for  further  fatisfadion,  as  to  the  merits  of  the  work,  to  the 
internal  evidence  afforded  by  itfelf^  in  fupport  of  the  great  character 
here  given  it : — and,  in  jullice  to  Madam  Louifa,  we  mud  obferve, 
that  we  believe  this  evidence  will  not  turn  out  altogether  unfavour- 
able to  the'  Editor's  allegations,  particularly  with  refped  to  the 
chaftity  and  refinement  of  the  Lady's  fentiments,  and  the  eafy,  un- 
affeded  flow  of  her  language.  Yet  we  do  not  look  upon  this  novel 
as  an  high-wrought  compolition.  It  does  rot  ieem,  to  us,  entitled 
10  ftand  in'  the  firft  rank  of  this  order  of  books  of  entertainment ; 
bat  it  is,  undoubtedly,  in  our  edimation,  greatly  to  be  preferred  to 
the  moh  cf  them^  and  efpecially,  to  thofe  '  loofer  produ&ions  of  the 
preis,  which  vitiate  the  manners,  and  corrupt  the  heart  :* — as  the 
Editor  well  exprefles  himielf. 

Art.  35.  Tbe  Danger  of  the  PaJJions ;  or,  Syrian  and  Egyptian 
-  Anecdotes.  Tranflated  from  the  French  of  the  Author  of  tlie 
•    School  of  Friendihip.    2  Vols.    lamo.    5  s  fcwed.     Evans.    1770. 

Thele  anecdotes  are  fo  frivolous,  and  fb  infipid,  that  they  cannot^ 
we  apprehend,  greatly  excite  the  attention,  or  contribute  to  the 
entertainment^  of  even  the  moft  infignificant  reader. 


P  0  B  T  I  01^  L« 


$74-  MoNrHiY  Catalogue; 

•Poetical. 

Art.  36.  Tbi  Sattri/ly  a  Poem.    410.     2  9.    Ro&Ten* 
T4iis  pohn  is  written  in  foiooth  harmonions  nombersy  bnt  is  ec* 
tremely  defective   in  plan  aifd  perfpicuity.     It   is  a  dark  chaoa» 
where  a  number  of  nnconne&eil  iaiages  are  jumbling  in  endleis  con- 
lufion; 

Art.  37.  Focal  Muficf  or  tbe  Spngfiefs  Compaoion  $  contain- 
ing a  new  and  choice.  Colle&ion  of  the  giceateft  Varied  «f  Sbsg5» 
Cantatas,  Uc.  With  thfi  Mo&C  prefixed  to  eadu  laiBo,  $  9m 
Horsfield.     1770. 

The  plan  of  this  golle^on  wOl  render  it  peGiiliirly.acceptai:de  to 

fingers,  the  mufic  being  prefixed  to  e»ch  fong*  Uc»    The  £di«^ 

apologizes  for  the  omimoo  of  the  baiffiss  and  fynipho&ies,  whidi 

2night  be  ufeful  to  proficients  on  the  harpfichord,  &c.  by  o^fervij^ 

that  they  would  have  fwelled  the  book  beyond  the  iniended  Umic^ 

and  have  leflened  the  number  and»var^  t>f  the  fongs;  befiie  that 

jnoi^  of  theie  coApoiitionfl  may  be^Miingly  at  the  muiic  ihopt,  at 

a  very  cheap  rate. — Ther^.  are  none  of  tboTe  indecent,  ribaMzjr 

pieces  inferted^  by  which  other  coiiediion  have  been  di%raced. 

Jilrt.  38.  Jtn  Elegy  m  lie  UUe .  Reverend  Geerge  K^hitefi^  M.  A. 

who  died  Sept.  50,  1770,  in  the  fifty-fixth  Year4>f  his  hg^    3)r 

Charles  Wefley,  M.  A.  Prefbyter  of  the  Church  of  England.   Svo. 

.6  d.    Keith. 

*  Till  quite  ibrfaben  both  of  man  and  Gdlf;  ' 

*  Jefus  appear'd*  txA  help*d  his  unbelief.' 

'  We  have  been  told  by  raoft  divines  that  the  Author  of  our  refigioit 
was  both  man  and  God  ;  many  have  averted  that  he  was  no  more 
than  man,  but  Mr.  Charles  Weiley  it  feems  will  have  it  that  he  was 
aeither. 

Art.  39.  An  Elegy  en  tbe  Deetth  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  George  Witte^ 

feli.    By  B.  Francis.    4(0.    Briilol  printed  for  the  Author,  and 

fold  in  London  by  Buckland,  &c.  ^ 

We  fometimes  meet  with  humour  in  places  where  we  could  leaft 

cvpeA  to  find  it :   in  pious  fermons,  and  pathetic  lamentations  for 

the  Ipfs  of  a  departed  preacher.     Thus,  in  the  doleful  elegy  before 

us,  among  the  many  wonderfiA  .e^ds  of  Mr.  W's  minifiration^ 

we  are  told  that 

*  The  gay,  tlie  wanton,  for  redemption  groan, 
And  drunkard's  -thirft—  for  living  ftrcams  alone.* 

t^  The  title-page  informs  us  that  this  poem  has  feen  a  Jixih 
edition  ! — which  perhaps  can  only  be  accounted  for  by  thofe  who  .are 
well  read  in  the  ficret  bifiory  of  title-pages. 

Art.  40*  An  Elegiac  EpiflU  from  John  Halfer,  vijho  mfii  Ui^rejfy[ 
on  his  Return  from  the  ZaftJndUt^  to  Sufanna,  his  Wife.  Printed 
for  the  Benefit  of  the  Author,  now  cenfined  on  board  a  Tender* 
4to.    6  d.    Wilkie. 

]^  this  little  poem  the  cruelty  of  Imprelling  failors  on  their  letum 
irbm  long  voyages,  is  pathetically  difplayed.  }c  appeiU-s  to.hav^ 
been  written  by  feme  perfon  whofe  humanity  was  equal  to  his 
genius;  pofTibly  by  the  Author  of  the  Poor  man's  frayer.  See  Re- 
viewj  vol.  xxjtv,  p.  iz/^% 


Husbandry*  175 

Kut  4t.  Appendix  4ti  Opmfculaj  Lufut  AfeJtd.  Odse  Latnne 
ct  Aatglicae  Moikrum  Naxnerum  aeqaanccs,  gratiaoi  ftudtofe  cokn-* 
tes,'  I.  De  libertateet  Fordtadine.  2.  De  In^oioec  Jucuadi- 
ttte.  3.  I>c  Cboreu  et  Feftivicate.  4,  De  Odo  Medeadbiu  do* 
Into.  5.  De  Seneftate.  6.  De  WILKESIO  et  Liberute.  7.  D« 
Sbnfn^m  et  Radonis  Ufu,  S,  De  Baccho  et  Venere.  ^vDe  juto 
et  tenad  Propofid  Viro.  Adjiciantur  Epigrammata,  de  Infideli- 
Iwsy  de  "Seipfo,  de  Reviforibus,  ludeate  D.  Gulielmo  Browne^ 
4to.     is:  6d.    Dodiley. 

Ckxneot  the  Sixth  freqaeatly  complained  of  the  flrengtli  of  hit 
memory  ;  that,  with  regard  to  his  reading,  it  would  not  let  hSm  for- 
iget  wlnt  he  wiflied  to  forget.  Woe  to  the  Reviewcra,  were  their 
memories  compofed  of  the  faine  tenacious  materials  1  Had  one  £ngle 
potion,  of  the  many  that  Sir  William  Browne  has  given  ns,  fiaid 
npoa  the  ftomachy  ^  had  long  ere  now  been  down  among  ch« 
dead  men.  By  good  fortune,  they  quickly  worked  upward  and 
downward,  and  were  carried  clean  away  by  the  covers  in  which  thcj 


Dramatic. 
Art  42.  The  Reapers^  or  the  Engliihinaa  out  of  Paris,  na 
Opera.  Svo.  is«6d.  Carnati.  1770. 
Tins  Opera,  which  is  abiixrdly  called  the  Englifhman  out  of  Pari^ 
IS  a  tcanfladon  ^m  a  French  piece  endUed  Zes  Moifimuurt.  Tkcte 
are  ibme  fenfible  paflages  in  it,^  but  neither  plot  nor  intereft ;  and 
the  laboured  quantity  of  roftic  jargon^  with  which  it  ereiy  where 
aboondj,  it  is  impofllble  to  read.  In  £bort  it  is,  in  our  opinion,  n 
rety  idle,   injudicious  pnblicadon. 

An.  43*  Tbe  Faihir^  a  Comedy,  tranflated  from  the  French  of 
M.  Diderot,  by  the  Tranilator  of  Dorral^  &c«  4(0.  3  s.  Bald- 
win.    1770.    . 

Were  romance  to  infiniinte  herielf  into  the  arms  of  comedy,  we 
Ihonld  ibon  lofe  fight  of  the  real  drama  of  life/  The  true  portiaiu 
of  nature  would  vvnaAi,  and  their  place  would  be  fupplied  by  nor 
thing  bnt  fanqyTpieces*  In  ihort  the  ftage  would  be  wholly  occv* 
pied  by  fnch  extravagant  performances  as  the  Father^  in  which  the 
erittvated  temper,  and  cha&ifed  rpirit,of  true  comedy,  are  led  in  the 
wild  difplay  of  over-Jided  paifions,  and  the  difgulifui  abfurdity  of 
ili-direted  incidents. 

Husbandry. 
Art.  44*  Dc  Re  Rciftica ;  er^  the  Repofttory  for  felecl  Papers  dl 

4g''^*'^*^*f  '^''^h  ««^  MaMfifaSttres.     8vo,     2  vols.     12  s.  bound. 

Davis.     1769—1770.  V 

This  work  having  been  firft  pnbliihed  in  numbers,  wuh  confider- 
abie  fuccefs,  its  merit  is,  In  courfe,  already  generally  known  among 
the  lovers  and  promoters  of  agriculture,  &.c.  We  have,  therefore^ 
only  CO  obferve,  for  the  fati&faaion  of  thofe  few  Readers  of  our  work 
who  may  happen  not  to  be  fufBciently  acquainted  with  the  nature  of 
thdeieled  papers,  that  they  are  chiefly  ttfe  communicadons  *  of  the 

*  Many  of  them  through  the  Society  for  the  encouragement  of  aru^ 
Smnnfadarcs,  and  commerce. 

ingtnioat 


tjS  Correspondence. 

ingeoious  natDralifts^  mechanics,  and  hofbandmen  of  ocu*  own  coo»» 
try ;  and  that  many  of  them  are  truly  valuable,  and  worthy  the  at- 
tention of  the  curiouS)  in  relation  to  the  various  improvements  lately 
made  in  the  fevcral  branches  of  (knowledge  above-mentioned. 

As  this  is  not  a  regular  periodical  publication,  the  numbers  have 
been  for  fome  time  difcontinued ;  and  the  editors  inform  us,  in  their 
pieface,  that  they  ihall  occafionally  offer  their  colledions  to  the  world, 
as  materials  of  importance  come  in  ;  but  that  they  will  rather  poft- 
j|}ODe  their  communications,  than  make  up  a  number  with  tT&itig 
papers. 

Among  the  various  contributors  to  this  work,  we  cannot  but  diftin- 
guiih,  I.  Wr.  John  Wynn  Baker  *,  who,  in  connexion  with  the 
Dublin  Society,  has  furniflied  many  experiments  relating  to  the 
coltiire  of  wheat,  together  with  dire£lions  for  the  improving  of  bog- 
land,  and  obfervations  on  the  effects  of  lime,  as  a  manure:  2.  Mr. 
Baldwin  of  Clapham,  who  has  made  many  experinlents  on  the  culture 
of  lucerne,  has  invented  an  horfe-hoe,  and  hoe-plough,  for  clearing 
the  crops  of  this  ufeful  vegetable  from  weeds  and  other  rubbifh  ;  and 
alio  an  excellent  drill  plough^  lefs  cumbdrfome  and  lefs  complicated 
than  others,- and  at  a  {5rice  that  common  farmers  can  afford  to  pay,: 
3.  Mr.  Aufrci^e  of  Hbveton  in  Norfolk,  who  has  alfo  been  very  curfs- 
ous  in  the  culture  of  lucerne;  4.  Sir  Digby  Legard  of  Ganton,  York- 
ihire,  author  of  a  valuable  edimate  of  the  profit  in  the  drill  an4 
broad-caft  hufbandry,  for  which  the  Society  of  arts,  &c.  adjudged 
htm  their  gold  medal:  5.  Mr.  Reynolds  of  Adifham,  who  commu« 
nicated  an  account  of,  and  method  of  cultivating,  a  new  tarnip-it)oted 
cabbage  ,fbr  feeding  cattle,  particularly  fheep;  alfo  his  method  of 
raifing  melons  withopt  earth,  dung,  or  water,  and  an  account  of 
the  caufc  and  confequence  of  fmut  in  corn,  with  a  method  of  remedy -< 
ing  that  evil ;  6..  The  Rev.  Mr.  Davies  Lan>be,  of. Ridley  in  Kent^ 
who,  for  his  memoir  on  the  culture  of  Burnet,  &c.  received  -a  pre- 
mum  from  the  Society  of  arts,  &c.  Befides  thefe,  there  are  many 
iifefiil  communications,  fent  under  feigned  names  ;  abd  difcoveries 
«nd  improvements  of  various  kinds,  made  bv  feveral  ingenious  fb- 
mgners,  are  likewife  introduced,  with  tranffations,  and  frequently  . 
with  additional  remarks,  &c. 

,<C  p  R.RE  S  P  O  N  D£  N  C  E  ^ 

A  Letter  has  been  received  from  the  Author  oiTbtnt^s  eti  capital 
Punijbments\^  mentioning  fome  errors  of  th^e  prefs  in  his 
jpamphlet,  and  referring  to  pages  19,  22,  27,  and  28.  This  tra& 
IS  not  now  in  our  poflcffion,  and  therefore  we  cannot  turn  to  th* 
pafTages  in'  queffion ;  nor,  indeed,  is  it  o6r  immediate  bufinefs  to 
'redify  fuch  errors  in  the  .feveral.  publications  that  come  before  ns  : 
but  when  our  Friendly  Correspondents  are  fo  good  as  to  inform  uf 
of  the  miftakes  in  our  own  work '  (in  which,  we  are  very  confcioi» 
there  are  but  too  many)  we  think  ourfelves  much  obliged  to  them  9 
.and  (hall  ever  be  ready  to  acknowledge,,  and,  as  far  as  m  oarpo^er^ 
amend  the  faults  fo  kindly  pointed  out  to  us. 

*  *  Of  the  kingdom  of  Ireland.  This  ingenious  huibandman  is  noiir 
coUefting  his  feveral  pieces  intp  one  volume^  in  order  to  their  beia^ 
publiihed  in  England.  •  .^  ^ 

:   f  Seethe  Catalogue-part  of  our  laft  Month's  Review,  Art.  36, 


THE 

MONTHLY   REVIEW, 

Fdf     MARCH,     1771. 


Art.  I.   Cmtinuation  and  Conclufion  of  tbi  Jcccuni  of  Mallei'x 
Nortbirn  AntiquitieSm 

TN  the  account  which  hath  already  been  offered  ♦  of  Monf. 
1  Malldt's'Noi'thern  Antiquities,  we  principally  confined  our- 
felvcs  to  a  few  general  extracts,  relative  to  the  religion,  wor- 
ihip,  and  free  fpirit  of  the  Gothic  nations,  together  with  the 
fiate  of  population  among  them.  There  are,  however,  to 
waaay  curious  and  entertaining  circumftances  to  be  met  with 
in  this  ingenious  work,  that,  if  we  did  not  take  fome  farther 
iiotke  of  it^  we  fbould  nor,  perhaps,  do  full  juflice  to  the 
Author,  or  grre  our  Readers  that  complete  information  con- 
cerning it,  which  might  be  acceptable  and  defirable. 

The  firong  attachment  of  the  Northern  tribes  to  liberty,  and 
Ac  manly  genius  of  the  modes  of  government  that  prevailed 
among  them,  arc  Well  known.  But  Monf.  Mallet  hath  exhi- 
bited an  cSc&  of  this  difpofition  fo  fmgular,  fo  new,  and 
which  affords  fucb  a  remarkable  addition  to  the  hiftory  of  re- 
publics, that  it  cannot  fail  of  being  perufed  with  pleafure,  and 
of  throwing  confiderable  light  on  the  charafter  of  the  people 
who  inhabited  the  North  'of  Europe. 

^  A  colony  of  Norwegians,  driven  from  their  own  country 
by  the  tyranny  of  one  of  their  Kings,  eftablifhed  itfelf  in  Ice- 
fcmd,  towards  the  end  of  the  ninth  century.  Hiftory  informs 
us  that  immediately,  without  lofing  titne,  they  proceeded  to 
tied  magiftrates,  to  ena£l  laws,  and,  in  a  word^  to  give  their 
government  fuch  a  regular  form,  as  might  at  once  infure  theif 
tranquillity  and  independence.  The  fituation  in  which  thefeke- 
hinders  found  themfelves  is  remarkable  oti  mainy  accounts.  Tht 
geniot  of  this  people,  their  natural  good  fenfe,  and  their  love 
^f  liberty,  appeared  >ipon   this   occaiion  in  all   their  vigour. 

interrupted  and  unreftrained  by  any  outward  force,  we  have 

e  a  nation  delivered  up  to  its  own  di red  ion,  and  eAablifhing 

•"  See  Revimv  for  Auguft  laft. 
Vot.  XLIV.  N  .    itfelf 


J  78  Mallet'i  Kortherti  AntiquUifSi 

icfelf  in  a  country  feparated  by,  vaft  feaa  from  all  the  rtft  of' 
the  world :  we  fee,  therefore,  in  all  their  infiitutions,  nothing 
but  the  pure  dilates  of  their  own  inclinations  and  fenttments  i 
and  thefe  were  fo  natural  and  fo  fuited  to  their  fituation  and 
charader,  that  we  do  not  find  any  general  deliberation,  any 
irrefolution,  any  trial  of  different  modes  of  govesnfneot  evec 
preceded  that  form  of  civil  polity  which  they  at  ffrft  adopted, 
and  under  which  they  lived  afterwards  fo  many  ages.  The 
whole  fettled  into  form  as  it  were  of  itfelf,  and  fell  into  order 
without  any  effort.  In  like'  manner  as  bees  form  their  hives, 
the  new  Icelanders,  guided  by  a  happy  inftind,  immediately 
on  their  landing  in  a  defert  ifland,  eftabliflied  that  fine  confti* 
tution  wherein  liberty  is  fixed  on  its  proper  bafis,  viz,  a  wife 
diftribution  of  the  different  powers  of  government.  An  ad- 
mirable difcoVery^  which,  at  firft  fight,  one  would  think  muft 
have  been  the  mafter-piece  of  fome  confummate.  politician; 
and  which,  neverthelefs,  according  to  the  remark  of  a  gfcat 
genius  of  this  age,  was  completed  here,  as  in  other  countries, 
by  favages  in  the  midft  of  forefts. 

<  Nature  having  of  iifelf  divided  the  iltand  into  four  pror 
vinces,  the  Icelanders  foljowed  this  divifion,  and  eftabliihed  in 
each  of  them  a  magiltrate,  who  might  be  called  the  provincial 
judge.  Each  province  was  fubdiviJed  into  three  prefe£lure$|| 
which  had  their  rcfpedive  judges  or  prefcds.  And  laflly,  each 
prefe£lure  contained  a  certain  number  of  b^iliwics ;  in  each 
of  which  were  commonly  five  inferior  magiftrates,  vihofe  bu-, 
fmefs  it  was  to  diflribute  juflice  in  the  firfl  inftance  through 
their  own  diflri£l ;  to  fee  that  good  order  was  preferved  in  it  ; 
and  to  convoke  tbe.afTemblies  of  the  bailiwiq,  as  well  ordinary 
as  extraordinary,  of  which  all  free  men,  who  pofTefTed  lands  of 
a  certain  value,  were  members.  In  thefe  affemblies  they  eleded 
the  five  judges  or  bailiffs,  who  were  to  be  perfons  diflinguifhed 
for  their  wifdom,  and  were  required  to  enjoy  a  certain  income  in 
lands,  for  fear  their  poverty  fhpuld  expofe  them  to  contempt 
or  corruption.  When  the  caufes  were  of  any  importance  the 
whole  aflembly  ^ave  their  opinion.  Without  its  full  confent  a 
new  member  could  not  be  received  into  their  community.  If 
any  fuch  offered  himfelf»  he  applied  to  the  affembly,  who  ex- 
amined his  motives  for  making  the  requefl,  and  rdefied  it,  if 
the  petitioner  had  failed  in  honour  on  any  occauon,  or  was 
merely  too  poor :  for  as  the  community  mamtained  fuch  of  its 
own  members  as  were  by  any  accident  reduced  to  mifeiy  or 
want,  it  was  their  common  interefl  to  exclude  fuch  perfons 
as  were  indigent :  they  had  for  that  purpofe  a  fund  fupported 
by  contribution,  as  alfo  by  what  arofe  from  the  fines,  which 
were  the  more  confiderabfe,  as  they  ufed  in  thefe  limits  fcarce 
any  Other  kind  of  punifhment.    Laflly,  this  fame  affembly  of 

the 


Mallet*/  Iforlhern  Anttquiiiei,  ijf^ 

the  bailfwic  took  care  to  examine  into  the  coiidiid  df  the 
luilifFs,  received  the  complaints  that  were  made  againft  tbem» 
and  paniQied  them. when  convifled  of  abiifing  their  authority. 
.  *  A  re-aflfembly  of  the  members,  or  at  lead  of  the  deputies 
often  fuch  communities,  reprefented  wh3.t  I  call  a  prefei^ire. 
Each  quarter  or  grand  province  of  the  ifland  contained  thre^ 
of  thcfe,  as  wie  have  already  Teen.     The  chief  Of  a  prefe6ture 
enjoyed  confiderable  dignity.     He  had  a  power  to  aflemble  the 
fRn  communities  within  his  diftri£t,  and  prefided  bimfelf  over 
all  afiemblies  of  this  fort,  as  well  ordinary  as  extraordinary : 
he  was  at  the  fame  time  head  of  the  religion  within  his  prefec- 
ture*    It  was  he  who  appointed  the  faciifices,  and  other  reli- 
gious ceremoniiss,  which  were  celebrated   in  the  fame  place 
where  they  regulated  their  political  and  civil  affairs*    There^ 
lay  an  appeal  to  tbefe  aflemblies  from  the  fcntence  pronounced 
by  the  magiftrates  of  the  bailiwicft,  and  here  were  determined 
whatever  difputes  arbfe  between  thofe  inferior  communitiesi 
Here  alfo  the  prefed  received  the  tax,  which  each  citizen  was 
obliged  to  pay  towards  the  expences  of  the  relisiious  worfliip  ; 
and  here  he  judged,  in  the  quality  of  pontiff,  fuch  as  were  ac- 
cufed  of  profaning  temples,  of  fpeakihg  irreverently  of  th^ 
gods,  or  of  any  other  a£l  of  impiety,     l^he  penalties  infli£ted 
on  criminals  of.  this  fort  confided  for  the  moft  part  of  fines» 
which  the  aflemblies  empowered  the  prefeft  to  levyj  in  order 
to  lay  them  out  in  repair  of  the  temples.     But  when  any  af- 
fair occurred  of  great  importance,   or  which  concerned  the 
whole  province,  then  the  members,  or  perhaps  only  the  dcpu->^ 
ties  of  the  three  prefectures  met  together,  and  compofed  what 
ibey  called  the  States  of  the  Q«iarter,  ^r  Province.     Theft 
ftatcs  did  not  a^emble  regularly  like  the  others,  who  were  re- 
quired to  meet  at  leaft  once  a  year  ^  nor  do  we  know  exactly 
what  were  the  obje6ls  of  their  deliberations.     All  that  one  can 
conjedure  is,  that  they  had  recourfe  to  it,  as  an  extraordinary 
means  of  terminating  fuch  quarrels  as  arofe  between  the  com- 
munities of  the  different  prefedures,  or  to  obviate  fame  danger 
which  threatened  the  whole  province  in  general* 

*  Superior  to  all  thefe  aflemblies  of  the  leller  communities 
and  provinces  were  the  States  General  of  the  whole  ifland  ' 
(jilting)  which  anfwered  to  the  Als-heriaf-ting  of  the  othei^ 
Scandinavian  nations,  to  the  lyutena -Gemot  or  parliament  of 
the  Anglo-Saxons,  to  the  Champs  dg  Mnn  or  de  May  of  the 
French,  and  to  the  Cortes  of  the  Spaniards,  &c.  Thefe  aflem- 
bled  every  year,  and  each  citizen  of  Iceland  thought  it  his  ho- 
nour and  nis  duty  to  be  prefent  at  them.  The  prefident  o( 
this  great  afiemtdtf  was  fovereign  judge  of  the  ifland.  He  p:>r'' 
fefltd  this  office  for  life  ;  but  it  was  conftrrred  upon  him  by  the 
States.  His  principal  buflnef!!  was  (o  Co  noke  the  General  Af- 
fembly,  and  to  fee  (o  the  obfervance  of  the  Jaws }  hence  th« 

N  2  name 


igfli  Mallet'j  Noithern  Anliqmtin. 

name  of  Lagman^  or  Man  of  the  Laws,  was  given  to  this  inc- 
giftrate.  He  had  a  power  of  examining  before  the  General 
Edates,  and  of  re\  erftng  all  the  fentences  pronounced  by  infe» 
rior  judge3  throuahout  the  ifland,  of  annulling  their  ordinances^ 
and  even  of  puniflitng  them,  if  the  complaints  brought  agaioD: 
them  were  well  founded.  He  could  propofe  the  ena£hng  of 
new  la'ivs,  the  repealing  or  changing  of  the  old  ones.;  and, 
if  they  palled  in  the  General  Aflembly)  it  was  his  bufinefs  to 
put  them  in  execution.  After  this  people  began  to  have  writteit 
laws,  and  the  whole  ifland  had  adopted  one  common  form  of 
jurifprudence ;  it  was  the  fupreme  judge  who  had  the  keeping 
of  the  original  authentic  copy,  to  which  all  the  others  were  to 
ht  conformable.  To  his  judgment  and  that  of  the  AfTemUy^ 
lay  an  appeal  from  the  fentences  given  in  the  inferior  courts.  The 
bailifFs  or  prefeds,  whofe  fentence  he  revifed,  were  obliged  to 
judge  the  caufcfover  again' in  his  prefence,  ami  he  afterwards 
pro^iounced  fentence  both  on  the  contending 'parties,  and  on 
the  judges.  The  fear  of  being  condemned  and  puniflied  before 
fo  numerous  an  aflembly,  was  (as  Arngrim^.well  remarks)  a 
great  check  upon  all  thefe  fubaltern  judges*  and  ferved  to 
keep  every  magiftrate  withui  the  bounds  of  his  duty*  Corn- 
n)onIy  the  fefiion  of  thefe  General  Efiates  lafted  iixteen  days^ 
and  they  fliow  at  this  time  the  place  of  their  meeting,  which 
began  and  ended  with  folemn  facrifices.  It  was  chieny  during 
that  fefHon  that  the  fovereign  judge  exercifed  his  authority* 
Out  of  this  aflfembly  his  power  feems  not  to  have  been  conn- 
derable:  but  he  was  at  all  times  treated  with  great  honour  an4l 
lefpedii  and  was  always  confldered  as  the  oracle  of  the  laws^ 
and  prote£lor  of  the  people.  The  Icelandic  chronicles  care- 
fully note  the  year  wherein  each  judge  was  eleded,  and  the 
time  was  computed  by  the  years  of  his  ele£lion,  as  among  the 
Lacedemonians  by  thofe  of  the  Eproru  '  We  fee  by  the  lift 
which  Arngrim  has  preferved  of  them,  that  there  were  thirty- 
eight  from  the  beginning  of  the  commonwealth  to  its  diflfolu- 
tion ;  and  we  find  in  this  number  the  celebrated  hifiorian- 
Snorro  Sturlcfon. 

*  Such  was  the  conftitution  of  a  republic,  which  is  at  pre- 
fent  quite  forgotten  in  the  Nonh»  and  utterly  unknown 
through  the  reil  of  Europe,  even  to  men  of  much  readings 
notwithftanding  the  great  number  of  poets  and  hiftorians  which 
that  republic  produced*  But  fame  is  not  the  portion. of  indi- 
gene nations,  efpecially  when  remote,  uoconneded  with  the 
reft  of  mankind,  and  placed  under  a  rigorous  climaie.'- 

Though  the  hiftory  of  this  republic  is,  at  prefent,  fo  little 
known  in  the  world,  its  exiftence  cannot  be  doubted.     The 

*  An  Icelandic  Author,  of  whom  further  mention  is  made  in' the 
aext  p::ge. 

account 


TAzllt^s  NGrtbern  Antiquitiis.  i8x 

jecount  of  it  given  by  Monf.  Mallet  is  built  on  the  teftimony 
of  many  ancient  annals,  both  printed  and  manufcript,  of  the  Ice- 
landers themfelves  ;  of  which  there  are  various  notices  and  ex- 
tra^ in  a  multitude  of  books ;  particularly  in  Torfaeus'a 
^  Series  of  Kings  of  Denmark,''  and  in  Arngrim's  work,  in- 
titled,  Crymogaea.  Several  Norwegian  princes  endeavoured* 
in- vain,  to  deprive  the  Icelandic  colonifts  of  their  liberty  and 
independance.  It  was  full  four  hundred  years  before  the  re- 
public became  fubjed  to  Norway,  along  with  which  it  was  af- 
terwards united  to  the  crown  of  Denmark* 

In  die  loth  and  nth  chapters  of  the  treat ife  before  us,  we 
have  a  diftind  relation  of  the  maritime  expeditions  of  the  an- 
cient Danes  and  Norwegians;  towards  the  conclufion  of  whicli 
the  Author  obferves,  that  if,  in  an  age  when  ignorance  over- 
^read  the  whole  face  of  Europe,  we  are  furprifed  to  find  colo- 
Bies  founded,  and  unknown  regions  explored,  by  a  people  who 
are  confidered  as  farther  removeJ  than  other  nations  from  civi- 
lity and  fcience ;  how  will  our  furprize  be  increafed  when  we 
find  them  opening  a  way  into  that  new  world,  which  many 
s^s  after  occafioned  fuch  a  change  among  us,  and  refletSl^d 
fo  much  glory  on  its  difcoverers*  *  Strange,  fays  he,  as  this 
may  appear,  the  fad  becomes  indifputable,  when  we  confider 
that  the  beft  authenticated  Icelandic  chronicles  unanimoufly 
affirm  it,  that  their  relations  contain  nothing  that  can  admit 
of  dcrobt,  and  that  they  are  fupported  by  feveral  concurrent 
teftimonies.  This  is  an  event  tao  interefting  and  too  lirtle 
known,  not  to  require  a  circumftantial  detail.  I  fhall  proceed 
then,  without  any  previous  reflections,  to  relate  the  principal 
circumftances,  as  I  find  them  in  the  treatife  of  ancient  V in- 
land, written  by  Tbrfaeus ;  and  in  the  Hiftory  of  Greenland 
by  Jonas  Arngrim  :  two  Icelandic  Authors  of  undoubted  credit, 
who  have  faithfully  copied  the  old  hiftorians  of  their  own 
country.' 

It  would  carry  us  too  far  to  enter  into  a  detail  of  the  difco- 
very  of  Vinland,  add  of  the  feveral  voyages  to  it ;  but  we  can- 
not aToid  tranfcribing  what  Monf.  Maltet  hath  alleged,  to 
prove  that  this  country  was  a  part  of  North  America. 

*  The  diRrovery  of  a  diftant  country  called  Vinland,  and 
the  reality  of  a  hforwegian  colony's  fettling  there,  appear  to 
be  tk&%  fo  well  attefted  on  all  fides,  and  related  with  circum- 
ftances fo  probable,  as  to  leave  no  room  for  any  doubt.  But 
to  fettle  the  geography  of  the  country  where  this  happened,  is 
not  an  eafy  matter.— Neverthelefs,  though  we  may  not  be  able 
'to  afccrtain  exadly  the  fituation  of  Vinland,  we  have  fufficient 
room  to  conje(9ure  that  this,  colony  could  not  be  far  from  the 
coafts  of  Labrador,  or  thofe  of  Newfoundland,  which  are  not 
far  from  it :    nor  is  there  any  circumftance  in  the  relations  of 

N  3  the 


1 8a  MallctV  Northim  Antiquities. 

the  ancient  chronicles,  tfut  what  may  be  accounted  for  on  fticti 
a  Aipporitioii. 

*  The  firft  difficulty  that  muft  be  obviated,  is  the  ftiort  fpace 
<>f  time  that  appears  to  have  been  taken  up  in  paffing  to  this 
country  from  Greenland.  To  this  end  we  muft  obferye,  that 
the  Norwegians  might  fail  from  the  Weftern,  as  well  as  from 
the  EafteYn  co^ft  of  that  country,  fincp  they  had  fettled  on  both 
fides  of  it.  Now  it  js  certain  that  Davis's  Streight,  which  fe- 
parates  Greenland  from  the  American  contiifent,  is  very  nar- 
row: in  feveral  places ;  and  it  appears  from  the  journal  taken 
by  the  learned  Mr.  Ellis,  in  his  voyage  to  Hudfon's  Bay,  that 
)ii$  paflfage  from  Cape  Farewell,  which  is  tl^e  moft  Southern 
point  of  Greenland,  into  the  entrance  of  tt)e  Bay,  was  but 
ieven  or  eight  days  eafy  fail,  with  a  wind  indifferently  favour* 
able.  The  diftance  between  the  fame  Cape  and  the  neareft 
coaft  of  Labrador  is  dill  much  Icfs*  As  it  cannot  be  above  two 
hundred  French  leagues,  the  voyage  could  not  take  up  above 
ifeven  or  eight  days,  even  allowing  for  the  delays  that  muft 
have  happened  to  the  ancients' through  their  want  of  that  (kill 
in  navigation  which  the  moderns  have  fince  acquired.  This 
could  therefore  appear  no  fuch  frightful  diftance  to  adventurers 
'who  had  newly  difcovered  GreenUnd,  which  is  feparated  from 
Iceland  at  leaft  as  far.  This  reafoning  is  (lill  farther  enforced, 
when  we  refle£t  that  the  diftaiice  of  Iceland  itfelf,  from  the 
neareft  part  of  Norway,  is  double  to  that  aboye  mentioned. 

*  In  effe£l,  thehifldry  of  the  North  abounds  with  relations  of' 
maritime  expeditions  of  far  greater  extent  than  was  neccflkry  for 
the  difcqvcry  of  America.  The  fit^ation  of  Greenland,  jrelative 
to  this  n^w  coi^ntry,  not  being  fufliciently  known,  is  the  onl/ 
circumftance  that  can  prejudice  one  againft  it :  but  we  ibour4 
ceafe  tt>  be  furprjfed  at  tbofe  fame  men  crofling  a  fpace  of  two 
hundred  leagues,  which  wa$  the  diftance  between  them  and 
America,  whofe  courage  and  curiofity  had  frequently  prompted 
them  to  traverie  the  pcean,  and  who  had  been  accitftomcd  tq 
perform  voyages  of  three  or  four  hundred  leagues  before  they 
quittQc)  their  former  fettlements. — There  is  nothing  then  in  the 
diftance  of  America  that  can  render  it  unlikely  to  have  been 
difcovered  by  the  Norwegians.  Let  us  fee  if  there  are  not 
0ther  greater  difficulties. 

<  The  relations  handed  down  to  us  in  the  chronicles,  and 
^he  name  affixed  tp  this  new  difcovered  country,  agree  in  de* 
fcribins  it  as  a  foil  where  the  vine  fpon^neoufly  grows.  This 
circumftance  alone  has  ferved  with  many  people  to  render  the 
whole  account  AifpeAed  ;  but,  on  a  clqfer  view,  we  (hall  find 
it  fq  far  from  overthrowing,  thait  it  even  confirms  the  other 
parts  of  the  relation,  t  (hall  not  evade  the  difficulty  (as  I 
jnighl)  by  aafwering,  that  very  poffibly  the  Norvfegian?  p^ig^^t , 
"."'  *    ■'  .■•■••  *    •  ■ '    'be 


Mallet'^  Northum  Aniiqmit$s.  1S3 

be  fo  little  acquainted  with  grapes,  as  to  miiHake  currants  for 
cbem,  which  in  the  Northern  languages  are  called  Viin^biirj 
or  vine- berries,  and  of  which  in  Teveral  places  thev  make  a 
kind  of  fermented  liquor :  but  I  can  aiTert,  on  the  faith  of  the 
rood  credible  travellers,  that  not  only  in  Canada  the  vine  grows 
without  cultivation,  and  bears  a  fmall  well  tailed  fruit;  but 
that  it  is  alfo  found  in  far  more  NorUiern  latitudes,  and  even 
where  the  winters  are  very  fevere. 

<  As  to  the  other  circumftances  of  the  relation,  the  account 
given  by  the  ancient  chronicles  agrees  in  all  refpe£ls  with  the 
reports  of  modern  voyagers.  Thefe  tell  us,  that  the  native  far 
vages  of  thofe  countries,  froin  the  frequent  ufe  they  make  of 
them  in  fifliing,  can,  in  n  (bort  time,  coWeBt  together  a  vaft 
number  of  canoes ;  that  they  are  very  ikilful  with  their  bows 
and  arrows  \  that  on  the  coans  they  fiu  for  whales,  and  in  the 
inland  parts  live  by  hunting ;  io  that  their  merchandize  con- 
fifta  of  whalebone,  and  various  kinds  of  (kins  and  fura }  that 
they  are  very  fond  of  iron  or  hardware,  efpecially  arms,  hat- 
chetSy  and  other  inftaiments  of  like  fort ;  that  they  are  very  apt 
to  rob  ftrangers,  but  are  otherwife  cowardly  and  unwarlike. 

*  If  to  this  pidure  you  add,  that  they  are  for  the  moft  part 
of  a  middling  ftature,  and  little  ikilled  in  the  art  of  war,  it  i^ 
no  wonder  that  the  Norwegians,  the  latgeft,  ftrongeft,  and  moft 
adive  people  of  Europe,  ihould  look  upon  them  with  con- 
tempt)  as  a  poor,  weak^  degenerate  race.  It  is  remarkable 
that  the  name  they  gave  them  of  Skrelinques,  is  the  fame 
with  which  they  denoted  the  Greenlanders,  when  they  firft  dif- 
covered  them.  In  reality  thefe  Grbenlanoers  and  the 
EsKiMAUX  feem  to  haye  been  one  people  ;  and  this  likenefs 
between  them,  which  has  fo  much  flruck  the  moderns,  could 
not  fail  43S  appearing  in  a  ftronger  light  to  the  Norwegians^ 
who  were  ftill  better  able  to  compare  them  together.  ^^  I  be- 
lieve, fays  Mr.  Ellis,  that  the  Eflcimaux  are  the  fame  people 
with  the  Greenlanders;  and  this  feems  the  more  probable^ 
when  we  confider  the  narrownefs  of  Davis's  Streight,  and  the 
vagabond  flrolling  life  we  find  all  this  nation  accuftomed  to 
lead  wherever  we  meet  with  them/'  This  is  alfo  the  opinion 
of  Mr.  Egede,  who  knew  the  Greenlanders  better  than  any 
body.  He  obferves  that,  acording  to  their  own  accounts,  Da« 
vis's  Streight  is  only  a  deep  bay,  which  runs  on,  narrowing  to* 
wards  the  Nonh,  till  the  oppofue  American  continent  can  he 
eafily  difcerned  from  Greenland,  and  that  the  extremity  of  this 
bay  ends  in  a  river,  over  which,  wandering  favages,  inured  to 
cold,  might  eafily  pafs  from  one  land  to  the  other,  even  if  they 
had  ao  canoes. 

*  The  rcfult  cf  all  this  feems  to  be,  that  there  can  be  no 
^ubt  b^t  |h*t  the  Norwegian  Greenlanders  difcovcred   the 

N  4         .  American 


l84  Mallet-i  Northern  AniiquifiH* 

American  continent ;  that  the  place  where  they  fettled  wat 
either  the  country  of  Labrador,  or  Newfoundland,  and  that 
their  colony  fubfified  there  a  good  while.  But  then  this  is  all 
we  can  fay  about  it  with  any  certainty.  To  endeavour  to  af- 
certain  the  exad  fite,  extent,  and  fortune  of  the  eflablilhinSent, 
would  be  a  fruitlefs  labour.' 

There  is  nothing  which  has  been  deemed  more  remarkable 
in  the  charader  of  the  European  nations,  than  the  fpirit  of  gal* 
lantry  that  prevails  among  them,  the  refpedful  attention  paid 
to  women,  and  the  footing  of  liberty  and  equality  on  which 
they  are  tieated  by  the  men.  The  caufe  of  this  peculiarity  in 
modern  manners  Has  exercifed  the  thoughts  of  fcveial  ingenious 
perfons,  who  have  fought  for  it  in  the  feudal  times,  when  the 
diforders  of  that  fyftem  were  fo  great,  from  the  contentions  and 
rapines  of  the  petty  lords  and  their  followers,  that,  at  length, 
it  became  neceflary  for  the  more  honourable  knights  to  enter 
into  engagements  for  the  proteAion  of  travellers,  and  efpccialjy 
of  the  ladies.  Hence  is  fuppofed  to  have  arifen  a  polite  and 
gallant  difpofiiion,  which  gradually  fpread  itfelf  through  the 
general  ranks  and  orders  of  the  people,  Monf.  Maljet,  how- 
ever, has  afcribed  a  much  more  remote  origin  to  the  deference 
which  is  {hewn,  in  Europe,  to  the  female  fex  i  and  what  bo 
hath  advanced  upon  the  fubje£l  is  curious  and  entertaining. 

*  ^Vhile  the  attention,  fays  he,  of  thefe  people  was  thus 
engrofTcd  by  their  paffion  for  arms  and  the  pleafures  of  the  table^ 
we  may  conclude  that  love  had  no  violent  dominion  over  them^ 
It  is  befides  well  known,  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  North  are 
not  cf  very  quick  fenfibility.  The  ideas  and  modes  of  think- 
ing of  the  Scandinavians  were,  in  this  rcfpeft,  very  different 
from  thofe  of  the  Afutics  and  more  Southern  nations  -,  who^i 
by  a  contrail  as  remarkable  as  it  is  common,  have  ever  felt  for 
the  female  fex  the  warm  paffion  of  love,  devoid  of  any  real 
eneem*  Being  at  the  fame  time  tyrants  and  (laves,  laying  afide 
their  own  reafon,  and  requiring  none  in  the  objeft,  they  have 
ever  made  a  quick  tranfition  from  adoration  to  contempt,  and 
from  fentimeuts  of  the  moft  extravagant  and  violent  love,  to 
thofe  of  thq  moft  cruel  jealoufy,  or  of  an  indifference  ftill  more 
infulting.  We  find  the  teverfe  of  all  this  among  the  Northern 
nations,  who  did  not  fo  much  confider  the  other  fex  as  made 
for  their  pleafure,  as  to  be  their  equals  and  companions,  whofe 
efleem,  as  valuable  as  their  other  favours,  could  only  be  ob- 
tained by  confiant  attentions,  by  generous  fervices,  and  by  4 
proper  exertion  of  viitue  and  courage.  I  conceive  that  this  will 
at  firft  fight  be  deemed  a  paradox,  and  that  it  will  not  be  an 
eafy  matter  to  reconcile  a  mann^  of  thinking  which  fuppofes 
fo  much  delicacy,  with  the  rough  unpoliihed  charaAer  of  this 
people.   Yet  I  believe  th^  obfervatioa  is  fo  well  grounded^  that' 


MaQctV  Northirn  AntiquUits.  185 

oae  may  venture  to  aiTert,  that  it  is  this  fame  people  who  havo 
contributed  to  difFufe  through  all  Europe  tbat  fpirit  of  equity^ 
of  moderation,  and  generoAty,  (hewn  by  the  ftronger  to  the 
weaker  fex,  which  is  at  this  day  the  didinguiihing  charadleriflic 
of  European  manners:  nay,  that  we  even  owe  to  them  that 
fpirit  of  gallantry  which  was  fo  little  known  to  the  Greeks  and 
Romans,  how  polite  foever  in  other  refpe£ts. 

^  That  there  ihould,  in  the  North,  be  a  communication  of 
liberty  and  equality  between  the  two  fexes,  is  what  one  might 
^  cxpe^  to  find  there  in  thofe  ancient  times,  when  men's  proper- 

ty was  fmall,  andalmoft  upon  an  equality;  when  their  manners 
were  Ample,  when  their  pailions  difclofed  themfelvts  but  flow- 
]y,  and  then  under  the  dominion  of  reafon  ;  being  moderated  by 
$1  rigorous  climate,  and  their  bard  way  of  living ;  and  laflly, 
when  the  fole  aim  of  government  was .  to  prelerve  and  extend 
f  liberty.     But  the  Scandinavians  went  flill  faither,    and  thefe 

fame  men,   who  on  other  occafions  were  too  high-fpirited  to 
I  yield  to  any  earthly  power,  yet  in  whatever  related  to  the  fair 

lex  feem  to  have  been  no  longer  tenacious  of  their  rights  or  in- 
^ependance.  The  principles  of  the  ancient  or  Celtic  religion 
will  afford  us  proofs  of  this  refped  paid  to  the  ladies,  and  at  the 
fame  time  may  poffibly  help  us  to  account  for  it.  I  have  often 
aflerted,  that  the  immediate  intervention  of  the  Deity,  even  in 
i  the  fltghteft  things,  was  one  of  their  moft  efliablKhed  dodrines, 

I  (ind  that  every,  even  the  moft  minute  appearance  of  nature  was 

\         a  manifeftacion  of  the  will  of  Heaven  to  thofe  who  underftoo4 
[  its  language*     Thus  men's  involuntary  motions,  their  dreams, 

!  their  fudden  and  unforefeen  inclinations,  being  confidered  as  the 

I  iaiutary  admonitions  of  Heaven,  became  the  objeds  of  ferious 

attention.     And  an  univerfal  refped  could  not  but  be  paid  to 
thofe  who  were  confidered  as  the  organs  or  inftruments  of  4 
beneficent  Deity.     Now,  women  muft  appear,  much  more  pro- 
!  per  than  men  for  fo  noble  a  purpofe,   who  being  commonly 

more  fubje£i  than  we  to  the  unknown  laws  of  temperament  and 
(  conftitution,  feem  lefs  to  be  governed  by  refle&ion  than  by  fen« 

fation  and  natural  inftin^l.  Hence  it  was,  that  the  Germans 
admitted  tbem  into  their  councils,  and  confulted  with  them  on 
the  bufmefs  of  the  ftate.  Hence  it  was,  that  among  them,,  as 
alto  among  the  Gauls,  there  were  ten  prophetefTes  for  one  pro- 
!  phet;  whereas  in  the  Eaft  we  find  the  contrary  proportion,  if 

jlideed  there  was  ever  known  an  inilance,  in  thofe  countries,  of  a 
female  worker  of  miracles.   Hence  ajfo  it  was,  that  nothing  was 
p  foriaerly  more  common  in  the  North  than  to  meet  with  women 

who  delivered  oracular  informations,  cured  the  moil  inveterate 
I  maladies,  afTumed  whatever  fhape  they  pleafed,  raifed  ftorms, 

chained  up  the  winds,  travelled  through  .the  air,   and  in  one 
W^rd,  c>prfo^me4  cycry  fun^io^  of  Uie  ^iry  art.    Thus  endow- 
ed 


i86  Mallet'j  Northern  AiUiquitus. 

t6  with  fupcrnatural  powers,  thcfc  propheteiFes  being  converted 
as  it  were  into  fiiiries  or  demons,  influenced  the  events  tbey  bad 
predtfied,  and  all  Nature  became  fubjeA  to  their  command, 
Tacitus  puts  this  beyond  a  difpute^  when  hq  fays,  ^*  The  Ger- 
mans fuppofe  fome  divine  and  prophetic  quality  refident  in  their 
women,  and  are  careful  neither  to  difregard  their  admonitions, 
nor  to  negledl  their  anfwers."  Nor  can  it  be  doubted  but  that 
the  fame  notions  prevailed  among  the  Scandinavians.  Strabo 
relates,  that  the  Cimbri  were  accompanied  by  venerable  and 
boary- headed  propherelTes,  apparelled  in  long  linen  robes  moft 
fplcndidly  vwhitc.  We  affo  find  this  people  always  attended  by 
fheir  wives  even  in  their  moft  diftant  expeditions,  hearing  them 
with  refped,  and  after  a  defeat  more  afraid  of  their  reproaches 
than  of  the  blows  of  the  enemy.  To  this  we  may  add,  that 
the  men  being  conftantly  employed  either  in  war  or  hunting, 
left  to  the  women  the  care  of  acquiring  thofe  ufeful  branches  of 
knowledge  which  made  them  regarded  by  their  huAands  as  pro- 
phetcflcs  and  oracles.  Thus  to  them  "belonged  the  ftudy  of 
fimples,  and  the  art  of  healing  wounds  ;  an  arc  as  myfierious  in 
thofe  times,  as  the  occadons  of  it  were  frequent.  In  the  ancient 
chronicles  of  the  North,  we  find  the  matrons  and  the  young 
Women  always  employed  in  dreffing  the  wounds  of  their  huf-* 
bands  or  lovers.  It  was  the  fame  with  dreams  ^  which  the  wo« 
men  alone  were  verfed  in  the  art  of  interpreting, 

^  But  this  IS  not  all.  At  a  time  when  piracy,  and  a  fondnefs 
for  feeking  adventures  expofed  weakhefs  to  continual  and  unex- 
pcded  attacks,  the  women,  efpecially  thofe  of  celebrated  beau- 
ty, (tood  in  want  fometimes  of  deliverers,  and  aimoft  always  of 
defenders.  Every  young  warrior,  eager  after  glory  (and  this 
wasoftenthecharader  of  whole  nations),  mufl  have  been  glad 
then  to  take  upon  him  an  office  which  promifed  fuch  juft  returns 
of  fame,  which  flattered  the  moft  agreeable  of  all  paflions,  and 
at  the  fame  time  "gratified  another  aJmoft  as  ftrong,  that  for  a 
^vandering  and  rambling  life.  We  are  apt  to  value  what  we 
acquire  in  proportion  to  the  labour  and  trouble  it  cofts  us.  Ac- 
cordingly the  hero  looked  upon  himfelf  as  fufliciently  rewarded 
for  all  his  pains,  if  he  could  at  length  obtain  the  fair  hand  of  her 
he  had  delivered :  and  it  is  obvious  how  honourable' fuch  mar* 
riages'muft  have  been  among  the  people  who  thought  in  this 
manner.  This  emulation  would  quickly  increafe  the  number  of 
thofe  gallant  knights:  aad  the  women,  on  their  parts,  would 
not  fail  to  acquire  a  kind  of  ftatelinefs*,  confidering  themfelves 
as  no  lefs  necefliry  to  the  glory  of  their  lovers,  than  to  their 
happinefs  and  pieafure.  That  fair  one  who  had  ftood  in  need 
of  feveral  champions,  yielded  only  to  the  moft  courageous;  and 
Ihe  who  had  never  been  in  a  fituation  that  required  proce^ors. 
was  fbHI  defirp^s  of  the  lover  who  had  proved  himfelf  capable  oi 

eocoun* 


Furneaux'i  LiiUrs  to  Jujlice  Btackftom.  187 

encountering  all  kind  of  dangers  for  her  fake.  This  was  more 
than  enough  to  inflame  fuch  fpirits  as  tbefe  with  an  emulation 
of  farpoffing  ea^  'other,  and  of  difplaying  their  courage  and  in* 
trepidity.  Befides,  the  chafader  of  the  northern  women  them- 
felves  left  the  men  no  other  le(s  glorious  means  of  gaining  their 
hearts.  Naturally  chafte  and  proud,  there  was  no  other  way 
hot  this  to  come  at  them.  Educated  under  the  influence  of  the 
&me  prejudices  concerning  honour  as  the  men,  they  were  early 
taught  to  defpife  thofe  who  fpent  their  youth  in  a  peaceful  ob- 
fcurity.  All  the  hiftorical  records  of  ancient  Scandinavia  prove 
wbat'I  advance.  We  fee  there  the  turn  for  chivalry  as  it  were 
in  the  bud.  The  hiftory  of  other  nations  Ihews  it  afterwards  as 
it  were  opening  and  expanding  in  Spain,  France,  Italy,  and 
England,  being  carried  there  by  the  fwarms  that  iffued  from  the 
North.  It  is  in  reality  this  fame  fpirit,  reduced  afterwards 
yvithin  jufter  bounds,  that  has  been  produdive  of  that  polite 
gallantry  fo  peculiarly  obfervable  in  our  manners,  which 
adds  a  double  reliih  to  the  moft  pleafing  of  all  focial  bands^ 
which  unites  the  lading  charms  of  fentiment,  regard,  and 
fnendfliip,  with  the  fleeting  fire  of  love,  which  tempers 
and  animates  one  by  the  other,  adds  to  their  number, 
power,  and  duration,  and  which  cheriflies  and  unfolds  fenfibi- 
Itty,  that  mofl  choice  gift  of  Nature,  without  which  neither  de«- 
corum^  propriety,  chafte  friendfbip,  nor  true  generofity,  can  exift 
among  men.  It  would  be  needlcfs  to  prove,  that  we  are  not  in- 
debted for  this  manner  of  thinking  to  the  ancibnt  Romans.  We 
may  appeal  fof  this  to  all  wl}0  know  any  thing  of  their  charac* 
|cr/ 

We  could  gladly  take  notice  of  what  M<mf.  Mallet  bath  faid 
concerning  the  antiquity  of  the  Runic  letters  ^  but  we  mud 
cooclude  ihe  prefent  article,  i^ben  we  have  obferved,  that  we 
have  here^  wl|at  is  very  uncommon,  a  tranflation  preferable  to 
the  original.  This  is  owing,  not  merely  to  the  fidelity  and  ele- 
gance with  which  it  is  executed,  but  to  the  valuable  additions 
and  notes  made  by  the  Tranflator,  tending  either  to  correal  the 
miftakes,  or  farther  to  confirm  and  illuftrate  the  fentiments  of 
his  Author. 

Art.  II.  Litters  to  tbo  Honouratk  Mr.  Judice  Blackftone^ 
unarm/ig  his  Expojkion  oftbt  A&  of  Toltratian^  and  firm  Poji^ 
tions  reUaivi  to  nligious  Ukirty^  in  bis  cekbraied  Commmtaries 
§n  tbi  Utws  of  England.  By  Philip  Furneaux,  D.  D.  The 
Ibcond  Edition,  with  Additions^  and  an  Appendix.  8vo. 
4s.fewed.    Cadell.     1771. 

SINCE  tl|e  firft  publication  of  thefc  Letters,   Mr.  Juftice 
Blackftone  has  favoured  the  world  with  a  new  edition  of  hi$ 
faluable-Commentaries^  in  which  he  hath  made  cpnftderable  aU 

■  ' tyraiiofi^ 


lS8  FuroeauxV  Ltiters  ic  Jufiia  Blackflone. 

terations  in  fome  of  the  moft  obnoxious  paflages  chat  had  bMi 
objcded  to  by  Dr.  Priefiley  and  Dr,  Furncaux.  This  he  had 
promifed  to  Dr.  Prieftley ;  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  but  that 
Dr.  Furneaux's  accuratCf  judicious^  and  candid  obfervations 
have  contributed  to  lead  the  learned  Judge  into  a  reviewr  of  hit 
ientimentS)  and  a  change  of  his  language.  Where  the  correc- 
tions are  of  fuch  a  nature  as  totally  to  remove  the  caufea  of  com- 
plaint. Dr.  Furntaux  takes  notice,  that  the  reader  will  confider 
him,  in  that  ca(i^,-4is  not  now  writing  againft  Mr.  Juftice  Black- 
ftone,  but  a^inft  any  other  perfon  who  may  happen  to  hold 
er^vancet&fentiaients  which  that  gentleman  before  feemed 
Wefpoufe. 

There  are  ftill,  however,  fome  material  quefiions  between 
them,  nor  have  the  alterations  of  the  able  and  worthy 'Judge 
been  always  made  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to  render  what  he  hath 
(aid  wholly  unexceptionable.  Several  inftances  of  this  kind  are 
pointed  out  by  our  Author,  and  he  has  added  a  poftfcript,  of 
more  than  twenty  paees,  to  his  fourth  letter,  occafioned  by  Mr« 
Juftice  Blackftone's  fttll  continuing  to  vindicate,  though  in  dif- 
ferent expreffions,  the  cla'ufe  in  the  A&  of  Nonconformity^ 
I  Kliz.  c.  a*  S  9.  againft  declaring,  or  fpeaking  any  thing  in 
open  words,  in  derogation  or  depraving  of  the  Liturgy.  As  Sir 
William  thinks  that  the  continuance  of  this  claufe  to  this  ttme» 
in  iirronm  at  Uaft^  is  not  too  fevere  or  intolerant ;  Dr»  Furneaux 
hflth  taken  occafion,  among  other  obfervations,  to  make  the 
following  excellent  remarks  upon  the  unreafonablenefs,  injuftic^ 
and  cruelty  of  laws  in  Urrcrem.  - 

<  Such  laws,  fays  he,  cannot,  I  think,  be  confidered  as^  tkm 
offspring  of  political  wifdom,  fo  much  as  of  an  arbitrary  and 
tyrannical  dir^>ofition  :  for  the  laws  of  a  wife  ftate  ihould  only 
be  fuch,  if  I  am  not  miftaken,  as  may  be  carried  into  effeft, 
with  reafon  and  juftice.  The  common  law  of  England,  in  par-^ 
ticuidr.  is  the  voice  of  reafon;  and  iu  ftatutcs  Ihould  always 
fpeak  t'K  fame  language. 

*  It  is  not  fufficient  to  allege*  that  thefe  laws  are  made  only 
in  t^rorem:  an  allegation,  1  fay,  which  can  never  vindicate 
them,  for  this  obvious  reafon,  becaufe  they  never  conutn  ia 
them  a  declaration,  that  they  are  made  only  in  t4rr9rem*  In* 
deed  if  they  did,  they  would  abfolutely  defeat  their  own  inten- 
tion. That  fuch  laws  are  not  executed  therefore,  and  that  ads 
of  feverity  and  cruelty  are  not,  in  confequence  of  them,  and 
under  their  fan£lion,  committed,  is  not  at  all  owing  to  the  laws 
rhemfclves,  but  foleiy  to  the  fpirit  of  the  times ;  and  the  laws 
themfelves  are  neither  better  nor  worfe,  becaufe  they  do  not 
happen  to  be  executed.  To  form,  therefore,  a  right  judgmoat 
concerning  them,  we  fhould  examine  them  as  to  what  they  are 
in  their  own  nature,  and  on  fuppoiUion  they  will  be  executed  ; 

and 


Fumeaux'i  LeHers  i$  Jufitu  Bkckfioni.  it^ 

waA  a{qprove  or  condeom  tbem  a$  they  appear  in  this  view,  to  hb 
dtter  rcafonable  or  otberwife*  Suppofe  a  profecution  is  com- 
flieoced,  ifaat  the  law  hath  its  courfe,  and  the  penalty  is  inflidb- 
cd  ;  the  proper  queftion  is.  What  fliall  we  think  of  the  law  in 
thdbcirciiia^buiGes?  And  in  the  cafe  before  us,  where  the  pe« 
Baity  as  oii»  hundred  marks  for  the  &ft  offmce,  four  hundred 
for  the  fecond,  and  forfeiture  of  goods  and  chattels  and  impri*/ 
ioBment  for  life  for  the  third  oiFence,  of  fpeaking,  in  open 
wordsy  in  derogntioA  of  the  Common  Prayer;  I  believe,  on^ 
iiippofitiQn  of  the  afiual  infli^on  of  this  penalty,  efpecially  ia 
die  la£k  inftance,  I  may  fafely  appeal  to  the  moft  zealous  parti<^ 
zan  of  the  eftahliflied  liturgy,  whether  there  is  any  proportioQ 
between  the  punilfament  and  the  crime. 

<  fiefides,  the  Subjed  Ibould  always  be  able  to  learn  his  con- 
dition under  any  law,  from  the  law  itfelf  i  and  not  be  obliged  tcr 
leciir,  for  this  purpofe,  to  confideracions  wholly  foreign  to  it> 
fucfa  as  the  fpirit  of  the  times,  and  the  chance  that  it  will  no| 
be  cicecaied.  This  is  not  being  under  the  government  of  law, 
noder  a  known  and  equitable  rule;  it  is  being  at  mercy,  it  it 
beiag  fubjed  to  fortuitous  events,  of  whieh  no  eftimate  can  be 
taken.  Now  every  law  is  unreafonable  which  leaves  the  Sub- 
jeA  in  a  condttsoo  fo  inftcure :  every  law  deferves  to  be  con- 
demned, which  brings  the  infU£tion  of  an  unreafonable  and  dif« 
proportionate  punifiiment,  within  the  power  of  every  one  wh^ 
takes  upon  him  to  be  an  informer  or  profecutor ;  and  which  af- 
fords therefore  no  fecurity  from  injuftice  and  oppreffion  (for 
every  penal^.  more  fevere  than  the  o&nce  deferves,  is,  in  pro- 
portion, unjuft  and  oppreffive) ;  I  fiiy,  every  fuch  law  fliould  be 
exploded,  as.  leaves  no  ground  of  exemptioa  from  injuftice  and 
oppreffion,  but  the  bare  prefumption  that  there  will  be  no  profev 
cutor,  and  confequefitly  that  the  law  will  not  be  executed^ 
which  really  amouDts  to.  this  very  bad  copapliment  upon  the  law, 
that  tbe  people  will  dtfcern  the  iniquity  of  it,  and  have  more 
wiidom  and  moderation  than  thofe  who  enaded  it*  However, 
it  muft  be  confefied,  this  is  not  always  to  be  expe<^d ;  and 
tfanefore  (to  ufo  your  own  fervent  expreflions  concerning  tbe 
Jaws  in  tirramn  againft  the  Papists),  *'  it  ought  not  to  be  left 
in  tbe  breaft  of  every  mercitefs  bigot,  to  drag  down  vengeance 
•f  thofe  occafioaal  laws  upon  inoifonfive,  though  miftaken  fob- 
je£b>;  in  oppofition  to  the  lenient  iiKlinations  of  the  civil  map- 
giftrate,  and  to  the  deftru£tian  of  evefy  principle  of  toleration 
and  rdigiotts  liberty"/ 

fiefide  tbe  particular  occafions  which  Mr.  Juftice  Blackftoner 
baa  afforded  for  introducing  feveral  alterations  and  additions  in 
the  work  before  us.  Dr.  Furneaux  hath  embraced  the  opportui^ 
mty  of  his  fecond  edition  to  make  fuch  other  enlargements  as  a^e 
fiafiable  tohia^generaldeTign^  The  notes  be  bach  added  are  nu- 
merous 


f  90  FurheauxV  Liturs  to  J^ia  Slactfi^ni. 

iherouS)  and  foihe  of  them  of  cbnfiderable  lehgth ;  par tfcUlafljr 
two,  in  anfwer  to  Mr.  Soame  Jenyns's  remarks  upon  eftabKfii«> 
ments,  in  his  letters  concerning  Evil,  and  to  Mr.  Foifter's  late 
Vifitation-fermon  at  Chelmsford. 

The  Appendix  contains  authentic  copies,  poUifbed  by  per« 
fkiiflioh^  of  the  arguments  of  the  late  Mr.  Juftice  Fofter  in  the' 
court  of  Judges  Delegates,  and  of  the  fpeech  of  Lord  Mansfield 
in  the  Houfe  of  Lords,  in  the  caufe  between  the  city  of  London 
and  the  Diilenters.  To  attempt  an  abridgment  of  thefe  excel* 
lent  performances,  would  be  doing  them  a  'manifeft  injuftice; 
but  our  Readers  will  think  themfelves  obliged  to,  us,  for  tran* 
feribing  Lord  Mansfidd's  fpirited  fentimencs  concerning  tolera- 
tion, and  religious  liberty,  in  general 

*  Confcience  is  not  controulable  by  human  laws,  nor  amen- 
able to  human  tribunals.  Perfecution,  or  attempts  to  force 
confcience,  will  never  produce  convictions  and  are  only  calcu- 
lated to  make  hypocrites  or— martyrs. 

^  My  Lords,  there  never  was  a  Angle  inflrance,  from  the 
Saxon  times  down  to  our  own,  in  which  a  man  was  ever  pti- 
nilhed  for  erroneous  opinions  concerning  rites  or  modes  of  wor- 
flltp,  but  upon  fome  pofitive  law.  The  common  Law  of  Eng- 
land, which  is  only  common  reafon  or  ufage,  knows  of  no  pro** 
fecution  for  mere  opinions.  For  athdfm,  blafphemy,  and  re- 
viling the  Chriftian  religion,  there  have  been  indances  of  per- 
fons  profecuted  and  puniflied  upon  the  common  law;  but  b^re 
nonconformity  is  no  fin  by  the  common  law :  and  all  pofitive 
laws,  inflicting  any  pains  or  penalties  for  nonconformity  to  the 
eftabli{hed  rites  or  modes,  are  repealed  by  the  A£t  of  Tolera* 
tion ;  and  Diflenters  are  thereby  exempted  from  all  ecclefiaftical 
cenfures. 

*  Wbatblood(hed  and  confufion  have  been  occafioned»  from 
the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  when  the  firft  penal  ftatutes  were  enad- 
ed,  down  to  tile  Revolution,  in  this  kingdom,  by  laws  made  to 
force  confcience  I  There  is  nothing  certainly  more  uiireaifon- 
able,  more  inconfiflent  with  the  rights  of  human  nature,  more 
contrary  to  the  fpirit  and  precepts  of  the  Chriftian  religion,  more 
iniquitous  and  uniuft,  more  impolitic,  than  perfecution.  It  is 
againft  natural  religion,  revealed  religion,  and  found  policy. 

^  Sad  experience,  and  a  large  mind,  taught  that  great  man  the 
Prefident  De  Thouj  this  doArine.  Let  any  man  read  the  many 
admirable  things  which,  though  a  Papift,  he  hath  dared  to  ad- 
vance upon  the  fubje£t,  in  the  dedication  of  his  hiftory  to  Harry 
*he  fourth  of  France  (which  I  never  read  without  rapture),  and 
he  will  be  fully  convinced,  not  only  how  cruel,  but  how  in^- 
politic  it  is  to  perfecute  for  religious  opinions.  I  am  forry,  that 
of  late  his  countrymen  have  begun  to  open  their  eyes,  fee  their 
f  rror^  and  adopt  bis  fentiments ;  I  fliguUl  not  have  broke  my 

6  hear( 


FrH  and  wnHd  Difqu^ion  tn  urigi^us  EfiMflmuHU^  He.    i^f 

beart  (I  hope  I  ma^  fay  fo  without  breach  of  Chriftian  charity), 
if  France  had  continued  to  cberifh  the  Jefuits,  and  to  perfecute 
the  Hugooots.  There  was  no  occailon  to  revoke  the  edidl  of 
Nantz ;  the  Jefuks  needed  only  to  have  advifed  a  plan  fimilar  to 
what  is  contended  for  in  the  prefent  cafe,  make  a  law  to  render 
them  incapable  of  <^ce»  make  another  to  punifli  them  for  not 
finding.  If  they  accept,  punifli  them  (for  it  is  admitted  on  all 
hands,  that  the  Defendant  in  the  caufe  before  your  Lordihips  is 
profiecutable  for  taking  the  office  upon  him) :  if  they  accept, 
puniih  them;  if  they  refufe,  puniih  them:  if  they  fay  yes,  pu-> 
viSkk  them  I  if  they  fay  no,  puniih  them,    . 

^  My  Lords,  this  is  a  moft  exquifite  dilemma,  from  which 
there  is  noefcaping }  it  is  a  trap  a  man  cannot  get  out  of;  it  is 
as  bad  pcrfecutton  as  that  of  Procrufies :  if  they  are  too  ihort, 
fketch  them ;  if  they  are  too  long,  lop  them*  Small  would 
have  been  their  coniblacion,  to  have  been  gravely  told,  I'he 
tdiA  of  Nantz  is  kept  inviolable }  you  have  the  full  benefit  of 
diat  Ad  of  Toleration,  you  may  take  the  facrament  in  your  own 
way  with  impunity;  you  are  not  compelled  to  go  to  mafs.  Was 
this  cafe  but  told  in  the  city  of  London  as  of  a  proceeding  in 
FratiGe,  how  would  they  exclaim  againft  the  jefuitical  diftinc- 
tion?  And  yet  in  truth  it  comes  from  themfelvcsi  the  Jefuits 
never  thought  of  it :  when  they  meant  to  profccxite,  their  hSt  of 
Toleration,  the  Edidlof  Nanu,  was  repealed/ 

Few  of  our  Readers,  we  prefume,  need  to  be  informed  that 
the  Diiienters  proved  vidorious  in  this  memorable  conteft  with 
she  city  of  London,  which  was  terminated  on  the  4th  of  Fe- 
bruary, 1767,  by  the  unanimous  judgment  of  the  floufe  of 
Lofds,  in  favour  of  Allen  Evans,  Efq;  the  defendant  in  the 
caufe. 

Art.  IIL  A  fine  and  candid  Difqulfition  en  religious  EJlabliJhmentf 
in  ^eneraly  and  the  Church  of  England  in  particular.  Occaftoned 
hf  a  yijitc/iiw  Sermon  preached  at  Chelmsford^  May  22,  1770. 
7i  which  is  prefixed^  an  Anfwer  to  a  Letter  from  a  Clergyman^ 
€mceming  Subfcfiptien  to  the  Thirty-nine  Articles  of  tin  Church  of 
England,    8vo.     is.  6d.     White.     I77X* 

THE  (ermon  which  gave  rife  to  the  prefent  pamphlet  was 
mentioned  in  our  lift  **,  with  a  (hort  remark  upon  it,  as 
the  performance  of  a  fenfible  Writer,  who  does  juftice  to  his. 
fide  of  the  quefiion ;  nor  {hould  we  have  taken  farther  notice  of 
it,  if  it  had  not  been,  in  this  manner,  called  forth  again  to  the 
obfervation  of  the  public.  We  do  think  it  a  fenfible  and  in* 
genious  difcourfe,  though  we  have  never  imagined  that  it  was 

•  See  lift  of  Single  Sermons  in  the  Rev.  for  Jaly,  1770. 

r  unan- 


191     'Prie  and  cdndU  Dlfqmfalon  on  nligms  E/laU!Jtmmi  C^r« 

Dnanfwerable,  or  that  it  was  fufficient  to  prove  an<L  eftabitA 
the  point  which  the  Author  had  in  view.     Some  other  Writer 
is  here  of  the  fame  opinion,  and  undertakes,  in  a  candid  and 
\  handfome  manner,   to  controvert  fome  of  Mr.  Fprfter's  pa(i« 

tions  •,  at  the  fame  time  making  (as  perfons  reaUy  enga^;ed  in 
the  fearcb  of  truth  will  generally  do)  all  due  and  prober  ac- 
knowledgment as  to  the  merits  of  the  fermon. 

In  the  previous  letter,  addreiTed  to  a  clergy man»  it  ia  faid^ 
*  The  ingenuity  (hewn  in  the  compofition  is  jufUy  admired  1 
and,  whatever  defeds  and  infirmities  the  argument  may  labour 
under,  it  certainly  wants  not  thofe  ornaments  of  ftyle,  temper^, 
and  moderation,  which  give  it  refped  even  with  thofe  who 
may  judge  it  to  be  inconclufive,  or  involve  confequences  un« 
favourable  to  religious  liberty.  >Your  correfpondent  is  indeed 
one  who  fo  judges  of  it :  and  the  more  meritorious  the  per- 
formance is  in  tho/i  refpeds,  fo  much  the  more  neccfiary  he 
efteems  it  to  remark  its  deficiency  in  this  refpe£t.  For  wheee 
there  is  an  apparent  want  of  candour,— where  rudenefs  pre* 
vails — where  mcannefsof  defign  is  confpicuous,  or  the  tendencjr 
of  the  argument  palpably  bad,  the  reafoning  of  the  Writer  will  be' 
the  lefs  regarded  ; — ^and  confequently,  if  fallacious,  the  le£i  will 
it  need  or  deferve  a  refutation.  And  you  will  do  me  no  more 
than  juftice,  Sir,  in  attributing  the  developement  of  this  gen- 
tleman's argument  to  my  concern,  left  error,  availing  herfelf  of 
fo  decent  and  comely  a  garb,  ibould  longer  <<  lie  in  wait  to  de- 
ceive." Without  ftopping  to  enquire  whether  this  laft  fentence 
is  not  rather  more  harfh  than  the  Author  intended,  we  proceed 
to  lay  before  our  Readers  fome  of  his  obfervations. 
*  The  fubjed  of  national  eftablilhments  in  religion^  is  ex- 

tremely delicate,  and  attended  with  confiderable  difficulty.  It 
appears  to  be  right  that  in  forming  public  communities,  fome  care 
ihould  be  uled  for  preferving  or  advancing  religionf  but  how 
far  ihis  care  ihould  extend,  and  what  fteps  ought  to  be  taken 
for  this  purpofe,  is  a  nice  and  intricate  queftion.  Certainly 
great  wifdom  and  prudence,  as  well  as  humanity,  and  a  jiearty 
concern  for  the  true  interefls  of  mankind,  are  abfolutely  requi- 
fite  in  conducing  an  afFair  of  this  kind  in  any  fuitable  manner. 
Mr.  Forfter  endeavours  to  (hew,  '^  That  religious  liberty  is 
conrtiient  with  an  eftablifliment  of  religion ;  and  that  it  wi(I, 
if  fuch  eftablifhment  be  founded  upon  rational  and  liberal  prin- 
ciplrs*,  be  moft  eflFed^ualiy  guarded  and  fupported  by  it."  Our 
Author  docs  not  controvert  either  of  thcfe  aflertlons,  for  btf 
thinks  them  demonftrable  ;  but  he  alfo  thinks  that  Mr.  Forded 
has  failed  in  his  proof,  and  that  religious  liberty,  in  its  true 
notion,  is  not  confident  with  the  principles  on  which  he  endea- 
vours to  fupport  thefe  aflfcrtions.    The  fenfible  Preacher  ar* 


f : ■ 

I  Thei  ani  candid  DTfquiJrtion  m  religkus  EJlablifimenis^  i^c.    1 93 

gaes«  that  **  Though  all  opmidn — is  out  of  the  prqviiy:e  of 

human  authority,  and  ought  to  be  abfoluteiy  free»  yet  the  con-  ' 

fi»iuences  of  fuch  opinion  to  civil  fociety  and  the  public  bappi* 

ndts,  are  clearly  within  the  bounds  of  civil  regulation  aiid  legal 

oootrotil ;  and-^thslt  every  ftate  has  a  right  to  prevent  the  iil 

imfopuHces  of  free  opinioit  in  matters  of  religion/'    His  op«» 

pofer  acknowledges,  that  <  if  in  matters  of  religion,  the  full 

and  free  enjoyment  of  one's  owi|  opinion  be  attended  with  any 

ill  confequences  to  civil  fociety,  thofe  coafequences  fall,  within 

the  bounds  of  civil  regulation. — >But  then^  fays  he,  it  muft  not 

be  granted,  till  it  be  ftewn^  that  any  ill  confeqiiences  can  flovr 

from  free  opinion  in  the  matter  of  religion,  to  civil  fociety :  aiid 

while  this  remains  unproved^  Mr,  Forfter  may  be  contending^ 

for  a  right  to  the  ftate  which  has  no  obje£t  for  the  exercife  of  it.^ 

Farther,  whereas  Mr.  Forfter  had  fatd,  that  ^  mankind  have  moft 

"^  feverely  felt  the  fetal  effeds  of  a  fanatic  zeal^  infpired  and  jufti-^ 

I  fied  by  bigot  principles  of  religion,  upon  the  peace  and  happi* 

'  nefs  of  fociety ;'  his  antagonift  allows  that  thefe  are  dreadful 

I         Mis,  which  come  properly  under  the  cognizahct  of  the  niagi- 

t  ftrate,  ^  but  how,  be  pleads,  are  they  the  confequences  oi  free 

opinion  ?  they  are  ^z  fatal  tfftSls  of  a  fanatic  zeai  .  This  is  the 

fource  according  to  the  preacher's  own  account,  from  whenct 

tfaefe  difofders  and  miferies  have  been  derived  to  mankind.   Un« 

\di%  fanaticifm^  therefore,  and  frudom  of  opinion  in  religion,  be 

|be  fame  thing,  they  are  not  juftly  attributed  to  the  latter.   Noc 

;         fliottld  I,  adds  the  Writer,  go  too  far  in  .drying  Mr.  Forfter'a 

\ ,        title  to  his  conclufion,  feven  if  he  had  clearly  ihewn  fotiie  ilLcoa- 

I  .       Sequences  attendaht  on  freedom  9f  opinion*  unlefs  he  bad  alfo 

demonftrated  the  pofjibiliiy  of  preventing  thofe  confequences,, 

without  reftrainirig  opinion  itfeif,  whith  ^^  ought  to  be  alfoiutefy 

tree. 

The  Author  of  the  fermon  has  freely  declared,  t;bat  *•  religious 
eftabli&ments  in  general  have  been  produAive  o{  moredifmai  ef-i 
fe^  to  fociety  and  mankind,   than  could  poffibly  have  arifen  - 
^         from  an  abfolute  difregard  to  all  religious  opinion  by  thi  civil 
poiwcr^  and  a  total  filence  of  the  law  upon  that  head."    As  aa 
efl^ual  giiard,  he  has  therefore  propofed,  <*  to  eftablilh  b^  Um 
a  national  religion,  and  at  the  fame  time  to  admit  ahd  tolerate 
in  the  largeft  fenfe  every  confcientious  diflent  from  it."     Tbo 
Writer  of  the  pattiphlet  confiders  this  fenteAce  as  *  full  of  atnbi* 
I         guity,'  and  employs  hb  fecond  fe£lion  chiefly  upoA  it.     Tha 
\         word  confcientious  is  particularly  and  Juftly  objedied  to,  though  be. 
'         may  poffibly  extend  his  reflediohs  farther  than  Mr^  Forfter  had 
defied  :  but  it  is  very  requifite  to  fpeak  and  write  with  preci«« 
fionon  To  delicate  and  momentous  a  fubjedl.     ^  Such  only,  fays 
he,  as  are  not  ionfcrehiious  in  their  diflent  are  excluded  the  bene- 
fit of  toleration;     Thefc  faiKSions  then  rcfpcd  the  ionf^ienas  of 
Rev.  March  1771.  O  men. 


194  ^^^^  ^^^  candid  Dlfjuljiuon  an  reTtgious  EflablifimeMs^  iie» 

men..  The  guard  is  over  confcimce  itfelf.**— But  laws  of  this  ns^ 
tun  cannot  operate  as  a  guard  or  fecurity  to  the  eftabli(hnieitf». 
without  an  inqmJSiorial SLUthoriiy  over  confctence.  And  if  the 
magiftrate  may  make  inquiGtion  into  the  cooTciences  of  his  dtf-^: 
ienting  fubjedts  (and  without.it  he  caniM>t  know  who  of  theia 
ape  proper  obje&s  of  tcderation),  fuch  an  authority  muft  necef^ 
farily  fubjed  confcientious  opinbn  to  penalty  and  ptun/hmint.?-^ 
A  confequence  which  we  aiTure  ourfelves  was  not  02^70/  by  Mr* 
Fcrfter,  but  which,  as  he  was  fully  aware  that  it  might  be  ob^ 
JR&ed  to  his  plan,  he  ought  to  have  obviated  (and  certainly 
would^  if  be  had  found  it  poffible),  more  fatisfadorily^  than  by 
merely  difclaiming  it,  **  as  a  violation  of  the  firft  principles  of 
chat  contra£t  upon  which  civil  fociety  is  founded,  and  an  invad« 
ijig  and  trampling  under  foot  the  moft  facred  rights  of  huma- 
nity/'- This  declaration,  we  willingly  admit  as  a  proof  of  Mr« 
Forfter's  oWn  moderation,  but  it  leaves  the  confequence  where  it 
Ivas,  and  the  autliority  of  the  magiftrate  to  bear  a  mofl  maltg-« 
nant  afpefl  upon  the  rights  of  confcience. — So  that  a  wdl-con- 
fiituted  ftate,  if  it  muft  hsLVcfome  (and  it  is  reafonable  it  (hould 
have  tht  Jirongifi)^  fecurity  to  its  religious  eftablifhrnent,  wilt 
not  demand  a  fecurity  of  this  nature*  It  will  be  the prots^cr  of  * 
every  man's  confcience,  and  not  his  inquijitorj 

In  the  third  fedion,  our  Author  pleads,  the  right  to  an  tfiud 
and  impartial  protedion  by  law  in  the  matter  of  religion,  in 
Ivhich  he  ftill  keeps  in  view  what  has  been  urged  by  Mr  Forfter^ 
♦  The  Uw,  fays  he^  may  operate,  and  operate  jujiifiably^  to^  . 
wards  preferving  the  eftabliOiment  from  violence,  by  puniilhing 
any  that  dare  to  moleft  the  profeflbrs  of  the  eftablifhed  mode  of 
religion  in  the  quiet  and  peaceable  poflefEon  of  the  fame.*— But 
then,  if  every  individual  in  the  ftate  be  abfolutely  free  in  the 
choice  and  exercife  of  his  own  mode,  though  diiFering  from  the 
eftabl idled  one,  he  is  as  free  in  that  refpe£t^  as  a  profeiTor  of  the 
eftabiiihed  moder^if  be.  He  is  not,  however,  equally  and  as  oi- 
filutily  free,  unlefs  he  hi  equally  and  as  abfolutely  protefied  by* 
law. — On  the  other  hand,  if  he  enjoys  equally  with  the  members 
of  theeftablifhrnent,  prote<Slion  by  law  in  the  choice  and  in  the 
exercife  of  his  own  mode  of  religion,  then  we  are  ftill  at  a  lofs 
to  know  what  can  be  meant  hy/ecuring  theeftablilhed  religion  by 
)egai  fan(Stions,  or  which  of  the  different  modesof  religipn  pro* 
feired  is  moft  intitled  to  the  name  of  the  ejlablijhed  religion  in  a 
community,  where  they  are  all  equally  prote&ed  and  guarded  by 
law* 

'  This  refers  to  what  had  been  faid  in  tbe  fermon  upon  this  part 
of  the  (ubje<d,  and  therefore  the  Writer  thus  proceeds,  •  Is  thta, 
then  (meaning  the  laft,  mentioned  above) /a^^  an  eftablifliment 
of  religion  as  Mr.  Forfter  would  plead*  for  f  If  I  had  .reafon  to 
think  it  was,  be  (hould  not  have  found  me  among  the  oppofers 

oE 


Free  and  candid  Difquifiticn  on  religious  EJiMiJhments^  l^c.    195 

of  his  plan ^a  plan  [I  am  free  to  declare  my  judgment  of  it] 

founded  in  the  natural  principles  of  jujiice  and  equity^  as  well  as' 
in  the  undoubted  principles  of  our  common  Chri/tiimUy ; — a  plan 
fimpit^  but  extenjhe-y  not  vtfionary^  but  obvioufly  rational',  nor 
k(s pra^icaik  in  a  community,  where  the  legiflative  body  are^«- 
cmfy  in  the  interefts  of  religious  freedom,  than  it  is  favourable 
to  the  fame/     But  this,  we  are  told,  is  widely  different  front 
that  which  is  contended  for — ^an  eftabliihment,  the  end  of  ^hich 
is  the  prevention  of  certain  ill  confequences  apprehended  to  flow 
from  that  very  freedom  in  religion,  which  it  is  fuppofed  to  en- 
courage and  fupport — an  eftablifhment,  the  fecurity  of  which  is 
to  coniifl  in  preventing  **  the  ill  efFefls  of  the  peculiar  opinions"* 
ofdiflenters,  and  that  <<  by  excluding  them  from  offices  of  power 
and  influence  in  the  government;"  whereas^  on  the  plan  above 
meationed,  no  one  peculiar  mode  of  religion  is  eftabliflied  by 
law;  no  fecurity  againft  violence  required  in  behalf  of  «;z/mode^ 
which  is  not  required  in  behalf  of  any  other.     In  (hort^  on  this 
j^lan  the  ftate  doth  not  defend  and  fecure  by  law  one  peculiar 
mode  of  religion,  and  leave  the  profefTors  of  every  other  mode  to 
defend  their  own  religion,  as  they  may,  without  law^  "  by  the  . 
weapons  of  reafon  and  argument  only.*^    Thefe  laft  words  are 
applied  in  the  fermon  to  thofe  who  difl!ent  from  the  eftablifh*^ 
ibent,  who  it  is  allowed  are  to  remain  free  in  the  choice  and  ex* 
ercife  of  their  religion :  under  certain  reftraints  as  to  offices  of 
power  and   influence :    •'  The  weapons  of  reafph  and  argu- 
ment," it  is  added  in  Mr.Forfter's  difcourfe,  "  the  only  wcapcihs 
they  can   claim  to  ufe  on  this  occafion,  are  left  free  and  uti* 
touched  in   their  hands :  and  upon  this  equal  ground  they  may 
form  their  ftrongeft  attacks." 

The  Difquifitor  confiders  his  fubjefl  as  becoming  rather  deli- 
cate, when  he  is  led  by  the  fermon  to  apply  what  had  before  becrt 
general  to  the  edablimment  of  out  own  country.    He  is  appreben- 
five,  on  the  one  hand,  that  in  queftloning  the  reafonablenefs  of 
that  fecurity  which  our  eftablifliment  requires,   he  may  appear 
to  fome  as  a  favourer  of  thofe  who  are  unthankful  for  thatmea« 
fure  of  religious  liberty  which  under  a  mild  government  ihey 
aftually  enjoy;  and  on  the  other  hand  in  waving  all  difcuffion  of 
the  poi  n  r,  h  e  nnay  be  thought  to  (hew  a  greater  regard  to  appearances ^ 
than  to  truth.,     *  This  latter  imputation,  he  lays,  I  will  Not 
fall  under.      And  in  venturing  my  fentiments  on  the  inftancc  be- 
fore us^  I  may  reafonably  hope  to  cfcapc  the  former,  if  I  arti  be- 
lieved to  be  fincereirt  declaring,  that  though  I  confider  not  our 
ecclcfiaftical  conftitution  as  free  frorti  imperfedions,  yet  I  not 
only  judge  it  to  be  the  bdft  of  religious  ejiablijhments  at  this  day 
fiibfifting, .but  I  alfo  think  the  mode  of  religion  which  it  has 
adopted   f^r    preferable,    upon  the  whole,-  to  any  other  in  ufe 

O  2  athon^ 


i(^(),Frte  and  candid  DiJferiaiUn  on  reUgtous  EfiahUJbfnenis^  t^ct 

among  dijfeniers  \  ,oi  i\it  v^x\o^xs  modes  at  leaft  which  are  pro-. 
fefTed  in  this  free  country,  I  know  not  that  one  1  would  wi(h 
to  be  eftabliftied  in  its  ftead/ 

Mr.  Forftcr  having  faid,  that  our  eftablifliment  «<  requirci 
onlyy  that  thofewho  profeft  to  difient  from  its  dodrines,  (hall  be 
excluded  from  offices  of  power  and  influence  in  the  government," 
it  is  remarked  in  the  pamphlet,  <  This,  I  fear,  is  a  more  fa- 
vourable reprefentation  of  the  ecclefiaftical  conftitution  of  our 
own  country,  than  will  be  allowed  to  be  juft.  It  ferves,  how- 
ever, to  {hew  Mr.  Former's  own  moderation;  and  leaves  room 
[  to  hope,  that  on  finding  the  do&rines  of  the  church  fecured  by 

other  more  rigid  fan3ions  of  law,  which  have  hitherto  efcaped 
his  knowledge,  than  this  of  a  mere  exclufion  from  public  offices^ 
he  will  wifli  its  reform^  and  be  inclined  to  abet,  with  his  literary 
abilities  and  influence,  thofe  of  his  brethren  who  are  engaged  ia 
the  CAUSE.*     The  Writer  proceeds  to  a(k,  Whether,  fuppofmg 
the  eftabli(hment  required  only  fuch  fecurity  as  had  been  men- 
tioned, fuch  a  requirement  be  confident  with  ahfoluttfradom^ 
in  the  profeflion  and  exercife  of  his  own  mode  of  religion,  ta 
which  everv  individual  in  a  ftate  is  intitled  ?     And  fmce  the  fer- 
rnon  has  aavanced,  as  a  reafon  for  excluding  thofe  who  diflent^ 
from  offices  of  power  and  influence,  that  their  admii&on  would 
bring  *'  danger  to  that  mode  of  religion  which  the  conftitutioa 
h:>s   adopted   and  made   its  own,'*   he  therefore  anfwer^  bis 
queflton  in  the  negative,  fince,  we  are  told,  ^  the  admiffion  of 
the  members  of  the  eftablifliment  into  thefe  Situations  (i.  e,  into 
ofiices)  renders  ^i«V -opinions  equally  dangeroi^s  to  the  mode  of 
religion  adopted    by  dtffinters  \    and  thus—*  diflenters,  in  the 
matter  of  religion,  {hare  not  an  equal  protedion  by  law  with  the 
profcflrrs  of  the  eflablifhed  Crecd.^— 'Till  it  can  therefore  be 
fhewn,  that  power  and  influence  in  the  government  is,  in  the 
fiands  of  church-men  alone,  moPe  fafe  for  the  interefls  of  religi- 
ous liberty,  than  it  would  be;  if  mared  in  common  with  their 
diflenting  brethren  (and  only  lofuppoft  it  muft  be  looked  upon  as 
partiality  in  us)  the  confiftcncy  of  the  fecurity  required  in  this 
.  jnftance  with  the  principles  of  religious  freedom  will  not  ap- 
pear.* 

In  the  fourth  fedion,  which  confiders  the  argument  in  favour 
of  religious  eftablifhrncnts  grounded  on  the  principle  of  felf-dt'^ 
fence  :ind  felf'prefervafton  in  religion,  we  read  as  follows  :  *  For 
Admitting  this  principle  of  fclf-defence  (as  it  is  caUed)  in  masters 
of  religion,  the  preacher  argues  thus  :  **  Every  ftate,  as  well  as 
every  individual,  has  a  right  to  judge  for  itfelf  in  matters  of  reli- 
gion, or  to  chufe  its  own  religion.     It  has  therefore  the  fame 

right  to  defend\K%  judgment,  and  pteferve  its  choice." Many 

perfoiis  have  been  impofed  upon  by  this  trite,  but  very  fpecious 

and 


Free  and  candii  Difqwjkton  on  rellgkus  EfialUfiments^  bfc,   197 

and  fophiilica]  argument.  In  fo  naming  it,  however, '  I  me^n 
not  to  inlinuate'that  Mr.  Forfter  made  ufe  of  it  with  anv  defign 
of  impofing  upon  his  readers.  I  believe  him  to  be  himfelf  impo- 
fed  upon,  not  aware  of  the  fophifm.  Bnt  it  confifts  in  this,  s;/z. 
!n  applying  the  argument  to  a  ftate  conftdcred  with  refpe£f  to  it' 
felfox  its  own  numbtrsy  which  holds  only  when  applied  to  a  ftate 
confiderod  with  refpi£f  to  any  other Jiatt.  Every  ftate,  confidered 
in  the  latter  refped,  as  well  as  every  individual,  has  a  right  to 
chufe  its  own  religion,  alfo  to  </^ff^/ its  judgment,  and  puferve 
its  choice,  by  any  laws. — For  in  doing  this  it  exercifeth  no  ju- 
rif3i£^ion,  claimeth  no  authority  over,  nor  any  way  interfereth 
with  the  rights  of  any  0/i^r  ftate. — But  this  argument  will  not 
hold  good,  when  we  come  to  apply  it.  to  a  ftate  as  it  ftands  in 
relation  to  its  own  members  only.  For  as  every  individual^  by  be- 
ing endowed  with  reafon  and  confcience,  is  a  law  unto  himfelf, 
and  confidered  as  fuch  a£leth  wrong  and  unjuftifiably^  whcp  he 
€ondu£leth  himfelf  on  vicious  maxims  and  principles,  whereby 
feme  part  or  member  of  his  conftitution  is  dtpravcd  and  injured  \ 
io  the  body  politic  or  ftate  a6)eth  wrong  and  unjujlifiably  in  efta- 
UiQiing  laws  which  are  partial  and  oppreJive  to  any  of  its  mcm^ 
bers.  The  ftate,  as  well  as  the  individual,  it  is  true,  by  fucfi 
wrong  conduft  hurting  only  itfelf^  is  not  accountable  to  any 
atherfiate :  but  yet  being  a  law  unto  itfel/^  the  objed  and  end 
of  which  is  ever  the  prefervation  and  welfare  of  the  whole,  and 
of  every  member  in  particular;  all  the  members  mufthave  cerr 
tain  juft  claims  tipon  it,  on  which  it  can  have  no  right  to  en- 
croach.— 80  that  ^ylaie  bath  not  the  fame  right  to  eftablifli  by 
law  a  peculiar  mode  of  religion,  and  to  defend  its  choice  agaioft 
any  apprehended  danger  from  its  dijpnting  fubjeSfs^  that  an  inii- 
vidual  hzt\i  to  chufe  his  religion,  and  defend  his  choice  againft 
danger  from  tfvy  ^/^^r  individual.  Becaufe  one  individual  hath 
hot  the  fame  claims  upon  another  individual  in  religious  mat- 
ters, which  the  members  of  a  community  have  upon  thofe  who 
are  appointed  to'  guard  their  rights,  and  to  prote£t  them  in  the 
full  and  free  exercife  of  their  religion.* 

The  next  fedtion  brings  under  confidcratlon  the  long  dvbatcj 
point  of  fubfcription  to  human  fyftcms  pf  religious  forth  and  dor- 
trine.  The  fermon  has  faid,  *^  In  order  to  anfwcr  in  any  decrees 
the  great  purpofes  of  a  religious  eftabliftmient,  and  to  give  it 
its  full  effect  upon  the  minds  and  condudt  of  the  people,  it  feems 
to  be  neceflary,  tYizifucb  religion  (hould  be  ftudied  and  taught, 
its  foundations  Qpened,  its  principle3  explained,  and  m  prJ^ti- 
cal  influence  inculcated  and  enforced. — Every  ftate  mqft  in  thi-^ 
cafe  have  aright  to  demand,  that  iti  own  religion  be  taught,  and 
not  another." 

As  it  can  hardly  be  admitted ,  that  fo  able  a  writer  as  Mr, 
f  prftcr  appears  to  be,  fliould  contradift  himfelf  in  the  f;^me  dif- 

P  5  cparf?^ 


198  Fru  and  can£d  Di/quifithn  en  nllgious  EJlMjhments^  i^c$ 

^ourfe,'  it  may  pof&bly  be  thought  that  the  Author  of  the  pam-' 
phlet  prefles  in  a  degree  too  hard  upon  the  exa£t  meaning  of  ex- 
preffionSf  in  fome  of  the  queries  which  in  this  part  of  the  debate 
he  propofes.  After  other  rcfleftions,  he  afks,  *  How  is  the  de- 
mand which  Mr.  Forfter  here  pleads  for  confifttnt  with  his  nwn 
^lan  of  a  religious  ^ftabliihment  which  *^  admits  and  tolerates^ 
tn  the  largeftfenjey  every  confcientious  diffcnt  from  it  ?"  For  if 
the  flate  ftiould  cxercife  the  right  he  gives  it,  and  infift,  "  that 
iti  oum  religion,  and  not  another,  be  taught  the  people,"  all 
(diiTent,  whether  confcientious  or  otherwife,  from  the  eftabiiOied 
religion,  would,  by  fuch  a  demand,  be  moft  effeSually  pre* 
vented,  or  however  foon  fuppreffed,  inftead  of  being  admitted 
and  tolerated  in  the  largeft  fenfe.  How  is  it  confiflent  with  hia 
own  notion  of  religious  liberty,  viz.  **  That  every  man  be  pro- 
tected by  law  in  the  free  profeffion  and  exercife  of  his  religion  ?'' 
For  if  the  ftate  requires  its  ewn  mode  of  religion  only  to  be 
taught,  ivery  man  is  not  at  liberty  to  profefs  and  exercife  his 
own  religion.  Thofe  that  diflike  the  do£lrines  of  the  eftablifli- 
ment  muft,  notwithftanding,  hczrihem^  or  hear  none,  minifters 
l)eing  by  law  required  to  teach  m  other.'^How  is  fuch  a  claiai 
confident  with  the  provifo  annexed  to  the  right  of  a  flate  to  de- 
fend its  own  religion  ....  *^  Provided,  that  it  protects  every 
individual  member  in  the  full  liberty  of  enjoying  his  own  per- 
fuafion,  of  defending  it  by  reafon  and  argument,  and  of  point- 
ing out  too,  if  he  thinks  proper,  any  fuppofed  errors  or  de- 
fefts  in  the  eftabliflhed  creed  ?'*  For  a  full  liberty  to  do  this-* 
is,  in  effedt,  a  liberty  to  teach  other  do^rines  than  thofe  which 
arc  fet  forth  in  the  eftablifhcd  creed.' 

Here  Mr.  Forfter  feems  to  have  been  fomewhat  unguarded 
in  the  illuftration  he  has  ufed  in  fupport  of  his  argument,  and 
which  his  opponent  could  not  fail  to  notice .;  who  accordingly 
thus  proceeds,  *  Such  fecurity,  however,  it  is  obfcrved,  the 
ftate.  requires  in  all  fitnilar  cafes.  **  A  foldier  is  fworn  to 
obferve  the  articles  of  war.  A  judge  that  he  will  declare 
the  law  of  the  land." — But  are  thefe  cafes  at  all  fimilar  to 
the  ca(e  in  point  ?  Are  articles  of  war  of  like  nature  with 
articles  of  religion?  or  the  laws  of  the  landy  with  the  law^ 
o^ heaven? — And  can  the y^;f7z^  jurifdidion  obtain  in  matters 
of  the  moft  dtjfimilar  kind  i  or  the  right  of  exercifing  it  be, 
on  any  juft  principles  of  reafoning,  extended  to  fuch  different 
cafes?  No:  "'  Religious  opinion  is  in  itfclf  a  perfonal  con- 
fern.  It  is  therefore  out  of  the  province^  as  well  as  above 
the  power  of  civil  or  merely  human  authority."  This  is  Mr. 
Forfter's  own  obfervation.  How  then  will  he  apply  flvil  power 
and  human  authority  in  the  cafe  of  eftablifhing  articles  of  religion,! 
fo  as  that  they^  and  m  other  fhall  be  taught  the  people?  Let 
him  call  to  mind,, and  confider  well  the  following  concefSon, 
^hicb  could  not  have  been  penned  in  fuch  ample  terms,  but; 


frig  and  camSd  Difqtdjkkn  on  nligtous  EftablifinuPtts^  (^a  1 99 

under  the  fulleft  convidlion  of  its  truth  .  •  •  <<  Each  individual 
is  in  this  refpedl  ahfilutely  and  completely  a  law  unto  himfelf.  Nor 
can  any  human  auth<^rity  have  a  right  to  determim  what  a  man 
fliall  believe,  any  more  than  what  he  ihall  eat  or  drink,  or 
wherewithal  he  (hall  be  clothed/*  Now,  if  no  authority, 
merely  buman^  can  have  a  right  to  determine  what  a  man  {hall 
believe  (which  is,  in  other  words,  to  deny  a  ftate  the  right  to 
eflaUifh  by  law  a  fyftem  of  religious  faith),  no  merely  human 
^authority  can  have,  the  KiXi  farther  right  to  require  that  its  own 
determinations  refpeding  points  of  religious  faith  and  do£lrine, 
iball  be  taught  to  the- people,  and  no  other. — If  afoldier  break  an 
article  of  war,  he  is  puni(bable  for  the  ofFence,  being  amenable 
to  a  court  of  judicature  which  has  lawful  cognizance  in  the  af- 
fair, as  it  is  fanfSioned  by  the  fame  authority  that  ma^ie  the  ar- 
ticles of  war*  But,  as' no  human  authority  has  power  to  make 
one  article  of  faith,  fo  it  cannot  lawfully  amene  to  any  of  its 
courts,  any  man,  either  for  the  purpofe  of  requiring  fecurity 
for  his  religious  belief,  or  puniihing  him  as  a  delinquent  in  a 
matter  of  that  nature.' 

.  Thelaft  fe^lion  confiders  the  claim  of  a  right  to  require /^r^- 
Uflants  to  fubfcribe  human  articles  of  faith,  from  which  we  fiial} 
make  the  following  extracts  :  *  The  Chridian  religion,  fays  he, 
is  the  religion. acknowledged  in  cnefe  realms  to  be  of  divine  ori- 
ginal, and  eftabliihed  as  fuch.  That  religion^  it  is  further  ac- 
knowledged)  is  contained  in  the  writings  of  the  Old  anjd  New 
Teftament.-^They  alone  are  to  proteftants  the  rule  of  faith  and  . 
doilrine.— The  point  being  thus  brought  home,  to  ourfclves,  a^ 
frote/Iants^  the  quefiion  is,  On  what  principle:,  which  is  not 
inconfiftent  with  an  eftabliflimerit  on  this  proteftant  balls,  ihall 
the  ftate  proceed  farther  to  enjoin  an  acknowledgment  of  the 
troth  of  a  fyftematical  formulary  of  faith  and  dodrine  di(lin£l 
from  fcripture  ?  The  ftate,  we  are  told,  -'  has  a  right  to  do 
this  on  the  fame  principle,  be  it  what  it  will,  that  it  has  a  right 
to  enjoin  an  acknowledgment  of  the  fcripturcs  themfelves/'— ^ 
'^  On  the  fame  ground  that  a  ftate  eftablifheth  the  Chriflian  rer 
ligion,  it  muft  have  a  right  to  declare,  in  its  own  terms^  what 
that  religion  is,  and  to  explain  its  own  ideas  of  it."  A  ftate,  it 
(hall  be  readily  granted,  has  that  right.  But  then  it  would  not 
exercife  that  right,  but  woukt  arrogate  a  right  which  cannot  be- 
long to  it,  if  it  was  to  explain  its  own  ideas  of  theChriftlan  rc!i^ 
gion  in  any  other  manner  than  its  own  laws  warrant  it  to  do ;  tha^ 
is,  in  the  cafe  before  us,  if  it  was  ^<  to  declare  what  the  Chri- 
ftian  religioii  is,'^  by  a  fyftem  of  faith  and  do<S^rines  conceived  in 
other  terms  than  thofe  of  fcripture.  For  the  ftate  has  already  de- 
clared, and  (while  its  own  religious  eftablifhmcnt  remains  the 
ivs^)  dotCh  COQftimtiy  ^*  declare  in  its  own  terms  what  the  Chri.- 

.  0  4  ftian 


aoo  Fne  and  candid  Difquifitlnn  on  reKgms  Eftahlijhnents^  t^cl 

fiian  religion  is^*'  by  declaring,  that  it  is  contained  in  the  fcripr 
tares  and  in  them  enly,  and  has  explained  "  its  own  ideas  of  it.*^ 
*  The  ideas  //  entertains  of  the  Chriftian  rcUgion,  are  the  ideas 
vrhich  are  given  of  it  in  tht  fcriptures.  To  declare  what  the 
Chriftian  religion  is,  or  to  explain  its  own  ideas  of  it  by  any 
ether  fyfteoi,  would  be  to  ad  inconfiftently  with  its  own  efta- 
blifliment.  It  would  be  to  declare  the  Chriftian  religion  to  be 
contained  in  the  fcriptures  onfyy  and  at  the  fame  time  to  declare, 
ihat  it  is  contained  In  fome  other  fyftem.  In  fliort,  this  would 
be  to  eftabljlh  Chriftianity  tipon  two  different  principles. — If  the 
religion  of  protefiants  be  cpntained  in  the  fcriptures  onfyy  and 
that  religion  be  moreover  confirmed  to  them  by  bw,  then^ 
as  members  of  the  eftabliftiment  itfelf,  they  rightfully  claim  ati 
exemption  from  all  obligation  *^  to  acknowledge  the  truth  and 
authority"  of  any  form  of  do£lrine  diftin£l  from  ^^  thofe  fcrip- 
tures which  avowedly  contain  ibat  form  which  the  ftate  has 
ieftaUififed."  They  may  claim  this  by  law.  And  if  by  law  ttfeJf 
they  claim  an  exemption  from  all  fuch  obligation,  then  the  ftate 
has  not  a  right  to  inKpofe  the  obligation/ 

'  In  the  clofe  of  the  pamphlet  a  quefiipn  is  propo(ed  to  the 
eftabliihed  clergy ;  which  is,  •  Whether  fubfcription  to  the  thir- 
ty* nine  articles  of  the  church  of  England^  be  conftitutionaUy  xt- 
quired  of  them?  And,  it  is  added,  if  mature,  honeft,  and  free 
enquiry  fiiall  produce  convidion  in  any,  that  it  is  not  even  a 
tonjlitutionai  requirement,  the  friends' of  religious  truth  and 
freedom  cannot  doubt,  thatyki  of  the  clergy  will  be  ingenuous 
in  publUfy  aflerting  their  privileges,  as  members  of  the  Englijh 
church  itfelf  $  and  it  may  be  farther  hoped,  that  they  will,  as 
Englijhmen^  be  ready  oh  any  fair  occafton,  to  fue  in  a  conftitu* 
tional  way  for  redrefs  of  the  grievance.' 

Thus  we  have  laid  before  our  Readers  fome  account  of  this 
pamphlet. '  AiB  to  fingle  fermons,  it  is  our  general  method  bniy 
juft  to  give  a  lift  of  their  titles.  Mr.  Forfter^s  being  rather  pe-i 
culiar,  and  appearing  to  be  well  written  ion  that  part  of  the  ar« 

Eument,  we  give  a  Tittle  more  attention  to  it.  But  it  would 
ave  been  inconfiftent  with  our  plan,  not  to  have  taken  a  much 
farther  notice  of  this  performance  which  it  has  occafioned  : 
and  thereby  feems,  in  alT  probability,  to  have  laid  the  founda^ 
tion  of  a  new  controverfy  oii  an  old  fubjed,  that  hath  often 
been  agitated,  but  which,  perhaps,  will  never  be  fettled,  to 
the  fatisfa£lion  of  all  parties. 

The  Author  of  the  fermon  difcovers  much  candour  and  gene«- 
rofity^  of'fentiment,  as  well  as  good  fenfe  and  abilities:  bat 
judging  as  impartially  as  we  can,  though  it  is  extremely  diffi- 
cult, oil  any  fide,  to  diveft  the  mind  of  prejudice,  we  muft  for 
ourfelves  think^  that  truth  rather  appears  to  reft  with  his  op« 

?onent.  :     "     • 

Art.  IV, 

4.1.      .  V\ 


f     201      j 

^RT.  IVp  Continuation  of  the  Phihfophical  Tranfa£fions.  Vol, 
xix.    For  the  Year  1769.     See  our  laft  Month's  Review. 

Papers  relating  to  Naturai*  History  in  general. 

Article  4.  A  Letter  from  the  Honourahk  WilEam  Hamibonj  bis 
Maje/fy^s  Envoy  Extraordinary  at  Naples^  to  Matthew  Mat/^ 
M.  Dl  Sec.  R.  S.  containing  fome  farther  Particulars  on  Mneni 
Vefuvius^  and  other  Volcanos  in  the  Neighbourhood. 

IN  this  paper  the  ingenious  and  inqtijfitive  Author  £ivou» 
the  fociety  with  fonae  further  oommunicatioDs,  relative  to 
liis  favourite  iubjedt.  In  our  account  of  his  former  lettci;,  we 
recomnoended  to  the  notice  of  efedricians  the  appearances,  ror 
fembJiog  lightning,  which  were  obferved  by  himfelf  during  the 
great  eruption  in  1767  *•  In  this  letter^  he  confirms  his  own 
oUervation  of  thefe  phtnonunoy  bv  the  teftimony  of  the  peafimta 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  his  villa,  who  all  agree  in  their  ac« 
count  of  the  terrible  thunder,  2sA  forked  lightmng^  which  con- 
tinued during  almoft  the  whole  time  of  the  eruption ;  and 
which  was  particularly  confined  to  the  mountain  f.  If  thefis 
appearances  proceed  from  adual  lightning,  and  are  not  merely 
a  fallacious  refemblance  of  it,  they  are  highly  worthy  the  atten- 
tion of  e]e£)ricians ;  who,  amidft  the  numerous  and  ftriking 
difcoveries,  which  have  been  made  on  the  fubjed  of  artificioL 
eleAricity,  have  never  yet  fucceeded  in  their  attempts  to.  in- 
yefti^ate  the  manner  in  which  natural  eledricity  is  produced  y 
or,  in  other  words,  to  difcover  the  particular  agents  which  na- 
ture employs,  in  putting  the  eledrtc  fluid  in  motion,  and  in 
breaking  the  equilibrium  between  the  earth  and  clouds  }  by  th« 
operation  of  which,  lightning,  and  the  many  meteors  conneded 
wish  it,  are  produced. 

The  opportunities  which  the  Author  has  had  of  feeing  vol- 
canos in  all  their  ftates,  induce  him  to  declare,  that  every  fyf- 
tem,  hitherto  given  on  this  fubje£l,  might  be  demonflratively 
confuted,  by  an  attentive  and  philofophicail  confideration  of 
thole  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Naples.  His  own  hypoihefis, 
were  be  to  form  one,  ihould  be  that  *  mountains  are  produced 
by  volcanos,  and  not  volcanos  by  mountains.*  The  entire 
bafisof  the  ifland  Ifchia,  about  18  miles  in  circumference^  is 


•  Sec  Monthly  Review,  vol.  xlii,  February  1770,  page  107. 

+  We  did  not  recolleft,  till  after  this  was  written,  the  \tTy  re- 

Sdable  teftimony  of  Sig.  Beccaria,  to  t)»e  fame  efFcfl,  in  his  Ltttere 
f*  elUtiricifino\  p.  226,  362,  &c.  the  fahftance  of  which  the  Reader 
may  iee  in  tl^at  ofeful  repofitory  of  eledrical  fa^s  and  obfcrvations, 
the  Hi/iofy  ofSk&rUify^  page  392,  firfi  edition. 
>     *  formed 


702  Pbihfophlcal  TratfaSflens^  fit  the  Tear  176,9. 

formed  of  lava.  The  great  mountain  in  it,  formerly  called 
]^|Himeus,  and  now  Sati  Nicolo,  which  it  nearly  as  high  as  Ve- 
fuvius,  he  is  convinced  was  thrown  up  by  degrees  i  and  that 
the  entire  ifland  has  arifen  out  of  the  fea.  He  entertains 
the  fame  opinion  with  refped  to  even  Vefuvius,  and  all  the  high 
gipunds  near  Naples  %  obierving  that  it  will  not  appear  very 
extraordinary  that  Mount  Vefuyius  ihould,  in  the  courfe  of 
m^y  ages,  rife  above  the  height  of  2000  feet,  when  it  is  con<- 
fidered  that  ihcMontagno  Nuov^jiezv  Puzzole,  three  miles  n^uod, 
and  about  150  feet  high,  rofe  out  of  the  Lucrine  lake,  as  is 
well  attefted,  in  one  night,  fo  lately  as  the  year  1538.  Mr.  H. 
entertains  fome  thoughts  of  ibon  making  a  vifit  to  Puzaole, 
with  a  view  of  £ffiMfig  that  mountain  ;  which,  from  the  nature 
of  its  produfiion,  appears  to  be  well  adapted  to  give  li^t  into 
iStvt  formation  of  many  others,  and  to  enable  him  to  dii^ngoifb 
tbofe  which  may  be  called  original  mountains,  froifi  fuch  as 
have  been  the  ofFspring  of  volcanos.  To  thefe  particulare  we 
ihall  only  add  the  following  remarkable  obfervation,  that  in 
digging  a  well  very  lately  near  the  Author's  refidence  at  Villa 
Angelica,  clofe  by  the  fea  fide,  the  workmen  came  to  %ftuAuM 
of  lava,  at  the  depth  of  25  feet  behw  thi  kvel  rfthfia. 
, Article  5.  On  the  Trees  which  arejuppofed  to  be  inSgeneusin  GreM 
Britain.  By  the  Honourable  Daines  Barrington.  F.  R.  $• 
Dr»  Watlbn  having  ient  to  the  Author  a  fpecimen  of  fupporcd 
ehefnut  tree,  which  was  taken  from  the  old  hall  of  Clt^rd*a 
Inn,  he  here  examines  into  the  authorities  on  which  is  founded 
the  notion  which  genendlv  prevails,  that  this  and  fome  other 
trees,  afterwards  mentionea,  are  of  the  native  growdi  of  Great 
Britain.  He  firft  lays  down  fome  general  rules,  by  which  the 
en<|uirer  may  be  direded  in  determining,  whether  any  particular 
iree  is  indigenous  or  not  in  any  country  ;  and  in  conformity  to 
thefe  rujes,  and  from  other  confiderations,  concludes  that  the 
fpecimen  fent  was  only  comnion  6ak,  and  that  the  ehefnut  tree 
is  not  a  native  of  this  ifland.  He  is  inclined  to  grant,  how^ 
ever,  that  the  Scotch  fir  was  formerly  indigenous  in  the  northerit 
parts  of  England :  fubterraneous  firs  having  been  dug  up,  at 
a  very  confiderable  depth  under  the  furface  j  although  the  tree 
is  not  now  to  be  found  in  this  country,  except  where  the 
plantation  appears  mod  evidently  to  he  of  modern  date^  He 
next  mentions  fome  other  trees,  which  do  not  appear  to  him  td 
be  natives  of  this  ifland,  though  they  are  generally  conceived  tp 
be  fo.  Thefe  are  the  elm,  the  lime,  the'^reater  maple,  and 
the  box.  With  regard  to  the  white  poplar  and  the  yew  he  is 
doubtful :— but  we  muft  refer  the  botanical  antiquarian  to  the 
article  itfelf,  .for  the  reafonings  and  authorities  on  which  thefe 
opinions  are  founded ;  obferving  only  with  regard  to  the  laft 
fnentioned  tree,  ti^i  (hp  Author  here  gives  aa  account  of  one. 


'  Pbihfopblcal  Tranfa^hns^  for  the  Year  1769^  aoj 

^%  moft  extraordinary  ii^e,  which  fiill  continues  to  vegetate 
in  the  church- yard  of  Glen- Lyon  in  Scotland,  though  greatly 
decayed  within  thcfe  20  years,  which  he  twice  meafured  him- 
iclf,  and  found  to  be  52  feet  in  circumference. 
Article  17.  Dijfertatio  Epijlohris  de  OJftbus  iff  Dent  it  us  Elephant 

tufHy  aliarumquf  Belluarunty  in  America  Septentrionalij  aUifqui 
,     horealihus  Regicnihui^   obviisi    qua  indigei\arum  Belluarum  effi 

^fttnditur.     AuSlore  R.  E.  RafpCy  ferentjjimo  Hajftarum  Land" 

gravis  a  ConfiUisy  (^  R.  S.  5, 

We  have  lately  had  occafion  to  treat  of  this  curious  fubjefl; 
of  natural  hiftory,  in  our  account  of  Dr.  Hunter's  obfervation^ 
on  the  bones  of  the  animal  incognitum^  found  on  the  bai>k8  of 
the  Ohio,  and  in  Siberia.,  and  el(ewhere,  publifhed  in  the  pre« 
ceding  volume  of  the  Tranfa£tions  ♦.  In  this  diflcrtation  Mr, 
Rafpe  recites  the  accounts  that  have  at  difF<;rent  times  been 
given  of  thofe  large  fofiil  bones  which  have  likewife  been 
found  in  Germany,  and  other  nonhern  countries,  and  which 
have  been  parts  of  animals  that  evidently  no  longer  exift  there. 
He  endeavours  to  ihew  that  the  aninials,  to  which  thefe  bones 
formerly  belonged,  were  natives  of  thofe  countries  in  which  we 
now  find  their  remains :  but  he  oppofcs  the  opinion  of  thofe 
who,  fuppofing  them  likewife  to  have  been  formerly  indigenous 
in  thole  places,  account  for  their  extinction,  by  having  recourfe 
to  a  fuppofed  change  in  the  obliquity  of  the  ecliptic,  or  in  the 
pofition  of  the  earth's  axis,  or  its  center  of  gravity ;  pvqd\x&ivc 
of  correfpondent  changes,  in  the  climates  of  the  earth ;  and 
endeavours  to  (hew  that  none  of  thefe  folutions  are  admiffible. 

Granting,  for  argument's  fake,  that  there  is,  and  has  been,  a 
regular  and  fucceflive  diminution  of  the  inclination  of  the  earth's 
axis  to  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic,  and  making  the  moft  liberal  al- 
lowances with  regard  to  its  quantity,  thefe  con'ceiEons  will  not^ 
according  to  bim,  be  fufficient  to  furnifli  any  juft  grounds  to 
infer^  fiom  any  alterations  in  climates  produced  by  this  caufe, 
that  Siberia  for  inftance,  or  any  country  under  the  fame  paraU 
lel,  has  ever  been  adapted  to  breed  and  fupport  the  prefent  race 
of  elephants,  or  any  animals  refembling  them  in  habit  or  wa^ 
of  life.  With  regard  to  a  fuppofed  alteration  in  the  pofition  of 
the  earth's  axis,  or  in  its  center  of  gravity,  the  Author  ob- 
ferves,  that  if  the  change  was  fudden  or  inftantaneous,  little 
lefs  than  a  total  deftrudion  of  the  earth,  and  of  its  inhabitants, 
muft  have  been  the  confequence  of  it;  and  that,  from  modern 
obfervations,  there  are  no  grounds  to  fuppofe  it  to  have  been 
flow  and  fucceflive.  In  fa£t,  the  great  elevation  of  the  equa- 
torial parts  of  the  earth,  produced  by  its  revolution  on  its  axis, 
and  which  have  probably  been  in  their  prefent  fituation  ever  fince 

♦  Monthly  Review,  volxlii.  February  1770,  page  io8, 

the 


a04  Phihfophical  Tran/alfiefiS,  for  the  Year  1 769. 

fhe  earth  itfelf  had  fotidity  enough  to  render  it  habitable,  appears 
to  us  a  (landing  proof,  that  its  axis  has  not  fenfibly  deviated 
from  its  prefent  pofition,  during  a  fpace  of  time  much  greater 
than  can  be  thought  fufficient  to  decompofe  the  bones  of  any 
animal  whatfoever.  In  our  opinion,  all  the  folutions  of  this 
quefiion,  drawn  from  aftronomical  confiderations  of  any  kind, 
tend  to  afcribe  a  much  greater  antiquity  to  thefe  bones,  than 
can  be  warranted  from  the  fiate  of  prefervation  in  which  diey 
are  found.  Some  of  the  tuflcs  from  the  Ohio,  our  Readers  may 
remember,  were,  at  Dr.  Hunter's  rcqueft,  examined  by  feveral 
of  the  capital  dealers  and  workers  in  ivory,  and  were  fufficientty 
found  to  enable  them  to  pronounce,  from  their  grain  and  tex-  . 
ture,  though  perhaps  erroncoufly,  that  they  were  true  or  ge- 
nuine elephantine  ivorv  f. 

Mr.  Rafpe  rejefts  lilcewife  the  fyftems  of  thofe,  who  fuppofe 
that  thefe  foflii  bones  may  have  been  brought  into  their  prefenC 
fituation  by  the  univerfal  deluge ;  or  who  think  that  the  ani- 
mals to  which  they  have  belonged,  may  have  been  formerly 
brought  from  the  fouthcrnroun tries,  in  which  they  wcrebredl, 
to  be  employed  in  war,  in  the  northern  regions,  in  which  they 
are  now  found.  Upon  the  whole,  he  is  of  opinion  that  thofe 
animals,  whether  elephants  or  not,  have  been  of  a  particular 
fpecies  capable  of  bearing  the  cold  of  thofe  climates,  where  we 
now  difcover  their  remains ;  and  that,  from  caufes  unknown 
to  us,  their  yrhole  race  has  become  extinft.  To  render  the 
latter  part  of  this  opinion  more  probable,  he  produces,  fomc, 
not  perfeSly  parallel,  inftances  of  the  decreafe  or  total  extinc- 
tion of  wolves  and  feveral  other  fpecies  of  animals,  in  different 
and  particular  parts  of  the  world. 

Although  every  opinion  which  has  hitherto  been  offered  on 
the  fubjeft  of  this  enquiry,  is  attended  with  confiderable  diffi- 
culties, yet  a  modern  theorift,  we  fhall  obferve,  has,  by  6ne 
bold  effort,  nobly  got  rid  of  them  all  j  by  ferioufly  fuppofing 
that  the  large  fofEl  bones,  which  'have  been  found  in  fo  many 
parts  both  of  the  old  and  new  continent,  are  nothing  lefs  than 
the  remains  of  certain  angelic  beings,  who,  according  to  his 
iyftem,  were  the  original  tenants  of  this  globe,  in  its  primitive 
and  glorious  ftate ;  till,  for  their  tranfgreffions,  both  were  in- 
volved in  one  common  ruin  :  after  which,  the  remains  of  thi^ 
fcattered  planet  were  refitted  for  the  accommodation  of  the  pre- 
fent puny  and  degenerate  race.  This  is  the  opinion  of  the  au- 
thor of  the  Effaifur  rOrtgine  de  h  PepulaiiBn  de  rJmertquiy  torn,  . 
II.  page  298  *.  The  work  is  now  out  of  our  hands ;  but  we 
quote  it  on  the  authority  of  the  ingenious  but  farcaftic  author 

';         ■  ■  »     ■ 

+  Monthly  Review,  vol.  xlii.  February  1770,  page  109, 
f  See  Appendix  to  our  xxxviith  volume,  page  531, 

of 


fhikjophhal  Tranfa^hnsj  for  the  Year  1769,  aoj 

of  the  Rtcbercb€s  Pbilofrpbiquis  fur  Us  Jnuricains^  VoK  i.  pig^ 
321 1«  There  is  fomething  laughable  in  the  idea,  that  the  nu- 
merous foiEI  fkeletons,  now  lying  in  heaps  in  the  maiih  at  the 
Salt  Uck^  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  and  which  M»  Rafpe,  and 
other  naturalifts,  foberly  fuppofe  to  have  belonged  to  a  troop 
of  Pftud'EkpbantSj  who  accidentally  funk  into  the  fwamp,  and 
perijned  there,  while  they  were  gratifying  their  palates,  fhould^ 
by  another  writer,  be  deemed  to  be  nothing  lefs  than  the  ve- 
nerable lemains  of  a  company  of  falUn  angels.  Notwithftand- 
ing,  however,  the  notable  contraft  between  thefe  two  opinions, 
in  the  claffing  of  thefe  remains,  the  title  of  Animal  Incognitum^ 
given  by  Dr.  Hunter  to  the  fubjeds  in  queftion,  is  happily  fiiU 
perfedly  applicable  to  both  of  them«  1 

In  the  7th  article  an  account  i^  given  of  a  genuine  fpecimen 

of  native  tin,  which  was  found  in  the  center  of  a  beautiful 

'         tin  diamond,  of  the  rofm  kind,  fo  tranfparent  that  the  native 

metal  appeared  through  it,  refembling  a  piece  of  gold.     It  is 

now  depofited  in  the  mufeum  of  the  Royal  Society. 

Botany  and  Zoology. 
Article  i.  A  Litter  from  Mr,  J.  Moult  to  Dr.  Percival  of  Mhn* 
cbijler^  F.  R.  S.  containing  a  new  Manner  of  preparing  Salep. 
^  The  nutritious  quality  of  this  foreign  drug  is  well  known  ^ 
but  its  dearne(s  has  hitherto  prevented  its  being  brought  into 
I         common  ufe  as  a  popular  article  of  diet.    In  this  paper  the 
Author  gives  an  account  of  the  fuccefs  of  his  very  laudable  en- 
[         deavours  to  prepare  this  kind  of  aliment  from  the  roots  of  tho 
r         Orchis  morio  mas^  foliis  maculaiis^  of  Parkinfon  ;  the  Cynoforchis 
'  morio  mas^  of  Gerard,  and  the  Cynoforchis  major ^  vulgo,  dog- 

ftones  ;  all  of  which  grow  fpontaneoufly  in  this  kingdom,  where 
they  may  confequently  be  cafily  cultivated ;  particularly  in  a 
dry,  fandy,  and  barren  foil.  The  preparation  is  very  fimple. 
The  roots  are  firft  deprived  of  their  thin  fkin ;  are  then  kept 
I  in  the  heat  of  a  bread  oven  8  or  10  minutes,  where  they  ac- 

'  quire  a  tranfparency  like  that  of  horn,  and  are  afterwards  re- 

j  moved  into  a  comoion  room,    in  which  they  grow  dry  and 

I  harden  in  a  few  days.    We  recoUeft  that  M.  GeofFroy  has  for- 

merly fomewhcre  propofcd  a  fomewhat  fimilar  method  of  pre- 
paring the  root  of  the  Orchis  or  Satyrion,  as  an  agglutinant  and 
reftorative. 

Article  8.  An  Account  of  an  EJfay  on  the  Origin  of  a  natural  Paper ^ 
found  near  the  City  of  Cortona  in  Tufcany.  In  a  Letter  from 
John  Strange^  Ef<i\  F.  R,  S.  to  Matthew  Maty^  M.  D.  Sec. 
R.S. 

Some  low  grounds  near  Cortona  having  been  flooded,  were 
afterwards  found  covered  with  a  fubftance  greatly  refembling  a 


t  Monthly  Reviev/,  Appendix  to  vol.  xlii.  page 


S'5- 


finer 


ao6  Philofophtcal  TranfaHlonSy  fir  the  Tear  tj6g% 

jiner  f6rt  of  common  brown  paper.  The  Italian  naturalifttf 
were  greatly  divided  concerning  its  origin ;  but;  according  t^ 
the  moft  prevailing  opinion,  the  formation  of  it  was  attributed 
to  a  cafuai  aggregate  of  the  fibres  of  different  kinds  of  filamen- 
tous plants,  colleded  together  by  the  waters,  and  left  on  the 
furface  of  the  ground  after  their  retreat.  This  folution  did  not 
fatisfy  the  Author,  who  found  it  difficult  to  conceive  that  a 
paper^  of  fo  delicate  and  uniform  a  texture  as  that  of  Cortona^ 
Ibould  owe  its  origin  to  fo  complicated  and  remote  a  caufe. 

On  examining  the  threads  of  this  paper  with  a  good  micro* 
fcope,  he  found  that  they  confifted  nierely  of  filaments  of  the 
Ctmferva  Plinity  or  common  fpecies  of  Conferva j  vrithoxit  the 
admixture  of  any  other  plant  whatfoever.     He  iias  fent  fpeci- 
mens  of  this  native  paper  to  the  Royal  Society,  together  with 
an  artificial  paper  manufadured  from  the  fame  fubftance,  and 
a  fpecimen  of  a  much  better  and  flronger  kind,  made  of  the 
fame  fpecies  of  Conferva  by  Sir  Andrew  Dick,  near  Edinburgh* 
Article  33.  On  a  rare  Plant  found  in  the  Ifle  of  Skye.    By  yobm. 
Hope,  M.  D.  F.  R.  S.  i^c. 
'  This  plant,  which  is  of  the  aquatic  kind,  is  here  figured 
and  defcribed  under  the  tile  of  ErUcaulon  decangulare. 
Articles!.    Some  Account  of  an  Oil  tranfmitted  by  Mr.  Georie 
Brofvnriggy    of  North  Carolina,    By  friUiam  JVatfon^  M,  Dm 

As  the  obje£l  of  this  article  promifes  to  be  of  great  public 
titility,  we  fhall  give  the  fubflance  of  this  account,  with  a  view 
of  extending  the  inforqnation  contained  in  it. 

In  our  fouthern  American  colonies,  and  in  the  fugar  iflands, 
a  plant  is  cultivated,  principally,  by  the  negroes,  who  ufe  the 
fruit  of  it  as  food,  under  the  name  of  ground  nuts,  or  ground 
peafe.  It  is  called  by  Ray  Arrachis  Hypogaios  Americanm.  Like 
a  few  of  the  trifoliate  tribe,  when  in  its  flowering  flate,  it 
bends  towards  the  earth,  into  which  the  pointal  enters,  extend- 
ing itfelf  to  a  fufficient  depth,  where  it  forms  the  feed  veffel  and 
fruit ;  which  laft  is  brought  to  maturity  ynder  ground,  from 
whence  it  is  dug  up  for  ufe.  In  the  fouthern  climates  vaft  crops 
of  it  are  produced  from  light  and  fandy  land  of  fmall  value. 

From  thefe  feed^,  firft  bruifed  and  put  into  canvas  bags,  Mn 
Brownrigg  has  cxprelTed  a  pure,  clear,  well- tailed  oil  which, 
in  Dr.  Watfon's  opinion,  may  be  ufcd  for  the  fame  purpofes, 
both  in  food  and  ph'yfic,  as  the  oils  of  olives  or  almonds.  Me 
obferves,  however,  that  Sir  Hans  Sloane  had  formerly,  in  this 
firft  volume  of  his  Natural  Hiftory  of  Jamaica,  made  mention 
of  an  oil  as  good  as  that  of  almonds,  which  had  been  exprefled 
from  thefe  feeds  *  and  that  therefore  Mr.  B.  is  not  the  firfl  who 
has  prodiicfd  oil  from  this  vegetable  produ&ion  :  though- he 
is  intitled  to   our  ackaowledgments  for  reviving  the  remem- 

'    brance 


PbUofipbical  TranfaSknSy  fvr  fig  Tiar  1 769;  so/ 

1)nnce  of  it,  and  profecutuig  this  dtfoovny.  Ffbm  fpccunens 
both  of  the  feeds  and  oil>  which  were  produced  to  the  Royal 
Society,  it  appears  that  neither  of  them  are  fubjed  to  tura 
lancid  by  keeping :  the  oil,  particularly,  which  had  been  fent 
hither  fronk  Carolina  •igbt  months  before,  without  any  partis 
cttiar  care,  and  which  lud  undei^one  the  heats  of  the  lummer^ 
beine  (bond  perfedly  fwect  and  good.  But  the  principal  merit 
of  Mr.  Brownrigg's  communication,  is  the  low  price  at  which 
this  oil  Dsay  be  ofa^ned.  The  raliie  of  a  buihel  of  the  ground 
peafe  in  Carolina,  the  Dodor  has  been  informed,  does  not  ex« 
ceed  eight-pence,  or  thereabouts ;  and  it  appears  that  this  quan* 
dty  will,  without  heat,  yield  one  gallon  of  oil ;  and  with  heat^ 
a  much  larger  quantity,  but  of  an  inferior  quality.  We  need 
not  enlarge  on  the  obvious  benefits  which  may  refult  ta  our 
Colonifts,  from  a  fuccelsful  profecution  of  this  revived  difcovery  $ 
as  they  may  hereby  not  only  fupply  their  own  immenfe  con- 
fumption  of  olive  oil,  annually  imported  from  Europe,  but  even 
expbrt  this  article  hither,  or  to  any  of  thofe  places  where  the 
ml  of  olives  is  ufually  carried. 

This  article  is  fucceeded  by  the  catalogue  of  plants  annually 

prefented  to  the  Society  by  the  company  of  Apothecaries. 

Article  1 1.  JhftraG  »f  a  Letter  from  Stephen  de  Vifme^  Efq\  eU 

Canton  in  Cbmaf  bfc.  containing  an  Auount  of  an  Earth  fuake  ai 

Macao^  and  a  fiort  Defcription  ofafingular  Species  ofmonkeji^ 

&r.     Communicated  by  Henry  Baker^  F.  R.  S. 

There  is  nothing  particular  in  this  eaftern  earthquake,  which 

however  is  accompanied  with  a  ihort  defcription  and  figure  of 

a  very  fingular  animal  of  the  monkey  tribe,  found  in  the  inte«- 

rior  parts  of  Bengal ;   from  fome  of  which,  that  have  been 

brought  to  Decca,  the  drawing  which  accompanies  this  article 

was  taken.  They  are  of  the  height  of  a  man,  have  no  tails,  and^ 

according  to  the  Author,  are  thought  to  have  been  originally 

produced  by  an  intercourfe  with  the  human  kind  : — an  opinion  * 

which  the  defigner  feems  to  have  been  well  inclined  to  ftrengthen, 

by  the  grotefqoe  figure  which  he  has  given  of  one  of  thcfe  ca- 

racatura's  of  the  human  fpecies,  reprefented  in  a  kind  of  dancing 

or  tumbling  attitude.     Dr.  Maty,  in  a  note,  fufpe£ts  this  ani* 

mal  to  be  the  ape  without  a  tail,  defcribed  by  BuiFon,  under 

the  name  of  Gibbon^  in  the  14th  volume  of  the  Hi/ioire  Natu^ 

reile,  page  g%.  > 

Article  i8.  Obfervations  on  a  particular  Manner  of  Tncreafe  in  the 

Animakula  af  Vegetable  Infufions  ;  with  tht  Difcovery  of  an  in» 

dij/iluble  Salt  arifing  from  Hempfeei,  tfr.     By  John  Ellis j  Efq-^ 

F.  R.S.         '  , 

In  the  iirft  part  of  this  paper,  the  ingenious  Author  gives 

the  refult  of  fome  experiments  made  by  him,  at  the  -requeft  of 

Linnseus^  on  the  infufions.  of  muflirooms  in  water ;  with  a  view 

7  ^^ 


^ol  PMkfopkical  franfaStioni^  for  the  Tear  17^.* 

to  afcertain  the  truth  of  Baron  Munchafen's  theory,  that  tfa^ 
feeds  of  lYk^tfimgi  ^  are  firft  animalsi  and  then  plants/  It  ap«- 
Ipearcd  evidently  to  him,  that  the  motion  obferved  in  thofe  ieedd 
was  not  fpontaneous,  but  was  produced  by  the  innumerable  and 
icarcely  vifible  animalculoy  which  teemed  in  the  infufion,  and 
by  pecking  at  the  feeds,  put  them  in  motion  in  a  great  variety 
of  diredions.  We  could,  from  our  own  experience^  inftancd. 
maiiy  fimilar  appearances  of  IKe  and  motion,  obferved  in  the 
minute  gidbules,  or  other  inanimated  particles,  contained  in  mi- 
crofcopical  infufions,  caufed  by  the  numerous  and  invifible  in* 
lubitants  of  the  drop;  whoTe  concern  in  producing  thefe  mo- 
tions could  only  be  deteded  by  ufmg  ftili  greater  magnifiers : 
and  we  have  long  been  convinced  that  many  of  M.  fiufibn's 
mrgameal  particles  owe  their  feemingly  fpontaneous  motions  to  the 
iame  caufe. 

The  fatisfa£tion  which  the  Author  received  ih  clearing  up 
fills  point,  led  him  to  make  many  other  cdrious  and  interefling 
Aiicrofcopical  obfervations,  relative  to  thofe  of  the  ingenious 
Mr.  Needham,  as  given  in  the  45th  volume  of  the  Tranfai^ions^ 
and  in  fonle  fubfequent  publications.  But  to  render  the  Au- 
thor^s  obfervations  on  this  fubjefl  intflligii>le,  to  fuch  of  our 
Readers  as  are  not  acquainted  with  Mr.  Needham's  fyftem^ 
(which  however  has  made  confiderable  noife  in  the  philofophical 
world)  we  (hall  extraft  from  his  writings  a  (bdrt  account  of 
it.  According  to  this  bypothefis^  the  microfcopical  animalciiles, 
whiioh  appear  in  vegetable  and  animal  infufions,  are  not  the 
ofispring  of  parents  of  the  fame  kind  ;  but  are  the  produfiioni 
of  a  certain  a£five  f9rce^  with  which  every  microfcopical  point 
of  vegetable  and  animal  matter  is  endued.  He  affirms  that  the 
fubftance  employed  in  thefe  infufions,  firft,  by  its  own  innate 
energy,  divides  itfelf  into  filaitients,  and  then  vegetates*  into 
numberlefs  Zoophytes^  frotn  which  proceed  all  the  different  fpe- 
cies  of  microfcopical  animals  ;  and  that  thefe  very  animals,  af- 
ter a  certain  time,  become  motionlefs,  and  fubfide  to  the  bot- 
tom, where  they  are  refolved  into  a  gelatinous  and  filamentous 
fubftance,  which  {hoots  into  new  Zoophytes,  yielding  animals  of 
a  lefTer  fpecies.  Among  other  inftances,  to  prove  that  this  is 
the  procefs  of  nature  in  their  produfiion,  he  refers  us  to  the 
appearances  obftrrved  in  the  tnfufion  of*a  grajn  of  wheat  $  where 
the  feed  is  obferved  exercifmg  this  produ£iivi  force^  by  vege- 
tiating  into  numerous  ftems,  crowned  with  heads  burfting,  as 
it  were,  into  life,  and  throwing  out  their  animol  progeny.  This 
operation  is  fucceeded  by  thepuihing  forth  of  new  Sioots,  and 
the  forming  of  new  heads,  for  the  produdion  of  another  ge- 
neration. 

Such  are  the  general  outlines  of  Mr.  Needham's  fyfttai,  as 
we  collect  them  from  his  writings  :  but  thefe  filaments  and 
items,  the  fuppofcd  vegetable  parents  of  the  animalcuUtf  race^ 

Mr. 


Fhikfopbual  TranfaSfionSj  for  the  tiar  ijBg*'  209 

Mr.  Ellis  afRrma,  after  a  careful  fcrutiny 'with  the  beft  glafies, 
to  be.  nothing  mote  >rhan  the  rooti  and  ftalks  of  that  clafs  of 
fimgtj  called  Mucor^  or  mouldinefs,  vegetating  in  the  infufion^ 
and  the  growth  of  which  is  fo  amazingly  quickj  that  the  plants 
may  be , perceived,  in  the  microfcope,  even  to  grow  and  feed 
under  the  eye  of  the  obferven  Their  ftems,  he  obferves,  ter- 
minate each  in  an  oblong  feed  vefTel ;  from  a  hole  in  the  top  of 
which  he  has  plainly  feen'their  numerous  and  minute  globular 
Jeedi  projefied,  and  afterwards  turning  about  in  the  water,  as 
\i  tbey  were  animated  :  but  this  laft  motion,  he  affirms,  is 
owing  to  myriads  of  the  minuteft  animalcula^  contained  in  the 
putrid  water,  and  attacking  the  feeds  of  the«  nwcor  for  food. 
From  hence  we  think  it  fhould  follow,  that  the  in fu fed  veget- 
able fubflance  is  not  the  parent^  but  the  pabulum  or  nrdu^  both^ 
of  the  mtuaTy  and  of  the  fmall  microfcopic  fry,  whom  Mr. 
Needbam's  theory  would  deprive  of  the  honour  o(  animal  par cn^ 
tage:  and  the  pre-exiftent  germs,  or  the  feminal  fyilem,  may 
yet  ftand  their  ground,  againft  the  a^ive  forces  of  Mr.  Need- 
ham,  and  the  organical  moUcuUs  of  M.  Buffon,  notwithMlanding 
the  experiment  of  the  wheat  infufion. 

Mr.  ^llis  next  rdates  (ome  experiments  made  on  boiled  po-> 
tatoes  contained  in  a  glafs  veilel,  on  which  boiling  water  was 
poured,  and  the  mouth  of  the  vefTel  inftantly  '  covered  with  a 
glafr  cover;'  and ' expreiTes  his  furprize  that,  in  twenty-four 
hours,  the  liquor  appeared  full  of  animacula :  in  the  fame  man- 
ner as  that  of  another  infufion  of  raw  potatoes,  in  cold  water, 
covered  in  the  fame  manmr.  Wc  have  formerly  feen  animal* 
atkj  lefs  than  even  the  tails  of  the  fpermatic  animals,  produced, 
in  Che  fpace  oi  four  hours,  in  an  infufion  of  cantharides  in 
boiling  water,  poured  upon  them  in  a  vial,  the  mouth  of  which 
was  immediately  well  ftc^ped  with  a  cork  \  and  have  often  won- 
dered that  Mr.  Meedham,  or  thofe  who  adopt  his  fyftem,  have 
not  endeavoured  to  put  the  truth  of  it  out  of  all  rcafonable 
doubt,  by  experiments  made  in  a  ftill  more  unexceptionable  man« 
oer  than  thofe,  of  a  fimilar  kind  to  the  preceding,  which  occur 
10  bis  writings  on  this  fubje£k.  His  hot  mutton  gravy,  for  in- 
fiance,  inclofed  in  a  vial  fecured  with  a  well  majUcated  cork^ 
and  afterwards  placed  for  fome  minutes  in  hot  alhcs,  in  order 
to  deftroy  any  infects  or  their  ova^  which  mii^ht  be  contained 
in  the  empty  part  of  the  vial,  was,  after  a  fafUcient  time,  found 
fwarming  with  animalcules :  but  nothing  lefs,  we  apprehend, 
than  Htk^  feal  of  Htrmes  itfelf,  applied  to  (hut  up  all  prjfl^e  com- 
munication from  without,  can  reconcile  many  to  a  dodirine  fo 
difficult  of  digeftion  as  this;  ihat  beings  endued  with  fponta- 
neous  motion,  many  of  them  mod  curioufly  crgnnifcd,  can  be 
produced  by  the  mere  energy  and  activity  of  the  minute  parti- 

ILev*  Mar.  1771.  P  cles 


aio  Pbilofophical  Tran/a^msj  fir  the  Tear  I769» 

des  of  vegetable  and  animal  matter,  in  a  ftate  of  decbmpofi- 
tion.  Should  an  infufion  t\i\xB  hermetuaUy  fealed^and,  in  all 
human  probability,  eSe£lually  (eciued  from  the  inroads  of  any 
of  thefe  4mmated  poinisy  be  yfit^  upoa  opening'  it,  found  teem- 
ing with  anitnal  life,  we  own  we  can  icance  fee  any  refotiroe 
kt^t  to  the  moft  obflhiate  adherent  to  the  doAruie  of  pre- 
exiftent  germs  y  uolefa  he  fhould  make  his  laft  retreat  into  this 
fuppofition,  that  as  thefe  expeditious  breeders  have  been  kfuum^ 
he  would  fay,  to  produce  a  progeny  in  the  fpace  of  four  hours, 
why  not  in  as  many  minutes  I — in  a  matter  ready  prepared 
for  tbfir  reception,  and  during  the  very  time. while  the  ope- 
rator is  unfealing  his  glafles,  and  preparing  for  obfervation. 

We  have  dwelt  fo  long  on  this  curious  fubjefl,  that  we  fball 
only  add  a  general  account  of  fome  lingular  tranfa^ons,  which 
pafs  in  the  animalcular  world,  relative  to  the  multiplication 
of  individuals,  which  are  related  in  the  remaining  part.of  this 
a^rticle;  the  hint  of  which  was  lately  given  to  the  Author  by 
M.  de  Sauflure  of  Gen^a.  When  a  fomale  of  our  ova  fpecies 
is  in  a  condition  to.  incceafe  hor  kind,  her  taper  waift  enlargety 
and  (he  daily  fpreads  more  and  more  about  the  hips :  but,  it 
feems,  the /^^/z/i'jr  of  Linnaeus  (pixMhiced  in.  infufions  of  hemp- 
ieed,  t)ine  branches,  tea-feed,  &o.)  occafionaTly  multiplies  her 
ipecies  by  a  direfUy  contrary  courfe.  She  begins  the  work  by 
gradually  contrading  her  virgin  figure  (which  is  oval)  about 
ti)e  middle  -y  and  at  laft  &irly  halves  her  perfon  with  her  off^ 
(pring,  by  dividing  it  into  two  equal  portions.,  one  of  which 
becomes  a  new  individual*  If  we  had  room  or  inclination,  it 
would  be  a  curious  fubjc£l  of  difcuffian,  which  of  the  twp  ift 
the  mother,  and  which  the  daughter :  but  as  fealmg  the  right 
of  primogeniture  between  them  would  lead  us.  too  far,  we 
&all  only  add,  that  a  reprefentationof  this  procefs,  as  obferved 
in  five  different  kinds  of  this  gmus  of  microfcopal  animals,  is 
given  in  a  plate  ;  accompanied  with  figures  of  the  chryflals  of 
what  the  Author,  we  think  fomewhat  impropedy,  terms  an 
indijjiluble  falty  which  he  has  discovered  in  aqueous  infufions 
of  hempfeed,  after  they  became  putrid.  He  recommends  the 
confideration  of  this  hcteroclite  produdlion  to  the  faculty,  on  a 
fuppoiition  chat  it  may  be  pofieifed  of  fome  medical  vistues* 
The  grains  of  this  f»lt  are  faid  to  be  about  the  flsse  of  thofe  of 
the  finefl  bafkec  fait,  and  of  a  pale  yellowifb  colour  when  dry.  Jt 
does  not  appear  from  this  paper,  in  what  quantity  it  can  be  pro^ 
cured  \  nor  is  any  thing  faid  of  its  tafte,  or  other  fenfible  qua« 
lities  ;  but  if  thefe  chryflals  be  really  indifFoluble,  they  are  not 
falts,  nor  can  have  any  tafle. 

Medicine  and  Anatomy. 
Article  3.  jin  extraordinary  Cafe  of  three  PinsfwaUewedhy  a  Girl, 
6  ...   and 


Phihjipbicdl  Trahfa£iions^  for  ifk  YtaY  1 76^.  a  \  I 

4kidifihar^ellai  hif  Shutikr.  In  a  Letter  m  Fi-artk  Nichtiu 
JH.  D.  F.  R.  8.  frm  Dr.  Lyfim  «/  Gkuc^p.er. 
'  Thtfe  pins,  aft<ir  fticking  tight  weeks  in  the  cefophagus,  and 
after  having  Adduced  great  pain  and  infiammntion  in  the  throat, 
Attended  witli  difficalty  both  of  fwallowing  and  breathing,  were 
M  Isfti  after  various  fruitlefs  attempts,  difplaced  by  the  whale- 
bone inftfuitient  vfed  by  furgeoift  for  that  purpofc.  .  The  rcmo- 
¥•1  of  thetti)  however,  produced  dnty  a  change  of  fymptoms.  A 
pain  was  inftantly  felt  on'  the  right  fide,  below  the  falfe  ribs, 
Which  W9»  greatly  aggravated  on  f  he  patient's  moving  her  body 
so  a  particular  diredion,  or  on  liftin^?  up  her  ri^t  arm.  By 
At  violence  of  this  pain,  convulfion  fits  were  fometimes  produ- 
oedj  and  partfcolarly  a  fpafm,  by  which  the  mr/cu/us  reiius  fupe- 
ritr  ^tht  right  eye  was  fo  violently  aftefted,  that  notwiih- 
ftanding  the  eye  was  open,  yet  the  pupil  was  entirely  covered  by 
die  eyC'-lid,  and  once  cohtinued  in  that  fituation  for  a  fortnight. 
The  other  eye  was  fimihirly  afFedted  for  a  ihorter  time.  After 
the  patient  had  been  harafled  with  thefe  and  other  fymptoms 
Acfat  eleven  months,  a  fmal)  painful  tumour  appeared  on  her 
right  ihoulder ;  but  difappeared  within  a  week.  In  a  fort- 
nighty  a  fimrlar  tumour  arofe  on  the  upper  part  of  the  left 
ibotiilder*biade,  which-  was  brought  to  fuppursltion  and  opened, 
and  from  which  one  of  the  pins  ifllied  the  next  day,  and  was 
MIowed  en  the  focceeding  day  by  the  two  others.  The  Au- 
thor inquires  into  the  probable  courfe  which  the  pins  may  be 
iiippcfed  to  have  foDowed ;  and  though,  from  the  cough  and 
{pitting  of  blood,  and  from  the  conftant  pain  under  the  falfe 
ribs,  it  iDight  be  fuppofed  that  ^ey  had  injured  the  lungs  and 
the  dia^ragofi ;  yet,-  from  aiiatomical  and  phyfiological  confide- 
rationst  he  accounts  very  fatisfadiorily  for  thefe^  aftd  moft  of 
the  other  fympteififf,  by  fuppofing  that  they  had  been  fdfcecf 
through  the  fubft^nce  of  the  oefophagus^  diredly  into  thc/erratl 
and  other  mufcles  of  the  neck  ar.d  {houldcrs,  frorti  whence  they 
pafled  to  Che  part  where  they  were  difcharged.  He  afcribes  the 
general  asweU  as  particular  fpafmbdic  affections  to  the  irritation 
of  the  intercoflal  nerve,  and  the  eonfent,  as  it  is  called,  of  thofe 
eofhmtinicalSn^  with  if;  but  does  not  dilTemble  tlie  diftculty  of 
difooveVing  the  caufc  ^hy  the  pain  was  cohftantly  felt  on  the  righf 
fide,  till  the  very  inftant  that  the  laft  of  the  three  pins  hid  beerf 
dHeharged^  though  that  difcharge  was  made  at  the  if/}. 
Article  6,'  An  Aeecnntofa  Gafe^  in  which  the  upper  Head  of  the 
Os  Humeri  tvdsfawed  ojf^  a  large  Portion  of  the  Bene  afterwardi 
exfoHeefed^  avtd  yet  the  entire  Amotion  of  the  Limb  was  preferved^ 
By  Mr.  White^  Surgeon  at  Manchf/fery  tffc. 
In  this  remarkable  cafe,  when  no  other  refource  feeraed  to  be 
lefty  to  fave  the  life  of  the  patient,  than  the  formidable  operation 
of  taking  off  the  arm  at  its  articulation  with  the  fcapula^  the  Au» 

P  2  thor 


ii%  Phllnfopbtcal  Tfanfa^iionsj  fir  the  Year  1769. 

thor  happily  propofed,  and  eaHly  and  fuccefifully  executed  (hat 
mentioned  in  the  title  \  in  which,  after  a  proper  incifton  made 
down  to  the  middle  of  the  humerus^  thedifeafed  head  of  thatboDft 
was  with  cafe  fir  ft  turned  out  of  its  focket,  through  the  woundy 
and  then  fawn  off;  without  any  inconveniencies  attending  be 
following  the  operation.  The  event  of  it  exceeded  the  Author's 
010ft  fanguine  expedations  :  for  although  above  four  inches  in 
length  of  the  bone  had  been  loft,  partly  by  the  operation^  and 
partly  by  a  large  fubfequent  exfoliation,  or  rather  feparation,  <tf 
its  intire  fubftance  below ;  yet,  after  the  cure,  the  difeafed  arm 
was  found  to  be  not  quite  an  inch  (hotter  than  the.  other,  its 
figure  in  no  refpefl  altered,  nor  its  ufe  impaired :  the  patient 
performing  even  the  rotatory  motion  at  the  joint  as  well  as  ever* 
From  thefe  circumftances,  and  from  the  evident  hardnefs  of  the 
parts  to  the  touch,  Mr.  White  appears  fully  juftiiied  in  venturing 
to  conclude,  that  not  only  part  of  the  body,  but  that  the  head 
and  neck  of  the  05  hwmr't  have  been  a<5lually  regeneritted* 

We  refer  thofc  of  the  profeilion  to  the  paper  itfelf,  for  the  ra- 
tionnl  and  fimple  method  in  which  this  extraordinary  cafe  was 
conduced,  and  which,  no  doubt,  greatly  contributed  to  the 
maintaining  nearly  the  due  length,  and  to  the  preferving  the  na- 
tural motion,  of  the  limb.  We  believe,  with  the  Author,  that 
«  this  is  the  firft  operation  of  the  kind  that  has  been  performed^ 
or  at  leaft  made  public :'  although  that  excellent  pra£Ucat  wri-. 
ter  Mr.  Gooch  has,  as  he  obferves,  mentioned  three  cafes  of  bad 
compound  luxations,  in  which  a  ftmilar  operation  had  been  fuc* 
tcfsfully  performed  *.  T  'he  art  of  furgery  has  undoubtedly  great 
obligations  to  thofe  Efpritsforts^  v/Yio  thus  fuccefsfully  explore 
the  fecret  refources  of  Nature,  and  venture,  in  defperate  cafes^ 
to  put  her  fufficiency  to  the  teft,  by  thus  properly,  but 
bokky  interrogating  her,  and  making  trial  of  the  extent  of  her 
powers. 
Article  28.  Jn  Account  of  the  Lymphatic  Syjiem  in  amphibious  am* 

mals.     By  Mr.  If^lliam  Hewfony  LiSiurer  in  Anatomy^  £^f . 
Article  29.  An  Account  of  the  Lymphatic  Syftem  in  Fijb.     By  the 

fame. 

In  conformity  to  .his  promife  in  the  preceding  volume,  the 
Author,  in  the  firft  of  thefe  papers,  traces  the  lymphatic  fyftem, 
and  the  diftribution  of  the  la£leals,  in  a  turtle.  In  the  fecond, 
he  gives  an  account  of  his  difcovery  of  thefe  vefiels  in  fkate^  cod» 
haddocks,  and  a  variety  of  other  fifh.  His  defcription  of  thefe 
fyftems  is  terminated  by  a  catalogue  of  feveral  curious  prepara- 
tions, which  were  laid  before  the  Society,  and  in  which  thofe 
veffels  arf  completely  demonlhated  by  injections. 

*  See  his  Cafes,  and  Remarks  io  Surgery,  Vol.  II.  p.  323.  2d 
Edit. 

Article 


PhilofipMcal  TranfaittMS^  for  the  Tear  1769.  213 

Article  54.  ADefcriptim  of  the  Lymphatics  of  the  Urethra  and  Neck 

nfthe,Blaidir.     By  H^nry  IVatfon^  Surgecn  to  the  IVeJiminfier 
Hofpitaly  and  F.  R.  S. 

The  Author  introduces  this  defcription  by  obferving,  that 
the  lymphatic  vefiels  are  of  much  greater  importance  in  the  ani* 
mal  oeconomyt  than  fome  have  imagined ;  that  if  an  obflrudion 
of  the  aorta  will  produce  a  very  quick  or  fudden  deaths  an  ob- 
ftnided  thoracic  du<5t  (which  in  fa<5l  is  only  a  large  lymphatic) 
will  as  certainly  lead  to  a  tedious  and  lingering  diflblution ;  and  . 
tiiat  the  laft-mentioned  diforder  is  fometimes  the  caufe  of  a  ma* 
rafmtiSj  though  unfufpeded  or  not  attended  to.  The  extreme 
exility^  and  colourlefs  tranrparency  of  thefe  vefiels,  have  hither- 
to prevented  our  difcovering  their  origin ;  though  it  has  been 
generally  fuppofed,  from  arguments,  drawn  from  experiments, 
apofiorioriy  that  tiiey  arife  from  all  the  internal  furfaces  and  ca- 
Titles  of  the  body.  There  are  many  pans  likewife,  in  which 
the  moft  eminent  anatomifts  have  not  been  able  to  difcover 
them. 

In  this  paper,  the  Author  afcertains  the  exiftence,  and  gives 
in  iCccount  of  the  difiribution  of  thefe  vefiels  in  the  human  blad- 
der and  urethra^  wh^re  they  had  eluded  the  fearch  of  Haller.  He 
has  Itkewife  ocularly  demonftrated  their  actual  origination  from 
cavities,  at  leafl:  in  this  vifiui^  by  having  frequently,  without 
ufing  the  knife  or  lancet,  or  the  leaft  violence  of  any  kind, 
dirown  air  into  them  through  their  mouths,  as  well  as  intror 
daced  fine  briftles  into  their  orifices ;  through  which,  he  ob- 
fiorves,  naercury  may  likewife  be  made  to  pafs. 
Article  38.  Extract  of  a  Letter  from  Mr.  Benjamin  Gooch,  Surgeon 

§f  Sbottijham^  near  Norwich,  to  Mr.  Jofeph  IVamer^  F.  R.  S. 

and  Surgeon  to  Guys  Hofpitaly  i^c. 

This  letter  conuins  a  {hort  account  of  the  fymptoms  and  cir* 
cumftanccs  preceding  and  attending  a  very  remarkable  feparation 
of  the  fcarf  flcin,  in  the  cafe  of  a  gentleman  at  Saham  Tony,  in 
the  county  of  Norfolk.  During  the  lafi  ten  years,  he  has  been  . 
frequently  attacked  with  anomalous  feverifbdiforders^  in  confe-> 
qoence  of  which  the  cuticle  has  feparated  from  the  true  flcin,  in 
every  part  of  his  body ;  and  he  has,  particularly,  often  turned 
it  off  from  his  wrift  to  his  fingers  ends,  in  one  entire  piece, 
completely  re/embltng  a  glove.  Of  thefe  Angular  exuvi^,  he 
has  unfortunately43een  enabled  to  prefent  the  curious  among  his 
friends  with  feveral  fpecimens.  An  accurate  drawing  of  one  of 
thefe  cuticular. gloves,  fent  by  the  Author  to  Mr.  Warner,  ac^ 
companies  this  article. 

[  To  be  concluded  in  the  next  Number.  ] 


P  3  Art.  V. 


t    «4-    ] 

i\ET.  V.  7%e  f^autical  Almanac^  and  Ajir^nmtcal  £phmerlSf  fir' 
the  Tiar  ij'jT.,    .  Puhltjhed  by  Order  of  tf^e  Commijponers  of  JLffh' 
,gitude,     js,  6d.  fcwed.     Nourfc.     1770. 

Wllether  we  regard  our  couatry  in  a  polUical  or  comvaor-'. 
cial  view,  the.  art  of  Navigadon  \%  of  tJDie  bigheft  iia*r 
porcance  and  ufe.     To  this  we  owe  our  fupeiiority  and  credit 
abjQad*  as  well  as  our  fccurity  and  pfofperity  at  ho(ne«.    We* 
are  furrouoded  with  an  element,  by  the  comound  of  which  w« 
can  defy  the  machinations  of  focoign  poweira,  and  enrich  our-, 
felves  with  the  produce  of  diftant  nations.     Oar  fituatipn,  iQ> 
this  refpe£t,  is  a  bulwark,  on  which  we  can  more  coafidentLy^ 
rely»  than  on  the  beft  concerted  ^mciafures  of  the  nioft  upright, 
anddifcerningminifters;  and  we  may  havereafon  to  congratitlate-. 
ourfelves  on  account  of  the  fecurity  we  derive  from  it)  againft  the. 
attempts  of  an  adverfacy,  whom  our  timidity  may  render  vain,  and 
our  abjeil  fubmiflioa  encroaching  and  imperious*    It  rec^uir^  no 
prophetic- fpirit  to  prognofticate  a  period,  in  which  we  may  he 
obliged  to  recur  to  our  maritime  Jlrmgth  to  combat  the  pcrnici-< 
pus  eiFedts  of  our  minijlerial  weaknefs. — But  as  we  are  not  fond  of 
indulging  gloomy  furmifes,  we  will  hope  that  fuch  a  period  ia 
far  diftant.     We  are  difpofed  to  wiih,  thaf  thetempocary  ful-. 
peniionof  the  dreadful  calamities  of  war  and  bloodihed,^  whicH 
ev^y  lover  of  his  fpecies  and  of  his  country  would  gladly  avoids 
will  iiTue  in  an  eflablifhed  and  durable  tranquillity  ;  that  wic  flialj^ 
long  enjoy  the  ble^ngs  of  freedom  and  peace,  without  moleAsHu 
tion,  and  with  grateful  united  hearts ;  and  that  qui;  commeecial 
interefts  will  yet  flouri(h,  free  from  impediment  aad  reftrainc.     . 
Ourromnoerce  is  already  extended  through  the  foi^r  q^uar^crs 
of  the  globe ;  our  richly  freighted  ihips  traveife  the  fe^s,  which 
wa&  the  Chores  of  remoteft  kingdoms^  acid  with  their  expanded 
fails  invi;e  the  gales  of  various  climates.     Our  nayigaiiorft  axe 
jufily  celebrated  through  the  world;  and  we  may  hoaJft  farther' 
advancements  both  in  the  theory  and  pra^e  of  failiog,  than  anp 
other  nation  under  the  fun.   An  art  of  fuch  extenfive  benefit,  uidt 
in  wj)ich  we  already  fo  much  excel,  defervea  all  the  patroiiiags  aii<|r 
encouragement  which  geni^i  ^iud.  Jiation  can  afford  it.     Ua^in^ 
attained  fa  near  perfedUon,  w«  fhould  ftrive  to  be  altogether peri^ 
fed. — There  is  one^problem,  on  the  fohition  of  which  the.  de« 
firable  perfe£iion  very  much  depends;  this  relaites  to^thedeCer« 
minadon  of  the  longitude  at  fea. — Many  ingenious  and  laudabte^ 
attenvpts  have  been  made  towards  i^efolving  this  important  pro- 
blem.    Time-pieces  have  beep  conftruded,    and  tables  \aivm 
been  formed,  for.  this  purpofe.     The  latter  method  feems  to  bid 
faireft  for  fucccfs.     The  late  Profeffor  Mayer  of  Gottiiigeii  lfa4 
brought  his  tables  of  the  ilioon,  now  publiflied  by  aHt^ority  of 
the  Commiflioners  of  <Pongitude,  to  a  fufficicnt  degree  of  exade 


Tii  Nautical  Ahn^acfir  1 77a.  215 

tiefii  to  determine  the  longitude  within  a  degree,  as  appeared  bv 
the  trials  of  feveral  perfons  who  made  ufe  of  them  :  but  the  ne- 
ceflary  calculations  were  too  difficult  and  tedious  for  general  ufe. 
To  remove  this  inconvenience,  is  the  primary  defign  of  the  work 
before  us  ;  though,  at  the  fame  time,  it  muft  greatly  contribute 
to  the  improvement  of  Aftronomy,  Geography,  and  Navigation 
in  general. 

The  world  is  much  indebted  to  the  favour  of  the  legiOaturei, 
and  to  the  commendable  labours  of  the  aftnonoIhet^-royal,  for 
the  extent  and  accuracy  of  thefe  tables.  The  work  contains^ 
to  ufe  the  Editor's  own  words,  every  thing  eflential  to  general 
tife,  that  is  to  be  found  in  any  Ephemeris  hitherto  publiflied^ 
with  oiany  other  ufeful  and  interefting  particulars  never  yet  of- 
fered to  the  public  in  any  wotrk  of  this  kind*.  The  mariner 
may  eafily  find  the  |ongitude  by  the  help  of  thefe  tables ;  the 
problem  is  now*  reduced  to  the  computation  of  the  time,  zh 
operation  equa^to  that  of  an  Azimuth,  and  the  corre<Slion  of  the 
dMboce  on  account  of  refraction  and  parallax,  which  isalfDrcii^- 
dered  very  eafy  by  feveral  methods  here  propofed. 

The  Editor,  at  the  defire  of  the  Commiffioncrs  of  Longitude, 
has  drawn  op  the  explanation  and  ufe  of  the  feveral  articles  coni* 
taiaed  in  the  Ephemeris,  and  inftruf^ions,  together  with  ex« 
amples,  for  finding  the  longitude  at  fea,  by  the  help  of  the 
fame. — He  has  likewife,  with  great  ingenuity  and  pains,  calcu- 
lated feveral  tables  to  render  the  ufe  of  thefe  more  eafy  and  expo* 
dftiotiSy  for  which  he  is  juftly  entitled  to  the  acknowledgments 
of  the  public. 

The  preface  to  this  work  contains  the  refult  of  feveral  obfer- 
vationsy  made  at  the  Lizard,  by  the  dire&ion  of  the  Board  of 
Longitude,  for  more  accurately  determining  the  diffierence  ojf 
longitude  between  'this  place  and  the  obfervatory  at  Greenwich, 
which  is  found  to  be  5**  15' weft; — together  with  correftions 
of  erroi^  of  lefs  moment,  relating  to  the  longitude  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope. 

The  Ephemeris  itfelf  contains  twelve  pages  for  each  month. 
The  firft '  page  is  divided  into  four  columns  :  the  three  firft  of 
which  contain  the  days  of  the  month,  of  the  week,  and  the 
Sondaj^atnl  feftivals  through  the  year.  The  laft  column  Ihews, 
at  tep^  themooVs  phafes;  and  beneath  are  contained  mircella- 
neoiis  phaenomena,  fuch  as  eclipfes  of  the  fun  and  moon— oc»- 
caltations  of,  planets,  or  fixed  ftars,  not  lefs  than  the  fourth 
magnitude  by  the  moon,  as  they  are  to  happen  at  Greenwich 
by  the  tables  — the  conjon6^ions  of  the  moon  with  all  ftars  not 
left  than  the  fourth  magnitude — the  conjun«Slions,  oppofitions 
md  quadratures  of  the  planets  with  the  fun  -^ the  entrance  of  thb 
fun  into  the  ferersd  figns,  together  with  any  other  remaricable 
phseoDmena.  * 

P  4  Occulta- 


2i6  The  Nautical  Almanac  for  177  a. 

Occultations  of  the  fun,  and  occultations  of  the  fixed  ftars 
by  the  moon,  obferved  in  places  whofe  latitude  and  longitude 
are  known,  are  of  ufe  in  correding  t^e  lunar  tables  ;  and  if  the 
latitude  of  the  place  of  obfervation  only  be  known,  the  longi- 
tude may  be  determined  from  them.  Eclipfes  of  the  moon, 
however,  are  more  readily  applied  to  this  purpofe:  ^he  longi- 
tude, in  this  cafe,  being  the  difference  of  time  of  the  obferva- 
tion an)d  that  bt  down  in  the  Ephemeris  converted  into  degrees, 
for  which  tables  are  provided.  The  other  phsenomena  are  of 
importance  in  the  fame  refpeft. 

The  two  firft  columns  of  the  fccond  page  of  the  month  con- 
tain the  days  of  the  month  and  week  as  before ;  next  follow 
the  fun's  longitude,  right  afcenfion  in  time,  declination,  and 
the  equation  of  time,  with  the  difference  from  day  to  day. 

Page  3d  contains,  in  five  columns,  the  femidiameter  of  the 
fun,  the  time  of  his  paffing  the  meridian,  his  hourly  motion,  the 
logarithm  of  his  diftance,  and  place  of  the  moon's  node,  for 
every  fixih  day  :  and  at  the  bottom  of  this  page  arc  the 
eclipfes  of  Jupiter's  fatellites,  whenever  they  arc  vifible. 

In  the  fourth  page  of  the  month,  wc  have  the  longitude  and 
latitudes  of  the  planets,  both  heliocentric  and  geocentric,  their 
declination  and  apparent  time  of  pafHng  the  meridian,  calculated 
for  every  fixth  day. 

The  fifth  and  fixth  following  pages  (and  not  the  7th  and 
fifth,  as  by  a  miftake  of  the  Editor,  the  references  arc  made), 
contain  the  moon's  place,  and  all  the  circumftances  relative  to 
her  motion,  and  her  diftances  from  the  fun  and  proper  flars, 
from  which  her  diftance  fliould  be  obferved  for  finding  the  lon- 
gitude at  fea.  The  longitudes,  latitudes,  and  declinations  of 
the  moon,  and  time  of  her  paffing  the  meridian,  afford  the  like 
ufes  with  the  fame  circumftances  of  the  planetary  motions,  and 
many  more  befidcs. 

For  the  fake  of  greater  precifion,  the  moton's  longitude,  lati- 
tude, right  afcenfion,  declination,  femidiameter,  horizontal 
parallax,  with  its  logiftic  or  proportional  logarithms,  are  com- 
puted twice  a  day  to^noon  and  midnight,  and  may  be  readily  in- 
icrred  for  any  intermediate  time  with  the  greateft  exadlnefs. 

The  diftances  of  the  moon  from  the  fun  and  fixed  ftars,  are 
(et  down  to  every  three  hours  of  apparent  time  by  the  meridian 
of  Greenwich,  and  arc  defigned  to  relieve  the  mariner  from  the 
neceflity  of  a  calculation,  which  he  might  think  prolix  and 
troublcfome,  and  to  enable  him,  by  comparing  the  fame  diftan- 
ces obferved  carefully  at  fea,  to  infer  his  longitude  readily,  and 
with  little  danger  of  miftake,  to  a  degree  of  exadnefs,  that  may 
be  thought  fufficient  for  moft  nautical  purpofes.  The  Editor 
pbferves,  that  though  the  diftance  of  the. moon  from  the  fun  or 
/lars,  well  obferved  with  a  good  inftrument,  is  ft^fficient  to  de- 
'         '  terming 


The  Nautical  Almanac /or  1772.  217 

termine  the  longitude,  with  the  help  6f  the  Ephemeris^  tfiwiiys 
within  a  degree,  and  generally  much  nearer,  yet  it  will  conduce 
to  ilill  greater  accuracy,  if  the  obferver  takes  the  diftance  of  the 
noon  from  two  ftars,  or  the  fun  and  a  (iar,  or,  when  the  moon 
is  between  qo""  and  120''  diftance  from  the  fun,  from  the  fun  and 
two  ftars,  if  he  can  be  fo  lucky  s&  to  obtain  thefe  feveral  obfer* 
varions.  The  longitude  being  computed  from  the  cbfervations 
made  with  each  ftar  refpedively,  the  mean  of  the  refults  is  to 
be  takeiFas  probably  approaching  neareft  to  the  true  longitude. 

The  laft  page  of  the  month  (and  not  the  fifth)  fhews  the  con* 
figurationis  of  Jupiter's  fatellites,  or  the  apparent  pofitions  of 
the  I'atellites  with  refpefl  to  each  other  and  to  Jupiter  at  fuch  an 
lioar  of  the  evening  or  night,  as  they  are  moft  likely  to  be  ob- 
ferved,  and  ferve  to  diftinguiih  the  fatellites  from  one  ano* 
ther. 

For  the  diftin£i  ufe  and  application  of  each  column  of  the 
above  tables  we  muft  refer  to  the  work  itfelf  9  and  fhail  conclude 
with  obCerving,  that  to  this  Ephemeris  are  annexed,  the  eclipfes 
of  the  third  fatellite  of  Jupiter  in  the  years  1771  and  1772,  com- 
-puted  from  the  new  tables  publifhed  with  the  Nautical  Almanac 
for  laft  year :  and  two  tables  are  likewife  added,  for  fnore 
readily  finding  what  eclipfes  of  Jupiter's  fatellites  will  happen, 
when  Jupiter  is  at  leaft  8""  above,  and  the  fun  as  much  below 
the  horizon;  i//z.  one  containing  Jupiter's  hour*  angles  to  dif« 
ferent  declinations,  when  his  altitude  is  exaSly  8"*,  and  the  other 
the  fun's  hour-angle  or  time  from  noon,  when  he  is  deprefied  8"* 
below  the  horizon.  This  number,  moreover,  contains  Mr. 
Lyons's  folution  of  a  problem  in  Mercator's  Navigation,  pro- 
pofed  formerly  by  Dr.  Halley,  as  wanting  to  complete  that  doc- 
trine, and  deligned  to  determine  the  courfe  fteered,  when  a  (hip 
has  failed  from  a  given  latitude  a  certain  number  of  miles,  and 
has  altered  her  longitude  by  a  given  quantity  ;  which  folution, 
fays  the  Editor,  cannot  but  be  acceptable  to  the  curious. 

At  the  clofeof  this  article,  it  may  not  be  improper  to  fubjoin 
a  brief  account  of  the  tables  requifite  to  be  ufed  with  the  aftrono* 
mical  and  nautical  Almanac,  which,  though  a  feparate  publica^* 
tion,  are  intended  to  accompany  the  other,  and  thereby  to  ren* 
der  the  operations  more  eafy  and  more  accurate.  They  cljiiefly 
relate  to  the  corredion  pf  the  errors  of  the  moon's  diftance  from 
the  fun  or  ftars,  artfing  from  refra£tion  and  parallax ;  and  they 
contain  feveral  tables  and  rules  for  this  purpofe :  befide  tables 
for  converting  degrees  and  minutes  of  the  equator  into  time  and 
the  contrary-^^tabfes  of  the  longitudes  and  latitudes  of  nine* 
teen  of  the  brighteft  ftars  and  neareft'riie  ecliptic,  fuch  as  are 
moft  (»oper  to  take  the  moon's  diftance  from,  for  finding  the 
longitude  at  fea,^tQiretber  with  a  table. for  finding  the  aberra- 
tion of  a  zodiacal  liar  in  longitude — two  tables,  one  for  chu-^ 

fing 


2it  WhilcV  Cajis  in  Surgny.    - 

fing  proper  ftars»  from  which  to  obferve  the  noon's  diftance^ 
and  another  of  limits  and  aqui1«  s^— tables  of  corredioosof  the 
moon's  longitude  and  latitude; — of  the  right  afcenfions  and  At*- 
clinatioBS  x>i  the  principal  fixed  ftars,  with  their  variation  for  ten 
years  }-«-of  multipliers  ;-^*-of  the  depreffion  or  dip  of  the  horiz6B» 
and  a  table  of  proportional  logarithms ;  the  nature  and  ufc  of  all 
which  are  explained,  in  their  proper  places,  by  the  ingenious 
Editor. 

This  volume  contains,  likewife,  inftru<5tions  for  finding-  the 
longitude  at  (ea  by  the  help  of  the  Ephemeris,  comprised  in  fe- 
veral  articles ;  together  with  particular  cafes  exemplifying  the 
rules  laid  down.     . 

Art.  VI.'  Cafes  in  Surgery ^  with  Remarks .  '  Part  the  Fir/f. 
By  Charles  White,  F.  R.  S.  one  of  the  Corporation  ofSur- 
Mons  in  London,  arid  Surgeon  to  the  Manchefter  Infirmary. 
To  which  is  added.  An  Eflay  on  the  Ligature  of  Arteries,  by 
J.  Aikin,  Surgeon.     4s.  6d.  bound.     Johnfton.     1770. 

THIS  is  a  valuable  collection  of  chirurgtcal  cafes,  and  re^ 
marks,  feveral  of  which  have  already  been  made  public  ; 
{ome  of  them  in  the  Philofophical  Tranfadions,  and  others  ia 
the  Medical  Obfervadons  and  Inquiries:  but  the  ingenious  Att«> 
tbdr  imagined  it  would  *•  be  full  as  agreeable  to  the  readers  to 
fee  them  all  together  in  one  volume,  efpecially  as  fome  of  them 
are  c<mtȣtcd  with  thefe  now.  firft  published,  and  they  help  to 
ccinfirm  each  other.  I  have  likewife,  fays  he,  feleded  fiich 
cafes  from  a  number  which  my  father  took  minutes  of  when  be 
was  in  full  pra£kice,  as  are  fimilar  to  tbofe  of  my  own,  whkb 
I  have  now  tranfcribed  for  publication.'    He  proceeds : 

^  The  few  cafes  I  have  here  given  of  the  ftopping  of  bleeding 
arteries  by  fponge^  are  not  intended  to  Ihew  its  utiiity  in  all 
haemorrhages  whatfoever,  but  in  tbofe  where  the  ligature  could 
not  pdfiibly  be  made  ufe  of,  or  in  fuch  as  had  refitted  the  iteoft 
approved  methods  of  pra&ice,  and  of  confequence  brought  fbe 
Itfe  or  limb  of  the  patient  into  dlanger. 

*  I  propofe  to  give  the  public  a  fecond  part  of  this  worky  as 
ibon  as  my  avocations  in  bufinefs  will  permit  me,  aad  am  fufi* 
cicntly  fiirnilhed  with  materials  for  that  piirpofii/ 

Without  making  an  abftrad  of  the  feiwral  articles  which 
compofe  this  volume,  we  ihall  briefly  obferve,  that  it  contaiiis 
ibmenew  and  ufeful  obfervationsconeeitniag  diitooations  and  theif 
redudion;  and  likewife  concerning  ufae  te-untoit  of  fraAufed 
bones,  the  extreniitie9)*6f  which  have  fsmained  longdifanited« 
Among  other  curious  cafes,  we  have  the  fiiigolar  one  m  wUdk 
fie^  upper  head  of  tbe  Os  Hunteri  was  hwtk  off,  and  yet  the  e»* 


Martyn*i  critical  Rtwmrh  upcn  tbs  JEnsids  $f  VirgiL     219 

tirt  otptioQ  of  th^  limb  .was  pcdervcd.  This  was  firft  prtntsd  t» 
the  Philofopbical  Tranfadbons^  and  we  have  noticed  it,  p,  21c. 
of.  this  month's  RcviQw^i 

Mr.  Alkin's  Eilay  on  the  Ligature  of  Arteries,  is  written  with 
a  view  to  recommend,  and  make  more  generally  known,  the 
method  pra£lifed  by  Mr.  Broinfield,  which  is  this, — Mr.  Brom* 
field  firft  draws  out  the  artery  with  the  Unncuiumy  and  then  m^es 
the  ligature. 

This  method  of  tying  the  artery  alone,  has  long  been  knows^ 
and  long,  but  not  generally,  prat^ifed.  Mr.  Aikm's  knowledge ' 
of  ^e  Aiccefsof  this  praAlce,  is  a  ftrong  argument  in  favour  of 
its  particular  utility.  <  This  is  the  method,'  fays  he,  ^  of  tying 
arteries,  which,  for  feveral  years  p;)ft,  has  b^n  pradifed  by  the 
ing'enious  furgeons  of  the  Manchefter  Infirmary;  in  which^ 
from  the  frequency  of  amputations,  on  account  of  difea/ed  joints, 
the  faireft  triai  has  been  given  of  its  efficacy.  During  this  whole 
time  a  needle  has  never  been  ufed  in  fecuring  an  artery  after  aa 
operation,  except  in  a  very  few  cafes,  where,  from  the  badfitu** 
acion  of  the  artery,  or  fome  other  uncommon  circumftance,  i€ 
could  not  He  drawn  out  io  as  to  be  tied ;  and  I  can,  with  the 
ftrideft  truth,  afiUre  the  public,  both  from  what  I  have  been 
three  years  an  .eye-^witnefs  of,  and  from  kl>e  mofl  refpe£table  t^fti- 
mony  of  others,  that  there.  ba&  not  been  a  ilngle  inftance  of  re- 
taming  haemorrhage,,  after  an  artery  had  been  once  fairly  tied  in 
this  method/ 

Art.  VII,  Dijftrtaiions  and  critical  Remarks  upon  the  Mnetds  of 
Virgil^  containing^  among  other  inter efllng  Pdrticulars,  a  full  ' 
^Vindication  of  the  Poet  from  the  Charge  of  Anachronifm  with  r#* 
^ard  to  the  Foundation  of  Carthage.  By  the  late  Jonn  Martyn, 
F.  R.  S.  Editor  of  Virgil's  Georgics  and  Bucolics.  To  the 
Whole  is  prefixed,  fome  Account  of  the  Author  and  his' 
'Writings.     lacDO.     3s.  frd.  bound.     Davis.     17^1. 

IT  is  pkafani  enough  to  find  this  learned  critic,  in  his  firft 
diiTertation,  attempting  to-  vindicate  Virgil  from  a  fault 
which  ettght  never  to  have  been  laid  to  his  charge ;  unkfs  rt 
be  a  fault  to  be  ignorant  of  what  it  is  impoffible  to  knowx 
Virgil  could  not  poi&bly  know  whether  Tfoy  was  taken  and 
Carthage  built  near  the  Oune  period  o(  tifsoe  or  not.  For 
though  the  ancient  Gredur  m^de  tlie  defttisfUoa  of  Troy  a  ge« 
ner^  epocha  Crom  which  they  carapuied  time,  yet  they  had  no 
certain  knowledge  when  it  happened  ;-  fb  unfettled  was  the  ftate 
of  chronology  before  hiftory  took  place  of  fable  !  As  to  the 
metbod  of  Herodotus,  wJiicl^  ^Uo^re^  three  generations  tcr  a 
txmvaru  U  W9a  certainly  very  vagiie  and  very  Rule  tp>.  1^  de-^ 
K«dpa  vpon  ;  fo  little^  indeed,  tbat  in  the  c^culation  of  many 

centuries^ 


%20     Martyn'j  critical  Ritnaris  upon  thi  Mneids  of  FirgiL 

centuries^  from  any  particular  family  of  Kings,  &c.  many 
might  be  loft  or  gained. 

The  fecond  diflertation  is  on  the  four  introdu£lory  lines  to 
the  JEntis  : 

Ille  egOy  qui  quondam^  &f  c . 

IVe  will  prefume  to  fay,  that  no  Reader  of  true  tafte  would 
ever  have  doubted  concerning  the  illegitimacy  of  thefe  lines, 
though  there  had  been  no  manufcripts  found  without  them.^ 

The  third  diflertation  i^  of  Mnea$^i  charoBer^  Virgil  has  un- 
dergone fome  cenfure  for  reprefenting  his  hero  as  fhuddering 
at  the  profpe£t  of  death,  in  a  ftorm  at  Tea.  But  the  cenfure  is 
idle.  It  was  not  death,  but  the  mode  of  death  (which  did 
him  no  honour)  that  was  afFe£ling  to  the  hero ;  and  our  Au- 
thor has  made  a  bad  defence  for  it  in  faying,  that  it  was  his 
pious  fear  of  the  gods.  We  find  this  generous  horror  of 
^neas  exemplified  in  many  chara£ters  both  ancient  and  mo- 
dern; it  was  confidered  as  belonging  to  the  nobleft  natures, 
and  never  reprefented  in  a  depreciating  view  by  any  good  poet 
or  hiftorian.  Thus  when  Achilles  was  in  danger  of  being 
drowned  in  the  Xanthus,  he  laments  his  fate  no  lefs  pathc^-* 
tally  than  iSncas.     He  complains  that  he  (hould  periih 

'   ■  wf  VDciix  avtpopSoVf 

Ovppc  T  fyauXoj  airoiftru  ;^«/xwvi  ggp&?»T» 

like  a  boy  that  feeds  hogs,  whom  the  flooded  ftream  fweeps 
away  as  he  is  attempting  to  ford  it.  It  is  not  death,  but  fonnte 
unworthy  circumftance  attending  it  that  (hocks  a  brave  man. 
There  is  a  fine  fentiment  in  Waller  where  he  reprefents  the 
Duke  of  Buckingham  in  danger  at  fea.  His  vexation  was  not 
for  the  lofs  of  life,  but  the  lofs  of  the  idea  and  remembrance  of 
a  woman  whom  he  loved. '  He  only  grieved  that, 

The  flirine  flioald'  perifti  where  her  image  dwelt. 

Shakefpeare's  Othello  expfefles  the  fame  horror  at  ^n  obfcure 
death  ;  but,  confidering  his  circumftanccs,  in  our  opinion,  with 
kfs  nature.  One  cannot  but  remember,  too,  thofe  fine  vcrfet 
on  Charles  the  Twelfth  : 

But  did  not  Fate  at  length  her  error  mend  ? 
Did  no  fabverted  empire  mark  his  end  f 
Did  rival  monarchs  give  the  fatal  wound  ? 
Or  hoftile  millions  prefs  him  to  the  ground  ? 
His  fall  was  deflin'd  to  a  barren  ilrand, 
A  petty  fortrefs,  and  a  dubious  hand! 

The  fentimcnt  of  Ajax,  who,  when  involved  in  a  dark  mift 
to  the  field  of  battle,  petitions  Jupiter  to.  remove  it,  and  let 

them 


RothcramV  Inquiry  inU  tbi  Properties  of  Water*  22i 

them  have  tbe  honour  of  dying  by  daylight,  is  noble  and  alto- 
fether  in  nature : 

If  Greece  mnft  perifli,  we  thy  will  obey. 
But  let  us  perifh  in  the  face  of  day  ! 

Here  are  feveral  more  difiertations,  which  contain  fome 
loft  conjedures  in  high  and  fabulous  antiquity.  Prefi;£ed  to 
tbe  work  is  an  account  of  the  learned  Author,  and  fome  men- 
tion  6f  men  of  letters,  his  friends  and  cotemporaries.  It  con- 
cludes with  critical  obfervations  on  certain  paflages  in  the 
^neids,  that  are  generally  too  long,  in  proportion  to  their 
merit  or  importance. 

A&T.  Vin.  i^  Phthfaphical  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  and  Propertte§ 
rflVater.  With  elegant  Copper-plate  Figures  of  the  feveral  Salts. 
Bv  J.  Rotheram,  M.  D.  8vo.  2s.  6d.  Newcaftle  upon 
Tyne  printed,  and  fold  in  London  by  Murray. 

THIS  Inquiry  was  very  commendably  undertaken  by  Dr. 
Rotheram,  for  the  fatisfadion  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
town  of  Newcaftle.  It  is  in  fome  degree  a  general  inquiry  con- 
cerning water;  but  chiefly,  however,  refpefls  the  waters  in 
that  town  and  neighbourhood. 

*  As  this  deiign,  fays  our  Author,  was  originally  undertaken  for 
the  fatisfadtion  of  the  ma^iftracy  and  inhabitants  of  this  town,  upon 
fome  late  propofals  for  tnrniihing  them  with  water;  it  may  be  ex- 
peded  that  I  mould  fhew  which  water  b  the  bed  and  fitteft  for  that 
parpofe  ;  bat  I  (hall  trouble  my  reader  very  little  farther  with  thofe 
comparifons :  if  what  is  ^d  above  be  allowed,  the  Tyne  water  is 
Bodonbtedly  the  hed  and  fitteft  in  all  refpeds.' 

We  ihall  lay  before  our  Readers  therefore  Dr.  Rotheram's 
account 

Of  Tyne  Water. 

•  As  the  waters  in  moft  of  our  navigable  rivers  are  afTcfted  by 
the  tidesy  and  other  circumftances,  ic  may  not  be  improper  to  give 
a  ihort  fketch  of  fome  particulars  relating  to  the  natural  htftory  of 
this  river,  which  may  be  fuppofed  to  alter  the  property  of  its  waters 
at  diflerent  times,  before  we  proceed  to  relate  our  experiments  upon 
it. 

'  The  river  Tyne  rifes  from  diflFerent  fources ;  fome  of  them  about 
fixty  miles  to  the  North-weft,  and  others  about  fifty  to  the  Weft  and 
Soitth-weftfrpm  this  town;  and  from  hence  to  its  entrance  into  the 
fea  at  Tynem'outHy  is  about  ten  miles ;  but  if  we  meafure  by  the 
windings  of  the  river  it  will  be  more  in  both  cafes  :  {o  that  its  feve-^ 
zal  branches  fpread  over  a  very  large  traft  of  country,  the  greateft 
part  of  which  abounds  with  collieries  and  lead  mines;  from  the  nu- 
moroos  levels  and  engines  of  which,  immenfe  quantities  of  water 
ftfe  coiiftaatiy  flowing  m  :  that  we  ihall  be  much  within  compafs  if 

t  aflert,  that  above  half  of  the  water  which  runs  by  Newcaftle 
les  from  the  mines;  and  fometimes  the  wAile  waters  •  above  men* 

tioaed, 


M2  Rotheram'^  Inquiry  Inh  tkePr&perius  ef  Water* 

tionedy  will  be  faddenly  let  ofiT  in  very  large  qoantities,  or  wbat  die 
workmen  call  hufhes,  and  will  apparently  difcolonr  the  river,  ibr  » 
confiderable  fpace.  Yet  fo  readily  and  entirely  does  the  river  clear 
itfelf  from  any  impurities,  which  it  might  be  fuppofed  to  contra^ 
from  hence,  that  I  hav6  never  been  able  to  difcover  the  leafl  par- 
ticle of  any  viu-iolicor  other  fiibftances,  which  are  to  be  foBBdia 
the  coal  waters ;  though  I  have  repeatedly  and  ytry  carefully  ex»^ 
mined  it  at  different  feafons  of  the  year,  and  different  times  of  ite 
tide:  indeed  I  apprehend  that  we  are  much  indebted  to  the  tide* 
fcr  rendering  the  river  water  To  pure  and  good,  as  it  onaueftionablf 
is  in  this  neighbourhood  ;  and  the  particular  courTe  ana  channel  of 
die  river  contribute,  not  a  little,  to  this  effed. 

*  The  channel,  betwixt  Newcaftle  and  Tyncmonth,  is  of  a  very 
different  width  and  depth ;  {xy  that  the  tide  is  more  rapid  in  fome 
places  th^A  in  others.  '  The  entrance  into  the  harbour' at  the  L9# 
Lights  is  very  narrow ;  but  the  channel  forms  into  a  fine  tacrge  ba- 
fon,  for  the  whole  length  of  Shields,  capable  of  holding  above  two 
thonfand  fail  of  large  mips  ;  above  which  the  tide  fpreads  Over  the 
cxteniive  flats  of  Jarrow- Slake ;  and  then,  for  a  great  length,  forms 
a  remarkably  fine,  broad  and  deep  pool,  called  the  Loiig*Reaob,  all 
which  contain  an  immenfe  qua&tity  of  water.  AQet  thti  th^  tide  is 
obftru^led  by  feveral  windings  and  narrow  places  is  the  chAOiiely  till 
it  comes  within  about  a  mile  of  Newcaille ;  where  it  runs  in  an  opea 
and  wider  pool,  till  it  flows  about  two  miles  above  this  town,  when^ 
it  is  a  good  deal  interrupted  in  its  courfe  by  a  large  iflaad,  confiil- 
in^  of  many  acres,  called  the  K.ing*s  Meadows :  after  flowidg  round 
this  ifland  by  two  narrow  channels,  and  through  -feveral  beautiful 
windings,  it  rifes  a  little  above  the  village  of  Newburn ;  in  all  about 
feven  or  eight  miles  above  Newcaftle. 

*  The  tides  commonly  flow  about  four  hours  and  an  half,  and 
ebb  about  feven  hours  and  an  half,,  at  Newcaftie- bridge :  and  the 
perpendicular  rife  of  the  river  here,  in  a  fpring  tide,  will  fometiitie^ 
be  about  eleven  or  twelve  feet,  and  at  Tynemoufh  bar,  about  eieh* 
teen  feet ;  but  both  thefe  circumflances  vary  greatly  from  the  dif- 
ferent winds,  and  the  different  quantities  of  frelh  water  in  the  river: 
in  a  north-weilerly  wind  they  will  ibmetimes  rife  three  feet  higher 
than  I  have  mentioned ;  and,  in  a  fouth-eafterly  one,  fometiniea 
fcarcely^  half  fo  high :  and  in  fomc  of  our  great  land-Hoods,  the  tide 
has  not  fufhcient  force  to  ftem  and  turn  the  current^  which  wtU  fet 
downwards  during  the  whole  fwell  of  the  tide, 

'  From  this  fhort  account  We  may  judge,  in  fome  meafure,  of  thn 
yiatural  effe^  of  the  tides  upon  the  water  in  this  river.  For,  by 
the  conilant  and  contrary  motions  which  are  gi^n  to  the  waters, 
by  the  flux  and  reflux  of  the  tide,  the  mad  is  fkirred  ap,  the  falts 
and  other  impurities  mixed  with  part  of  it,  and  carried  into  the  fea; 
whihl  that  which  fubfides  in  the  channel  is  left  unfaturated  with  fairs, 
cleaner  from  impurities,  and  readier  to  attrad  and  abforb  any  frefli 
ones  that  may  come  in. 

*  The  mud  thus  llirred  up,  is  indeed  fometimes  long  in  fabfiding  \ 
as,  upon  land- floods  efpecially,  it  chiefly  confifb  of  a  Ine  light  day, 
dividediinto  fuch  minute  particles,  that  a  great  deal  of  it  will  paft 
^ough  a  common  filtering  paper,   and  make  the  water  a  little 

wheyifh  j 


Rotbeniax'j  hfuiry  inU  tbt  Pr^ertUs '  9/  Waur.  aaj 

wkcyiih  ;  but  this  will  in  time  feparatc  aod  leave  the  waiter  remark- 
abl/  bright  and  pore ;  and  this  very  inconvenienQe  is,  for  xke  rea- 
iaa%  afligned  above,  attended  with  a  fuperior  advantage.    . 

*  ABOiber  eibft  ctf  the  tides  is,  that  they  may  fometiinies  bring  op 
a  little  £ik  water.  la  ianuaer  time,  when  the  river  is  k>w»  and  the 
influx  of  the  tide  meets  with  iefs  refiftance,  the  water,  will  be  a 
ficde  biackifli  at  Newcaftlc ;  but  that  is  only  about  the  time  of  high 
water  ;  for  at  half  ebb,  or  half  flood,  it  has  fcarce  any  fenible  pro- 
portioii  of  fatt  in  iu  refiduom ;  and  in  winter  time,  or  indeed  in  the 
neap  tsdei  in  fammer,  we  can  feUom  find  the  leaft  brackiihnefs.  by 
the  tafte.  When  we  confider,  from  the  above  acconnt,  the  immenfe 
^pmmy  of  frefii  water  that  maft  be  driven  back,  before  the  tide  can 
nfe  to  Ncwcaftie,  it  will  appear  ibange  that  any  fait  water  fiionld 
efcr  reach  above  onr  bridge.  I  have  often  found  a  fenfible  dificr* 
ence  ia  the  tafte  of  the  water  which  was  taken  ap  below  the  bridge^ 
from  what  was  taken  np  above;  the  force  of  the  tide  being  a  gobd 
deal  broken  by  the  pillars.  I  have  not  indeed  analyfed  ic  in  the 
drieft  feaictts ;  but  the  day  in  which  I  am  writing  this,  I  tried  the 
ijpedfic  gravity  of  fomc  of  it  which  I  took  up  at  high  water,  in  the- 
laft  0^™^  tide,  aiter  a  long  droughty  feafoj),  .and  found  it  conftder- 
ably  iicavier  than  any  which  I  had  tried  before  ;  for  it  dlfiered  £:om. 
rai»  water  by  t^?  pirt  of  the  whole  :  whereas  in  winter  it  rarely  dif- 
ftta  by  T^7*  i  likewife,  at  the  fame  time,  tried  fome  which  I  had 
taken  np  at  Shields^  and  found  it  to  difier  from  rain  water  by  above 
the  28tb  part,  which  is  heavier  than  moft  of  our  tables  make  fea 
water  to  be.  Indeed,  foom  the  freih  water  which  is  driven  back, 
the  ialtneia  mufl  decreafe  all  the  way,  as  the  tide  comes  up  the 
channel ;  till,  a  little  above  this  town,  it  becomes  quite  evaneicent ; 
and^  for  (even  boors  out  of  every  twelve,  we  have  fcarce  any  fait  at 
all,  as  will  appear  more  fully  prefently. 

*  Another  tSc&.  of  the  tide  upon  this,  and  indeed  upon  mod  na- 
vigable rivers,  is,  the  immehfe  fhoals  of  very  fmall  fifhes  which  are 
driven  np  m  the  later  fummer  months.  It  has  been  frequently  ob- 
ferved  here,  that  a  pint  of  water  cannot  be  taken  up  near  the  ihore,^ 
any  where  within  the  eompafs  of  the  tide,  but  it  will  contain  feveral 
hundreds  of  them ;  nay  they  will  frequently  lie  fo  thick,  that  we 
oannoc,  even  in  very  (hallow  places,  fee  the  bottom  of  the  river  for 
tbem.  The  water  which  is  taken  up  fo  filled  with  thefe  little  aa»- 
mak,.  is  indeed  unfit  for  drefUng  of  visuals,  brewing,  or  almofl:  any 
other  pnrpoft ;  for  it  haa  from  the  firft  a  fifhy  difagreeable  tafle,  and 
veiyfoon  putrefies:  but  all  thefe  little  animals  are  within  two  or 
dme  yard»  of^  the  ihoiT,  and  moflly  in  flill  water ;  for  a  fmall  cor- 
jea€  tmief$  them  all  away ;  and>  upon  a  freih  flood  coming  down  th» 
liviV^  not  one  of  them,  is  to  be  feen  :  confequently  they  can  be  nOi 
obje^on  to.  die  fupplying  this  town  with  water  from  the  river^  an 
lbs  water  might  eafily  be  brought  to  the  pumps  of  an  engine  without 
conveying  any  of  them  along  with  it. 

*  I  (hall  not  trouble  my  reader  with  a  tedious  relation  of  all  the 
diierent  experiments  which  I  have  made  upon  this  water ;  but  (hall 
feltd  two  trials,  one  of  which  was  made  of  the  water  taken  up  at 
half  ebb,  and  ^e  other  at  high  water,  when  the  river  was  in  ita 

nfoftl  ftate:    in  the  firft  of  them,  indeed,  which  was  taken  up. 

on 


424*  Rbthcram  V/»ja/ry  into  the  Properties  of  Watir. 

oD  the  24 th  of  Jinaaiy,  1770*  the  river  wis  rtther  more  muddy 
than  ufoaly  and  I  allowed  the  water  to  ftand  two  days  before  1 
weighed  it. 

*  Itt  fpecific  gravity  was  to  that  of  rahi  water  as  1,348^481  to 
1,348,145 ;  the  difference  being  3369  or  neariy  ^Vi  of  the  whole. 
..*  Its  ufte  was  mild,  cool  and>  agreeable.  •     . 

^  It  made  no  change  with  the  lixiviom  of  tartar,  or  fokitidn  of 
fogar  of  lead  \  nor  yet  with  galls,  fyrup  of  violets,  or  adds. 

*•  A  gallon  of  it  left  upon  evaporation  only.  gr.  4^\s9  of  a  liglit 
brown  fediment ;  which  tafted  evidently^  though  llightly,  ialt ;  and 
felt  gritty  betwixt  the  teeth. 

'  *  The  quantity  of  this  refiduum  was  fo  very  fmall,  .that  it  fcarcely 
afforded  an  opportunity  of  feparating  the  fait  from  the  earth,  ^or-of 
trying  any  other  experiments ;  and  upon  fome  other  evaporauess  of 
the  water,  taken  up  at  half  flood  and  half  ebb,  the  rdidnum  was 
ftiU  lefs ;  fo  that  I  looked  upon  any  minute  examination  of  them  as 
trifling  and  infienificant. 

*  On  the  Z9th  of  January,  1 770,  I  took  a  quantity  of  water  from  • 
die  river,  at  the  weft  end  of  the  town,  juft  at  the  time  of  high 
water  in  a  fpring  tide.  The  weather  was  then  dry  and  remarkably 
warm  for  the  feafon,  and  the  water  much  brighter  than  that  wluch 
I  ufed  in  the  laft  experiment;  and  I  think  had  no  brackiflinefs  dif- 
ooverable  by  the  tafte :  but  it  turned  quite  milky  and  precipitated, 
upon  dropping  in  a  little  folution  of  fogar  of  lead. 

'  A  gallon  of  it  left,  upon  evaporation,  gr.  igr^f^  ofz  light  brown 
reiidttum,  which  tafted  very  fait,  crackled  upon  the  hot  iron ;  made 
an  ebullition  and  white  fumes  with  fpirit  of  vitriol,  but  no  apparent 
change  in  fyrup  of  violets,  and  attraded  moifture  very  faft. 
.  *  Five  grains  of  it  were,  by  the  hot  iron,  reduced  to  4iVe»  ^^^ 
increafed  again  in  weight  fo  faft,  that  I  could  not  be  fo  exad  as  I 
could  have  wiOied.  ' 

*  After  it  was  well  wa(hed  in  diflilled  water,  it  left  a  dark  gray 
Sniipid  powder  of  calcareous  and  abforbent  earth,  which  weigfatd 


.  *■  The  fait  was  entirely  muriatic  ;.  and  the  cryftals,  when  viewed 
dirough  the  microfcope,  appeared  as  in  the  copper-plate. 

*  The  fi^lt  was  in , proportion  to  the  earth  as  3638  to  1362;  fo 
that  each  gallon  of  this  water  contained  i4-,Vo'9  g^^^  of  fait,  and 
5A\jV  of  earth. 

.  *  O^/.  Though  this  water  was  manifeftly  brighter  than  that  which 
was  ufed  in  the  preceding  anal)^s,  yet  the  earthy  parts  olF  it  w«re 
more  than  the  whole  refiduum  of  the  other ;  and  I  am  fore  that  tlity 
were  both  coUedled  and  weighed  with  equal  care  :  which  ^hcvrSilhAt 
the  tides  impregnate  the  water,  in  this  river  with  Something  more 
than  fait;  or  the  fait  may  probably  be  a  means  >of. uniting  nnoro 
earth  with  the  water ;  but  thcfe  fubftances  are,  in  a  very  little  tifqe» 
cither  moftly  carried  away  or  fpontancbufly  precipitated. 

'  ■••  Upon  analyfing  fome  water,  taken  up  in  another  fpring  tid.c,  I 
only  obtained  gr.  12, "-^.^e  from  a  gallon  ;  bat  in  very  >dry  weather, 
when,  perhaps,  not  one-third  part  of  the  fiefii  water  comes-  4oira 
the  river,  an  high  tide  may  bring  up  a  larger  proportion  of  fait ;  su 
indeed  is  evident  from  the  fpecitic  gravity  of  the  Tync  water  tajceo 
>  this 


lids  day.  Bat  in  geneml^  dr  at  leaft  for  above  eiglit  mouths  in  tike 
yur,  it  cotitataft  no  Alt,  even  at  high  water»  that  cal»  be  any  way 
prqndiciai :  and  when  we  conMtTt  thet  from  half  ebb  until  half 
Sood»  or  fiir  opwanb  of  tstfin  hoa^s  ont  of  twelve*  thcte  is  fc4i-cely 
any  perceptible  ialt  in  it,  no  realbnabl^  obje^ion  can  be  ma<lc» 
npoii  this  account^  a^ainfl  fuppIviDg  the  town  with  it ;  ss  an  (Engine 
nught  work,  vtry  well,  above  fifteen  hours  In  the  day ;  afid  ih  that 
time*  with  the  greater  eafe,  it  might  raife  four  or  five  thoufand 
liogflieads  to  the  higheft  part  Of  the  town. 

*  The  contentt  m  this  Watte  are  fo  finall  in  qoantity,  and  in  their 
laatoiic  fo  very  inofi^five,  that  they  are  by  no  means  worthy  of  con- 
§deration  i  a^d  the  other  objei5liQns»  which  have  been  made  to  it» 
are  •^mliy  triflii^  and  infigaificant.  It  has  been  faid  that  it  gives 
botknieat  and  linen  a  bad  colour;  fo  will  the  Thames  watei-^  or 
that  of  aloKxft  any  river  in  England,  if  it  be  ufed  before  it  lias  fub« 
fidcd ;  bat  ievenu  fiunilies  in  tbis  town  who  k<$ep  it  in  proper  cif- 
terns  make  no  fuch  complaint,  and  fome  of  it  whith  I  have  now  by 
me,  and  which  was  taken  np  quite  muddy,  is  as  clear  and  bright 
is  any  water  which  I  know.  The  fotce  of  the  pumps,  the  convey- 
ance thnmgh  pines,  and  the  r^ng  in  large  refervoirs,  will  all  un- 
dottbcedly  eontribote  to  render  it  bright  and  pure.  It  is  known  to 
keep  exoeedtagly  good  and  fweet  through  long  voyages,  as  it  haa 
heea  fieqnently  carried  to  North  America:  and  what  is  ftill  a  farther 
afgumcnt  fiv  the  fupplying  of  this  town  with  it,  it  is  a  fource 
which  can  never  fail,  ana  indeed  the  only  one  which  can  fafely  be 
depended  on:'  for  the  opening  of  new  collieries,  and  th6  extending 
of  old  ones,  often  make  ftriinge  altefrations,  in  the  coutfes  of  fevcrU 
^rings  in  this  neighbourhood.' 

AvLT.  IK*    tit  Fahla  of  POrd,     By  Dr.  Langboirn^.     4tO. 
38.  Mridi    Murray.    1771. 

FABLE  is  a  fpedes  of  literature  from  which  great  benefit^ 
Ud  fio  ifiooftfiderable  degree  of  pleafure,  may  accrue  to 
mankfald.  It  is«  as  hath  been  juftly  remarked  *,  the  moft  Mjy^ 
vnmttngi  ,and  mgliging  way  of  Uachingi  it  fumilhes  the  moft 
ptoptr  aiid  effcAuai  means  of  inf^ting  men  with  a  love  of  vir- 
tue, nod  hatred  of  vice ;  and  it  has  frequently  happehed  that 
lihe  M  and  wifi^  as  well  as  the  ybung  and  intonfidtrdtf^  have 
leaped  the  advantages  flowing  from  this  mode  of  inftru^on* 
The  fbrmet  will  admire  the  important  truths  fo  artfully  yet 
fioiply  eoftve>'ed  in  thefe  agreeable  fifHons,  white  the  latter^ 
w1m>  ttiiially  look  no>  farther  than  the  fUrfa^e  and  form  6f  the 
vebsde,  mav  not  only  find  the  pleafure  they  feek  for,  but,  as 
thevfncreaie  in  years  and  judgmerit,  will  receive  tfaofe  foHd 
and  ufefui  inftruiaiMis  wh^eb  they  never  before  thought  pf. 
Tliiis  hx  irati)  sefpo<5k  to  theidea  of  Fal>le»  and  its  ufeful  ten* 

—      ...  -        ■    -^ — ' — ..^..,_^>^^._^.^^^ 

*  04»r.  on  this  fubjeft,  by  Dr.  Lamotte,  17^^ 

Jlev.  Mar,  ng^.   "\'  Q.  dencjr. 


^  t6  The  Failes  df  fhfin 

dcncy,  in  its  original  deftgn,  aiid  prtmicive  fim^Iiclty  of  coii* 
ftru(3ion.  In  latet  times  its  fph?r re  has-been  confidcraUy  en* 
iarged  J  much  dreft  and  ornai^ent  has  been  fu^rtidde'd  j  finit 
the  TjarrGiive  and  morale  which  formerly  were'ekhiblted  <}tiiti6 
naked  and  unadorned,  are,  by  our  modern  writers,  cldthej 
with  the  clioiceft  caibellifiiments  of  imagination. 

J^n  ingenious  but  unknown  writer,  in  z  late  fugitive  eflay, 
/peaking  of  the  performance  before  us,  has  very  pertinently  ob- 
l^rved,  that,  '  at  fkfl:  view,  one  would  infiagine  the  waik  of 
apologue  to  be  mtich  too  confined  for  a  man  of  glowif^  faticy 
and  elevated  genius;'  but  when  we  confider  that,  in  this, de* 
partment,  *  Nature  reigns  in  her  richett  fplcHdor,  and  moti 
luxuriant  proFiifion,'  pre'enting  not  only  all  tmimal  but  '  vt- 
gctahle  life  to  ihe  poet's  imagination,  we  then  percetvfc  the  field 
enlarged,  and  that  Fable  no  longer  walks  within  rhc'naVr(5U'  limits 
in  which  we  fancied  her  confined.  She  has  the  moft  beautiful 
objeds  of  Nature  to  feled,  aflcmble,  and  combine;  aud  >vben 
thtfe  can  aflord  her  no  farther  variety,  ihe  takeji  a  ftlll  more 
comprehenfive  view,  ,and,  comparing  ihc  vegetable  and  infieU 
ledluil  f^-ftem,  fhe  traces  rcfcmblaoccs  and  aUtifions,  before  un- 
noticed and  unfeen  :  thus,  rifihg  in  dignity  and  ufe,  ihe  iltfif* 
rra  OS  n.oral  truths,  by  invcftigating  the  intentions  of  Nature  in* 
the  difFcrent  properties  of  her  produftioris/ 

Tix.  Langhorne  himfelf,  fpeakihg  of  the  Fables  no^  before 
us,  in  his  i>refatory  advertifcmcnt,  fays — *  The  plan  of  Fable* 
is  enlarged,  and  the  province  extended,*  in  ihefe  poons  j  that 
*  to  tl.e  original  Narrative  and  Moral^  are  added  Imagi- 
RY,  Description,  and  Sentiment  j*  that  the*  '  fcchery  is 
formed  in  a  department  of  Nature  rn'ofe  aSapttd  to  the  genius 
and  difpofitibn  of  Poetry  ;  where  file  finds'  n(V)  objtSs^  fn* 
terefts,  and  connexions,  to  exercife  her  fancy  and  her  .powers. '-« 
He  concludes—*  the  charter  of  ^idlib^  audtndi^  the  birthright 
of  every  poet,  fufHciently  authorises  the  attempit  of  any  new 
fpecies  of  writing;  but  by  the  judgment  of  the  public  it  n»uft 
ftandor^fall.' 

But,  furely,  our  Author  does  not  intend  to  perfuade  us  that 
HE  is  the.firfl  bard  who  hath  extended  the  province  of -apologue^ 
and  added  imagery^  defcriptim^  and  fentimtnt  to  the  bare  narra> 
tive  and  moral  of  the  ancients  !  Have  we  not  the  fables  ef  Fon- 
taine, and  others,  in  France,  and  thofe  of  Gay,  Moore,  &c. 
in  England  I  and  have  not  thofe  juftly  applauded  writers  gained- 
their  great  reputation'  by  fimikr  improvements  in  this  brancb 
of  literature  ? — Certainly  Dr.  L/s  claim  of  origiaaHty^  witl> 
regard  to  his  prbfent  produ^lon,  .requires  tome  quaijieatim  ot 
e^fianaiifn  A  ^  ^ .  - .      • 

Bur,'  not  to  interfere  too  far  in  difputes  between  the  ikfrnag''* 
pie  unci  the  new^  let  us  proceed  to  ^ive  ouf  Readers  a  fpecimea* 


r- 


tJl  the  entertainment  tiiey  will  meet  widif  ii  4liejr  chiife  to  call 
txtbe  latter.   We ftiall  firft  fcka      -.  V       , 

Fable  IT.  The  ^Ft/d!r^  end  tihe  JSraom^  i 

«  In  yonder  green  wOPd  blows  .th.eJ|j3Kanx.  -  . 

,  Shepherds,  we'll  truft  ojijr  ^oclu  t^^^^Xfffk       ^ 
Coort  nature  in  l>cr  jrwetc;^  bloom,   \  ,^ 

And  fteal  from  caire  one  fumm^rd^^ 

*  From  hini  *  ivhofe  gay  and  moefil  i)fotf '  " 
fair-handed  Huxncf  with  roles  binds,' "  '. 

We'll  learn  to  breathe  -the  tender  tow,  ' ' . 
Where  flow  the  finryFortha  windi. 

«  And  oh  I  that  he  t  #JMb  fdnife  fareiiA  > 

In  nature*s  fofteft  monM'  was  jnadc^. 
Who  left  her  fmiling  works  imprcft 
.    Incharadersidiatcannbtfade^  :  ;  "  ^ 

*  That  he  might  4eave>l^Joiii/Jydiriltff 
Though  fofter  th9re..thPi$i9»(e«8iUl-^ 

They  come;  the^a^ v^e  ^Wv^^  » ' 
Ihey  come.49  ilnoy!^  ini^c  aill«. 

t  — -*'  What  airy  founds  ipyiff 

My  fteps  not  unrelafUnt,  from  the  depth  - 
*     COf  Shene's  delightfol^gedvCB  ?  Repoiqg  there  • 

Momore  I  hear  the  bufy  voice  of  men 
^   .  jF^r-toiliog  o'er  ^e^Ww-rfeire  tOitbexall  • 

^  ,,  .QfiQal-czalting,poetry,  .the  ear       •  : 

!  Of  death  denies  attention.     Roaze ^  by  her> 

The  ffenias  of  li^olcbnil  Tilence  ope$ 
Ijisidrovfy  ceib,  ^nd  yields  us  to  the  day* 
'•  For  thee,  whoie  hand>  whatever  paints  the  ipring^ 

i  Or  fwells  on  fummer's  brcaft,  or  loads  the  lap 

• '^y  aQtumn>  giatters  hcfcdful— Thee  whofe  rite's 
At  nature's  (brine  with  holy  care  are  piud 

■   ^  Daily  and  ni^tly»  boughs  of  brighter  gretq. 

And  every  fairell  roie»  the^od  of  groves,     ', 
The  queen  of  flowers^  ihall  fweeter Jave  for  chee« 
Yet  not  if  beauty  only  claim  thy  lay. 
Tunefully  trifling.    Fair  phiio^Dphy, 
And  nature's  love,  and  every  moral  ch^rm ' 
That  leads  in  fweet  captivity  the  mind 
To  virtue — e«er  in  thy  hea^ei^  cares 
Be  thefe,  and  animate  thy  Uvin^  page 
With  truth  refiillers,  beaming  frdm  the  fource 
Of  perfcft  light  immortal— vainly  boafts 
That  golden  Broom  its  funny  robe  of  flowers : 
Fair  arc  the  fanny  flowers ;  bat,  fading  foon"  ^ 

***— —  '■       ■  ■    ■  — %       — 

•  William  Hamilton  of  BangoUf*  f  Thomfon. 

Q^a  And 


feftS  Tii  FahliS  tf  Flora. 

Ati  fruideftt  ykm  tbc  forefler't  regard 
To  the  wcU^loadcd  WUding^-Shepberd,  diere 
Bcliold  the  fate  of  fimg,  ami  lightly  deem 
Of  all  biit  moral  beauty.'*      * 


-"Not  in  vain"- 


I  heai^  my  Hamilton  reply, 
(The  torch  of  foicy  in  his  eve) 
f*  Tis  not  in  vain,'*  I  hear  him  fay. 
That  f^ure  painu  her  works  fo  gay ; 
For,  froitkfs  though  that  fairy  broom* 
Yet  ftill  we  love  lier  laviih  bloom. 
Cheered  with  that  bloom,  yon  defa^t  wild 
li$  native  horrors  loft,  and'finiled. 
And  oft  we  marlc  her  eoUten  ny         ' 
Alon^  tlie  dark  wood  featter  day. 

M  Of  moral  ufes  take  the  ftriie ; 
Leave  me  the  elegance  of  life,  ^ 
Whatever  charms  the  eair  or  eye. 
All  beaotyimd  all  harmony  ( 
If  fweet  fenlktions  thefe  pit>da€e, 
I  know  they  have  their  motikl  ufe.       -  .     - 
I  know  that  Natv|lb*s  charms  can  move 
file  fpring*s  that  ftrike  to  Vi rtue's  love.** 

We  fliallMiee  our  Readers  to  determine  how  hi  Dr«  L.  bis 
fucceeded  in  his  imitation  of  Thomfon's  ftyle.  Perhaps  he  has 
more  fortunately  hit  the  free  and  eafy  manner  of  Mr.  Hamil« 
ton  *9  which  feems  to  be  nearly  congenial  with  his  own. 

In  the  following  piece  the  bloody,  cites  of  the  Druid,  and  the 
mtferable  apathy  and  floth  of  the  Anchorite^  aie  dtfplayed  with 
equal  hprroi  and  juftice : 

Fa3LB  XL  ThcMiJlitoi  and  the  Paffim-Jkunr. 

*  In  this  dim  cave  a  dmid  fleeps, 
Where  ftops  the  pailing  gale  to  moan ; 

The  rock  he  hollowed  oVr  him  weeps. 
And  cold  drops  wear  the  fretted  ftone. 

'  In  this  dim  cave,  of  diiFerent  creed. 

An  permit's  holy  afhes  reft : 
The  ibhoo|*boy  finds  the  freqtent  bead. 

Which  many  a  formal  matin  bkft. 

*  That  truant- time  fall  well  I  know,  ' 
When  here  I  brou^ht^  ip  ftulen  hoar, 

T)te  druid*s  magic  Miiletoe, 
The  holy  hermit*^s  Pailion-flower. 

III!   II ■  -■        ■  ,      r     „.  ..         ■    1  ■         --  .        . 

"^     *  See  an  account  of  his  poems^  Rev.  vol.  xxiv«  p«  162. 


'  Tike  Alcruigt  o»  tke  myfiic  ioae  * 

Feofive  I  bud,  in  tbooglit  proAiiiuly 
When  j&om  dbc  cave  a  deepenaag  gfOift 

Iflbcd^  and  froze  me  to  the  {nwnd. 

'  I  hear  it  ftill— Doft  thou  not  hear  Y 

Does  not  iky  haanted  fiuicy  Aart  ? 
The  found  mL  vibrates  thfoagh  mine  ear-r- 

The  horror  rufhes  on  my  heart* 

*  UnUke  to  living  feonds  it  camt. 

Unmixed,  nnmelodiased  with  breath  ; 

Bat»  grinding  through  feme  ferannel  frame. 

Creaked  from  the  bony  tangs  of  death. 

<  I  hear  it  ftili— "  Depart/*  it  cries ; 

*'  No  tribute  bear  to  fliades  onhleft : 
Know,  h^e  a  bloody  druid  lies, 

Who  was  not  nur^  at  Nature's  breaft* 

**  Afibciate  he  with  demons  dire. 

O'er  human  viftims  held  the  knife. 
And  plcaied  to  fee  the  babe  expire. 

Smiled  gtimly  o'er  its  qnivering  life. 

"  Behold  his  crimfon*ftreaming  han4 
EreA  I— his  dark,  fixed,  murderous  eye  V* 

In  the  dim  cave  I  faw  him  ftand ; 
And  my  heart  died'^I  felt  it  die. 

'  I  fee  him  ftill-Doft  thou  not  fee' 
The  haggard  e^^e^ball's  hollow  glare  ? 
I*  And  gleams  of  wild  ferocity 

Dan  through  the  fable  (hade  of  hair  ? 

*  What  meagre' form  behind  him  moves. 
With  eye  that  rocs  th*  invading  day ; 

And  wrinkled  afpe6t  wan,  that  proves 
The  nuttd  to  pale  remcMfe  a  prey, 

*  What  wretched— Hark— the  voice  replies, 
**  Boy,  bear  thefe  idle  honours  hence  ! 

For,  here  a  guilty  hermit  lies. 
Untrue  to  Nature,  Virtue,  Senfe. 

'*  Though  Nature  lent  him  powers  to  aid 

The  ny>ral  caufe,  the  mutual  weal ; 
Thofe  powers  he  funk  in  this  dtmlhade. 

The  defperaie  fuicide  of  aeal. 

•*  Go,  teach  the  drone  of  faintly  haunts, 

Whofe  cell's  the  fepuKchre  of  time ; 
Though  many  a  holy  hymn  he  chauntei^ 

His  Kfe  is  one  oototinued  crime. 

<*  And  bear  them  hence,  the  plant,  the  floWeri 

No  fymbols  thofe  of  iyfiems  vain ! 
They  have  the  duties  ol  their  hour ;    . 

Some  bird,  fomt  iofed  to  fuftain/' 

0.3  .  .9? 


On  the  whole^  we^.H^y  .pf<Mi0ikiiee^  of  iliefe  FAMef ,  that, 
with  all  their  pQetkM  flieritsi  tbey  tfootaiji  A»rr  onrtAmcnt  than 
fubftance,  more  deferipcion  thnm  defigxi^  mOr«  fancy  tbi^n  moraU 

Art'.  X^   ACourJe  of  ixpiriauntnl  AgrUuhnHy  fg^.  continued, 
bee  our  Uft'  Moiktl^'s  Revaeir. 

WE-  now  conitncn^e  Rivleixnfrs  cf  Mt;  T^ungi  as  a  ^#-f 

«  The  ancient  writertr,  D/  Ur  Ruftica^  are  cont'^iluany  (Mr, 
Y.  obferves)  in  the  dir^^he  fty!e>  without  experiments  to  con^ 
vinci  us  that  they  Icnow  hm  to  difc£l.'  ^  They  have  Inanv  ob- 
fervations,  adds  he,  riot  only  ridiculoufly  wak  znitr\vialy  but 
tnoji  fuperjiitious,.  Cato,  Palladms,  V^rro,  an4  even  Cplii- 
jnella,  abound  with  theft  faulfs,*^  He  conclucfes,  that  *  they 
had  no  notion  of  regifitring  experiiiients/ 

*  The  Qeopmic  Writers  (Mr.  V.  determines)  are  much  lowe^ 
in  merit,  with  all  the  faults,  of  the  fornjer,  and  Icfs  authority.* 

Jufticc  to  the  dead  obliges,  us  to  obfervc,  that  their  religion, 
^nd  age  in  which  they  livedo  gjccufe  the  fupcrftitiousobfervation^ 
of  thofc  writers  i  anij  if  Jblr.  Y.  ipeans  to  extend  the  ^enfure  of 
weak  and  trivial  only  to  thofe  obfervations  which  are  fupirfti- 
iious  (as  propriety  of  exprefljon  requires),  he  is  very  injurious 
to  writers  who  were  .conridera(2Ly  Uarmd  find  doubtlcfs  ufcfui 
in.  their  day.  A  fimibr  cenfurc  might  juJUy  be  paffed  on  Livy, 
and  according  to.Mr.  Y.'s  canon  of  criticifm  here  advanced, 
we  fhould  not  lament  the  lofs  '6i  feverai  of  his  decads,  but 
|he  furvival  of  the  reft. 

We  heartily  wifh  that  more  modern  writers  on  agriculture 
haij  not  msiny  «;^i  and  /r/v/W  obfervations,  for  which  the  cxcufe 
of  national  fuperJlitUrt  cannot  be  pleaded* 

It  is  but  fair  to  obferve^  that  he  muft  be  an  ix^iH  and  almoft 
pniverfal  fcholar,  who  is  able  to  read  %ftth  underjia^ding  the 
writers  here  mt)ft  fevercly  ccnfured  ;  and  we  apprehend  that  the 
inore  able  their  reader  is,  the  more  candid  he  will  be  in  his  judg- 
ment. Mr.  Y.  has  lately  received  a  gentle  hint  from  a  friend  ♦, 
fhat  he  fliould  have  underftood  the  meaning  of  farriticns  and 
tuncat'ton^  better,  before  he  condemned  them  as  nuffkacious. 

The  method  of  rajfijij  agricultural  knowleoge  on  the  bafis  of 
accurate  experiments,  is  a  modeui  improveiiient,  and  we  diintc 
that  Mr.  Y.  fliould  not  thus  fcvcrely  condemn  the  ancients  for 
|iot  feeing  what  moderns  Ofily  fe^  by  being  yaifed  ofi  their  fhoul- 
llprs. 

In  one  word,  Mr.  Y.,  teHs  us,  that  the  Geoponic  writcn 
taye  lefs  merit  than  the  vjfriters  ^  De  R£  Rujlica^'hvit  he  ha$ 
pof  owned  any  merit  in  thefe  laft  mentioned  Authors. 

f  §ee  Mr.  Combcr'i  Qorrcrpondeixce  with  ^Sp.lf^^S* 

^  Moft 


•  ^Mdft  Riodefns  (purAiers*Mr.  Y.)  accept  the  manner, of  thefe 
aooienrt,  neglecting  experiments ;'  *  and  on  this  head  are  con- 
demned, Gji^j^  in  his  '  yintiGhmeU  daW  /fgricoltr4ra\  {\io.  1550) 
Tarello  in  his  Ri<brdo  d* Agruoltura  \  aJfo  our  Fitz- Herbert  in 
hk$Bih  $f  Mufhaudty  and  Surveying  (I539)^  and  the  Frenchman, 
DeSeries,  in  his  ^Th/atre  f  Agriculture'*  { 1600)* 

YetM^.^Y.  confefles  that  h<?  has  not  only  never  rend  th* 
two  iirft  ill  the  original,  but  alfo  that  he  has  only  ieen  r.vrn/<57>, 
wbonee  iW  cannot  rightly  judge  of  the  whole  of  their  v/orks. 

He  owns  alfo,  that  though  the  works  of  the  third  of  thc<l' 
Wrtl699 contain  not  one  experiment  in  forty  years  huibanurv ,  ycr 
bis  works  are  vaiiiable  for  the  age  he  lived  in,  and  tha:  burii 
ibefc  two  iaft  writers  pradiifed  and  underftood  hufbanJry. 
.  *  Tfcc  inquiries  of  the  great  5/i«»  which  related  to  agriciii- 
Cure  (fays  Mr.  Y.),  as  far  as  they  extend,  are  worthy  of  h's 
imiiiortal  genius— ^frr^i^  experimental^  and  related  with  a  philo- 
iofibical  precillon ;  ftrange,  that  fuccecding  writers  IhouiJ  iKt 
catch  from  his  works  z  jufter  idea*  [of  a  work  on  agricultuni 
w«  preArnieJ*  This  j)raife  of  Lord  Bacon  is  very  juft. 
-  Mr  Y.  owns,  that  he  has  never  been  able  to  meet  with  nn7 
cftbe  works  oif  Gabriel  Platte,  and  therefore  knows  not  his 
nmimer. 

.  Here  we  take  an  opportunity  of  ftcpping,  for  a  moment, 
out  of  the  ftridi  path  of  Rev^iewers,  to  exprefs  our  wi{h,  t;.i.t 
£>me  able  colledpr  would  prefent  the  public  with  a  good  edition 
of  ill  eur  old  writers  Ve  Re  RuJHca.  If  Mr.  Y.  would  mider-^ 
Uke  tile  taflc,  probably  he  would  find  motives  to  fpeak  of  thehi 
more  favourably  than  he  does  at  prefent.  We  need  hardly  add, 
that  an  anMymwsyhut  excellent  contributor  to  the  Mufeum  Rujii- 
ntm,  has  given  fuch  a  catalogue  and  Account  of  them,  as  nnifl 
greatly  ^ciiitate  fueh  an  undertaking,  and  if  himf«?lt  is  (as  we 
hc^e)  alive,  we  fliould  with  peculiar  pleafure  review  an  edition 
of  them  from*  his  hand,'  and  doubt  not  but  we  could,  with  intc* 
grity,  recommend  it  to  the  grateful  public. 

Our  Author  owns  Hartlib's  Legacy  (printed  in  if>f>^)  to  be  a 
wofk  of  great  merit,  though  not  much  in  the  expA'iment'al Jiyfe  j 
he  praifes'it  for  being  not  nearly  fo  thickly  ftrewed  with  the  ex- 
travagancies [conceits]  of  the  age,  as  the  works  of  fome  of  his  co- 
temporaries;  and  he  condemns  oeati's  annotations  on  it,  as  hav- 
ing h&memy,  WedWrt,  that  if  he  hzs'any^  he  has  toomany^  butwon- 
der  tha^Mr.  Y.  ftouldfeled  thsft  which  he  gives  the  public,  front 
p.  ^yg^whereBeaii fpe^ks  of  rapfe crops,  Which "fjwwfl/  pi-oduce  Icfs 
thai!  from  five  td  ten  quarters;  '  Weare  forry  to  be  thus  obliged 
•to  review-  Mr.  Y.  as  a  critic  onftyle ;  a  walk  in^which  we  expe^!!- 
cd'iioc  to  «nct  with 'him.  ^Kir  impartiality  to  the  living  and 
jfiu«/5bWige«il6  to  fay;  liiat  this  expfreflion  fcems  not  juffly  cen- 
fiiraWe,  93  the  unpffeSled  ftylc  <if  c^nruon  lip  juftifies  thi$  ptrafe- 

0^4  olog7> 


ology,  which  feetns  alfi>  agreeable  to  fidkfipbk  fruifim.  '  We 
could  eafily  enter  further  into  a  juftificttion  of  it»  but  we  think 
fuch  a  taflc  unnicijjiry  *« 

Mr.  Y*  now  pomplaips,  ihat  Sir  H.  Platte,  in  hb  Treatife  of 
faJiuTi  and  araiiU  lancifi,  has  no  jull  idea  of  ifcperimtfital  ggriad* 
ture^  but,  in  fome  other  wprka,  eyen^nr/ry^/ragricttltiiic;  and 
be  indances  the  following  conceit  in  his  ^  Qaiden  of  £den'  ($th 
edir.  1659),. vis.  **  A  touch  at  the  v^gbtabu  wpaic  in  phjr* 
fie,  whpfe  principal  fire  is  tbtjlomiicb  cf  ih$  4ijhvh^*  p.  167* 

He  notes  a  very  diiFf rent  fault  in  Bljthis  ^  £ngli(h  Imprcnrer 
improved'  (1652],  vi%.  that  tf/f  bis  ej(perimenc8  are  fo  uttrmMH^ 
gantiy jucafsfuly  that  one  muft  want  common  Tenfe  |o  believe  haf 
of  what  lie  lays.  Indeed  clover  wcvth  12  U  per  acre,  and  tumtpe^ 
without  hoeing)  worth  as  much,  Teem  wry  btpirho&^l  in  f0R% 
])at  as  to  hyp4rholical  isrmsy  of  which  alfo  Mr.  Y.  comptains, 
we  fee  nonp  of  them,  and  If  we  were  difpoied  to  pleafantry,  we 
might  fay,  ,tl)at  bypirbolical  txpnjftan  is  a  very  fuitable  vdwde 
or  garb  for  hytgrboUcalfaHs* 

By  Mr.  Y  s  faying  that  he  who  wants  not  common  fenfet  be«i 
lieves  not  half  of  Mr.  Bfythi$  aflerttons*  every  Reader  b  re* 
minded  of  a  repaftee  afcribed  to  a  great  wit)  who^  on  an  Ulnl^ 
trious  lady's  complaint  that  the  world  reported  ihe  bad  tw§  b^e^ 
born  children,  aOured  l|tr«  (hat  be  never  believed  above  half  of 
fuch  reports*.  If  Mr.  y.  believes  thsLt  the  unhoed  turnipe 
amounted  to  nearly  61^  p^r  acre, 'be  will  be  in  danger  of  a 
fufpicion  that  he  has  parted  witt^  more  than  baJf  bis  comwKin 
fenfe,  efpecially  if  be  adds^  that  eigiit  or  ten  quarts  of  feed 
were  eipployed. 

To  thefe  bypirhfes  of  Mr.  Blytbe»  Mr.  Y.  adds  the  ailertion 
of  a  farmer,  viz.  that  *  his  bog  would  not  eat  a. turnip  witbnti 
boiling,'  He  might  be  bsn^^  ^ad  Mr.  filyd^e  not  nfir-andul^s. 
Even  a  Twine  has  not  always  an  appetite,  and  perhaps  he  had 
been  pamftered  with  bonmor^wis/  Suph  experiments  as  tbia  can 
bvrt  nobody,  fer  tbey  can  deceive  nobody*  When  men  (boot 
with  the  Uttg  bow%  we  always  wilh  tbem^  to  (hoot  far  enough^ 
that  every  body  may  know  wbepce  the  (baft  comes. «  Mr« 
Blythe's  foftenmgs,  which  Mr.  Y.  pbferves,  vi^*  <  Rcader|  if 
thou  dar^^  believe  me  !'  are  quite  unneceiiary, 

However,  we  cannot  zffent  to  Mr.  Y.  who  ranks  with  the 
former  extravagancies  Mr.  Plythe's  crops  of  oats  worth  61.  per 
acre  on  land  ^  good  for  notbifgj'  if  he  will  only  mak^  a  few  gtmns 
of  reafonable  allowance.  Ground  which,  com^^iwfy  (peak* 
ing,  hgooiifornoibii^whjlii  wtplottgbid^  frequently  yields. (efpe^ 

^  What  will  Mr.  Y.  fay  to  the  exprciiiao,  *  ClippiM^  the  fmnona 
of  drilli^  iiUas^  vtHA  foiurtd  Uio  much  V  Yet  fu^b  ii  I^Ond  19  a.jMS 
Cpurfe  of  ^xperimcnta  on  Agriculiur^.' 

cially 


wilf  if  (Mtttd  and  burned)  fiich  quantkin  of  oats  at  the  firft> 
crop)  a$  may,  wbcn  the  crop  in  g^aeral  in  that  neighbourhood 
is  bad*  amouiit  to  61.  or  fix  quarters  per  acre* 

Mr.  Adam  Speed  is  next  ceofiired,  and Juftlf^  for  living  into 
Qioft  of  the  ottravagantpromiftB  of  fucceft  which  di%race  that 
agje.  Mr.  Y.  inftanoes  bis  advice  to  imprmH  [land,  we  fappofe] 
by  rabbits  *  in  butcbes^  op  to  aooob  per  ammm.  See  his  « Jdsun 
fmtct£4m^  or  an  Abftrafi  of  divers  ixetlbm  Bxpmwwrts  (oech^ 
ins  the  Advancement  of  Huftaadry',  1659. 

Jt  is  impoffible,  unlefs  the  book  or  the  whole  fcherae  were  be- 
fiare  us^  to  judge  of  the  propriety  of  Mn  Y'a  exclamation, 
^  Enowh  to  ruin  any  man  I'  At  prefent  we  nraft  think  that 
flich  a  feheme  could  hardly  have  fttch  dirt  tffkeh^  unleft  the  at- 
tendance fofe  to  a  confiderabie  fom. 

Tlie  inflances  of  turnips  worth  jol.  per  acre  (p.iQ.)*  snd 
clover  of  one  acre,  which  is  to  keep'  four  cows  Summer  and 
Winter  (p.  45.)  am  indeed  laugb*at*able  articles,  and  itmcam 
Jb9h. 

Sniely  fuch  tnftaoces  do  no  great  honour  to  the  txptrimntal 
method  ;  and  yet  we  doubt  not,  that  had  any  perfon  addreK»l 
Mr.  Speed  for  fatisfiidioa,  he  would  have  produced  his  books 
ill  wUch  all  his  experim^u  were  mriginalfy  recorded,  with  as 
much  grmi^  as  Mr.  Y.  could  produce  his  vouchers. 

All  we  mean  to  infiouate,  is,  that  the  credit  of  experiosents' 
di^eods  iatirely  on  the  credit  of  the  author  for  ini^rity^  iucwr^- 
tf^  waAmdgmmt. 

Mr.  V.  cites  M.  Stephcnfixi's  < Twelve  Months/  printed  to' 
l66it  as  a  ckrUfiyy  and  fuch  it  is  in  point  of  ftyle.  He  gives  the 
firilowiog  ioftaiices  fnMn  January  and  March,  tvx. 

*  After  a  cmifliA  betwixt  the  fteel  and  the  ftone,  flie  [the 
maid]  1^9$$  zfiari;  at  laft  the  amdU  Ughu  on  hts  mateb^*  p.  5.  > 
^  UmMf  m  dirty  Deeember,  had  gotten  the  ystbu^  jaundice  $  and ' 
4iis  is  the  only  time  to  pwrgi  them,*  p.  1 2. 

Our  Audior  thinks  Mr.  Worlidge,  in  his  <  Sjjlenm  AgricuU 
twrmy  not  only  ivtolif  devoid  of  experiment,  but  vny  /z^-  * 
jfefW,  and  judges  Mr.  -Mortimer  in  his  •*  Whole  Art  of  Hufban-  - 
dry/'  in  #«#  r^jH&  no  bad  writer,  viz.  that  be  is  every  where  ? 
fri^ieal^  and  had  no  vamty  of  (hining  as  an  author,  mucb^iefs  ' 
as  a  fyfidmufir  %  that  ht^  pretends  only  to  t9de&  and  mttb$iifi 
the  commonly  recaan^l  idsas  of  .good  hulbsndry,  and  executes  > 
bis  dcficnrin  a  plain  and  judicious  manner.^ 

As  £fr«  Y.  has  aflumed  'to  -be  the  critio  in  language,  we 
muft  conclude,  from  the  propriety  oC Jus  .expreffions,  that  Mr. 
Mortimer  is,  in  his  judgment,  a  bad  writer  in  every  refped  kut 

f- — -^ 

f  9y  the  dang,  moil  Ekely. 

4  ^e: 


1 


tme:  b<>wever,  this  onr  mffmSi  is  (o  ^KiFofive,  that  it  includes 
{^Imofl- every  thing  valuable^  vit^.meihd^  fltrntufh,  jttd^mMt  I 

We  maft  obferve,  that  Mr.  MortiiaeF  kas  fto^d  fo  high  m  the 
opinion- of  fub&quentvrriteri,  that  they  have  copied  him  iit4lraily 
for  whole  pages,  dov^n  to:.thQ  author  of  a  Com^toit  Sfjltm  of 
Agriculture,  in  jn?;^  vohimes. 

Mr.Y.  efteems  Mr^  Lifle.one  of  the  tMjtfuuHtn-  writers  \xk 
the  walk  of  huibatidry,  '  He  has  regiftered  his  obfervatlons  in 
'  no  unexperimental  manner,  the  fa^s  being  derived  from  the  expe- 
rience of  himfeif  or  old  farmers,  and  he  has  nofavouriu^  pointy 
which  may  warp  his  judgmei^t.  He  gives  only  the  plaineft  nar<» 
ratives/  Yet  our  Author  thinks  it  ^ at /tijgicult  to  give  as  to 
refufe  the  name  of  a  book  of  experiments  to  his  work. 
What  can  be  the  reafon  of  this  difficulty  ?  Mr,  Y.  fatisfies  us : 
IVlr.  Lifle  <  (eidoa  gives  iibove  one-tenth  of  the  circumfttnces 
which  ihould  be  known.'  Will  not  this  criticifm  raife  zMalt 
0>je£iiqn  to  tke  experimmtal  method?  Mr..Lifle's  work^n)^ 
ready  of  a  decent  ilze,  and  if  it  (hould,  in  the  experimental  tuay^ 
have  Jbeen  ten  times  as  Jarge,  ma^  not  both  buyers  %nd-r^4d^rs 
(for  they  are  often  diftinQ  perfons)  and  poor  revieivirt  tbo,  de-' 
precate  the  omen  f 

...Of  Mr.  Tull,  Mr.  Y.  fajrs,  that,  *  with  ^11  the  advantages  of 
learning,  fortune,  trairelUng,  anda  vaftihareof  iitf/jmi/)^#77r/nr« 
tioH  ac|d  it^enuiiyy  he  (aw  with  wondnful  qmiktufs  the  omiffions 
of.iitf  preceding  writers.— -Full  of  the  jnAeft  ideasi  of  or^ceediiig 
on  experiment  alone^  he  executed  a  vaft  number,  and  far  M^any 
yfi^it^  formed  repeated  trials  of  his  metbbfjt  upon  a  Af/'f^eKtentof 
ground.  But  when  he  came  to  publiih,  inftead  of  laymg  boPord  his 
reader  z  plain  narratitfe  of  his  experienee^  and  fubjoining  his  reflec*- 
tions,  he  compofed  a  folio  ^  of  reftedions,  inftruAions,  -aAd 
opinions,  ^ich  might  be ^a^  and  weH-ftfmdedf  but  carried  not 
with  them  the  prooft  of  their  propriety/  He  then  infiftt  evoeh 
on  the  difference  of  giving cx-^^uff/xi/i  in  f  articular^  and  a  general- 
afiiiranCe  of  having  made  them  \  and  avows  his  oWn  f^i^ndm  re- 
gret, that  Mr.  Tull  has  not  given  his  in  detail  (p.  io.),'aild.t9iis 
omtffion  of  Mr.  Tull  appears  to  be  what  Mr.  Y.  has  caHed 
that  rock,  for  fpiittingon  which,  Mr.  TuU  fo  much  condemned 
others. 

/  And  here  we  muft  own^  that  Mr.  Y.'s  appears  to  be  the  better 
method ;  but  much,  may  be  faid  ia  excofb  for  Mr.  T.'s  as  it  is 
certain,  that  long  experiments'  ni  detail  require  an  attention 
which  few^readeris  wtFlgivr;  and, •if  Authors wHl  be  read,  they 
muft  in  a  ceruin  degrce.icdnfiiit.the^|afte'  of  ihe  generality  of 
their  readers.  •    •  / 

!■     ■     ^  •  III—— 1— 1^^>^    I  I      I    I  I  m^ 

*  Horfc-hoeinghttibaodxy,  1733^ 

Mr. 


YcHuogV  Cmirfe  of  mpurhmmial  Agricuhurey  bfc*         335 

.  Mr.  Y.  his,  liowever^  tnotfcer  objeaioa  to  Mr.  Tull,  which, 
if  allMwd  to  be  fr»^  m  trnxcufabUj  viz.  that  he  «  was  by  no 
iBcaos  Uk  impartiai  witter/ 

.  Having  obftwed  that  Mr.  Tuli  embraced  the  idea  of  the  drill 
ploaghHig  with  tko  utMoft  warmth^  he  adds,  « infomuch  that 
be  let»  oothiiig  e&»pe  hb  pen,  th^t  has  the  leaft  tendency  to 
ikftfoy  hi$  fiivottrite  ntesfure/ 

. .  Uej|c«  our  AiiittMr  accoonts,  and  perhaps  with  truth,  for  the 
neglect  into  which  the  drill  hufbandry  fell,  till  revived  by  Tome 
yory  fpiriced  perfoAs  in  France^  wfaofe  pradice  has  drawn  the 
9ttemiofi  of  all  Europe;  ^ 

To  a  writer  of  a  very  difierent,  nay  oppofite  chara£tcr,  a  re-» 
CoaunetHkroftbcold  huihandry,  viz,  Mr. William  Ellis  ofLitrIci 
Gaddeiden  in  Hertford  (hire,  Mr.  Y.  next  pays  his  compliments, 
and  praifes  bis  works  %  aa  deferving  much  more*  attention  than 
tbajMd^t  withy  and  containing  a  vaft  fund  of  real  experience* 
He^^na,  however^  that  mtaef  img  pafiages  in  thein  are  moft 
difgufting^.  and  that,  through  ba/f  of  hit  worlcs,  he  is  a  mere  old 
W^ffwn.  Indeed,  the  titles  of  ieveral  chapters  are  fuch,  that  on 
perufal  of  them  the  </<f//V4tf^  reader  will,  rather  than  have  the  dif* 
guft  of  perufing  the  chapters  thenifeives,  give  Mr,  Y.  credit  for 
lus  aflertion,  and  be  apt  to  conclude,  that  he  who  is  m^ft  fre^ 
fuenily^z  mere  cid  woman j  can  feidom  be  any  thing  better. 

To  Mr.  Bradley  our  Author  allows  the  charafter  of  z/efifit/e 
writer,  but  blames  him. for  talking  of  experiments,  and  givirtg 
nooc}  and  thinks  th^t  many  (Irokes  of  his  pradice  afford  us  a 
freiif  eauttraie  ideaof  his  experiments. 

Mr.  Y.  refers  to  many  inftances,  fome  of  which  (hew  Mr. 
Bradley  r^/^iir^  to  have  had  little  experience;  fuch  as  that  front 
which  he  determines,  that  the  turnip,  with  a  root  like  a  parf- 
nip's,  is  A^  for  light  l4nds  (p.  238  of  Complete  Body  of  Huf- 
Bandry,  8vo,  1727);  and  that  other,  viz.  that  dry  chalk  is  m-- 
jwr'tom  to  land,  if  meant  gentrally^  feems  of  the  fame  kind  (p.  63.). 
Xo  the  (ame  dafs  probably  may  be  referred  his  opinion,  that 
ibeep^s  dung  and  fand  are  the  r^in  of  light  lands  (p.  76.),  and 
^^vtAfff^  that  other  (p.  141.),  that  ground  to  be  laid  (hould  bo 
ploughed  as  long  as  it  will  bear  corn  with  any  fpin't. 

There  are,  however,  many  fkilful  farmers,  who  will  think, 
with  Mr.  Bradley,  that  no  dung  ihould  be  ufed  till  it  is  liko 
earth' (p.  9r.),  and  that  thedong  of  pigeons  and  poultry  (hould 
be  fteeped  in  water  (p.  82,  83.),  though  we  perhaps  hold  nei- 
ther of  thefa-'opintoos. 

♦.  Modem  Htifbandman,  4  vols.  8^'o,  1744.  '^^  Timber  Tree  im- 
imwed,  8vp«  174^»  Agriculture  improved*  2Vo1s8vd,  i74^*  Cbil^ 
ffrnwd  Tij/r  jTarmiog;  avo,  1745.    Shepherd's  Guide*  8yc,  1749- 

And 


^36        Ymng'i  X^urfi  of  ixptrimmal  Agrieukirii  bfc* 

An4  itow,  Mr.  Y.  obferves,  that  the  experiments  of  MonH 
Du  HamelmA  bis  correfpondents  have  been  fd  much  praHed,  th«t 
•  feme  may  imagine  ^tj preclude fnjh  experiments.^ — ^HewtU  there^ 
fore  g>ve  them  i  little  attention,  and  jujifyipmkM  them,  *  as  beu^ 
generally  cendfey  (and  we  may  pronounce  rMc^^in^  to  be  a  great 
excellence,  wneh  joined  to'fifficiineyj)  <  admiraify  e^fpriffedy  and 
wrth  great  attention  to  mefl  ceneurrent  Cfrciimftances/  yet  sdds^ 
with  truth,  thitfeme  circumftances  of  high  impettenet  are  osrit- 
ted  m  them* 

In  fupport  of  this  conclofive  obfesvadon,  Mr.  Y.  mentions 
ene  grof$  omiflion  in  thofe  experiments,  which  nmift  haiw  ftnick 
every  attentive  reader,  vet  cannot  be  too  often  nmiced,  vte;  that 
^  expences  of  the  new  iiuibandry  are  /«/dy^  omitted)^  and  with- 
inot  this  circumftance,  an  experiment  is  in  many  cafes  lifdeft/ 
He  notes,  that  he  will  engscge  to  raife  va/l  crops  of  com  10  the 
toorfi  fields  (p.  la.),  9ni  Jttdichufif  proceeds  to  remark,  that 
Monf.  De  Chateau  Vieu^fs  comparative  experiments  between  the 
M  and  new  hiifbandry  frequently  extend  no  fiirtber  than  $m  or 
lw» crops  on  the  fame  land:  and  that  he  calculates  crops  for 
many  years,  on  ^tdata  of  that  ift,  or  ad. 

He  alio  rigbtty  adds  *  the  fuperiority  of  the  new  nutb$d  totho 
M  bufiandij  of  Gehevfff  with  alternate  fallows,  is  tJmaO  lecom* 
mendation  of  it,  as  that  [old  huibandrv]  is  a  tnry  impeffaff  one; 
and  that  in  England  the  cafe  is  widely  diflerent,  fo  that  no  com- 
parifon  can  be  dectfive^  unlefs  conduded  for  feveral  years,  and 
an  exsA  regifter  kepc' 

Mr.  Y.  fupports  his  very  ufefiil  general  remark  by  an  inftaooe 
of  Mr.  De  Chateau- Vieux's  caleuhting  ftom  a  crop  of  17519 
that  the  crop  of  1753  will  be  equal y  nay,  fuggeftii^  that  there 
IS  no  doabt  but  it  will  be  greater.  He  exclaims  juftiy  againft 
foppofiiiws  artfully  interwoven  yn^  fatlt\  and  then  drawing 
from  thence  muny  conclufions  and  maxims. 

He  very  handfoinely  ajcknowledj^es,  that  the  well-being  of 
mankind  was  the  only  view  of  Mr.  De  Chateau  Vieux,  but  ob- 
ferve$,  that  as  his  experiments  ^  are  publifhed  for  imrivr/tf/ fe- 
-  mjity  it  is  highly  neceflary,  efpeciady  in  foreign  comitries,  to 
examine  ciofely  whether  the  new  pradice  promifes  advantage 
fuperior  to  the  0///,  which  it  is  intended  to  fnhiferti*  and  thcfe 
experiments  being  tranflated  into  Englijh^  ^ttd  ^rongfy  rtccm^ 
trended  to  our  farmers^  he  a(ks,  *  Will  the  tomparifon  betwixt 
Geneva  and  England  hold  good  ?  How  miferaUy  defective  (cries 
hp)  rouft  their  eld  hufbandry  br,  to  produce,  on  a  medium,  not 
more  than  fV^^^iWr  the  feed/ 

He  condudes,  that  after  a  moft  attentive  examination  *  of 
,  (l^cfe  experiments*  he  could  not  deternfiine  whether.  On  givea 
Jin4,  the  drill  hul^mdryde/ervefi  co  be  adaftieid. 

Thus 


Y«ung*i  Qmrfi  tf  ixpnimmtal  AgrUukurt^  i^u     ^   iff 


Thus  he  dears  himfelf  fipQin  the  iraputarion  of  teaierky,  itk 
publifhiiig  bis  courfe  of  experiments,  <  as  lafime  inftances  beticr 
admpted  to  :tbe  pradice  of  Britiih  cultWators,'  and  prqfeiTes  tm 
fwelefid  to  e^aal  Mr,  Du  Hamel  and  his  correrpoiidfiit«  tji  no* 
thine;  hut  jSncerity,. 

Mr.  Y.  acknowledges  (in  the  fajbijnatle  fkrsfi)  chat  '  the 
whole  «ng9  of  mi^mm^  writings  does^^  not  prefenc  a  mort  naltl- 
4»U$  mtrjil  *  than  the  hiftory  of  TurbUly's  improvements/  «ni 
adds,  that  ^  the  gemral  oeconoeny  of  a  farm  is  fo  much  concern- 
.cd  in  them,  that  the  waac  of  ngifisnd  exferimfnts  k  compara- 
tively hilt  iiuUfiit.' 

But  is  not  the  -iane  apology  adnuffiUe^  in  certain  degrees  tL 
ieefty  fee  other  writers  to  whom  the  fame  indulgence  is  nolt 
fliewn?  We  would  not  be  thought  to  reckon  the  Marquis -tff 
•TurbiUy  among  the  bkuk  iinJ'^  otherwife  we  ihoiild  repeat  the 
iamift's  adag^,  Dot  vemom.^orvis^  &c« 

Mr.  Y.  ackiu»wledges  the  uncommon  pleaftire  Whith  he  re^ 
fceived  from  pendssg,  in  the  En^fdofaSi  of  Mefirs  Le  Roy  and 
X^jiefoey  the  fon,  the  articles  Firmer^  Fremaa^  Culture^  and 
Grain.  He  avows  their  giviAg  accurate  defcriptions  of  feveral 
^icaAioes,  and  oK^vations  on  them,  drawn  from  reafon;  an4 
on  this  plan  thinks  thefe  articles  tM/i  actitUntif  executed^  with 
.great  penetration. 

He  praiies,  a^  of  the  fame  nature,  M.  Patullo's  •  Efaifurt 
^miB^raikn  des  TerrtC  (lamo,  ^^%%)^  which  has  numerous  re- 
iteftioos  of  a  praAical  kind,  and  includes  an  elegant  idea  of  a 
oewly-'inclofed  .farm,  with  taktda&m  of  expences,  produces^ 
and  profit,  for.a  term  of  years,  with  ctnfider&bUjirmJm. 

We  mean  not  to  decry  this  work,  but  muft  obferye,  that 
Jieie,  if  anyt  where,  plans  Ihould  go  on  experiments,  as  caUula-' 
4ims  without  proof  ot' experience,  are  moftfallaciaus  in  bttilding, 
ioclofiog,  &c. 

But  our  Author  condemns  the  works  of  Mr.  Le  Lar^e,- viz« 
.*  Mftuirisfm-  F  dgricidtur^  (laroo,   1752),  and  MoniT S^rcey 
-de  Sutiercs,.  vtz«  Ag^imlturg  ExprnmaitaU  (lamo,  1764),  as  • 
prtUm&ng  U>  experiments  (the  latter  of  twenty  years)  withotH 
the.  merit  of.  good  seafoning  or  rtfle£Uons. 

We  think,.  witfa.Mr#  Y.  that  fuch  a  deficitncy  is  a  very  greac 
.one*  hut.ftill  the  experiments  remain  19  nafonyx^tk ;  unlefs  Mr^ 
Y«  meana  that,  thefe  gentlemen  only  pr4t$nd  U%  but  bavi  or  givM 
fMiexperimeoia...      * 

He  praifes  the  Mtm^ins  it  Olffrvations  of  the  Berne  fociety^ 
«s  mh^unding  with  a  ffnai  variety  of  knowledge  ^ruely  ^f^\  but 
•aMolu  the  cibys  proMfiilg  to  be  experimmtaU  Icfs  fatUfaS^fy^ 

*  The  good  eating  of  the  Freoch  has  introdaced  this  falhionabl^ 
{khrafc  xvLXalittrafymmHtri^  ladeedftfie  h on  gout  has  toiig  hten  /uAiliar, 


238         YouogV  Couffi  ofexperimentdl  Jgrhibitri^  tf a 

as  blended  too  much  vr\i\i  nafinings^   rtfii6Hnns\  amd  tfijh'uc^ 
iions. 

We  cannot  agree  withMr.  Y.  in  this  cenfiLire,  Mitfeemsa 
contradiccion  to  what  we  have  agreed  with  iiiai  ia»  on  die  laft^ 
named  writers,  if  the  reafonings  &c.  be  good. 

He  notes,  that  feveral  of  thcfe  writers  have  a  proper,idea  of 
[the  neceffiiy  of]  inferting  their  expences  (p.  14,  15.)  but  la^ 
xnents  that  aeperimental  ei&ys  bear  no  pr^penion  to  the  argununla^ 
tifue  i  and  applies  this  remark  to  the  agricultisral  -pare  of  dit 
Memoirs  of  Briunny.  But,  before  his  jreaders  join  with  hi m^ 
they  will  wi(h  to  make  an  eftimate  of  the  refpe&ive  cnerits  of 
two  kinds  of  writing,  both  very  ufefiil.—He  confines,  that  he 
•could  not  procure  the  Memoirs  of  Rouen,  aadt  fame  other  ^tna 
of  France.    A  fa6t  at  which  we  wonder  much. 

Dr,  Home's  Treatife  of  the  Principles  of  Jgrkubuti  and  F§^ 
getaiioHi  is  juftiv  praifed  by  Mr.  Y.  as  afibf^ng  ifwcimens  df 
pure.^wA  trufy  fhiUfiphic  experhmntsi  and  tie  decbures^  diat  if 
the  JDoflor  had  attended  to  a  iarg^r  oourfe  of  eatpeiimems,  he 
would  lKWCpn%finUd  the  publication  of  Mr.  Y's  impnfiS  fitticb* 
Such  confedions  as  this,  may  deprecate  the  feverity  oi  judges  % 
but  we  mufl  note,  that  two  bulky  volumes  in  410  are  ufuaUy  ex- 
peded  to  give  more  thaii  an  impirfi&  Jhttcb^ 

Dr.  Home's  omiflion  of  expences  is  indeed  (as  Mr.  Y.  notes)  9 
great  defeft.  • 

Our  Author  laments  that  he  cannot  fpeak  of  Mr.  Dickibh'j 
Treatife  of  Agriculture  (Sro,  ad  edit,  '^^^^)'i  in  the  fame  tenm 
of  refpe<Sl ;  regreting,  that  he  kept  no  regimr  of  bis  bufineismn^ 
experiments  on  a  t§nfidirabU  farm  for  mtfsry  yeirs;  and  fays,  Ejc^ 
perience  is  an  admirable  fkuniaUon  for  mtf  kfaid  iAfiru&uri\  l>ut 
in  agriculture  (he  muft  be  tht  fuperftru^iwre  itfi^^  not  ih^fnm* 
dation  onty.  We  can  fcarcely  sdlow  this  diflini&ton,  as  every  fu- 
perior  ftone  5cc.  in  ivery  buildings  is  a  fup€rjlru£iur$  to  the  iafe*- 
rior. 

Mr.  Y.  makes  the  fame  obje£Hon  to  Mr.  Randal's  thhrati 
Treatife,  and  notes,  that  Mr.  Randal's  fallow  year  is  bprodi^ 
^Mf^  expenfive,  that  his  readers  muft  irrr/^t^  defire  to  fee  bow 
jt  anfwered  with  himfelf,  before  they  venture  to  adopt  it.  Had 
he  given  .a  number  of  acieson  which  he  tried  his  method,  flftting 
every  operation,  and  the  ^^atf/'expcnce,  with  the  produce  and 
profit,  j&c.  for  a  term  of  years^  fuch  ^faigU  experiment  woulcl 
have  more  weight  with  the  world,  than  a  volume  of  reafontng 
from  experience. 

Mr.  Y.'  reiides,  indeed,  at  a  great  diftance  from  the  feat  ^ 
Mr.  K:iUilaiV sfemi-virgiiian  hufbandry ;  but  as  he  has  lately  madt 
the  mrtf^rn  tour,  we  ihould  have  thought  that  he  might  hare 
eafily  learned  how  to  reconcile  the  fcemingly  difcordanc  truths^ 

•  ¥!»• 


iriz.  that  Randal's  method  (s  proJigbufi^  expenfroe^  and  pr^gmjly 
btnefidiil  to  him* 

yiti  Y.  juftly  oelebraies  ,  Mr»  Stillingfleet's  Mifceltaneouft 
Trads  relating  to  Natural  Hiftory,  as  dcfervingito  be  uaiveWaio 
ly  read.  He  congratulates' Ireland  on  the  rafters  of  Mi^  Wynn 
f  not  TVhynn\  Bakiir,  and  praifes  Vix^  Biliiug's  Trcatife  oa  xte 
Culture  of  Carroty,  as  a  very  precious  performance,  truly  expe- 
rimental, &c. ;  but  juftly  condemos  Kocque's  piece  on  Lucerne, 
5cc«  as  ijolld^  i?npr^abU^  inaccurate^  and  totally  inconclufive*  He 
concludes' bif  Kqviqv/  of  agricultural  writers,  with  a  juil  con- 
fcffion,  that  Mr.  Harte's  *  Eflays  on  Hufbandry'  (8vo,  1755), 
are  much  fuper lor  to  any  eulogium^  &c* 

,  ^  The  perufal  (Mr.  Y.  fays)  oftbefe  hooks,  led  him  to  conclude 
the  rubje(^  of  them  [Agriculture]  ]>y  no  means  exhauft^d^  ^nd 
that  he  might  add  to  their  nunober,  without  the  inoputation  of  at« 
tempting  to  if/iprjsve  perfe^lion  : 

**  Extremiprimorum^  exlrems  ufque  prior es  *.'* 

He  declares,  *  I  fubmit  with  deference  to  their  [tlie  Pubfic'sJ 
decifionj  but,  confdous  of  numer&us  imperfe£}ionSy  f  feel  with 
anxiety  the  rajhnefs  of  parting  with  a  MS,  on  which  I  wilbed  t(y 
ilamp  a  merit  ic  is  far  from  poflfeffing/ 

He  adds,  that  the  experimental  part  of  this  work  toft  him^ 
exciufive  of  products,  nearly  1 200 1.  This  affertion  will  not  ap^ 
pear  improbahle  to  the  Reader,  when  he  is  afTured,  th«t  Mr.  Y^ 
had  the  refolutton  to  try  every  things  even  the  experiments,  which? 
he  "w^  fenjible  could  not  anfwer.  Oa  fach  a  plan  who  can  vt^on^ 
der  at  any  loflcs  f  ?  Well  may  he  difcourage  aU  perfons  from  fol- 
lowing his  example,  of  quitting  the  prudent  path.  *  There  may 
have  been  ages  (fays  he)  in  which  patriotifm  vfzs  9s  fubjlamial  a 
good  2isfo9d  or  raiment ;  but  the  prefent  I  take  to  bcfomewhat  dif* 
ferent^  ♦ 

This  is  certainly  no//  place  to  dilcu&  the  profit  of  patrietrfm  in 
our  days.  We  apprehend,  however,  that  the  public  wiM  hardff 
allow,  that  the  expence  of  making  experiments,  which  the  maker 
is  ^  fenfihle  cannot  pojfihly  anfwer,'  is  a  proof  of  patrictifm. 

There  are  neverthelefs  methods  of /ttrniii^  a  man's  lofIestogoo() 

'  account;  and  an  experiment  which   turned  out  lofs,  may,  by' 

being  held  out  to  the  public  as  a  warnings  be  converted  to  folid 

profit^  and  the  loft  gold,  by  a  certain  chtnuftry^  life  m  the  fpecies^ 

^f  food  and  raiment.  ^ 

•  **  'Extremus  prrmorttm,  extremis  ufque/r/V  fis  !**  fays  the  exhor- 
tation of  the  fatyrift. 

f  Th]#€t>ndud,.  however,  is  agreeable  enough  to  %  maxim  with 

which  he  begins  hit  preface,  vr«.-that*  iir  agricnknre  itTS  /me*wi!>a9' 

mee^ary  to  aS  before .W£  think  (p.  i.),  an  axioai  whitish,  for  the  ho-* 

sour  of  agriculture^  we  cannoc  admit.        • , .      .  • 

.    .  In 


1 


140   y^tBipcfslitiirUthAMmc/iiiMcfitbfyRt^iews 

In  Che  mun  iiinr»  we  mttft  applaud  Mr.  Y^s  detenntnatum  t$ 
^  leave  exp^nfivt  experiments  to  the  nobility  and  gmtry  of  large  for* 
times/  ami  to  avoid  *  the  prefudiption  of  attempting  a  frivaU 
sMUUisM  of  public  ideas.' 

[To  hi  cihiittuid  in  4lif  next.^ 


■  ill  I  •     t     nr 


Akt.  Xf.  Jt  iJitet  to  the  Authors  of  the  Monthly  Reviiivi  bcut^ 
Jumed  by  their  Remarks  on  tiVo  PantphUts  lately  putS/hedi  oni 
ontitled^  Thoughts  on  feveral  Ihtcrefting  Subjects ;  vizi  Oii 
the  Exportation  of«  and  BoUhty  upoh  Corn  :  On  the  high 
Prices  of  Provifions:  On  ManUfaAiires,  CoiAmerce,  &c*. 
The  otbtty  A  Drfonce  of  the  ab6i}i  Pa^Ut^  Being  a  Reply  tcf 
the  Appendix  annexed  to  The  Expediency  of  a  Frtie  £]tpor« 
tation  of  Corn  at  this  Titne.  In  which  the  Mifreprefenta- 
trons,  &!re  Reaftfning^  and  wilful  Deceit  of  the  Author^  are 
fiilly  expofed  and  refuted  f.  %  Mr.  WidTpey.  Svo,  6  d. 
Ctowder* 

WE  are  at  prefent  much  in  the  (ame  fituation  with  thofe 
who  arf^  faid  to  have  pulled  an  old  houfe  about  their 
ears }  having  expofed  ourfelves  to  a  challenge  for  ofiering  a 
flight  hint  or  two  ia  favour  of  the  bounty  on  cortt  ;  though  we 
by  no  means  deiired  to  be  conndercd  as  taking  up  Mr.  Young*8 
ouarrel)  there  flill  remaining  points  of  fome  importance  to  he 
iettled,  even  if  he  fliould  happen  to  be  on  the  fight  iide  of 
that  queftjon. 

.  As  we  have  feveral  time89  on  former  occafionst  and  lately  vx 
confidering  «Mr.  Young's  pamphlet  and  another  together  oa 
that  fubje^t,  entered  pretty  fuliv  into  the  gueftion  of  tl^ 
bounty^  we  hope  Mr.  Wimpey  will  excufe  our  recapitulating 
what  has  been  fo  often  urged  :  but  as  we  would  notbeaccufed  of 
treating  him  with  neglect,  we  (ball  produce  fix  FaHs^  on  which 
be  lays  great  firefs,  and  examine  what  they  amount  to. . 

^  £•  'Tis  an  undoubted  fadl,  that  exportation  i^  never  ear- 
ned to  fo  great  an  height  as  when  corft  is  very  plenty^  and 
cunfequently  cheap*' . 

.  G  ranted » 

.  «  2.  That  the  firftunfavouraUe  or  ttnfruitful  year  that  foHow» 
inch  large  exports,  inevitably  advances  thai  price  50»  60,  and 
ibmetimes  lOO  per  cent/ 

..  An  unfavourable  feafon^  by  the  nature  of  things,  will  io-* 
evitably  ratfe  the  price  of  corn ;  but  what  was  the  cande* 
quence  of  an  unfavourable  feafon  in  the  early  part  even  of 
die  laft  century,  when  hiftorians  tell  MS,  that  the  nation 
-'J'  ■       ■  ■  ■       > 

f  Review*  voU  xliii.  p.  1 59.  t  Rev.  vol,  xliiL  p.  400. 

1  Rev.  vol.  xUi.  p.  229. 
•  ftiU 


•WimpeyV  Lettir  to  tbt  Aathsrs  rfthf  ShtoUy  Rffiiwi    241 

tdW  depcodffd  on  foreigners  for  dailjr  bfciad;  that  ^here 
..was  a  regttlar  imp^t  from  the  Baltic,  as  well  as  from 
France,  aod  if  it  ever  Aopped,  the  bad  confequencei  were 
ieniibly  feit  by  the  nation  ?  §  We  Will  not  carry  Mr.  W. 
a  century  farther  back. 

*  3.  That  the  Legislature^  in  (uch  an  emergency,  haa 
ftfways  thought  it.  expedient  and  fit,  to  prohibit,  for  a  certain 
'time,  all  exportation)  even  without  a  bounty.'  , 

And  ^ery* 'prudently  :  as  there  is  one  price  of  corn  which 
Ibnits^  the  bounty,  it  would  be  well  if  another  price  waa 
fixed,  beyond  which  exportation  ibould  ceafc* 

*  4*  That  the  Legislature,  in  cafes  of  great  etigenc^^ 
bath  not  ohfy  prohibited  all  exportation,  but,  hath  opened  our 
Ports,  and  given  free  permiffion  for  importation/ 

And  with  good  reafon }  the  advantage  of  commerce  is  thie 
mutual  fupply  of  national  wants« 

*  5,  That  exportation  has  been  fo  far  catried  beyond  its  duft 
1x)unds,  by  the  bounty,  that  what  has  been  exported  otie  year« 
With  a  boun^  of  ao  per  cent,  we  have  fometimes  been  obliged 
to  buy  again  the  next,  at  an  advance  of  100  per  cent/ 

That  too  much  corn  may  be  fometimes  carried  abroad,  may 
be  determined  by  a  fubfequent  bad  crop,  but  what  has 
the  bounty  to  do  with  that  ?  The  bounty  having  a  limi- 
tation, cannot  be  charged  with  occafioning  a  fcarcity  :  this 
inuft  be  owin^  to,  exportation  beyond  or  without  thd 
bounty,  when  it  is  fent  abroad  to  better  markets.  Perhaps 
we  may  fometimes  purchafe  corn  in  again  at  a  dearer  tate 
th^n  we  before  fold  it  at.  Inconvenlencies  attend  all 
hunjan  affairs ;  here  is  a  temporary  inconvenience,  which^ 
though  it  may  play  fome  money  ioto  the  hands  of  corn- 
*  /  jobbers  at  Cfitical  times,  and  make  the  confumer  difcon- 
tdntcd^  yet  preferves  the  corn  trade*  alive,  by  buying  in 
when  we  can  no  longer  fell  out.- 

,  '.'  6.  That  tbefe  occurrences  have  not  only  happened  onocy 

as  if  by  chance,  but/rom  the  commencement  of  the  bounty  to 

the  prefeat  time,  fcarcity  and  high  prices  have  regularly  and 

.conftantty  followed  a  large  and  exteiiiive  eT^portation,  as  certain 

effeds  fnom  an  infallibly  caufe  ;  though  they  have  been  fome-* 

times  longer,  according  as  the  following  feaibns  proved,  ere 

iheV  Wicre  felt  or  perocived-' 

IWe  jicre.beg  leave  to  dpubt  the  regi^larity  and  conftancy 

which  Mr.  W.  aflerts,    Confidering  how  many  variable  cir- 

§  Hume«    App.  to  James  I. 
-    ReIT,  Mar.  1771.  R  cumftancci 


24^   Wimpey'i  Lattr  to  the  Aiitbdrs,  of  the  Monthly  RevU^i, 

cttiAftances  muft  be  taken  into  the  examination,  we  imagine 
'  ^  he  will  find  ic  a  difficult  majtter  to  give  a  clear  proof  of  it : 
and  furcly  Mr.  W.  will  not  fcrioufly  fuppufe  a  fcarcity 
occafioned  this  year,  to  operate  akcr  the  intervention  of  a 
plentiful  feafon  or  two,  during  .which  it  was  not  |>erccivedf 
*  Indeed,  if  iuch  an  IndeHnitc  latitude  is  affumed  in  af- 
iigning  caufe^^.it  will  be  uifBcult  to  fay  what  may  not  be 
proved.  ^ 

To  conclude,  we  would  recommend  :t he  following  points  ta 
iAr.  W.'s  private  confideiation,  withouc  wifhing  to  engage  him 
in  a  farther  controvcrfy,  for  which  neither  he  nor  the  Reviewers 
may  have  leifure  or  inclination  : 

1.  Whether  it  is  not  expedient  that  corn,  as  a  neceflary  of 
life  and  an  article  of  commerce,  ihould   be  kept  as  nearly  as 

:p0i£ble  ^t  a  regular  medium  price  ?  . 

2.  Whether  the  bounty  with  its  attendant  reftri£tion,  does 
not  tend  to  keep  corn  at  a  medium  price  ? 

3.  whether  this  expedient,  by  preventing  corn  from  ftag- 
nating  on  the  farmer's  hands,  has  not  encouraged  the  growth 
ofrorn,  and  caufcd  more  land  to  be  tilled  than  was  applied  to 
that  pui;pofe  before  the  bounty  exifled  ? 

4.  Whether,  if  the  bounty  was  difcontinued,  the  firft  plenti-^ 
ful  feafon  would  not  ruin  many  of  our  farmers,  and  hence  dif- 
couragirig  the  growth  of  wheat,  render  us  again  dependent  on 
other  countries  for  bread  ? 

Without  theboiinty  our  merchants  could  only  export  corn 
when  the  price  is  fo  much  advanced  at  foreign  markets  as  to 
pay  the  freight  and  gratify  them  for  thd  trouble  of  negociatioo  ; 
but  by  aid  of  the  bounty  they  are  now  enabled  to  export  it 
when  foreign  markets  are  as  much  below  that  ffandard  as  the 
bounty  amounts  to ;  hence  a  ftagnation  of  corn  at  home  is 
prevented :  and  when  the  price  of  corn  at  home  exceeds  the 
'inediunr  price  eflabliflied  between  the  raifer  and  confumer  by 
the  Legiflature,  the  operation  of  the  bounty  ceafes*  Hence 
*ahy  confequcnt  fcarcity  Is  not  feirly  chargeable  on  the  bounty, 
which  onlyaflifts  in  carrying  off  the  fuperflaity  it  gave  rife  to. 
But  when  a  fcarcity  happens,  from  whatever  caufe,  either 
abroad  or  at  home,  we  h!ave  a  certain  fecurity  againft  famine, 
by  fhutting  up  our  ports  outward,  and,  if  needful,  by.  opening 
tiiem  inward,  till  the  feafons  come  round  again.  Thus,  though 
corn  may  rife  in  price,  it  will  always  be  to  be  bad. .  A  happy 
circumftancc,  which  the  records  of  hiftory  inform  us  we  could 
not  alwavs  boaft. 


Art.  XIL 


C    243    1 

Art.  XI!,  King  Lear ;  a  Tragnif.   Written  by  Willfam  Shake 
<  ipearc.    Collated  with  the  old  and  modern  Editions,     Svo, 
3«.  fewed.     White.     1770. 

THE  plays  generally  afcribed  to  Shakefpearc  are  forty- two 
in  number.  If  the  Editor. lives  to  fulRl  his  declared  in« 
tention  of  publifliing  all  the  dramatic  works  of  this  voluminous 
Bard,  in  a  manner  conformtible  to  this  fpecimed,  the  public  are 
to  exped  an  idition  of  Shakefpeare* s  plays  in  forty^tWQ  o£fav$ ' 
volumes!  an  edition  which,  \fi  the  bookfeller's  phrafe,  may,  with 
good  reafon,  be.ftyled  a  library  book*  Perhaps,  however,  he  may 
propofe  to  bind  two  plays  in  one  volume.  This  may  be  done^ 
provided  they  do  not  exceed  the  fize  of  the  prefenl:  fpccimen, 
which  confifts  of  192  pages,  befides  26  of  Preface,  &c«— ^6ut»  ' 
^ftill,  the  Prici^  Six  Pounds  S.'X  Shillings  unbound !  Tibbald, 
atone-ftxth  of  the  money,  will  continue  to  (land  the  bed  chance 
in  the  market ;  notwithftanding  the  beautiful  mezzotinto  print 
of  Sbakefpeare^  here  prefixed,  by  way  of  front ifpiece  :  which  is, 
indeed,  a  very  fine  one,  from  an  original  pi£iure,  by  Cornelius 
Janfleny  inthe  colledlion  of  Charles  Jennens,  Efqj  of  Gopfal, 
Leiceilerihire,  to  whom  the  work  is, dedicated. 

The  public  will  naturally  expert  fomething  extraordinary  in 
the  notes^  as  an  equivalent  for  the  extraordinary  purcba/e.  But  it 
we  are  to  judge  from  the  fample  before  us,  this,  of  all  the  nume- 
rous editions  that  have  been  given  of  Shakefpeare,  with  anhota* 
tionSyWill  be  themoft  tedioufly  trivial;  the  greateft  number  of 
the  notes  confiding  merely  of  verbal  variations  in  the  feveral 
readings  of  the  various  itnprefiions :  many  of  them  of  no  other 
xonfequence  than  to  fhew  the  Editor's  amazing  induftry,  and 
to  fwell  the  fize  of  the  book. — Here  and  there  indeed,  but  not 
lr6ry  frequently,  we  obferv6  the  annotator  venturing  out  into 
fhe  higher  road  of  commentary,  and  reafonrng  on  the  true 
meaning  of  his  Author,  where  it  is  obfcured  by  errors  of  the 
prefs,  the-miftakes  of  a  tranfcriber,  or  the  whimfies  of  an  Edi- 
tor ;  but,  for  the  mpft  part,  he  cont^ts  himfelf  with  barely 
telling  us  that  they^'i  read  fo,  thejus  thus,  P.  this  way,  and 
R.  thati  with  regard  to  the  omiffion,  infertion,  or  variatioo^ 
perhaps,  of  fome'  paltry  expletive. 

As  a  fpecimen  of  his  more  important  annotations,  let  Us  take 
the  firft  that  occurs,  on  cafuaUy  opening  the  book. — Adt4,. 
Sc.  2*  we  obfcrvc  his  illuftration  of  two  very  doubtful  words, 
in  Albany's  fine  refledlion  on  Gonferiirs  unnatural  behaviour  to 
Jier  father  : 

*«  She  thatherfclf  will/lW,  and  dif-branch, 
**  From  ber  material bp^  perforce  muft  wither, 
*•  And  come  to  deadly  ufc." 

K  2  On 


244  CUmenitna^  aTi^geJj. 

'  On  the  firft  of  the  words  prioted  in  /V«//V,  our  Editor^s  no^  i# 
<  P.  re^sjhiver-y  but  he  .ukQ:$  PQ  notice  of  Hanmer's  reading* 
Jlivir*:  which  we  wonder  at,  in  fo  minute  a  qolle£tor !  On  the 
word  fnatcrial  he  has  the  follpwing  note :  ^T,  H.  and  /.  read 
maternal  for  material',  to  fupport  which  latter  reading,  in  the  ufual 
{enk  of  the  word,  ff^,  has  a  long  note;  but  after  all  conf^(&$ 
th^t  material  may  fignify  maternal ;  and  quotes  the  title  of  an 
old  Englifli  book  to  prove  that  material  has  been  ufed  in  that 
fcnfe  :  the  title  is  as  follows — **  Syr  John  Froifl^rt's  Chronicle 
f  ranflated  out  of  the  Frenche  into  our  material  Englifh  tongue 
by  John  Bouchier,  printed  1525."  But  a  few  words,  fays  our 
tiditor,  will  deterreine  the  reading  to  be  material  in  the  ufual 
fenfej  for  the  force  of  Albany*^  argument  to  prove  that  « 
branch  torn  from  a  tree  muft  infallibly  wither  and  die^  lie$  in 
this,  that  it  is  Separated  from  a  communication  with  that  whic& 
fupplies  it  with  the  very  identical  matter  f  by  ^  which:  it  (the 
branch)  lives,  and  of  which  it  is  compofed.' 

We  fliall  coniciude  this  article  in  the  Editor's  own  words,  as 
they  will  ferve  to  remind  the  public,  what  acknowledgment  is 
tiue  to  the  undertaker  of  a  work  which  demands  fo  much  pa- 
tience and  perfeverance  ;  to  fay  nothing  of  the  other  requifites 
for  the  execution  of  fuch  a  defign  : — *  Tis  no  doubt  a  flavifli 
bufinefs  to  proceed  through  fo  voluminous  A  writer,,  in  the  flow 
and  exad  manner  this  Editor  hath  done  in  King  Lear^  and 
propofes  to  do  in  the  reft  of  Shakefpeare's  plays:  and  though  it 
is  a  work  that  feemed  abfotutely  neceflary,  yet  nothing  but  the 
merit  of  the  Author,  and  the  approbatioi!i  of  his  admirers,  could 
infpire  one  with  patience  t<^  undergo  fo  laborious  a  talk/ 

Art,  XIII,  Clementina ;  a  Tragedy  :  As  performed^  with  miver'* 
fal  Applaufe,  at  the  Theaire  in  Covent  Garden.  8vo.  1 1^.  &d« 
Dilly,  >&c.     1771. 

THIS  piece  does,  not  tanguifh  in  narrative  and  declama* 
tion ;  it  is  full  of  adion,  and  event ;  but  the  events  are 
brought  about  not  improbably  only,  but  inconfiftently :  they 

*  Ifiv^may  be  allowed  to  add  one  conje^ure  to  the  thouiands  that 
have  been  o^red  by  the  expounders  of  this  dramatic  Bible,  we  think 
it  moil  probable  that  /e^er  is  the  word  that  Shakefpeare  wrote ;  fbf 
it  is  the  word  that  makes  the  bed  fenfe  of  the  paflagc :  and,  farely» 
it  is  no  affront  to  the  n\expory  of  this  adniirable  poet,  to  fuppofe  him 
to  have  chofen  the  heji, 

t  Here,  too,  we  dijF^r  from  the  Edito;*;  maternal,  we  think,  is 
mo4l  likely  to  be  the  word  iHcd  hy  Shakefpeare,  as  being  not  only 
jYiore  poetical  than  matirialt  bvit  more  expreOiveofihe  intended  alltt^- 
fion  to  the  cafe  of  Goneriil,  who  had.  fix  itanatUsall^  *  tdranged 
C/e*ver' ^ J  hct(elf  from  herpareat,. 

arife 


arife  from  perpetual  violation  of  charadler,  and  extravagance 
of  coAduA.  The  fame  perfon  is  reprefented  as  wife  and  fool- 
tlh,  as  kind  and  cruel,  candid  and  arbitrary,  te  produce  inci- 
dents of  diftrefs  which  could  not  arife  from  nature  and  unifor- 
mity; and  though  it  is  true^hiCt  the  fame  perfon  may,  in  dif- 
ferent fituations,  appear  to  a£l  from  different  principles,  it  is. 
aifo  true  that  thefe  appiirent  inconiidencies  are  always  re- 
iblvable  into  that  predominant  paffion,  or  difpolition,  that  marks 
the  charader,  into  which  the  rnconiiftencies  of  condu£l  in  thi» 
performance  cannot  be  refclved, 

Clementina,  the  daughter  of  Anfelmo,  Duke  of  Venice,  hav- 
ing privately  married  KinaUo,  between  wbofe  hou^  and  her 
father's  there  was  an  irreconcilable  enmity,  fuppofes  him  to 
bave  been  flain  in  the  defence  of  his  country  againft  Ferdi» 
fiand,  the  fucceflbr  of  Charles  the  Fifth.  Six  months  after 
this  fuppofed  death,  her  father  inftfts  that  (he  fliould  marry  Pa- 
lermo.: this  (he  obftinately  refufes  :  but  neither  feems  to  have  a 
fufficient  motive  for  fuch  conduft. 

She,  indeed,  calls  upon  the  fpirit  of  her  hufband  to  fee 

How,  faithful  to  her  *vonvSy 
She  braves  a  fure  delirudion  for  his  fake. 

But  it  is  prefumed  that  (be  bad  not  v&wid  to  be  his  wife  after 
he  was  dead  ;  %nd  the  father  implores  the  daughter  to  confent« 
that  he  mght  not»  in  the  ciofe  of  life,  be  expofed  to  dijbomur^ 
anii  urges  her 

Nobly  to  fave  him  from  the  guiU  offalfehMd, 

But  whatever  may  be  the  caufe  of  guHt  and  dijbonour  iti  Tragedy^ 
it  is  certain  fhat  a  daughter's  refufing  to  take  for  a  huiband,  a 
nan  -to  whom  a  father  has  promifed  her,  can  bring  neither 
guilt  nor  di(honour  upon  him  in  life.  \ 

Anfelmo  is  reprefented  as  a  man  of  kind  and  liberal  fenti-' 
ments,  as  inflexibly  jaft,  and  maintaining  the  point  of  honour 
even  to  fuperftition  ;  yet  he  perfifts  in  a  refohition  of  fubjefling 
iiis  daughter  to  a  legal  rape,  after  the  following  expoduUtion  : 

Venerable  Sir,  if  e'er  my  peace. 

My  fottrs  dear  peace,  was  tender  to  your  thoughts, 
Spare  me,  O  fpare  me«  on  diis  cruel  fubjed ! 
.Let  the  brave  youth,  ib  honoured  with  your  friendfhipi 
Partake  your  wealth,  but  do  not  kill  yoor  daughter. 
Do  not,  to  give  him  a  precarious  good, 
Doom  me  to  certain  wretchednefs  for  ever ! 
I  have  an  equal  claim  upon^  your  heart. 
And  call  as  much  for  favour  as  Palermo. 

That  fuch  claim  (hould  not  be  admitted  by  fuch  a  father,  is  ccr- 

lyiniy  very  improbable,  fuppoUng  Palermo's  happinefs   to  be 

.  ^ual  to  the  lady's  mifery  \  but  the  father  \\  thus  determined  to 

K  j  make 


2^  dimsnilna^  a  Tragedy. 

make  hi?  daughter  wretched;  even  without  procuring  happincfii* 
to  Palermo, 

Palermo  has  juft  told  him  that 

He  never  merited  a  worthy  heart 

Who  meanly  floop'd  contented  with  a  cold  one. 

Yet  a  cold  heart  was  all  that  Anfelmo  could  give  to  his  friend, 
by  the  utmofl:  exertion  of  authority  to  outrage  nature  and  curfe' 
his  chHd.     An  authority  which  he  perfeyeres  to  exert. 
He  tells  his  daughter  indeed  that 

A  Kttle  time  — — .■  '  ■  .  '.■ 

Will  charm  her  gentle  bofom  into  reft. 
And  ev'n  return  Palermo  love  for  love.' 

Byt  he  docs  not  appear  to  believe  this  abfurdity,  even  while  he 
advances  it}  for  he  has  juft  affirmed  the  dired  contrary.  ^  I 
fee,  fays  he» 

■     ■■ ?  with  infinite  regret 

Your  fcorn,  your  ^jf V  avcrfion  to  Palermo. 

This  man  loves  his  daughter  more  than  his  deareft  friend  j 
he  declares  that  the  diftrefsof  a  friend  (hould  make  us  more  ac- 
tive in  his  behalf,  yet  to  give  a  friend  what  that  friend  declare^ 
is  not  worth  having,  he  not  only  deferts  his  daughter  in  diflrefs^ 
but  brings  the  difirefs  upon  her. 

•  Is  this  lefs  abfurd  than  Prince  Prettyman's  forfaking  his 
nniflrefs  and  marrying  the  fifherman*s  daughter,  in  gratitudefbf 
having  faved  his  life  ? 
'  A  promife,  however,  having  been  extorted  from  Clementina 
that  file  will  marry  Palermo,  though  in  the  utmoft  agony  of 
grief,  abhorrence,  and  dcfpair,  the  good  father  falls  imme? 
diaiely  into  an  cxtacy  of  joy,  and  he  cries  out 

My  tranfport  grows  too  mighty  to  be  borne ! 

O  let  me  haften  to  the  brave  Palermo 

And  raife  him  from  defpondency  to  rapture. 

Clcmcniina  however  fuppofes  that  her  father  would  at  onct 
defift  from  his  fuit  if  f^e  flio\iId  tell  him  that  flie  had  mar** 
ricd  Rinaldo,  though  Rinaldo  was  dead,  which  is  not  a  very 
probable  fuppofition  ;  but  £he  fuppofes  alfo  that  this  m^n  of 
pundtiiious  honour,  and  inflexible  reditude,  would  exert  bis 
power,  as  temporary  governor  of  Venice,  to  ruin  Rinaldo's  fa- 
mily, in  revenge  for  his  having  married  his  daughter  and  for 
that  reifon  ftiil  keeps  the  fecret  to  her  own  ruin,  which  re- 
vealed would  fet  her  at  eafe. 

It.foon  appears  that  Rinaldo  is  alive:    he  was  carried  of. 

^    wounded  from  the  field,  and  fuppofed  to  be  dead  ;  but  a  noble 

Frenchman,  who  had  taken  notice  of  him  in  the  battle,  recoL- 

Ie(^ing  his  features,  made  an  attempt  to  recover  him,  and  fuc- 

.    ^  ceeded: 


CUfMHtinai  aTragidf.*  t|g 

ceeded  :  he  likewife  fo  warmly  recommended  him  to  the  King 
of  France,  that  he  fs  appointed  ambaflador  to  Venice,  with 
propofais  that  if  the  Venetians  will  acknowledge  themfelves  fub- 
]tQt  to  France,  their  own  form  of  government  (hall  be  efta- 
bliihed,  and  they,  proteded  from  their  enemies :  but  the  ofier 
of  a  *  foreign  ruler'  to  Venice  by  a  Venetian,  is  a  capital  of- 
fence; therefore  Rinaldo  having  been  created  Lord  of  Granville 
by  the  French  King,  propofes  not  to  difcover  who  -he  is  while 
he  is  treating-:  if  his  propofais  are  accepted  indeed,  he  intends 
to  claim  bis  wife  ;  if  not,  to  carry  her  off  privately. 

In  confeque'nce  of  this  notable  projefl,  the  followhig  events 
are  fuppofed  to  take  place. 

Rinaldo,  a  noble  Venetian,  whom  every  body  in  the  army 
knew  when  he  fell,  for  '  concurring  multitudes  beheld  him  fall,* 
and  rciported  that  he  was  dead ;  nobody  knows,  when  he  returna 
io  a  public  charaAer  to  his  country :  he  is  fo  happily  tranf-* 
formed  into  a  French  man^  by  hia  French  UtU^  that  no  Vene<« 
tian  difcovers  him  to  be  his  countryman ;  and  though  Paler- 
mo had  been  his  fellow-ibldier,  and  Aniielmo  quarrelled  with  his 
family,  neither  of  them  have  the  leaft  knowledge  of  his  per- 
fon,  and  he  appears  in  public  without  referve,  the  event  jufti«* 
fying  his  prefumption. 

Within  l^s  than  an  hour  after  the  arrival  of  Rinaldo, .  Pa- 
lermo difcove'rs  Clementina  embracing  him  in  an  arbour. .  Hft 
tells  her  father  what  he  has  feen,  but  the  old  m^  gives  him  a 
hearty  fcolding  for  believing  his  eyes.  He  then  diredts  him 
where  he  alfo  ftiay  fee  the  lovers  tete-a-tete :  he  goes  to  makq 
the  experhnent,  but  without  any  other  emotion  than  contempt 
and  anger  at  the  fuppofed  folly  of  the  report. 

His  own  eyes  foon  convince  him  that  Palermo  was  not  mif- 
taken.  Here  then  is  a  very  extraordinary  fituation  :  the  father  ' 
finds  his  daughter  embracing  a  Frenchman,  who  had  not  been 
an  hour  in  the  country,  and  whom  (he  is  fuppofed  never  to 
have  feen  before  :  yet,  in  the  general  tenor,  of  the  dialogue  that 
cnfues,  there  are  no  traces  of  this  peculiarity  \  It  is  Juft  fuch 
as  might  have .  happened  if  the  lover  had  been  a  perfon  with 
whom  the  lady  had  been  long  privately  familiar:  he  appears 
to  be  well  acquainted  with  her  fituation,  and  juftifies  his  paf- 
fion  by  boafiing  that  he  is  as  good  as  Palermo,  who  had  been 
capricioufly  preferred,  and  ihe  her's,  by  aiTerting  her  right  of 
choice. 

It  would  (urely  have  been  more  natural  for  Paleritio,  who 
has  fo  warmly  declared  againft  a  connexion  with  a  colci  heart, 
to  have  broke  off  all  connection  with  an  alienated  one  :  yet  he 
talks  as  if  he  was  compelled  to  marry  Clementina  by  a  fpell 
which  cculd  not'be  broken.    Hear  him  exclaim  : 

What  though  her  error  is  ideal  yet. 

And  adaal  fi:uilt  has  Aamp'd  no  fable  on  her ; 

R  4  Is 


#-' 


Clmnftifw*,  4?r<!ff^4<| 


'Is.notli^rtnind,  that, all  in-^U  of  virtue,  *  .      -      , 

Ppllvtedf  flain'd,  nay  profkitate  before  me?* 
Do  I  not  take,  O  torture !  to  my  arms, 
A  mental  wanton,  in  the  rage,  the  madnefs 
Of  flaming  will,  and  burning  expfeftation  ? 
Wiir not  this  fiend,  damnation  oh  hlni,  Granville, - 
Will  he  not  dart  like  lightening  to  her  memory. 
And  fire  her  fancy  cv*n O  hold  my  brain- 
Let  me  avoid  th6  mere  imaginaMon — 
Jt  ftabs— it  tears-<p— On  loye'$  luxurious  piliow 
It  blafls  the  freiheil  rofe?,  apd  leaves  fcorpions. 
Eternal  fcorpions  only,  in  their  room. 

The  diftrefs  of  the  piece  is  to  arife  from  a  forced  tnatcfa^ 
amd  therefore  in  violation  of  ail  nature  :  Anfclmo  is  to  facri- 
fice  his  child  to  Palermo,  becaufe  he  has  promifed ;  and  Pa- 
iertno  is  to  take  her  againft  her  will,  to  the  total  fubverdon 
of  bis  own  bappinefs  as  well  aa  her's,  rather  than  sd)folve  Aa« 
fdtno  from  lb  ahfurd  and  fatal  an  obiigatiprt. 

It  is  ftrangc  that  no  fpark  of  fufpicton  (bfould  Idodle  in  An« 
ielmo's  breaft,  that  the  perfon  whom  he  had  feen  in  hta  diugbter> 
arms  was  kiot  wholly  unknown  to  her  ;  and  it  is  fkanger  that 
when  file  intimates  that  he  is  doC»  he  fliould  treat  the  intimsif* 
tion  as  an  artifice.  ^  Conceal  your  name  and  quality  with 
care,'  fays  Ihe  to  Rinaldo  in  her  falber's  pnsfence^  and  her  fa« 
|her  replies,' 

^hat  fhallow  idr  of  myHery  is  this  ? 

H^  orders  guards  to  feize  the  amibaiTadpr  of  France  and  force 
lim  aboard  his  fhip ;  the  lover$,  as  ufual,  lay  hold  on  each 
pther;  he  is  pulled  ope  way,  {he  another,  an  order  i$  given  tq 
\ttw  them  afunder,  and  they  a^e  forced  out  fcparately ;  an  inci« 
dent  that  always  produces  a  fine  eiFe£b« 

In  the  firft  a^  Clementina  exclaims  againft  parental  tyranoyi^ 
|j)4  ^(  the  end  of  the  third  juftifies  it : 

What  claini}  what  rights  misjudgini^  Elizara, 
Can  tyrant  caflom  plead,  or  nature  urge 
To  force  the  free  election  of  the  foul  ? 
Say,  fhould  aiFedion  light  the  nuptial  torcb| 
Or  Ihould  thie  rafli  decilion  of  a  father  , 
Doom  his  fad  race  to  wretchednefs  for  eyef  f 
No,  Elizara ;  cuftom  has  no  force. 
Nature  no  right,  to  fan£lify  oppreflion  ; 
And  parents  vainly  tell  us  of  indulgence, 
When  they  give  att  but  happinefs  to  chiidrent 

Afterwards  (he  fays. 

Why  do  I  exclaim  ?  His  caufe  for  rage 
Is  jufl—he  only  a£ls  'whatNatun  di&atts. 

Aftff 


CUmifitlna ;  a  Tragtif^  i?4fL 

After  the  fcene  in  the  arbpur,  ADfelmo  tells  Palenno  that  now 
to  wed  bis  daughter  would  be  bafenefs  ;  that  flie  is  funk  below 
his  thought,  add  fiiould  be  defpifed  and  forgotten :  ^Palermo 
perfe^y  agrees  with  hini  in  diis  fentimedt)  and  fay^ 
■    '  I  were  a  flatc  tndecd» 
A  fbol-lefs  flave,  to  pFo|litQte  a  thought, 
A  fingle  thought  on  tWK  a  woman  longer. 

Yet  foon  after  We  find  Clementina  ioBpoctiuiing  him  to  do  what 
he  has  done  aheadj: 

ATijy,  for  your  own  f4ke  give  nte  op  Palermo. 

This  fuidy  implies  that  he  had  refuled  to  give  her  up  in  the 
'  beginning  of  the  altercation  which  this  verfe  continaes.     He 
however  difclalms  her  at  taft  in  the  firongeft  terms,  reproaches 
her  with  having  , 

Loft  a  whole  Kfe  of  innocenci  and  honour j 

and  declares  that  he  requires  no  pleas  to  fliun  an  obviotis 
bafenefs,  and  would  fower  wed  diftra&ioa  than  <lifhbnour: 
however*  upon  Riaaldo's  coming  back^  after  having  been  forced 
pn  board  his. veflel,^  he  prepares  to  prevent  hie  carr ying^er  off, 
becaufe,  fays  he,  <  mv  noble  friend  Ihall  not  be  bafely  pIun-» 
^ered  of  his  daughter*  . 

At  this  crifis  Anfelmd  aivivea,  orders  Rinaldo  again  to  be 
Seized,  and,  ftrange  as  it  may  appear,  to  be  put  to  deat^* 

ANSEL  MO. 
And  now  conduft  the  hero  to  his  priibn. 
His  monarch  mailer,  though  in  perfbn  here. 
Should  not  unpanifh'd  violate  our  larws, 
Kor  Q^kr  filch  an  outrage  to  An&Imo. 

GRANVILLE.     [RinoLicI 
Why  all  this  pomp  of  needlefs  preparation  ? 
rknow  my-criffie>  and  dare  your  inftant  (entence* 
Bring  forth  your  knives,  your  engines,  ot  your  ftres-^ 
Next  to  fucceeding  in  a  great  attempt,  .   " 

The  genVousr  mind  efteems  to  fuffcr  noWeft. 
Bring  forth  your  racks  then,  whnefs  to  my  triumph,    - 
And  be  yoorfeff,  obdurate  Lord,  the  judge, 
^^hich  is  mod  brave,  the  torturer  or  tortnr'd. 

CLEMENTINA. 
Stop  not  with  him — Prepare  your  racks  for  me— 
I  am  mod  guilty,  and  to  heav*n  I  iwear» 
Whatever  fis  farte  rs,  that  i»  Clementina's. 
Yet,  my  dear  Granville,  if  we  are  tofaH, 
We'll  vntdicate  our  fame ;  and  though  ofi^ding, 
Afiert  at  leaft  the  honour  of  our  loves. 
Let  us  inform  this  ixnerable  chief. 
It  is  a  fou  he  harries  to  the  block,  .        . 

^J^d  that  my  fancy^d  ipoUer  is  my  huiband* 

•      '  ANSElMO. 


tS^^  Clementina  \  a  Tragedy. 

.ANSELMO,  '     .'     •'  '    '"   ^ 

Ydur  hufbaji^,  traitreft! — infamous  evafion, 
-  ''Ta  varpilh  o'er  your  unexampled  bafenefs/ 
And  Ihatch,  ifpoffible,  this  foreign  caitiff^ 
This  foul  oiFender,  from  the  ftroke  of  juftice* 

GRANVILLE. 
Take  heed,  reveal  not  all,  m)r  Clementina. 
Fate'9  worft  is  done,  and  dying  andir(iover*d. 
Guards  thofe  I  prize  much  dearer  than  jay^itfe!.   . 
Remember  this;  and  Q  remember  too. 
Known,  6r  unknown,  that  equal  death  awaits  me, 

CLEMENTINA. 
My  father,  hear  me— Yes,  he  is  my  hiifband. 
However  ftrange,  inyfterious,  of  unlikely — '- 
I  mull  no  more — Bat  time,  a  little  time. 
Will  prove  it  all*— Then,  gracious  ^ir,  diArefs 
No  longer  an  unhappy  pair,  whofe  hands 
High  heaven  has  join 'd-^  Allow  the  wretcbed  wife 
To  gain  her  wedded  Iprd ;  and  jndge,  O  jndge> 
If  aught  but  this,  the  firft  of  human  dudes, 
Coa*d  tear  her  thus  Aom  Venice  and  her  father-- 

ANSELMO. 
Your  hufband — married-^when— by  whom«  and  where  I 
Away,  degenerate,  infamous  deceiver, 
^  Away,  and  from  the  world  hide  quick 
That  guilty  head — Your  minion  mes  this  honr«— 
The  next,  a  cloyftcr  (huts  you  in  tor  ever,  .    . 

Take  him  from  hence — 

CLEMENTINA. 
And  take  me  with  him,  guards. 

GRANVILLE- 

Unman  me  not  with  this  exceflive  foftnefs. 

My  life's  fole  joy ;  but  let  me  meet  my  fate  < 

As  may  become  a  foldier — Where's  my  dungeon  I 

Perhaps  Anfelmo,  when  a  little' calmer, 

May  think  my  blood  fufHcient  expiation. 

And  let  my  guiltlefs  followers  efcape, 

Whofe  only  crime  is  duty  to  theirieader. 

Gracious  heav'n  compofe  her—  [$ortu  ef. 

CLEMENTINA  t§  the  Guard  preveMting  her. 
Off— let  me  go— 
Is  this  a  time  to  drag  me  from  my  huiband  f 
Will  not  his  blood  fufHce  your  utmoil  rage* 
But  muft  he,  in  the  bitter  hour  of  death, 
Lofe  the  poor  comforts  of  a  wife's  attendance  ? 
Where  is  the  miehty  freedom  of  your  date. 
Where  your  ftrict  love  of  liberty  and  juHice  ? 
Why,  fay,  O  why,  ye  too.  benignant  powers  f 
Did  you  fpom  ruin  fnatch  this  barbarous  realm, 
Where  cv'n  our  virtues  arc  coirfider'd  criiAes, 

And 


I 


'   CUnunAna  ;  a  Tragtif^  s^t 

ktA  foft  compaffion'8  conftitotei  trealbii*^ 
Revoke,  revoke  your  merciful,  decrees.; 
From  year  dread  ilorc$  of  everlafting  wrath 
Harl  ioftant  fury  down,  and  blaft  tlM>fe  laws 
Which  talk  of  freedom,  yet  enflave  the  mind^ 
J^d  boail  of  wifdom,  while  they  chain  our  reaibnl 

ANSELMp., 
Blafphemiog  monder — fiop  that  impious  tongue^ 
Nor  thu9  provoke  me  longer,  to  commit  .  ,    ' 

Some  dreadful  deed  of  honourable  phrenzy: 
Already  driv'n  beyond  a  father's  patience, 
I  fcarce  can  fpare  the  very  life  I  gave. 
Hence  from  my  fight  then,  execrable  wretch — 
I'o  urge  me  farther,  is  to  ru(h  on  death,  • 

And  add  new  horrors  to  the  fate  of  Granville, 

CLEMENTINA. 
t>o  Orike  at  once*  behold  my  ready  bofora—  ... 

Yet  fpare,  Anfelmo,  my  unhappy  hufband : 
He  is  not  what  iie  fccms— O  Sir— rhc.is  -* 
My  brain — my  brain— When,  when  fliall  I  have  reft  f 
My  father,  be  confidently  fcvere. 
Wreak  not  this  cruel  mnrder  on  my  peace. 
And  think  that  nature  fandifies  my  perfon, 

•   AN  S  ELMO.    "  " 

He  is  not  what  he  feems --Declare  who  is  \t  f 
How  lofs  of  truth  attends  the  lofs  of  honoor ! 
Abandon'd  gir]«  your  arts  are  all  in  vain. 
Are  all  unable  to  prevent  his  fate. 
At  my  4eqneil,  th'  afifembling  fenate  now 
Prepare  to  hear  his  crime,  and  will  prononncff 
His  doom  dire£Uy — ^Nay,  this  wretcned  tale 
Shall  ev'n  give  vengeance  wings— -accelerate 
His  fall ;  and  like  the  dreadful  whirlwind,  (wtep   '"** 
Him  to  4eftrudion.  ^  [MxUm 

CLEMENTINA. 

Stay,  Anfelmo,  ffiay— 
He  is— but  that  is  alfo  certain  death. 
And  I  myfelf  prepare  the  horrid  axe 
If  I  reveal  him-»Which  way  fliall  I  a&  ?  •  . 
The  lab'ring  globe  convulfing  to  its  baie. 
Is  downy  foftnefs  to  my  madding  bofbm  t 
I'm  all  diflradion— Reafon  drops  her  rein. 
And  the  next  flep  is  dreadful  defperation.  [£nfr« 

Surely  the  Reader  is  fhocked  at  the  injury  done  to  nature 
V  )|nd  probability  by  the  part  that  Anfelmo  bears  in  this  fcend 
Is  it  poffihle  that  he  could  fuppofe  bis  daughter  had  never  ieen 
Rinaidotill  two  hours  before  this  time?  Thatflie  could  in* 
fiantly  fall  in  love  with  bim,  and  fo  haftiiy  indulge  her  paffion 
as  to  have  been  difcovexed  emlirsciiig  him  ?  That  Ihe  could  firft 


tj^  fSifttHt^a;  a  Trageify^ 

feign  be  was  in  a  borrowed  cbarader*  and  then  thtt  he  was  her 
bu(band,  merely  to  give  colour  to  fo  fudden  and  unaccountable 
an  attachment,  without  the  leaft  foundation  in  ^St  i  Is  it  poC- 
fible  that  he  (hould  not,  at  lead,  be  ftimulated  to  Enquiry^  by 
her  folema  afllverations  m  an  agony  of  diftrefs,  which  could  not 
be  feigned,  even  when  fhe  precludes  all  objcSlon  arifing  from 
the  ftrangenefs  of  the  event,  by  faying  it  is  unlikely  and  myfte- 
jrious,  and  that  a  little  time  would  prove  it  ? 

Our  Tragedy  however  r6quired  this  abfurdity;  for  if  AnfcK 
mo  had  a£led,  as' every  thing  human  would  have  a£ted  upon  the 
occafion,  the  fine  Jttuatian  at  the  end  of  the  4th  adt  could  not  have 
been  brought  about. '  It  was  neceflary  that  while  the  happinefs 
rf  the  lovers  is  pofltble,  Anfelmo  ihpuld  be  inexorable,  and 
chat  the  moment  it  ceafed  to  be  poffible  he  fliould  relent. 

Anfelmo,  jufl:  at  thepnoper  time,  discovers  that  his  daugh- 
ter's anguiih  was  wdyjimbUd^  as  appears  by  the  following 
Icene: 

A  N  8  E  L  M  O    mi    P  A  L  1  R  M  O* 

ANSELMO. 

And  yet,  my  good  Palermo^ 
My  fecret  (ool  inclines  to  hear  her  too. 

0  did  you  mark  hef  undijfemhltd  anguiih  ? 

PALERMO. 

1  did— I  did— and  felt  it  m^^  icverelv— 
Her  burning  eye  expaBding  into  bloody 
Stood  dcfperately  £x'd»  while  on  each  cheek. 
Each  pallid  cheek,  a  fiagle  tear  hung  ^uiv'ring. 
Like  eady  dew-drops  on  the  fick'ning  bly, 
^nd  fpoke  a  ndnd  jfnft  verging  into  madnefs. 

ANSELMO. 
ril  fee  Ker  once  agaitt^for  wheo  I  weigh 
■    All  the  nice  -ftridlnefs  of  her  former  condud  { 
When  I  refleft, -that  to  this  curfcd  day. 
She  lookM,  as  if  hxj  perfon,  wholly  mind. 
In  Dian's  breaft  could  raife  a  figh  of  cnvy» 
I  cannot  think  her  utterly  abandoned  : 
Abandon'd  to9»  in  fuch  a  little  fpace  ! 
Defpife  roe  not,  Palermo — for  the  father 
Still  rufhes  fironglv  on  my  aching  heart, 
And  fondly 'fecks  tor  argument  to  favc  her. 

.  .FALEitJ^O. 

Check  not  the  tender  (cntiments  of  nature^ 
^  But  fee  her— make  her,  if  poffible,  difclofe 

Who  Granville  truly  fe,  fince  (he  affirms 
He  is  not  what  he  feenM,  and  is  her  huiband-^ 
TharheVaFrenehitvaa,  and  of  noble  rank, 
jfcfpears  <bo>  piaialyi  fmni  4s8  high  oommtfionf*^' 
AusCillibme  foq^t  ftrQ;)gly  h^ves  h^  ibui  i 

.  Aa4 


ChmMha\  aTragedlf^  *  t5| 

Atd  bid  beneath  this  myftery  of  woe. 

Who  knows  how  far  that  fecret  may  not  merit 

Compaflion,  or  cxcufc— 

A  N  S  E  L  M  O. 

rii  tiyatkaft-^ 
ril  aa  as  fiu  the  fimdnefs  of  a  fathe?  ; 
Forgive,  as  far  as  honour  can  forgive^ 
Ana  if  her  guilt  exceeds  a  father's  merc/t 
ril  beg  of  heaven  the  firmnefs  of  a  man-« 

B«t  though  the  father  is  now  entering  into  tbe  world  oFfOH 
ipD,  be  leaves  Palermo  behind  him.  He  fuppofes  that  ^  tbit 
feeming  myfiery  is  wholly  art ;'  becauie  if  he  M&td  like  a  rea« 
fooable  aeature  another  jiSri^/V^  would  be  prevented. 

Palermo  and  Rinaldo  %ht,  and  Rioaldo  is  mortally  wounded  | 
and)  to  make  this  event  uuly  tragic,  all  mifunderftandings  be* 
tween  the  daughter  and  the  father  vaniih  juft  before  it  takes 
place,  and  (be  hears  that  her  hufband  is  dying  immediately  af« 
tcr  the^  paternal  bleiEng  has  fan£Uiied  her  qdarriage. 

It  aiuA  alio  be  obferved  that,  to  make  the  feconciliattoa 
mtmngj  Clementina  accufes  herCelf  as  nothing  lefs  thai^  a  A- 
fraoid  moii/kry  for  having  exerted  a  rigbt  of  cbuling  for  hieifelf^ 
which  Ibe  has  lb  well  defended  in  the  firft  zSt. 

When  Palermo  is  in  Rinaldo's  power,  he  commaiids  hta 
pcoj^le  to  treat  bim  with  %ju/i  refpeft  j  jfor,  fays  he,  I  kmnohim 
iiwMr.  The  next  time  he  fees^him  he  cries  out,  inftrnal  viiUm 
turn.  This  was  alfo  neceflWy,  firft  ip  heighfien  Rioaidqi^s  cli»» 
raster,  and  then  to  bring  on  the  duel. 

It  muft  aifo  be  remarked  as  an  abfurdity  occurring  wherever 
Rinaldo  is  prefent,  that  though  nobody  knows  him,  he  knows 
ivery  body.  He  accofts  Anfelmo  and  Palermo  as  being  well  t<^ 
quain^  with  their  perfons ;  but  what  intercourfe  couM  have 
acquainted  him  with  their  perfons  which  would  not  have  ac- 
quainted them  with  his  i    . 

Thus  much  for  the  charaAers  and  plot;  the  fentimeot, 
though  feldom  new,  is  generally  juft,  and  the  language  is  not 
wholly  unpoetical,  though  abounding  with  falfe  metaphor,  and 
extravagant  r;tnt«     A  few  examples  will  fuffice. 

*     ■■         When  the  arm  of  kings 
That  fliould  proteft  all  mankind  firom  oppreffion 
Is  ftretch'd  to  fei«e  on  what  it  ought  to  guard. 
Then  heaven's  own  ^anJ  in  aggravated  fire 
Should  ftrike  the  iJluftrious  villain  to  bit  hell. 
And  *war  in  mercy  for  a  groaning  world* 

Tn  this  paflan  mankind  has  the  Scotch  accent  on  the  firft 
fyllable,  and  a  Iramfy  inftead  of  fj^aven^  is  <ai4  to  tuar^  Hell  is 
aJIfo  appro^iriatcd  by  the  word  his^  which  is  neither  elesso^  nor 

&u  : 

r      <  In 


ij4     ^  Month ty  Catalog  0e, 

In  the  following  paffagc  an  arrmjo  is  aided  by  ^ddrti  \ 

Let  \xt  not——: — "—^  ■  ■  ■■  m 

—  aid  the  arromi  of  a  galling  need 

With  the  keen  dart  of  difappoin ted  love. 

The  exprcflion  a  gdllifig  need  is  alfo  inelegant  and  improper,  a 
need  ill  exprefTes  penury  or  want»  and  the  epithet  ^^Z/rnf  Helongsr 
not  fo  much  to  the  tfeed  as  to  the  arrow. 

Love  is  made  td  court  one  hero  with  ripe  rofes^  tnd  another 
is  faid  tQ  drag  a  cham  ofieing^  a  lady  is  compafled  round  with 
firtounding  virgins,  men  are  fappoffcd  to  feel  flavery  moft  fc- 
verefy  when  the  chains  have  cfujbed  them  into  dujl  \  from  whicif 
k  appears*  that  flaves  have  either  the  ftrange  property  of  living 
when  they  are  crufhed  into  dujly  dr  the  ftranger,  of  feeling  af*^ 
ter  they  are  dead.  The  Author  alfo  ufes  kinMefs  for  unkind^  and 
tltmlefs  for  untimely^  and  carries  the  repetition  of  a  word  in  the 
the  fame  fentence,  which  fometimes  has  a  good  efFe£t,'  to  a  dif- 

fufting  cxcefs.  We  have-^look,  O !  look  \  fay,  O !  fay  ;  I  wifli< 
wifh;  judge,  O!  judge;  revoke,  revoke;  long,  long;  ^ti* 
hard,  'tis  hard ;  if  this,  if  this  ;  thus,  thus  ;  and  many  others, 
tectirfing  almoft  in  every  fpeech.  Upon  the  whole,  this  per^ 
^ormance  is  in  feme  refpeds  an  embrio,  and  in  fome  a  monfler: 
it.ba^  fome  deformities  that  arife  from  the  imperfeft;,  and  fomc 
from  the  preternatural  formation  of  its  parts. 
•    %♦  Our  quotations  are  from  a  copy  corrcfted  by  the  Author; 

MO  N  T  H  L  Y    C  A  T  A  L  O  G  U  E, 

For     MARCH,     1771. 

Medical. 

Art.  T4.  An  Ejfay  01  the  Cure  of  VUerated  Legs^  without  JUft^ 

exemplified  by  a  variety  of  Cafes,  in  which,  laborious  Exercife  wac 

.   ofed  du/ing  the   Cares*    By  William  Rowley,   Surgeon*     8vo. 

IS.   6d,     Newberry.     1770.  ' 

AMetho4ofcuring.  «/r<rtf//f//f^/  without  rcfl,  and  even  dorin^g 
laborious  exercife,  is,  on  many  accounts-,  a  dejideratum  of  very 
great  confequcnce  in  the  art  of  furgery.  Should  Mr.  Rowley's  praC* 
tice  prove>>as  fuccefsful  in  other  hands  as  in  his  own,  the  poblic  wilt 
certainly  be  much  indebted  to  him  for  this  e/Tay. 

'  The  medicine,  fays 'Mr.  Rowley,  which  I  mod  depend  on  in  the 
cure  is  nitre^i  which  I  commonly  order  in  large  dofes,  and  to  a  dif- 
folved  flate,  joined  with  the  fpt.  fa!,  ammoniac,  or  camphor,  which 
will  prevent  its  having  thofe  ill  effedls  on  the  /lomach,  moH  frequently 
complained  of..  1  moft  commonly  begin  with  one  fcruple,  and  ae» 
cording  to  the  condieution  of  the  patient,  and  circumllances  of  the 
cafe,  increafe  the  dofe  to  one  dram,  or  one  dram  and  half,  which  ( 
'Oi'der  to  be  taken  three  or  four  times  in  the  day,  diffolvcd  in  any  con- 
venient liquid,  with  the  addition  of  twentyor  thirty  ^rops  of  fpt.  ^f 
fal.  amniOniac^  or  IMith  fome  of  the  juiepium  e  camphora/  wjikh  laft 
I  prefer  to  the  volatile  fpirit,  in  caics  which  are  nolently  inflamma* 

tOIJir 


^ry;  tW  I  bdieye  .^eir  ^ifed^  ar^  i^early  the  fame  In.  correfUn^  th» 
nitre,  and  rendering  it  leis  liable  to  difturb  the  cpnftitation ;  for 
am  very  fenfible,   thafe  nitre  given  in  the  .faMve.dofes  which  I  hav0 
ipentioned»  woiild  {produce  very  alarming  eSeds  in  rnnmber  of  pa- 
tients, unlefs  ^ven  in  the  manner  which  I  have  recommended* 

'  The  laxative  which  I  order  for  -die  irregular  patients,  is  compofai 
of  abootone-foarthof  pulv.  jalap,  to  three-fourths  of  powdered  nittc, 
of  which  may  be,  given  frqm  one  fcruple  to  half  a  dram,  and -at  the 
fime  time  the  nitipus  draught  muft  not  be  omitted. 
..  *  Theferemedies  moft commonly  occafion  ver^  grenit  pain  all  round 
the  ulcers,  when  they  are  firft  taken,  but  the  pain  gradually  decreafea 
as  the  ulcers  advance  in  their  cure;  and  they  promote,  in  general,  a 
taioft  copious  urinary  difcharge.  What  great  aimftance  this  difchaiw 
<>f  nrine,  or  by  what  means  nitre  given  in  this  manner  produces  fudi 
good  efi^s,  1  (hall  not  take  upon  myfelf  to  determine,  but  leave  it  to 
be  acxonnted  for  by  the  theories.  What  I  have  attended  to  are  faA$, 
s|nd  it  is  a  matter  of  no  very  great  coniequence  with  me,  as  the  pa* 
tients  are  cured,  whether  my  method  agrees  with  the  common  ro- 
,ccived  opinions  or  not;  as  I  am  confcious,  that  I  have  difcharged  mf 
duty  in  making  my  obfervations  public,  in  a  praddce  which  for  ibmf 
vearst  in  repeated  inftances,has  proved  fnccefsful/ 

'  The  ulcers,  continues  our  Author,  which  I  propofe  coring  by 
nitre  are  the  phagzdenic,  all  old  callous  ulcers,  and  every  lilcer  at* 
tended  with  inflammation.  In  fome  old  ulcers,  which  are  commonly 
calloos  bioth  at  their  bottom,  and  for  a  confiderable  fpace  round  their 
edges,  I  have  obferved,  that  the  firil  £gn  of  amendment  is  the  callofit/ 
all  round  ^foftening,  next  the  calloiity  at  the  bottom  of.  the  ulcer 
appears  rather  loofe,  as  though  Nature  feemed  pufhing  off  this 
obftruflion  to  the  cure,  with  a  generation  of  n^w  ileih  underneath  f 
and  I  have  greatly  affiled  the  feparation,  by  paring  it  with  a  knife, 
which  never  occaiions  any  pain,  as  theie  callo£ties  in  general  whea 
loofened,  are  mod  commonly  infeniible.' 

For  the  cafes  and  obfervations,  which  are  related  in  proof  of  the 
utility  of  this  method,  we  mud  refer  our  readers  to  Mr.  Rowley'a 
eflay. 
Art,  15.    Eleminis.   of  Agruulture  and  Vtgitatim.    By  George 

Fordyce,  M.  D.  of  the  Royal  College  of  Fhyiicians;  Phyfician  le 

St.  Thomas's  Hofpital ;  and  Reader  on  the  Pradice  of  Phyfic/  ia 

London.  8vo.  as.  6 d.  1771  •    Johnibn. 

'I  hefe  elements  are  very  concife,  \9ry  fyftematic,  aad  very  iuiia« 
telligible  to  any  but  expert  chemiib. 

1  he  firft  pfirt  codiains,  the  elements  of  chen^iftiy,  necefi*ary  to  be 
ttnderflood  for  the  explanation  of  the  principles  of  agriculture  ;  the 
.lecond^  treats  of  the  properties  of  bodies  neceflary  to  be  known  in  this 
icience;  the  third,  of  the  fbrudlure  and  oecononiy  of  vegetables  ;  the 
.fourth,  of  the  nouriihment  of  plants;  and  the  lad,  of  the  fubHaiices 
necedary  for  the  examination  and  analyfi's  of  foils. 

Much  has  been  faid,  and  various  have  been  the  conjedores,  con* 
cerning  thtj^cific  matur  w.hich  conllitutes  the  nourifhmei^t  of  pli^ita, 
Dr.  Fordyce  determines  it,  to  be  chiefly  a  gelatifuMs  m^ilagi^-^A^ 
what  is  advan^^d  on  ^s^fabject^  will  be  more  generally  underibDod 

than 


ijA  MoNTHf,y  Catalogue, 

ftan  the  other  pu-ts  of  this  work»  we  ihall  traBfcribe  w&at  <ftur  kt£«^ 
nioas  Author  lays 

0/tBe  Nminjhmint  •fPlanH, 

*  A  plant  will  grow  in  fand  a1one»  mcnfltned.with  pure  diililteA 
^ater»  and  in  the  poreftair>  btxtnot  fo  Itnmrianfly  as  in  a  rich  Ibil. 

•  ^'  A  plairt  wHl  alib  grow  better  in  a  mt?rtt!n-i  bfiethd  and  cla^y  where 
At  tenacity  is  adapted  to  the  pu(Mng  power  of  'its  root  than  in  ftnd 
^ne;  and  will  alio  grow  better  if  a  proper  qasntity  of  winter  fa^ap^ 
pliedy  according  to  the  difpofition  of  its  roots  to  refift'  pqtrefiiAtois 
but  with  both  thefe  advantages,  it  will  not  fldarift  ib  well  as  in  a  rich- 
Ibib    "  ^ 

'  If,  in  a  proper  mixture  of  fend  and  clay,  a  pl^nt  is  properly  Tap* 
pVitd  with  water,  it  will  grow  better  than  in  the  fame  mixttire  expofed 
to  the  weather,  and  the  chances  of  being  too  moid  or  too  dry;  but 
St  win  grow  ftiH  better  in  a  rich  foil. 

*  There  is  therefore  in  a  rich  foil  foroethingindependant  of  texture, 
or  the  retention  of  water,  whi<:h  contribates  to  the  floorifrxag  of 
plants. 

*  A  rich  foil  contiuns  fubftances  infoluble  in  Water ;  or  fiibftancea 
fislvble  in  water. 

*  The  fQbftances  infolnble  in  water  cannot  enter  the  v«flels 
blithe  roots  of  plants,  and  therefore  can  only  contribute  either  to 
the  texture,  or  the  produdHbn  of  fubftances  foluble  in  water. 

•  '  The  fubftances  infoluble  in  water  ntav  necedarily  only  be  fand  or 
clay;  thofe  at  any  time  found  are.  Sand ;— Clay  ;— 'Afbeftes  Tale; 
l:c*---Cricareous  earth  ;'>— Magnefia ;— Earth  of  allum  ;— Calces  of 
siietals;  particularly  iron  and  copper;  and— The  fibres  of  vegetables^. 

*  Tbofe  folablein  water  that  are  found  in  all  rich  foils,  are  Mudw 
lage; — Nitrous  ammoniac ;— Nitrous  felenites  i^-^-Common  ammo^ 
fiiac  ;— Frxt  ammoniac ;  • 

•  •-Thefe- fubftances  all  get  into  the  plant  along  with .  the  waterj 
ap4  thfi  falls  are  found  in  £e  juices  of  the  plant,  unchanged. 

'  *  *  A  mucilage  is  alfo  found,  bUt  very  difterent  frosi  that  contained 
In  foils, 

*  Therefore  a  plant  may  be  nourilhed  by  pure  water  and  air  alone ; 
hat  it  Will  be  more  luxuriant,  if  it  aHb  abforbs,  imd  digafts,  d.qnaA^ 
tity-of  gelatinous  mucilage. 

*  Ridniefs'of  the  foil  depends  on 

*  Firft,  A  proper  degree  of  tenacity,  which  is  proenred  hj 

•  fmj.*  A  mixt«re«ofday  with  fand,  or  any  other  earth,-  fo  that  it 
ihall  contain  between  one  fourth  of  clay,  and  three  fourths. 

'  '  fij  *  Mucil^,  which  gives  friability  to  the  day,  and  tenacity 

^fand. 

-    (c)  '*  The  quality  of  the  clay,  the  morifi  diiFufible  it  is  in  water, 

4t  gives  the  better  texture  to  the  foil. 

^    *  Secondly,  The  quantity  of  mucila^,  the  more  there  it  in  a  foil, 

the  better. 

•  ^  Onegrutt  in  a  thouftind  will  be  of  advantage,  as  it  wiH  give  a 
'len&bJe  tenacity  to  a  fdfBcient  quantity  of  water»  to  taioiften  the  foil 
thoroughly.- 

»  '^  ThirdlXt  The^uanthy  of  fobflnncea  aapaUo  of  being  ccmvciindL 
4iittt  mucilage. 

J  -  (Vide 


*  (Vide  mucilage,  pag^42.) 

*  Fourthly,  The  macurs  in  the  foil  difpofing  tlwfe  to  be  cox^vf^te^ 
mto  mucilage. 

*  Thcfe  are,  Calcareous  earth  ;— Earth/  falts, 

*  If  a  ibil  be  rich,  a  fjQ^U  proporjtlou  of  aa  alkali,  neuoid  fiit, 
CAallic  calcareous  earth  or  earthy  fait  (except  the  falts  of  alium)  will 
improve  it,  but  thefe  fubilances,  uplefs  they  be  pat^ef^epis*  kon 
plants  growine  in  a  poor  foil. 

*  Thefe  fuoftaBces  may  be  faid  to  hc/orco'f,  in  as  m.nph  as  ^hey 
not  only  tend  immediately  to  produce  a  larger  crop,  but  deHroy  (Le 
mucilage. 

*  They  may  a£l  by  deftroying  the  weak  fibres  of  the  roots,  and 
occaiioning  them  to  pufh  out. more  numerous  and  fbonger  Qoes. 

*  They  may  prevent  the  evaporation  of  the  water. 

*  They'may  deflrpy  infcfts. 

'  Poffibly,  they  may  aifift  the  digeflion  of  the  plant. 

*  A  very  (mall  proportion  of  them,  produces  an  effedl. 

'  In  manuring  poor  foils,  we  are  therefore  to  render  theqi  of  a  pro* 
per  texture,  by  adding  clay  or  fand,  where  it  can  be  done  fuificiently 
cheap,  taking  care  that  they  be  free  from  pyrites,  and  it  is  to  te 
obferved,  that  lefs  clay  will.be  afeful  in  fandy  foils,  thua  f«iul  in  clay 
foils* 

*  Fr  08T  by  the  expaiifive  power  of  the  cryftallixation  of  the  w^t^, 
breaks  down  the  mailes,  which  form  in  ftifF foils. 

*  We  are  to  apply  gelatinous  mucilage,  or  fubftances  from  whenec 
it  may  be  fbnsed,  or  mbftances  forwarding  the  formation  of  it. 

^  *-  (Vide  miKila|e,  page  42.) 

*  Thefe  are  ennchiag  manures. 

*  And  in  rich  foils,  we  may  venture  to  apply  the  forcing  manures^ 
a»  otiierwife  we  fhoold  not  have  the  whole  effe^ks  of  the  mucilage. 

*  Any  defeft  of  texture  may  be  made  up  by  mucilage,  and  the  al- 
teracioa  dxy  undergoes  on  culture,  but  the  defe£t  of  mucilage  can- 
not be  made  up  by  texture. 

'  A  foil,  if  it  have  air  the  properties  of  a  rich  one,  may  htVB 
diefe  counteraded  byuts  concainiog  poifonous  fablbncej,  which  are, 

*  Firft,  Metallic  lalts,  or  pyrites. 

*  Secondly,  Salts  containing  earth  of  allum  (or  pyrites.) 
'  Thirdly,  .Acids  uncombined. 

*  Fourthly,  Any  other  fait. in  too  large  a  proportion.  -^ 
'  The  firft,  (econd,  and  third,  may  be  deilroyed  by  quick  Iiqm  | 

the  AuTth  u  got  the  better  of  by  tiipe,  and  the  walhing  the  foil 
with  water,  by.  the  rains,  unlsfs  there  be  afre(h  fupply  from  fpdio^ 

*  The  advantages  of  draining  a  foil,  are  the  preventing  the  watAT 
fron[i —Rotting  the  feeds ;— Rotting  the  roots,  efpecially  at  the  dm^ 
of  flowering  ;*- Taking  ofiT  the  e&ds  of  the  mucilage,  by  too  gKP^fi 
dilution. 

*  The  advantages  of.PAtLowiKG  are, 
'  The  converfion  of  the  vegetable  fibres  iuto  mucilage,  Tjf  ^ 
ftroying  their  life,  and  expofing  them  to  the  air. 
. .  *  The  deftroying  weeds,  by  giving  their  feeds  an  opportunity  fff 
growing,  killing  them,  and  converting  them  into  mucilage. 
'  The  decompofing  pyrites,  and  metallic  and  i^lumlnous  falti. 
Rrv,  Mar.  1771.  S  *  A 


25^  MoKTm.V'CATA]:0GUE9 

*  A  very  poor  foil  Will  be  bat  little  benefited  by  fkllowbg*  iin  a§- 
^ch  as  ther6  is  ttoching  contained  IH  it  capable  of  being  converted 
into  mucilage,  except  the  rain  water,  it  is  better  to  employ  an  en** 
riching  ctop, 

.  *  Falltfwiifg  fbr  fcyeral  years  would  deilroy  a  foil,  as- it  would  con-: 
vertf  tbe  «Uht>le  putrefcent  fubftancet  ihib  macilage,  and  that  muct^ 
l^;e  into  faHa*  and  thefis^  would  be  deconapofed. 

*  The  advantages  of  DRILLING  are/ 

*  TLe  giving  an  opportunity  to'deftroy  the  weeds,. cut  the  fibres- 
of  thtf  roots  fo  as  to  make  them  branch  out  again,  and  looien  th& 
earth  about  the  roots,^  and  throwing  the  earth  on  the  ftems,  fo  as  to 
malce  frtik  roots  break  out. 

*  l^he  faving  fuperfiuous  feed  and  fowing  the  ground  nore  equally. 

*  The  giving  a  free  pafTage  to  the  air, 

*  It  is  not  yet  determined  how  far  the  rows  (hould  be  from  one 
another,  nor  how  thick  the  plants  ihould  be  fown  ;  it  will  require 
that  they  fhonld  be  fown  thinner  to  produce  a  great  crop  of  (eeds, 
or  roocs,  than  a  great  quantity  of  herbs. 

^  Qucre,T  h  there  any  difference  in  the  direction  of  the  rows  ? 

^  Enriching  crops  are  fucK  as  fupply  the  foil  with  matters  capable 
of  being  converted  into  mucilage,  they  do  this 
■*  Firft,  By  exfudation  from  thcroots* 

*  *  Secondly,  By  leaving,  the  ropts  which  will  putrify. 

*  Thirdly,  If  ploughed  in,r  the  whole  plant  wiU  putrify  ;.  aod  .it 
IS  to  be  obferved  in^  this  cafe,  th^t  the  plants  ihould  always  be  cue 
down  when  in  full  vigour,  and  while  the  exiudaiion  is  iUE  taking 
place  ftrongly. 

*  If  the  juices  exfuded  are  very  aUringent,  they  oooaterad  the 
good  eSc^  of  this  method  of  culture  by  preventing  the  potrefadion.* 

•    A  lift  of  MANURES. 

*  Firft,  Thofe  fumifhing  rautilage  or  fnbftances  convcrtable  intc/ 
it.  As,  Glue ;— rSkins ;— Hair ;— Horns  ;,— Bt)nc5j— Rags,  &c.  &Cl 
--Dunfg  6f  animah; — InfcAs. 

•  *  Vegetable  putrHicd  (bblhnces ;  thefe  go*  thVougH  the  facharinc; 
vinous,  and  acetous  fermentations  firft ;  ib  th^t  a  dunghill  is  not 
fufficicntlyputrffied',  until  tlieheatis  over;  but  it  is  better  to  pu- 
trify too  little,  than  too  much,  as  in  the  it^  cafe,  the  pu^efafltoi^ 
may  be  continued  in  the  foil ;  in  the  fecond,  the  mocilage  is  con*- 
verted  into  falts,  and  cannot  be  reftored. 

♦  *  Putrcfcibic  veg:ctable  fubftartces  :  it  ir  to  be  oUexved'that  ve:- 
getable  fabftances  that  are  of  too  folid  a  texture,  as  Wood,  putrify 
^ith' great  difficulty  into  a  itiucilagc,  and'aifo  thofe  that  have  aftrin^ 
gent  juices,  and  fuch  a^  have  lain  in  the  c&rth  a  coniiderabie  time; 

'  and  fugar. 

*  Enriching  crops. 

f  ^c^ndly,  Manures  converting  putrcfcible  fubftaocea  into  ina- 
cilage. 

•  •  Calcareous  earth,  as  Marie;— Ghalk;—£flfcte' lime: 

*  Earthy  fairs,  in  the  dung  of  fowls,  rabbits,  &c.-— Too  putrid 
dunghills; — Sea  water  la  fmall  quantity. 

Thirdly^ 


« 


POBTICAI.  !^;9 

*^  ThitdUft  -Forcing  tnanores,  as.  Quick  lime;—- Fixt  alkalis  in 
<vegttable  aihei ;-— Neotral  bits  whkb  do  iioc  n&A  putrefa^ion  ;^^ 
Earthy  ialts  as  above/ 

POETICAI*. 
Art.  i6.  ^Verjes  addnjfii  4o  John  fVilkiS^  Efq\  on  his  Arrival ai 

Lynn.  ^to.  od.  WbtttiDgham  atLynn.  Baldwin  ifiX.on don.  1771. 
Amidft  the  lomentable  defedlion  of  ii umbers  of  the  patriotic  baud» 
a  fop  of  Fre^om  and  the  Mu^s  has  .kindlyiiepped  forth,  to  che^f 
the  .^ferted  leader  in  his  courfe,  and  to  fireiv,  with  the  choiccft 
flowers  he  could  feledl,  the  rugged,  and  now,  alas!  nearly  defola(e, 
paths  of  patriotifm.  Me  prophetically  holds  forth  to  his  hero  the 
noble  and  high-fouading  titles  of  patriot  and  guardian  of  the  laws, 
which»  he  fbrefees,  will  be  adjudged  to  him  by  pofterity  ;  and  makes 
it  a  matter  of  comfort  to  him  that,  'in  thefe  our  days,  in  this  de- 
.cliuing  are;,*  he  is  in  no  danger  of  being  cuvfed  with  gr^deur,  or 
jdii|graced  oy  the  favours  of  the  crown : 

On  thee  Oiall  favour  ne'er  its  .vengeance  ponr. 
Or  on  thy  head  the  cucfe  of  grandeur  ihow'r ; 
In  courts  no  villain  teach  the  civil  leer, 
No  titled  blockhead  hail  thee  "  brother  peer.*' 

»If  Mr.  Wilkes  receives  any  confolation  from  chit  laft  declarattoik^ 
of  the  prophetic  siafe,  he  is  indeed  a  patriot  of  a  very  di^erent . 
complexion  from  any  that  have  appeared  within  our  memories.    As 
-to  the  event,  however,  4Ve>woold  take  the  mafe*i  word  for  a  thou*' 
:fand  pounds. 

-Though  tkefe  veries,  as  ^e  have  been  inlbrmed,  were  aAnaiHf 
presented  to  Mr*  Wilkes,  on  his  late  arrival  at  Lynn,  to  take  up  the 
fteedom  voted  toiiim  by  that  borough,  they- are  by  no  means  how- 
ever, as  their  title  may  item  to  impon,  of  a  private  or  local  natarej 
nor  bear  any  particular  allufion  to  the  objed  of  that  vifit.  The/ 
nay  accordingly  be  underiiood,  and  read  with  equal  prgf^t  and  de^* 
light,  in  aay  part  of  the  three  kingdoms ;  Scotland  perhi^>s  ex- 
cepted, ^  from  whence  (if  we  are  to  believe  our  poet,  defcribing* 
tiie  laie  fnppbfed  incarfibns  of  defpocifm  into  this xountry)  tyranny  ^ 
■  ■■■*■  ■  '  who  long  had  flept^ 

In  aortliern  ice  imi|iured,  how  .forward  ilept^ 

atcompariied  by  flavery,  corruption,  rage,  with  tbeir  ^ttenda^nt 
chains  and  fcofpibns.  Heaven  however  perceiving  the  dd^ger  pf 
poor  Britannia  from  this  helliih  crew,  at  length  fends  her  guardian 
^gcl  to  her  rcfcuc  : 

A  Wllhs^  a  hero  came  : — ferecely  brave,  ♦ 

Pauntldfs  he  rufh'd  a. finking  land  to  fa«e,  '  -^ 

ChaftiTed  ambition  with  vidlorioos  band. 
And  once  again  fiv/Vi^/rtt^^Mv^/^ /^fioteri/. 

If  this  be  true,  bleiSn^s  on  hini,  we  fay,  with  all  his  infirmities  :* 
itich  public  Services  would  cover  a  multitude  of  private  fine.  We 
rejoice  coo  to  find  onr  encomiaft  acknowledging  that,  through  has 
liero's  toils,  we  enjoy  freedom  at  laft.  Few  either  of  our  rhyming  or 
proftiog  pi^tdo](a  l(»Yj:  ^e  ^racc  .to  confc;fs  f^ 

S  2  Though 


a6o:  MoWTHtY  Catalogoe, 

Thoagh  profdfe  in  ihk  praifcs  of  Mr.  Wilkes,  our  poet  has,  w^ith 
fiilgular  moaeftvi  devoted  only  one  folitary  line  to  his4>wn.  After 
re|>eated  fommons  of  Procul  efis  fro/ani  /  addred^d  to  the*  great  vul- 
gar,* the  minifterial  •  lordlings.*  he  reiccratcs  the  injaiidtiony  and 
Cttu3  chaflely  and  concliely  fpeaks  of  himfelf : 

Ffy  I — tior  the  vengeance  of  my  fury  truft. 
Tit  man  who  nurita  is  Jbonefi,  irahjey  and  juft^ 

We  (hall  take  leave  of  (^yxr  /oi  di/ant  brave,  juft,  and  honed  poet. 
With  the  lines  hnmediately  following  the  felf- approving  couplet ; 
which  will  furnini  a  not  unfavourable  Ipecimcn  of  his  fatiric  talents: 

No  birth-day  Whitehead  here  flial!  tire  the  car. 
Or  make  the  reader  curfe  the  new-born  year : 
No  penfion'd  Johnfon's  proftituted  pen 
Shall  varnifh  crimes,  and  praife  the  word  of  men  ; 
No  foftly-warbiing,  fweetly-penfive  Gray, 
Attempting  Qde,  fhall  blunder  in  his  way, 
Mil^ake  his  talent,  fee  his  laurels  fade 
In  niadngals  of  praife  to  villains  paid. 

We  cannot  queftion  an  unknown  gentleman's  bravery ;  but  w« 
may  beallov^cd  to  doubt  of  his  jullice^  or  at  leafi;  of  hi^  dl/cern- 
ment,  and  of  the  decency  of  the  latter  part  of  this  quotation.  The 
loftallation  Ode,  we  apprehend,  is  here  very  unj  a  illy  or  ignorancly* 
claffed  with  nuidriguhj  and  the  fubjed  of  it  indecently,  at  lea^t 
ranked  with  nfilUirts. 
Art.  17.    Ttn  Exbibiiian  in  II4II  i    »r,  Mobch  iiinlid  Painttr, 

4to.     I  s*     Organ. 
.  Moloch  is  the  devil  of  a  painter  indeed !  He  has  pourtrayed  the 
(^arltott^houfe  junto  (under  which  denomination  certain  gentiemeti- 
who  figure  in  the  political  world  are  generally  underfto(xi)  in  the 
blacked  and  moH  frightful  colours.— We  can  fay  nothing  in  praifo 
Af  his  performance,  though  konellly  inclined  to  give  the  devil  hia 
•dac, 
^rt.   18.     Carmgn    Arabicam^    fiVe    vcfha    Do^oris   Jiideddini 

jRnafiithi^  de  Religicnis  Sonniticte  Pnncipiis  numero  vinSa ;  n£t  non 

Fttficiw(f    nimirum  Do3oris^    S^kaadi  SbiratUta   opiritt    Pernor iwn 

diai  initiupt  u&i  de  Deo  T.  0.  M.     Edidif  ac  Latini  vtrtit  ].  Uri, 

410.     2  s.     Oxford,  printed  at  the  Clarendon  Frcfs.    Sold  in  Lon- 

doh  by  White,  &c.     1770. 

A  new  and  tolerably  corredk  edition  of  an  Arabic  and  aPcrlic  poem, 
with  a  Latin  profe  tranflation  on  the  oppoiite  page.     There  is  no*' 
thing  either  new  or  curious  in  the  poems  themfelvcs. 
Art.  19.  Poetical  EjfaySy  chiefly  of  a  moral  Nature,  Written  at 

different  Periods  of  Time,  by  a  young  Man.     8vo.      i  %.  6  dt 

Whcble.     1770. 

The  Author  of  thefc  pieces  appears  to  be  a  good  kind  of  young 
man,  who  has  written  fome  well-meaning  verfes,  and  eratefulty  de-* 
dicated  them  to  his  mother-  He  alleges,  as  a  reafon  tor  their  pub* 
Ijcation,  that  he  had  not  hitherto  rendered  himfelf  ufefii]  to  fodety* 
For  thecredit  of  thefe  matters  we  wlU  give  him  our  bed  and  fincertft 
advice.  We  aiTure.him  that  be  ivHl  netpr  i^CaioTt^  any  merit  in. 
•  '  po«vyi 

5 


POLlTICAt<     '  a6i 

poetry ;  and.we  recommend  it  to  fainn  to  thihk  of  Tome  other  plan  o£. 

making  himTelf  ofefal  to  the  public. 

Art.  20.  A  Poetical  Ejfay^  dn  the  ^xtfienU  of  God.     Part  I.     B/ 

Che  Rev.  W.  H.  Roberts  of  Eton,  late  Fellow  c^f  King's  College, 

Cambridge.    4to.     is.    Wilkie.     I771. 

Some  of  the  mod  common  arguments  in  favour  of  the  exigence  of 
the  Supreme  Being,  are  here  given  in  blank  verfe ;  and  fo  exprefled 
In  general  as  not  to  do  any  dihrredit  to  the  Author.  Two  more  parts 
are  propofed,  one  on  the  Attribute),  the  other  on  the  Providence  of 
God.  ^ 

Art.2l.  TheVilhgeOppreftdi  a  Poem:  Dedicated  to  Dr.  Gold- 
fmith.     4to.     IS.    Robfbn.     1771* 

This  is  a  feeble  and  unp^tical  complaint  of  the  imaginary  mife- 
rits  of  a  village  opprefled. 

Dramatic. 

Art  i2»  Tbi  Drunkfn  NeUts^ivritrr  ;  a  Comic  Interlude :  As  it 
U  performed  at  the  Theatre  Royal  in  the  Hay-market.  With  a  new 
Song,  ffet  to  Mafic,  and  fung  in  Chara^er.     8vo.    6  d.     Smith, 
in  Grcek-ftreet. 
TKis  interlude  confiils  only  of  one  fcene;  and  the  dramatis  perfo-ndr 

affords  but  one  character,  the  drubken  paragraph  writer  :  a  fellow, 

M9t  of  infinite  humour,  but  of  fome  drollery.  The  fong  a  pretty  good 

Sacefaa&alian-piece. 

P  o  I  I  T  1  c  A  L. 

• 

Alt.  aq.    An  Anfwer  fo  Junius :  Shewing  his  fmaginary  TdcAi?, 

and  faUe  Principles ;  his  wrong  Pofitions,  and  random  Conclu- 

fiooa.    8vo.     6  d.     Organ,  in  the  Strand. 

^C.do  not  remember  to  have,  at  any  time,  read  a  publication 
which  proroifed  fo  much,  and  which  has  performed  fo  little,  as  this 
Attatck  upon  Junius.  The  blows  which  it  (!rikes  are  fo  very  innocent^ 
that  we  can  only  fmile  at  the  zeal  and  the  weaknefs  of  its  Author. 
Art.  24.    A  Jujlification  of  the  Condu^i  of  the  Miniflry  relative  to 

fmUdHd^s  ifiani*    In  a  Letter  tQ  both  Houfes  of  Parliament.    Sro/ 

IS.     Organ* 

This  performance  is  verbofe  and  pompons  ;  but  contains  no  ob« 
^enradims  of  any  force  or  value.    It  loads  with  compliments  thoA 
xniniftert  who^  in  the  opinion  of  many,  have  only  difgraoed  their 
country,  in  their  late  tranfadions  with  Spain. 
Art.  25,  Papers  retotivt  to'  the  Negcciations  with  Spain ;  and  tbi 

teAii^off  AlandU  IJlani from  the  EngUJh.     4to.     3  s.    Almon. 

The  parliamentary  debates  afford  the  beil  account  oi  thefb  fUte- 
papers. 
Art.  ^6.  Pro^ofab  ip  the  Legl/Iature  for  nnmbhing  the  Pe&ple.  Bj  ' 

the  Author  of  The  Tours  through  England.     8vo.     i  s.     Nicolu 

>77«- 

Qreat  advantages  would  certainly  refult  from  the  proje6^  which  is 
here  recommended  to  the  legiflature  t  and  with  regard  to  the  me* 
thod  and  §orm  of  kt  execution,  the  hii<t>  thrown  out  in  thefe  pro- 
poia|»  mi^  be  of  ^ngalar  fctvice. 

N  O  V  B  i  s« 


a62  MaJTTftLY   CATALOtSUI, 

Novels. 

Art.  2J.   ^hi  Brethir.     By  a  Lady,     iznao.     a  Vols.     54U 
Tewed.    Lowndes. 

Prattling  letters— fcraps  of  fongs — ends  of  vcrfe— and  la  hclle  pa/^ 
^on^  to  captivate  the  miUeners  apprentices  ;  wi(h  a  difmal  tale  at  the 
<nd,  to  difToIve  their  pretty  eyes  in  a  pearly  fhovver.  The  two  little 
volumes  may  eafily  be  peraJfed  in  twice  as  many  hours ;  and  the* 
Lady  Fannys  of  the  age,  to  whom  we  are  o'bliged  for  mofl  of  the 
produ6lions  in  tliis  light  eafy  way  of  writing,  will  fpin  ye  one  of  thefe 
tlond'kice  and  /rc/Zy  performances,  we  doubt  not,  inxhe  faipe  time. 
Art.  28.  Belle  Grove\  or, The  P'atal  Sedudticm.  i2mo. '  Twa* 
Vols,     <;  s.  few'ed.     Noble. 

If  we  may  venture  to  conclude,  from  fimilitude  of  manner,  tlu4  it^ 
the  work  6i  the  fame  fair  hand  that  furnifhed  the  preceding  article  ;* 
but  the  manufadture  fecms  to  be  «f  rather  a  more  fabilantial  texture, 
the  fabric  foqiewhat  finer,  .and  the  pattern  richer.  Inftead  of  the 
flimfey  materials  abovementioned,  we  here  meet  with  what  may 
comparatively  be  fUled  right  Mechlin  and  BrtiffeU  point.  Yet  all  the 
parts  are  not  of  equal  goodnefs :  though  the  defefls  we  have  obferv^d 
i(i  it,  as  well  as  thofe  in  The  Br  other ^  are  lefs  owing,  perhaps,  to 
w-ant  oi  ability  in  the  artifl,  than  to  that  bane  of  a U  excellence  i^ 
workmanfhip,  hurry  to  get  the  bufinefs  done^  however  impcrfediy  ^niih-* 
ed;  or,  to  i'peak  with  more  technical  prccilion,  wxAjiniJhed^x,  aU. 
Art.  29.  T[he  Hi/lory  cf  Mr*  Cecil  and  Mlfs  Grey,     Jn  a  Series  of 

Letters,     izmo.    '2  vols,     ^s.fewed.     Richardfon  and  Urquhart* 

V^ry  fohcr^  very  innocetttj  but,  Vc  are  forry  tor  addj  when  ij^akiftg 
of  a  moral  produdtion,  very  dull.  To  thofe,  however,  wh6  can  thintc 
good  fcnfc  and  virtuous  fentimedts  a  fufBcient  compenfation  for  any 
^kficiencyin  point  oftade,  or  of  fpirit,  this  honeft  and  Bot  wholly 
wninterefting  work,  may  be  acceptable.  •  ' 

Art.  30.  "The  Nun  ;  or.  The  Adventures  of  the  Marchioncfe  o€ 
Beauyille.     i2mo.     as.  6d.    Rofon. 

Like  mofl  of  the  tales  of  nuns  and  convents,  this  narrative  abouhda 
with  fcenes  of  lewdnefs  and  -complicated  wickednefs,  unfit  for  the  eye 
or  ear  of  a  modeil  and  virtuous  reader;  though  Ibme  indifcreec  Pro- 
ceftants  have,  perhaps,  promoted  the  circulation  of  fuch  books,  in 
the  view  of  contributing  fomewhat  toward  rendering  Popery  the  more 
odious,  by  difplayiag  the  ill  efFe&s  of  that  fyftem  of  i^eiigioa,  in  all 
its  branches. 
Art.  31.  The  Htftory  of  Sir  ff^lliam  Heirrington.     Written  fome 

Years  iince,  and  revited  and  corrcded  by  the  late  Mr.  RichfLrdibn  % 
'  now  firfl  publiihed.     i zmo.     4  Vols.     1  o  s.  fewed^. .  Bell.     1 77 1 • 

Imitation  of  Richardfon's  manner  hath  been  the  prevailing  mooe  im 
aovel-writiogj  ever  Snce  the  extraordinary  fu'ccefs  of. his  works  gave 
the  hint  that  his  prattling,  eoifiping  flile  wasp^plia^Jy^agceeahle  19 
the  readers  of  that  fpecies  ofcon^pofition. 

By  the  foregoing  epithets,  however,  we  do  not  raeaii  wholly  .to 
coademn  Mr.  Richardfon's  produdlions.  They  have,  nodoubtediyp 
great  merit,  although  that  inerit  is  not  to  be  fought  for  in  his  eodie(a 
verboiity,  and  innumerable  minntias  of  c^rcuipfiances.  His  excell.ei)ce 
lay  in  admirably  drawing,  varying,  comrading,  and  fupporting  his 

,4Juu'a£ler$  ; 


. 


fi  t  A  M  6  K  t.  '  d^ 

Aaradenr;  joined  to  his  extenHire  knowledge  of  human  natnre;  i» 
which  great  and  capital  rcfpeds,.  he  may  be  juftly  coniidered  as  thr 
SuAKESPEAKE  of  Kqmance. 

The  prefent  performance  appears  to  hare  been  due  of  the  carlieft 
imitations  of  ClariiTa  and  Grandiro&.  The  anonymous  Editor  af- 
iurei  us  it  was  wiitteu  by  an  intimate  friend  of  Mr.  Richardfon's,  who 
Idmiclf  revifed  and  corre<^ed  it.  Admitting  the  truth  of  this  declara* 
tion»  notwithflanding  it  has  been  (not  very  fatisfa£lorily  indeed)  coith- 
Wadi&td  in  an  advercifement  *  publilhed  by  the  widow  and  daughters 
of  Mr.  Richardfour  yet  it  will  by  no  means  follow,  that  Mr^Richard'- 
(bn  thought  it^  or  .by  his  corredions  mtidexi^  a  work  of  extraordinary 
merit. 

In  fadk  although  tlie  biftory  of  Sir  William  Harrington  is  far  from 
being  the  moft  iuconfidexable  of  the  numerous  imitations  to  which 
thofe  celebrated  models  abovementioned  have  given  birth,  it  is,  how- 
ever, at  the  Sefty  but  a  faint  copy  of  Mr.  Richard fon's  juftly  admired 
oaiGiNALs;  for  fuch  they  unqueilion ably  are,  notwithiUnding  the 
imperfe^ons  we  have  hinted  at.  Yet,  in  all  probability,  this  per-  ' 
fbrmance  would  have  been  thought  to  have  poiTeiTed  confiderable  m&- 
m,  had  not  Rtchardlba  wrote  firft»  and  left  its  Author,  with  all  hia 
other  followers,  under  the  difadvantageous  circumitance  of  a  compart'* 
Jon  which  hoooof  them  have  yet  been  able  to  (land. 

SERMONS. 

L     Thi  Grounds    of  m  particukar  Prtmidence^ — Preached  before 
the  Lords  Spiritual  and  Temporal,  in  the  Abby  Church,  Weft^ 
ai]Bfter»  on  Wednefday  Jan.  30,  1771.    By  Edmund  Lord  Bifhop  of - 
Carlifle.     4to.     i  s.     Robfon. 

In  this  very  fenfible  diicourfe,  of  a  learned  a«d  worthy  prelate, 
the  following  parallel  is  drawn  between  the  *'  f]gn»of  the  times'*' 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  L  and  thofe  of  the  prefent  reign. 

After  endeavouring  to  (hew  that  the  affairs  of  this  world  are  ali 
ftoder  the  direAion  of  a  particular  Pro^idence^  and  thence  inferring,. 
that  we  ihould  look  ar  little  beyond  ficond  cau/a ;  that  we  fhoulii 
lift  op  our  eyes  ta  the  On  10  in  a  l  Disposer  of  them  ;  and  that  we 
ihoold,  with  all  humility,  enquire  what  he  may  chiefly  intend  by 
each  remarkable  event,  and  what  he  would  have  us  learn  in  the 
commemoration  of  it ;  he  thus  proceeds : 

'  We  ought,  in  a  particular  manner,  to  reflet  upon  thoie  crying 
liDS  which  ufually  call  doWn  his  heavy  judgments  on  a  land;  fuch 
more  efpecia^ly  as  once  attended  on  this  day ;  the  hidory  whereof  is 
too  well  known  to  need  explaining  in  this  place.  Nor  are  we  lefa 
acquainted  with  the  caufes  that  immediately  produced  them  among 
the  bulk  of  the  people^  at  and  fopie  time  before  this  fatal  period  : 
aamely,  an  eager  impatience  of  refbaint  and  difcipline,  a  reilleft 
'fjfiM  ef  difbbedience  to  all  order,  law,  and  government  -,  a  refolu- 
tion  to  fttfpe^  and  cenfure,  to  calumniate  and  expofe  every  adtioa 
and  intention  of  all  perfons  placed  in  fuperior  flations.  And  I  heac- 
tily  wiih  it  were  lefs  obvious  to  remark,  that  thefe  fame  caufes  Hill 

■  ■       I  —     111  11     II  ■     I  1  I  ■■  Mil  •    I       III ■■  .  ■      ■  mmt^i^mimmmmmmm^ 

*  To  wUdi  the  Pttbliiha*  of  this  work  oxade  a  very  proper  and  de« 
oc»t  reply, 

^  fubfift 


ft64  f  t  It  II  o  H  I. 

fabfift  amonv  us,  tnd  in  fo  high  a  degree,  at  Hiay  jbe  judly  apprt« 
hended  Co  draw  down  the  like,  or  macer  vengeaqce  on  our  heads. 
So  far  are  we  from  having  profited  by  former  examples*  that  W9 
have  the  very  fame  principles  and  practices  jwived  in  church  and 
liate,  which  upon  this  dav  completed  the  deftradion  of  them  both  i 
on  one  hand  appears  the  fame,  or  rather  a  more  flagrant  and  avowed 
contempt  of  every  thing  that  is  ferious  and  ihould  be  held  facied  i 
on  another,  the  very  fame  wild  enthufiailic  notions  in  religion  are 
prevailing;  the  fame  violent  meafures  are  pnrfaed»  and  unibund 
maxims  of  civil  policy  too  frequently  advanced  on  every  hapd.  One 
cannot  but  obferve  the  fame  notorious,  or  even  a  yet  more  undif- 
guifed  infult  upon  Majefly,  and  open  ridicule  of  every  ordinance  di* 
vine  or  human ; — that  fuperior  growth  of  Atheifm  and  profanenefs ; 
*-thofe  bold  attacks  on  the  foundation  and  firft  principles  of  piety 
and  virtue  ;~t&at  enormous  height  of  luxury,  and  l^wdnefs  and 
corruption  ; — that  almod  univerfal  difCpationi  and  mbandoned  diflb^ 
kiteoefs,  which  i:  is  difficult  to  parallel  in  hjillory. 

*  When  crimes  like  thefe^become  extenfive  and  predominant,  'tia 
eafy  to  fbretel  where  they  muft  end.  When  by  fuch  wavs  any  na- 
tion renders  itfelf  ripe  for  deftruftion,  then  does  DiWne  Providence, 
concurring  with  and  aiding  natural  caufes,  proceed  to  inflict  th<S 
judgment  fuch  a  nation  has  deferved,  by  raiiing  up  fome  foreign. 

.''Enemies  to  infult  and  invade  it ;  or  by  permitting  its  own  onnatu- 
ral  fons  to  weaken  and  diftra^l  it  |  or  by  b«th  tfiefe  together,  which, 
indeed  ufually  excite  and  inflame  each  other,  coaipleting  its  decay, 
aodhaAening  its  difTolution. 

*  Whatrcafon  we  havp.from  appearances  to  expcft  that  this  may 
ihortly  be  our  cafe,  unlefs  prevented  by  a  thorough  reformatiOB, 
happy  would  it  be  for  us  were  we  wife  enough  to  underfland,  and 
well  enough  difpdfed  to  confider  :«--to  difcem  the  "  figns  o(f  the 
times,"  and  take  due  warning  by  what  befel  our  forefathers,  thaft 
the  like  iniquity  may  not  prove  our  ruin/ 

This  is  not  the  vague  rant  of  an  enthufi^JHc  piitijt^  but  the  folid 
obfervation  of  a  rational  divine,  well  qualified  for  clearly  difcersini^ 
and  rightly  interpreting,  the  "  figns  of  the  limes.** 

JI.  Before  the  Houfe  of  Commons,  at  St.  Margaret*s,  Wedminfter, 
Jan.  ^o,  1 77 1 .    By  James  King,  M.  A.  Chaplain  to  that  Hon.  Hoole.  . 
6d.  'Wilkie,  5v'c. 

III.  Hcft^re  the  Governors  of  Addenbroke's  Hofpitai,  Jane  28»  1 770, 
in  Great  M.  Mary's,  Cambridge.  By  Samuel  Hal'jfax,  LL.D.  Pro- 
fcffor  of  Civil  Law  in  the  Univerfi ty  of  Cambridge.  Sold  for  the 
Benefit  of  the  Hofpitai.     1  s.     White,  &c. 

t3r  We  are  obliged  to  Tyro  Medicus  for  his  friendly  notice  of 
•  fome  errors  of  the  prefs,  and  fuch  little  overfights  as  tttrf  candid 
Reader  will  expcft,  and  excufe,  in  a  work  which  i^  obliged  to  be  har- 
ried through  the  prefs,  in  order  to  keep  time  with  the  ftated  rerorns 
of  periodical  publication. 

*#•  The  Minstrel  in  our  next.  ^ 

t+t  Erratum  in  our  laft.— P.  ir;j,  par,  3,' 1.  ^,  fojr  *  having >f- 

thfing^^  read,'  •  \ivni\gfccwrtd.* 


*V1 
«  1 


THE 


MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For      APRIL,      1771. 


Art.  I;   .7i/  Mififirtli    or^  tbi  Progrifs  if  Genius.    A  Potm* 
4to.     IS.  6d»    Dilly*.    i/yi, 

THE  eflPeds  of  eiytmusiasm  in  poetry  afe  fo  very  different 
.  from  its  influences  on  religion,  that,  though  poifon  to 
the  latter,  itjis  nutriment  to  the  former.  Nothing  can  be  mora 
ftrongly  chara£lerized  than  this  genuine  cnthufiafm  !  Nothing 
more  cafy  to  be  diftibguifhed  ! — Pope  never  knew  it :  he  had 
wit;  he  had  elegance,  harmony,'  and  vivacity ;  but'  he  never 
was  if  JicreVioribus  natura  conJUits.  "The  in^enti  perculfus  (fm$ri 
feemed  to  be'what'he  did  not  undcrftand  }  was  certainly  what 
lie  did  not  feel.  In  Spenfer  there  is  hardly  a  page  which  doe9 
not  bear  yifible  marks  of  It;  and  what  but  this  could  now  re« 
concile  us  to  the  dry  perplexity  of  hi$  allegory,  the  frequently 
naufeating  circumftances  of  his  imagery,  and  the  tirefome  uni- 
formity of  his  meafure  ? — It  is  fortunate  for  the  Autlior  of  this 
poem,  that,  as  be  has  thought  proper  td  adopt  the  latter,  he 
\^  the  fame  happy  enthufiafm  to  fupport  and  render  it  agreQ« 
;^ble.     He  gives  the  following  account  of  his  performance  ; 

*  My  dejign  *  was  to  trace' the  progrefs  of  a  poetical  genius, 
born  in  4  rude  and  illiterate  age,  from  the  firft  dawnings  of 
Fancy  gnd  Reafon,  till  that  period  at  which  he  may  bethought 
capable  of  fupporting  the  chara£ter  of  a  Minftrel,  that  is  of  aa 
itinerant  poet  and  ^mufician  ;  a  character,  which,  according  to 
the  notions  of  our  forefathers,  was  not  only  refpe£tal>Ie  but  (^^ 
ct9i,  A  poetical  illuftration  of  fuch  a  fubjecS  feemed  to  pro* 
mxic  variety  oi  amufement,  and  even  fome  topics  of  inftrudiioa 
both  moral  and  philofophical.  Perhaps  I  miilook  it,  as  well  as 
my  own  abilities  :  however,  In  making  a  trial  there  could  not 

•  The  firft  bint  of  this  pcrform«ncc,  the  Author  fays,  w^  fug«f 
^ti^mm  iftvQliiujepf  Hti,!iM;p^  qY  ANVi5N7  fiN9;,i^Hpoi;TRXt 

Vol,,  XUV.  . .     T  to 


a66  Tbi  Minftrel\  cf,  tht  Prognfs  ofGmuu 

be  much  harm.  My  friends  sure  pleafed  with  what  I  have  done| 
but,  as  they  cannot  entirely  acquit  themfelves  of  partiality, 
alivife  me  to  lay  a  fpecimen  before  the  public. 

<  The  purfuits  and  amufements  of  the  Minftrel's  childhood 
and  early  youth,  are  defcribed  in  the  firft  book ;  which,  if  the 
title  were  altered,  and  a  few  phrafes  ftruck  out  that  refer  to  a 
fequel,  might,  perhaps,  be  confidered  as  a  fort  of  whole  by  itfelf. 
The  inddents  that  qualify  him  fir  his  profejfion^  and  ditermine  him  t§ 
enter  upon  it^  will  furnijb  materials  for  the  boots  that  are  to  follow. 
If  this  be  honoured  with  t&e  public  approbation,  I  (halt  think 
it  has  merit  fufficient  to  juftify  my  beftowing  fome  time  in 
finifliing  what  remains,  which  is  already  in  great  forwardnefs. 
Should  it  be  unfuccefsful,  I  will,  with  no  great  concern,  re- 
linquifli  a  fcheme,  which  cannot  be  completed  without  fuch  an 
cxpence  of  time  and  thought,  as  a  perfon  in  my  way  of  life  can- 
not eaffly  fparc.  Jfy  as  the  Critics  tell  us^  the  chief  end  of  poetfy 
is  to  pleafe^  furely  the  man  who  writes  verfes  with  fome  incon* 
venience  to  himfelf,  and  without  any  pleafure  to  the  public, 
fpends  his  time  to  very  little  purpofe. 

'  I  have  endeavoured  to  imitate  Spenfer,  not  in  his  allegory, 
or  antiquated  diale£^,  which,  though  graceful  in  hiin,  appear 
fometimes  aukward  in  modern  writers,  but  in  the  meafure  and 
harmony  of  his  verfe,  and  in  the-  fimplicity  and  variety  of  his 
compofiiion.  All  antiquated  expreflions  I  have  ftudioufly 
avoided,  admitting,  however,  fome  old  words,  where  thev 
fcemed  peculiarly  fuitable  to  the  fubjefl  s  but  I  hope  none  will 
be  found  that  are  now  obfolete,  or  in  any  degree  uAintelHgible 
to  a  reader  of  EngHQi  poetry/ 

In  the  above  account  the  Author  informs  us,  that  ^  the  inci- 
dents that  qualify  the  Minftrel  for  his  profeflion,  and  determine 
him  to  enter  upon  ft,  will  furniih  materials  for  the  books  that 
are  to  follow.'  We  would  not  by  any  means  have  him  ftop 
here.  The  Minflrel'a  progrefs  to  his  profefiion  cannot  poiSbl/ 
be  fo  entertaining  as  his  pradice  in  it.  To  leprefent  him  in 
his  itinerant  life,  to  invent  amuflng  incidents  expreffive  of  the  - 
might  of  his  minflrelfy  over  the  natural  and  moral  evils  that 
may  difturb  the  peace  of  families  where  he  is  entertained,  and 
cvqr  all 

'  The  Arewed  ills  that  watch  his  way/ 

-would  certainly  be  a  glowous  field  for  fancy  and  variety.  What, 
for  inftance,  could  be  more  flriking  than  the  Minftrel's  iblicit- 
ing  entertainment  at  the  door  of  Spleen  or  Avarice,  elevatiqg 
the  heart  of  one,  and  opening  that  of  the  other  \  The  defcrip- 
tion  of  fo  many  different  objeds  would  greatly  animate  and  di- 
verfifythe  poem. 

The  Author  quotes  an  obfervation  of  the  Critics,  that  the 
chief  end  of  poetry  is  to  pleafe.  This  maxim  has  lately  been 
afleited  by  Dx.  Hurd,  but  not  fupported^  and  it  is  in  fad  as  in- 

fuppoit- 


Tie  Mmfiriii  or,  the  Propuf$  9/ Genius.  167^ 

fu^portable  as  it  is  idle«  If  the  esd  ofpoetjy  is  to  pleafe,  it^Hi 
t^  profit  too ;  for  every  thing  is  profitable,  even  in  a  iqicual 
fenfe^  that  produces  inoffenfive  pleaftire. 

The  Minftrel  opens  with  the  following  ftanzas  : 

Ah !  who  can  tell  how  hard  it  is  to  climb 
The  fteep,  where  fame's  proad  temple  ihines  afiur! 
'  Ah !.  who  can  tell  how  many  a  foal  fublime 
Hath  felt  the  infloence  of  malignant  ftar> 
And  waged  with  fortone  an  eternal  war  I 
Checked  by  the  feoff  of  Pride,  by  Envy's  frown. 
And  Poverty's  unconquerable  bar. 
In  life's  Ipw  vale  remote  hath  pined  alonc>  , 

Then  dxopt  into  the  grave  nnpiued,  and  unknown  I 

And  yet,  the  languor  of  inglorious  days 
Not  equally  opprefiive  is  to  ail. 
Him,  who  ne'er  iiflen'd  to  the  voice  of  prai(e» 
The  filehce  of  negleA  can  ne^er  atopal. 
There  are,  who,  deaf  to  mad  Ambition's  call, 
-Would  ihrink  to  hear  th'  obftre^erous  trump  of  Fame, 
Supremely  bleft>  if  to  their  portion  ^11 
Health,  Competence,  and  Peace.    Nor  higher  aim 
Had  HE,  whofe  fimple  tale  thefe  artlefs  lines  proclaim. 

The  fentiment  of  the  firft  fian^a  appears  too  clofely  copied 
from  a  pafTage  in  the  Church-yard  Elegy  to  give  either  merit  to 
the  Author,  or  pleafure  to  the  Reader.  The  fccond  ftanst  is 
more  original,  excepting  the  phrafe  of  '  health,  competence^ 
and  peace,'  which  ought  not  to  have  been  admitted,  as  being 
too  trite,  and  too  much  hackneyed  for  elegant  poetry. 

This  fapient  age  difdadms  all  claffic  lore, 
Elfe'I  Ihould  here  in  cunning  phrafe  difpUy, 
How  forth  the  Minfb-el  fared  in  days  of  yore. 
Right  glad  of  heart,  though  homely  in  array. 
His  waving  locks,  and  beard  all  hoary  grey  ; 
Andirom  his  bending  (houlder  decent  hung 
His  harp,  tlie  fole  companion  of  his  viray. 
Which  to  the  wkiMng  wind  refponfive  rung. 
And  ever  as  he  went,  fome  merry  lay  he  fung. 

The  two  firft  lines  of  this  fianza  appear  afFe<ftedly  antiqaafed, 
which  it  generally  is,  and  ought  always  to  be,  the  Author's 
objed  to  avoid.  Thera  is  moreover  a  want  of  truth  in  the 
former.  The  defcription  of  the  Minftrel's  fallying  fonh  is  in* 
artificial,  but  not  the  lefs  pleafing  on  that  account. 

Life's  flender  fuftcnance  his  only  taeed 
'Twas  all  he  hoped,  and  all  his  heart  defired. 
And  fuch  Dan  Homer  was,  if  right  I  read. 
Though  with  the  gifts  of  every  mufe  infpired* 
O  when  (hjUl  modern  bard  like  him  be  fixed  1 

T  a  •  Oifo 


268  Tbi  Mlnjlrfl\  or^  the  Prognfi  ofGemics^ 

Give  me  but  leifure  to  attend  ki's  laysy 
I  care  not,  though  my  rhimes  be  oe'er  admired,    ^  ^ 

For  Tweeter  joy  his  matchlefs  ftrain  Ihall  raife, 
Thau  courts  or  kings  can  yield,  with  penfions,  pods,  andpmft. 

In  purfuing  the  path  of  fimpllcity  great  care  ought  to  be  taken 
in  avoiding  the  burlefque.  The  preppfitive  Dan  feems  now  to 
have  acquired  that  air.  We  (hould  theri^fore  prefer  the  Maomim 
Bardy  or  fome  fimilar  appellation,  to  Dan  Homtx*  The  follow- 
ing lines  are  fimple,  pathetic,  and  beautiful : 

Rife,  fons  of  harmony,  and  hail  the  morn,. 
While  warbling  larks  on  rufTct  pinions  float. 
Or  feek  at  noon  the  woodland  fcene  remote*. 
Where  the  grey  linnets  carol  from  the  hil^ 
O  let  them  ne'er,  with  artificial  note. 
To  pleafe  a  tyrant,  drain  the  little  bill. 
But  ling  what  heaven  infpires,  apd  wander  where  they  wiih 

Yet,  in  our  opinion,  they  are  introduced  abruptly;  and  the 
epithet  rujfet^  appHed  to  the  lark's  pinion,  haviBg  no  connection 
with  her  harmony,  is  in  this  place  fuperftuous.  The  epithet 
greyy  applied  to  the  linnet,  is  not  fo,  becaufe  it  diftijiguifhes 
the  bird.  It  is  obfervable  that  Virgil  feldom  ufes  an  epithet 
without T^rving  fome  purpofe.  The  following  ftanza  has  every 
kind  of  merit : 

O  how  can^ft  thou  renounce  the  boundlefs  (lore 
Of  charms,  which  Nature  to  her  votary  yields  ! 
The  warbling  woodland,  the  refounding  ihore. 
The  pomp  of  groves,  and  garniture  of  fields  ; 
All  that  the  genial  ray  of  morning  gilds. 
And  all  that  echoes  to  the  fong  of  even. 
All  that  the  mountain's  fheltering  boibm  fhidds. 
And  all  the  dread  magnificence  of  heaven, 
O  how  can'Il  thou  renounce,  and  hope  to  be. forgiven! 

The  defcription  of  the  Minftrel's  childhood  and  early  youth 
will  be  found  to  be  a  genuine  painting  of  Nature,  by  fuch>  at 
leaf^,  as  are  of  her  fecret  councils  : 

And  yet  poor  Edwin  was  no  vulgar  boy ; 
Deep  thought  oft  feem'd  to  ^x  his  infant  eye. 
Dainties  he  needed  not,  nor  gaude,  nor  toy. 
Save  one  ihort  pipe  of  rudeft  minflrclfy. 
i^ilent  when  glad ;  affeflionate,  though  fhy  ; 
And  nowfhis  look  was  mod  demurely  fad. 
And  now  he  laugh'd  aloud,  yet  none  knew  why. 
The  neighbours  ftar'd  and  figh'd,  yet  blcfsM  the  lad  ; 
Some  deem'd  him  wondrous  wife,  and  fome  belicv'd  him  mad. 

But  why  fliould  I  his  childilli  feats  difplay  > 
Concourfe  and  noiie  and  toil  he  ever  Red ; 
Nor  cared  to  mingle  in  the  clamorous  fray 
Of  fquabblii)g  imps  ;  but  to  the  forelt  fped» 

Or 


ThiMinflrili  pr,  tbeProgrifiofGiniusi  269 

t)r  roam*d  at  larg^  the  lonely  moontain's  head ; 
Or,  where  the  maze  of  foxne  bewilder*d  ftm^iii 
To  deep,  antroddcn  groves  his  foocftepd  led> 
There  would  he  waader  wild,  till  Phcebas'  beam 
Shot  from  the  weftern  dilF,  reliev'd  the  weary  team. 

Th*expl«i£of  fireDgth;  dexterity,  or  fpeed, 
To  him  nor  vamity,  nor  joy  coald  bring,  v 
Hi»  iiesrt,  from  cruel  fport  eilrang!d  would  bleed 
To  work  the  woe  of  any  living  thing, 
Bv  tran»  or  net  ^  by  arrow«  or  by  £ng ; 
TTxefe  he  deteftcd,  ihofc  he  fcorn'd  to  wield  ; 
He  wifh'd  to  be  the  gvardian;  not  the  king,  ^ 

Ty  nuKt  far  |e&,  or  traitor  of  the  fidd : 
And  £wrt  the  fylvan  reign  unbloody  joy  might  yield*  4^^ 

Lo!  wliere  the  tripling,  wrapt  Iq  wonder,  rovei 
Beneath  the  precipice,  o'eriinng  with  pine  $ 
And  fees,  on  high,  amidft  th*  encircling  grouses^  / 

from  cliff  to  clitt  the  foaming  torrents  ihine  ;  ^ 

While  waters,  woods,  and  \yinds  in  foacert  join^- 
And  echo  fwells  ^  chorus  to  the  ikies, 
WottU  Edwin  this  majellic  (bene  relign 
For  aught  the  buntfman's  puny  craft  fupplies  ?  . 
Ah !  no:  he  better  knows  great  Na(iire's  charms  to  prize* 

And  oft  he  traced.the  uplands,  to  furvcy 
When  o'er  the  iky  advanced  the  kindling  dawn. 
The  cnmfon  cloud,  t>lae  main,  and  moan  tain  grey. 
And  lake  dira-gleiming  on  the  fmoky  lawn ; 
Far  to  the  Weft  the  long  long  vale  withdrawn^ 
Where xwilight  loves  to  linger  for  a  while,} 
And  now  he  faintly  kens  the  bounding  fawn. 
And  villager  abroad  at  early  toil. —  . 
Bot,  lo !  tti^  fun  appears !  and  heaveni^  earth,  ocean  fmile. 

And  oft  the  craggy  cliiF  he  lov'd  to  climb. 

When  all  in  mift  the  world  belour  was  loft. 

What  dreadful  pleafure  1  there  to  ftand  fublime. 

Like  ihipwreck'd  mariner  on  defert  coaH, 

And  view  th'  enormous  wafte  of  vapour,  toil 

In  billows,  lengthehi'ftg  c^  th*  horizon  round. 

Now  ifcoop'd  in  gnlphs,  with  mountains  now  emboH ! 
.    And  hear  the  voice  of  mirth  and  fong  rebound, 
Flocks,  herds,  and  waterfalls  along  the  hoar  pro^ttodt 

In  tmth  he  was  a  Rrange  and  wayward  wight» 
Fond  of  each  gentle  and  each  dreadful  icene.  ^ 

In  darknefs,  and  in  florm,  he  (bund  delight  i 
Nor  lefi,  than  when  an  ocean-wave  ferene 
The  ibuth^rn  fun  diffufed  his  dazzling  (hene^ 
Even  fad  viciffitnde  amos'd  his  fonl : 
And  if  a  liffh  would  fometimes  intervene. 
And  down liis  cheek  a  tear  of  pity  roll, 
A  figh,  a  tear  fo  fweeti  he  wiih*d  not  to  cootrmiU 

*  T  3  Jm 


In  ftanzas  x^iSk*  aod  xxxtii.  the  Author  has  done  iajufttce  to 
his  abilities,  by  making  ufe  of  the  trite  (unile  of  the  boy's  run-^ 
ning  to  catch  (he  rainbow ;  but,  after  his  reflefkions  on  the 
difappointtnpnts  of  age,  he  has  made  amends  by  a  very  juft  ^d 
truly  phiiofophical  obfervation : 

Bat  why  flioald  forefight  thy  fond  heart  alarm  ? 
Periih  the  lore  that  deadens  young  defire ! 
Purfoe,  poorin^p^  th*  imaginary  charm » 
Indulge  gay  Hope,  and  pleaftng  Fancy's  fire : 
Fancy  andl^ope,  too  foon  fhall  of  themfelves  expire* : 

Though  the  Author  m^y  h^ve  borrowed  this  thought .  from 
Rouffeau's  Emilius,  yet  fttll  we  are^  obliged  to  ham  for  the 
pleafing  drefs  he  has  given  it. 

Two  ftanz^  o^r^  pg  early  ppptic^d  iinagioiftipn  ^ill  not  b^ 
^ifpleaiuig; 

When  the  Ipne-fonndrng  curfew  from  a&r 

*  Loa4ed  with  loud  lament  the  lonely  gale. 
Young  Bdwin,  lighted  by  the  eveping-ftar. 
Lingering,  and  liftening,  WandePd  down  the  i^tle*   -  ' 
There  would  he  dream  of  graves  and  corfes  pale  ; ' 
And  ghoftsy  that  to  the  charnd- dungeon  throngs       ^ 
And  drag  a  length  of  clanking  chain,  and  waifi 
Till  filenced  by  the  owls  terriSc  foogy 

Or  blail,  that  ihri^ks  by  fits  the  ihudiering  ifles  along^ 

Or,  wlun  the  fetting  moon  in  cHrmfen  dy'd. 
Hung  o'er  the  dark  and  melancholy' deep. 
To  haunted  ftream,  remote  from  man,  he  hiedi 
Where  Fays,  of  yore,  their  revels  wont  to  keep ; 
And  there  let  fancy  roam  at  large,  till  flecp 
A  vifion  brought  to  his  entranced  fight. 
And  firft,  a  wiHIj'-Tnurmuring  wind 'gan  creep 
thrill  to  his  ringing  ear,  thet  tapers,  bright,. 
With  inftantaneou^  gleam^.  tUflaked  the  vauU  of  night. 

The  following  defcription  of  r^orn  wil)  be  adn^itted  as  gc« 
liuine: 

But  who  the  vt^odies  of  moui  caik  tell  I 
The  wild  hi?ook  babbling  down  the  mountain's  (ide  & 
The  lowing  herd ;  the  iheepfold's  ^pl^  ficU ; 
Tfaie  pipe  df  early  (hepherd  dim  defcoed 
In  the  lone  valley ;  ecchoiii?,  far  and  wide 
The  clanibrous  horn  aloi^g  uie  cli^s  above  ; 
The  hollow  murmur  of  the  ocean-tide ; 
The  hum  of  bees,  and  linpe;*?  lay  of  love» 
And  the  f^ll  (;hoir  that  wakes  the  univerfal  grove. 

The  cottage-curs  at  early  pilgrim  bark ; 
iirowned  with  }^  T»il>  the  tapping  milkmaid  fings  j 
The  whifUing  plowman  fialks  afield;  and,  hark  I 
^own  ihi^ffoagh  flope  the  pondero^s  waggoa  rings ; 

Thropjth 


f^       

Tlo'oiigh  f  nlllisg  corn  tke  hare  aHooifli'd  fpringi ; 
Slow  toUs  the  village-clock  the  damt^y  hour ; 
Tfa«  partridge  biirfts  away  on  whirring  wingf  ; 
Deeivmoams  the  turtle  in  feque^r'd  bower. 
And  ihrill  lark  carols  clear  from  her  aereal  toor* 

We  would  recommeod  it  to  the  Author  to  alter  the  laft  X\xii 
of  ftanza  hriii.  He  will  fee  that  it  is  below  the  mark  of  true 
and  elegant,  iimplicity. 

Aet.  II.  An  EJfay  on  Military  Firfi  PrindpUs.    By  Major  Tho- 
mas Bell.     8vo.    4$.  fewed.    Becket.     I77P. 

FROM  this  fpecimen  of  Major  BelKs  abilities^  he  appears 
to  be  a  good  foldier,  and  it  would  have  given  us  pjeafure 
could  we  have  added  that  be  ia  alfo  a  good  writer.  By  a  good 
writer  ta  here  meant,  one  wbofe  knowledge  of  language  is  equal  to 
the  purpofe  for  which  the  pen  is  afiumed  :  for  to  write,  and  at 
the  lame  time  to  drfciaim  ail  pretenfion  to  literary  (kill,  thougk 
this  is  fometimes  done,  is  an  abfurd  affectation  of  felf-denia), 
and  ftands  no  chance  of  being  accepted  as  a  fatisfadtory  apo- 
lowfor  infufficiency. 

The  language  of  this  trafl:  is  by  no  means  equal  to  the  maf- 
ter  of  it :  for  it  is  fo  obfcure,  and  the  train  of  thought  is  fp 
defultory,  that  in  reading  the  preface  we  could  not  help  conr 
tiaAiag  aa  unfavourable  idea  of  the  work  that  was  to  follow, 
as  a  ^em  of  firft  principles,  or  elements  of  miiitary  fcienceu 
The  firft  principles  of  siny  art,  are  its  fundamental  truths ;  ahd 
on  the  proper  choice  and  clear  cftablifhment  of  thefe  princi^ 
pies,  depend  the  fltength,  fymmetry,  and  beauty,  of  the  fuper- 
ftru£turc  raifed  on  them.  But  though  the  Author  is  fond  <]|f 
the  expreiSon  firji  principles^  let  the  Reader  determine  by  the 
following  extract  from  his  preface,  whether  we  have  done  this  ' 
gientleman  any  injuftice  by  thefe  preliminary  obfervations : 

'  To  treat  of  any  art  or  fcience  by  a  primary  relation  of  finft 
principlts,  and  from  thofe  principles  to  attempt  to  draw  juil  infe- 
rences, muft  ever  be  the  way  leail  liable  to  err,  and  when  erring^ 
its  errors  the  eaiieft  perceived :— for  that  method  which  drily  a^ 
dreiies  itfelf  to  the  anderftanding  alone,  will  ever  by  it  have  its 
fyftems  acknowledged,  or  dete£led  and  exploded. 
^  *  There  are  fomc  truths  to  which  a  large  part  of  mankind  give  an 
entire  aflent,  yet  it  has  been  thought  necefiary  to  have  thofe  truths, 
thofe  firft  principles  by  ail  confeSed,  to  ^1  for  ever  repeated  and 
lAColcated. 

'  The  fiift  principles  of  ail  miiitar)'  matters  hare  ever  had,  and 
pediapa  ever  wtU  have,  the  otmoft  neceifity  of  repetition  ;  as  peace 
continually  (hews  in  all  dates,  practices  and  cufloms  repugnant  to 
(roe  principlesi  and  war  has  ever  produced  plaus  and  adions  v^here 
principles  have  bceo  unknown  or  forgotteiu 
*  T+  «  Whatever 


%Jt  ficiri  EJay  on  Military  Pirjt  Prlnciphf. 

*  Whatever  profeflion  is  embraced  as  the  purfeit  for  126,  to  df« 
Hve  at,  comprehend,  aod  if  pofltble,  be  mafter  of  the  firft  princi- 
ples of  fuch  profeiTion,  mud  be^  the  ardent  wiih,  nay-tl^e  only,  the 
likimdte  end  of  all  applic^tion.—For  he  wh6  applies  him&If  to  an/ 
bufincfs,  art,  or  fcience,  civil  or  military,  and  although  pofiefling 
thegreated  love,  the  utmoft  paflion  for  it,  yet  if  he  does  not  obtain 
a  knowledge  of  the  true  means,  of  fi^fl  leading  truths,  l^e  never 
tan  arrive  at  the  only  end. 

*  In  the  military  profeflion  firft  principles  arc  the  only  governing; 
i-ules  (  if  they  are  difregarded,  appearances  may  dazzle  and  mifleadt 
and  the  moft  fatal  e£eds  may  How  from  a  choice  void  of  attention 
to  them. 

'  Without  iiril  principles  all  (brts  of  preparations  in  peace,  all 
forts  cf  operations  in  war  \vill  never  be  brought  to  the  bar  of  tr^th 
—which  is  alfo  the  bar  of  national  utility  and  of  vif^oryi — and  all 
warfare  will  pafs  away  Without 'impreiEng  on  the  mind  truths  and 
lights  for  future  condudt  and  future  benefit :— they  are  the  only  clue 
that  lead  through  the  labyrinth  $  they  fet  up  and  pull  down  ftatet 
And  kingdoms  s-rwith  fuch  companions,  all  countries  find  ever/ 
thing  within  ^l\emfelves ;«— the  clothing,  the  exercife,  the  m^noeovxtSy 
the  difcipline  of  troops  are  found  without- external  feajr^.  • 

*' Cicero  is  an  authority  that  may  without  fear  be  ^cited,  in  !^it 
treatife  pe  Qratore  he  writes,  *'  I  pofitivcly  fay  there  is  '^no  art  ia 
"which  rules  can  be  laid  down  for  all  its  effedls,  but  whdever  has 
entered  into  the  nature  of  certain  direding  principles,'  can  never  be 
Vnder  any  difficulty  of  compafling  the  reft."  J 

*  There  can  be  no  man  fo  ideal,  io  abfolutely  uninfomed,  ib 
jinteri'ellrial,  as  to  fuppofe  any  fociety  of  men  will,  for  any  lengtk 
of  time,  a£l  up  to  ^he  firft  principles  of  their  inftitutioo ;  but  the 
.neceflity  for  knowing  £rft  principles  is  not  in  the  leaft  deftroye4 
thereby,  for  in  critical  fuuatiQns  it  muft  be  from  the  perception  of 
ifuch  truths,  and  the  afting  confidently  with  them,  that  can  alone 
give  birth  to  fafety  ;  and  the  military  fociety  can  in  war  only  ho^ 
lor  viclory  and  conqueft,  but  by  the  like  fimilar  means.  * 

'  AU  hiftory  from  the  firft  record  of  events  to  the  prefent  time^ 
however  voluminous  ^nd  various,  might  have  the  greateft  part  of  ita* 
military  relations,  comprized  in  a  very  few  pages  of  firft  principles.' 

From  this  lafl  paragraph  the  Author  does  not  appear  to  ufo 
Ills  words  with  any  precifion ;  for  we  can  never  fuppofe  that 
the  greatc(l  part  of  the  military  relations  in  hiftory,  might  be 
comprized  in  a  few  pages  of  nrft  principles';  though  poffibly 
^he  priiiciples  of  attack  and  defence,  deduced  from  thofe  nlationi 
of  n^ilitary  (ranffidions,  might  be  contained  in  a  very  fmal^ 
<:Qmpar8. 

The  vague  ufe  our  Author  makes  of  his  terms,  is  ftill  mor^ 
Apparent  in  the  following  paiTage,  where,  for  fir/t  principliy  the 
fenfe  of  the  paffage  requires  Jirji  duty,  and  they  are  by  no  means 
fynonimous  expreflidns. 

*  The  firft  frincipU  of  a  commander  in  war,  is,  to  ftudy  the 
fubjed,  Ue  it  campaign,  battle,  fiege,  or  expedition.  A  due 
Attention  to  (uch  princ(pfe,  is  produdtive  of  found  plans,  of  en- 

■  •v  ..../..    r\      .»:'.'  ••  '      -        '     .  ■    tcrprize^ 


[ 


BcUV  Efay  o^  MiHtarf  Firft  PrinclpUt:  %J3 

terprize,  of  conqueft,  deGiiivenefs  of  condtidj  happy  decifions^ 
..  of  little  flaughter,  undifmay,  and  vidory.' 

A  writer  of  fcientific  principles,  has  no  manner  of  ufe  for  fi-i 
gurativ(^  modes  of  cxpreffion  ;  brevity  and  perfplcuity  being  ihe 
beft  chara^eriilics  of  his  language.  The  enfuing  odd  incohe* 
rent  fimile  could  not  be  pafTed  over  without  notice  : 

*  All  fancies  in  war  might  be  like  infe^ious  provijions,  bu- 
ried ;  and  wheA  peace  comes,  they  might  be  ploughed  up^  and 
fee  day-ligbt,  if  it  ihouid  be  fo  ordained/ 

The  b^e^  of  Mr:  Bell's  attention^  are  treated  of  in  the  fol  • 
lowing  order :  Of  Firff  PrineipUs — Invajions  in  generaly  andtbiir 
Prtnciplis — ixercife — Exercifi  of  thi  Firelock — Battalion  Firings-^ 
Evolutions — JVar  ingehirat^  and  of  its  Study'^Campaigm — Baitlei 
^^Sieges — Expediims—^e  long  Linen  Gaiter-- J  Cioai-^The  Aff-? 
litary  pon/litutiony  and  of  Difciplint'-rrLigbt  Infantry — Power  of 
Speech. 

Though  this  arrangement  of  fubje^  cannot  be  calkd  either 
analytical  or  fynthetical,  yet  in  a  detached  view  there  are  many 
judicious  and  pertinent  remarks  under  each  head,  which  prove 
the  Major 'not  to  have  been  inattentive  to  thofe  ftudies  which 
diftinguifh  the  able  oJKcer. 

That  our  military  readers  may  be  enabled  to  form  a  compe* 
tent  judgment  of  the  manner  in  which  thefe  principles  are  de« 
Jivered,  we  fliall  glvie  that  fcdion^ntjre  which  treats  of  battle^* 

'  Battles  have  ever  been  the  lafl  refonrce  of  good  generals ;  a 
fitsation  where  chance  and  accident  often  baffie  ^nd  overcome  the 
moil  prudential  and  moft  able  arrangements,  and  where  fuperiority 
jn  oambcrs  by  no  means  are  certain  of  fuccefs,  )8  fuch  as  \&  never 
entered  into  without  a  clear  neceffity  for  fo  doing. — The  £ghting  a 
battle  only  becaufe  the  enemy  is  near,  or  from  having  ao  other 
farmed  plan  of  offence,  is  a  direful  way  of  making  war :  Darius  loft 
liis  crown  and  life  by  it ;  King  Harold  of  Epglandaid  the  fame ;  and 
Francis  h  su  Pavia,  .}oft  the  battle,  and  Kis  liberty. — Kine  John  of 
France  fooght  the  battle  of  Poidiersi  (hqugh  rain  atti^^nded  hisene* 
my  if  he  4id  not  £ght, 

'  The  trae  £tuacion  for  giving  battle,  \%  when  an  armv's  fituatioa 
cannot  be  worfe,  if  ic  is  defeated,  than  it  muft  be  if  u  does  not 
£ght  at  ajl>  ^d  when  the  gain  may  be  great,  and  the  lofs  little*— 
Such  was  the  Duke  of  Cumberland's  at  Ha^nbeck,  and  Prince  fti^ 
dinand's  at  Fellinghaafen. 

<  Another  iituation  for  giving  battle,  or  attacking,  U^  when  th^ 
enemy  (hall  have  put^  himielf,  or  be  drawn  into  a  fitaation  in  whic& 
^thcTC  may  be  the  moil  moral  probability  of  defeating  him« 

'  Ther^  may  be  exigencies  of  flate  that  require  its  army  to  attack 
the  enemy  at  all  events.— Such  were  the  caufes  of  the  battles  of  Blen- 
heim^ and  ofZorndorff  and  CunnefdorfF  in  the  late  war. 

'  Another  cfiufe  for  giving  battle,  is,  to  attempt  to  relieve  a  place 

beiieged,  when,  by  overcoming  either  the  befiegine  army  or  the 

*  foverin^  one»  4$:  f ^^^y  may  ^  obliged  to  abandon  Sie  fiege,  when, 

^    ■'-.      ■''■•■,"."•'..      -      ",'■■.'        *  if 


^4  Bdl'^  ^f^  •^  MUtary  Ftrjt  Prmdpku 

if  defeated,  tlM  enemy's  ofieafive  pra^ds  can  caly  aim  at  the  tarfuiV 

of  the  place, 

^  -'  A  battle  may  alio  be  proper  to  be  given  when  any  great  corps 
$8  near  xnaking  a  jun^ion  with  the  army  of  the  enemy,  which,  when 
made,  will  give  him  fuch  a  fuperiority,  as  to  be  dedfive  of  the 
campaign  in  his  favour,  and  when  a  defeat  will  not  difenaUe  to 
pnrfae  the  defenfive  plan. 

V  Extraordinary  defpondency  in  an  army,  a  want  of  all  oonfidence 
in  their  chief  or  chiefs,  a  difanion  among  them,  ^  gensral  o<ia< 
manding  not  in  any  great  meafure  to  be  dnaded,  tkei  aony  diftr^^ 
compojEod^  and  badly  difciplined^  and  theoppofites  of  the  forcing 
being  in  the  bppofiip^  army,  i^ay  induce  the  general  of  the  latter  ta 
l^ve.b^ttie,-;-Such  circumiUnces,  in  great  raeafiire,  caufed  the  battk 
of  Rofi)ach,(Q  be  fought  by  the  Pruffians.     • 

V  The  preparations  for  battle  admit  of  iniinite  variety ;  hf  a 
Jcnowledge  cf  the  detail  of  battles,  the  precept  will  accompany  the 
example. — The  main  general  preparatives  are,  ta  profit  of  nny  ad* 
▼antage  of  ground^  that  the  udiical  form  of  the  army  be  in  iot^ 
ia«atoe  adapted  to  it;  and  that  foch  fbcm  is,  if  po£ble^  a  ferm 
tactically  better  than  the  adverfary's ;  and,  in  fbraiing  the  vm$%  t^ 
kave  a  mod  careful  atttentios  to  mnktply  reibiwrces,  io  that  the  jhte 
of  ^e  a^iny.  does  not  biing  oi^  o^e  or  two  finale  ef|6ru  i  to  giv^  anf 
particular  part  of  the  army,  whofe  quality  is  fuperior  to  fuch  part 
in  t{ie  enemy's  arrny^  a  pofition  that  eofures  adlion ;  and,  finiJTy, 
to  have  a  rear  by  nature,  or,  if  poflible,  by  art,,  capable  of  checking 
ahe^eiiemyin  cafeofdefeat,  . 

*  Since  the  nfe  of  fire  arms,  tadics  have  in  great  meafure  beea 
cKfregardtd^  thoft  forms  have  Only  been  fought  wMdi  oppofed  the 
gireateft  quantity  of  fire :  cannon  will:  deftroy  columns,  and  xx%Qiip% 
drawn  T^ -with  depth,  are  not  fo  properly  formed  to  defend  hedgei* 
where  a  Ibng  line  of  fire  may  be  ncccflary :  but,  however,  vi^rki 
perhaps  may  be  gained  at  prefent  by  mere  dint  of  ta^cifa,  aa 
jnrely  as  they  were  ever  gained  heretofore. 

*  ff  an  army  attacks,  and  marches  of  conrfe  to  its  adverfa/y,  im» 
.pitAfOT)  muft  be  its  objeift,  and  that  very  oAen  will  be  beft  done  bf 
an  effort  of  weight  upon  a  pzrticufar  part ;  for  when  one  ^port  9$-  aa 
army  gives  ground,  it  is  hi  general  IHcely  it  will  be  defeated. — Tho 
concealing  the  real  purpofed  attack  may  not*  always  be  poffiblcv 
from  the  nature  of  the  ground  affot^iing  the  enemy  a  View  of  all 
procj!edings;  but  it  will,  on  tlte  contrary,  very  often  permit  coiieeal* 
mcnt,— Marfhal  Luxembpurgi  at  the  battle  of  Pleures,  perceMng 
the  Pirince  of  Waldeck  could  not  fee  the  march  of  his  cavalry  on  tho 
left  wing,  drew  them  yp  on  the  f^rince's  right,  which  they  attached^ 
and  gained  the  viftory." 

'  The  drawing  up  an  army  in  two  long  linea  and  n  foots  oao^ 
mud  be  from  the  different  nature  of  eround,  the  dtfiFerent  fonn  and 
numbers  of  the  enemy,  only*jufb  taking  things  as  they  are  found » 
without  any  fort  of  adjufUng  armies  to  ground,  and  ta  tiieiir  op* 
ponents. 

*  The  coup  iPcsil  of  field  fortification  is,  by  irregttktr  and  detached 
^orks  adapted  to  ground,  to  form  a  comfdete  fySematical  piece  of 
foftificiitiop,  though  to  a  cpnunoii  eye  disjointed  »Qd  aiiconu«£tAk— < 

f        ^  Tfaf 


"RiSSi^fifonMiSiaijFirftPrlnapUs.  175. 

TM  «M^  ^^  ^  bfttll^  ir to  dHtmp  ^  attacking  anny  Inio  011I7  ooe, 
perhaps,  or  two  or  tliree  points  of  form  that  fliall  bear  down,  or,  by 
iti  fiBccefiott  of  idloiQr^  Ame  a^ay  an  <^poiitk»  boc  fonned  ad- 
equate to  lepolfe  it»  attaiikersr 

*  Tht  ftiatagoou  of  kattle  are  wiitoiit  end.— If  ahy  particular 
part  9f  AeKneflty'a  atiny.flioald  be  left  liable  to  refiil  than*  the  other 
parts,  tk^e  wcnld  be  attack  on  that  part. 

*  It  has  been  laid,  the  Dake  of  Comberlaad's  fitaation  at  Hailen- 
))«ekwaa4iBe*tQ\*give  battle  is;— The  Duke  having  been,  from  the 
gnt  fopetiority  ^theffraackankiy,  obliged  to  retreat,  enived  at 
HaflMibcck ;  i£  he  oMeated  larther,  the  eledorate  of  Hanover  was 
ccstainiy  lofi.;  if  hh  fiwght.a  banter  aad  was  beat,  he  coald  bat 
theo  ftill  retreat,  aad  lofd  the  elei^rate:;  and  if  he  was  vi^lorioos, 
he  might  be^  able  to  preferve.  Hanoter,.  if  not  fome  part  of  the 
l^flkopiics  :-*-if  he  bad  fimghc  a  battle  before,  he  wonki  have  had 
no  Bcar  place  of  Mtty  jbr  retreat;  and  if  he  fought  it  on  the 
gtottod  sear  Hatethetki  he  hadHtmelin  clo£e  in  his  rear,  which 
would' afioid  him  a  teme  and  a  -fafe  one.-— Here  then  was  a.  true 
fitaatkmao  fiihta  battle^  much  to.be  got  by  its  gain,  and  nothing 
to  be  loft  by  defeat  fa. 

'  Duke  Ferdinand,  at  the  battle  of  Fellinghanfen,  had  Ham  to 
pfOtoft  his  retreal ;  if  he  cfofled  theTiyfp  without  fighting,  Ltpiladt 
aanUL  have  quickly  been  invefted  \  if  he  did  fieht,  and  was  fuccefs- 
Ibt  the  fecnnty  of  the  hiihopricB  wooM  prdiauy  he  the  fruits  of  the 
foccciii  t-'-if  ho  was  beat,,  he  thca  only  woald  have  croiTed  the 
lippe*  and  do.what  he  would :otherwi&  haae  doae  had  he  pafTed  it 
without  fighting  at  alL-^-Moreover,  the  having  both  the  French  ar- 
mies a£tingagaihft  his  whole  .ktmy,  was  a  point  to  bewlfhed;  ift, 
Bcfanir  his  army  was  qiiable  to  divide  in  any  degree  of.equal  oppofi* 
tton  to  the  French ;  and,  as  there  was  a  great  jcaloufv  and  6i{sigrte» 
ment  hetw^n  the  ^French  Macihals,'  he  niight  reaibnably  and  ju{!i- 
foMy  hope  that  fachr  jealoofy  would  prodace  it9.natnrai  effedU,  and 
which  it  did  do.^— «-This  <then  waa  another  fitaation  for  battle,  where 
the  gain  was  great  and  probable,  the  lofs  not.  to  be  attended  with 
fatal  effiafts,  and  whcne.jui  opportanity  ofered  to»  fight,  with  fnch 
fkfDfifahle  ctPCtimftaiific^  sb^  if  miiiedy  woakl  not  prqbably  be  re« 
gaisiBd. 

«  ThdKing  of  Pra£ia^s  battles;  dttring.^heJate  war,  were  chiefly 
bacdes  of  ilate  aeceffity  ;  he  was  Tamed  if  he  did  not  fight. — li^ 
J758,  when  the  King  of  Prtt£a  fbnght  the. battle  of  Zorndorff,  hia 
coaatry  was  eiihea  to  ba  ravaged  by  the  Aitftrians  or  the  Ruf-- 
£aas,  if  he  ziSttA  on  the  defeafive^  aa  ho  conld  not  make  head 
asaiaft  both  ;*->a  battle  therefore  might,  free  him  jBunc^one,  and  en- 
able him  to  keep  the  other  ia  check  aaJeaft.*«-The  vadory  of  2^rn*« 
doiff  freed  him  fkmi  the  Rufia|is,.'jaml  gave  hkn  liberty  to  aft. 
^igaaan  toe  Aiifl liana. 

*  la  1799,  the  battle  of  Cnaaefciarff'  againft  the  Ruffians,  waa' 
aaotberof  abfblnte  necefity :  .all  the  Prufiian  deminions  were  in  poC 
feflkmof  his  enemies^;  defending  was  rntn;  and>  nothing  bat  vio- 

^  Our  Author  having^  ju(^  before,  obG^rved,  that  if  th^  Dttke  had 
ftot  fod^hti  he  inuft  i^ave  loft  the  eleAorace. 

tory. 


V!j6 .  Bii?sEpy  OH  MtHary  firJIPrimptiS. ' 

toiy»  or  «  fevere  ch«ck  to  his  adverfaties,  covld  in  any  ihtpe  aniWer 
his  nncommon  circumftances. 

*  The  coxnpofition  of  the  Imperial  army  in  17569  at  the  baule  of 
Ro(bacb»  was  fuch  as  might  have  induced  an  oppD^ng  gea^al  to  a  ' 
battle,  from  the  great  probability  of  cheir  defeat.— -No  defence  could 

'  be  expelled  from  that  part  of  it  drawn  from  the  drdes  of  the  £m« 
pire;  and  its  chief,  as  well  ai  the  French  commander,  gave  fair 
hopes  of  feccefs  to  an  attaeicen 

*  The  battle  of  Blenheim  was>of  ftate  neceffity.-«A  dofenfiveplan 
woold  have  left  the  French  to  haye  winterad  in  Bavaria,  and  atdic 
fiiae  time  expofed  Flanders  fo  lofles,  on  acoonnt  of  therabfenct  of 
hs  army. — A  battle  theicfbw  might  gain  tytty  thing,  and  a  I06  of 
i(  fcarce  leave  the  empire  more  open  to  die  French  than  before. 

•  '  The  citing  of  a  number  of  examples  needs  no  other  pains  than 
the  pernfai  of  hillory,  whete  will  be  found  battles  fought  on  all 
nanner  of  accounts;  feme  with  folid  objcds  in  view,  others  when 
fcarce  apy  benefit  could  attend  their  gain,  others  when  rixin  would 
attend,  tfaeir  lofs,  and  little  advantage  their  foecefsi*— Sonye  fonght 
in  improper  ground,  feme  with .i the  ground  jadic«on(ly  chofen  ;*-• 
fome  whofe  tadtical  forms  bid  fair  for  iuccefs,  others  almoft  enfiited 
^defeat. 

*  The  laft  Duloe  of  Bui^ndy,  before  he  fought  the  battle  of 
Granfon  agaihft  the  Swifs,  was  offered  every  advantage,  if  he  would 
agree  to  peace,  that  he  conld  pofleis  by  victory ;  he  refnfed  to  ticat, 
fought,  and  was  beat.-— He  drew  up  his  men  in  a  narrow  pais, 
where  the  Swifs,  mnch  his  inferiors  in  numbers,  could  oppofe  as 
great  a  front  as  that  of  his  own  army. 

*  When  Hannibal  fought  the  battle  of  Zama,  his  fecond  line 
having  no  intervals  for  the  retreat  of  his  firft,  was  tadically  liable 
to  defeat. 

*  When  the  Hereditary  Prince's  «rmy  pafled  the  Rhine,  after  .tte 
affair  of  Clofter  Campen  in  i76o>  the  French  general  had  the  faireft 
opportunity  of  deflroying  them.— >If  he  had  oeen  repolfed,.  Wefel 
conld  be  in  no  danger,  and  the  year  fo  fer  advanced,  as  that  no  ad- 
vantages could  have  accrued  to  the  Allied  Amy  fiom  fnccefe ;  a^d 
it  was  in  his  power  (a  thing  very  rarely  the  cafe)  tb  have  entttrcd  aa 
little,  or  as  mnch  into  the  attack  as  he  had  pieafed,  for  the  Prince's 
bufinefs  was  to  pafs  tlie  Rhine.— -The  ANied  Army  had  been  de- 
feated, and  of  conrfe  difptrited,  and  were  totally  worn  down  by^want 
of  viAoals  and  fadgne.—- The  French  had  gained  a  viSory,  and  wer^ 
not  in  want  of  provifions.— The  Prince's  bridge  broke  where  there 
was  an  entrenchment  to  defend  it,  and  was  obliged  to  be  moved 
where  there  was  none ;  and  farther,  upon  the  ieafl  faulter,  or  hreaky 
or  giving  ground  of  the  Allied  troops,  the  river  Rhine  muft  have 
been  their  fate. — Had  the  French  general  marched  his  army,  which 
was  much  fuperior  to  the  Prince's,  and  attacked  before  the  AUiea 
began  to  pafs;  or  after  fome  were  pafled,  a  total,  or  a  very  great  de- 
ilruAion,  mnft  have  certainly  enfued,  and  which  would  have  beea . 
of  the  inofb  ferions  confequenees  in  the  fete  of-  the  next  campaign  ; 
indead  of  which,  no  attack  was  made  at  all,  and  one  of  the  moft 
folid  and  nncommon  fair  opportunities  to  dcftroy  a  corps  was  miflU. 


1 


Niw  Lights  thrown  m  the  Hiflory  of  Mary  ^  of  Emgland.   277 

'  The  battle  of  VaU  in  1747^  was  a  battle  of  reibnrce;  Marflm 
Skxe  kept  conftantly  feeding  the  objedl  of  attack. 

'  In  fortification,  the  defendants  are  chiefly  in  force  where  the 
attack  or  attacks  are  made :  in  battle,  where  the  atucks  are,  there 
is  the  principal  defence.— If  an  army  attacks,  it  forms  at  pleafnre, 
it  makes  its  points  at  will ;  if  it  defends,  it  will  be  difficult  Ibmetiines 
to  penetrate  into  the  defi^ns  of  the  enemy,  but,  when  onoe  found, 
faocoar  fucceeds  to  the  di&overy.— Groand  and  numbers  muft  ever 
lead  in  the  form  of  battles :— ipipreffioa  aiMl  reiburcewill  ever  bid 
faireft  for  winning  them.' 

Left  our  Readers  ihould  be  at  a  lofs  to  conceive  how.  the 
p9wer  of  jpiich  happens  to  be  the  fubjeA  of  a  chapter  in  a 
military  treatife,  we  (hall  inform  them,  that  Major  Bel),  un- 
der that  head,  treats  of  the  advantages  of  proper  addreflea  to 
foldiers^  by  their  commanding  officers,  on  fignal  occaiiooSf  ia 
critical  fituations,  and  important  eniergencies. 

■    '■         ■  1.      11  I  I  I  II  nil. UK  If      I         IP  I  I     fc 

AJtT.  III.  New  Lights  thrown  upon  tht  Htfiaryof  Mary  ^tutnsf 
England^  oldift  Dattghtir  of  Henry  nil.  Addreffed  to  David 
Hume,  £fq;  Author  of  the  Hiftory  of  the  Plantagenett,  the 
Tudors,  and  the  Stuarts.  Tranflated  from  the  Frenciu 
8vo.     2s.  fewed.    Wilkie.     1771. 

AS  this  publication  ,has  impofed  upotn  its  Tranflator,  and 
as  it  may  fall  into  the  bands  of  Readers  who  have  little 
acquaintance  with  the  Englifh  hiftory,  we  think  it  oar  duty  to 
cxpofe  its  defeds,  and  to  point  out  its  general  fcope  and  in* 
tention. 

Inftead  of  throwing  any  light  on  the  tranfaflions  of  Mary's 
reign,  it  ferves  to  involve  them  in  confufion ;  and  from  the 
ccnfure  which  it  has  profufely  lavi(hed  on  a  celebrated  hiftorian, 
we  can  only  learn,  that  its  Author  is  totally  uninformed  con- 
cerning the  fubjed  which  he  has  endeavoured  to  illuftrate. 

The  following  obfervations,  at  the  fame  time  that  they  will 
exhibit  a  fpecimen  of  the  performance,  will  furniOi  us  with  sm 
opportunity  of  making  fuch  ftri£tures  on  it  as  will  fuftctently 
evince  its  imperfections. 

<  In  the  firft  volume  of  the  French  tranflatton  of  your  hiftory 
of  the  Tudors,  fays  the  Author,  addrefling  himfclf  to  Mr.  Hume,' 
we  read,  that  during  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  the  Princefs 
Mary  his  fitter,  attempted  to  efcapt  with  Charles^  her  kinfman^  to 
aooid  greater  perfecutions^  hut  that  her  dcfign  was  dif cover  id  and 
presented.  This  expreflion  ought  certainly  to  be  explained : 
firft.  Who  is  this  kinfman  Charles  with  whom  (he  attempted  ro 
efcape?  Was  it  Charles  V.  her  coufin-german  ?  If  it  was  him, 
it  fhoutd  have  been  (a'd  that  fiic  attemp  ed  to  withdraw,  aad 
take  refuije  with  Charles  her  relation  j  f-.r  certainly  chat  Em- 
peror iiia  iiot  then  come  inco  Ln^land  to  aiTiil  in  her  efcape. 

What 


^78  New  Lights  ihrmn  en  t%£  tJiflory  ofMaty  ^  tf inlaid. 

What  fteps  did  flic  take  in  brdcr  to  leave  England  (for'thtf 
word  attenift  im^Wt^  fome  aAion  and  effert)  and  what  was  done 
to  hinder  her  flight  ?  Had  (he  fct  out  in  order  to  embark,  or 
had  any  veflfel  been  prepared  to  receive  her  ?  Was  flie  (lopped 
upon  the  road  before  flie  reached  the  iea-(hore,  or  was  any  one 
meafure  taken  to  deprive  her  of  the  fliip  engaged  for  her  trao- 
fportation  ?  One  might  reafonably  expe£l  fometfaing  would  have 
been  offered  to  obviate  Aich  doobts  as  muft  nataraUy  «rife  in 
the  inii)d  of  an  attentive  and  intelligent  Reader. 

*  M.  de  Noailles  peaces  fhis  projed  of  a  il]g|ht  to  have  hap-* 
pened  in  the  fliort  intenral  betw^n  Edward's  death  arid  her  ad- 
vancement to  the  throne.  He  fays,  the  Princefs  had  fome 
thoughts  of  croffing  the  fea  after  the  death  of  her  brother,  to 
which  flie  was  advifed  by  fcverkl  perfons,  in  order  to  fectrrc  her 
life  and  liberty  \  and  adds,  that  if  flie  had  then  quitted  Eng-* 

-land,  flie  would  not  have  found  one  friend  to  fupport  her  in- 

.. tereflr,  or  contribote  to  her  return.  It  is  very  pi^dbable  fte  re-* 
linquiflied  this  defign  fo  feon  as  flie  perceived  her  party  was 
ftronger  and  more  numerous  than  was  at  firft  imagined ;  and 

.  inftead  of  abandoning  her  hopes  to  the  impuHe  of  fear  and  dif- 
truit,  flie  found  herfelf  in  a  condition  to  render  ber  power  re- 
fpeaable.' 

In  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  when  Somerfet  refigned  the  pro- 
te<%orfliip,  the  adminifiration  of  affairs  was  condu£)ed  by  the 
Duke  of  Northumberland,  who  promoted  the  principles  of  the 
reformation  \  and  among  other  fteps  which  were  then  taken  for 

"  the  foppreflion  of  popery^  it  was  determined,  that  the  Princefs 
Mary  fhould  no  longer  be  fufFered  to  adhere  ^o  the  mafs,  and 
to  rejeft  the  new  liturgy.  She  was,  therefor^  remonftrated 
with  on  this  fubje£l: ;  and  her  two  chaplains  were  thrown  into 
prifon.  In  this  iltuation,  dreading  farther  violence,  ^'  flie  en- 
deavoured, fays  Mr.  Hume,  to  make  her  efcape  t^  *  her  kinf- 
man  Charles  \  but  her  defign  was  difcovered  and  prevented/^ 
That  flie  made  this  attempt  is  fufficiently  afcertained  by  authen- 
tic proofs,  and  by  the  confequences  it  produced.  For  when 
Charles  found  that  flie  was  detained  in  England,  he  threatened 
hoflilities  if  liberty  of  confciencc  was  refufed  her;  and  the 
young  King,  who  lamented  his  filler's  obftinacy,  was  prevailed 
with  to  allow  her  to  continue  in  the  Romifli  faith.  But  our 
Author,  while  he  is  unacquainted  with  the  terms  in  which  Mr. 
Hume  h^s  expreffed  himfelf,  with  regard  to  this  defign,  has 
alfo  aflerted,  that  he  is  miftaken  in  relation  to  (he  period  of 

*  Not  <u:ith.  The  error  of  the  French  tranflator  is  afcribcd  to  Mr. 
Huii^e.  It  is  perfeftly  ridiculous  to  put  the  oueflion,  Who  is  this 
kin/man  Charles  ?  Had  Mary  any  other  kinfman  of  that  name  be- 
fide  the  Emperor  Charles  to  whom  ihe  could  think  of  flying  for  pro* 
tttdion  ? 

time 


itnnc  when  Mary  formed  the  preyed  of  her  flight.  M.  de  NoaHles^ 
lie  obferves,  places  this  circnmftance  in  the  fhoit  irtterral  be- 
tween Edward's  death  and  Mary's  advancement  to  the  throne. 
It  is  not,  however,  to  this  circumftance  that  M.  de  Noailles 
has  alluded }  and  if  our  Aathor  had  given  himfelf  the  trouble  to 
confult  the  Englifh  hiftorians,  he  might  have  learned,  that 
Mary  had,  at  different  times^  conceived  an  intention  of  abandon- 
ing the  kingdoiD.  At  the  time  referred  to  in  the  difpatches  of 
m!  de  Noailles,  ihe  thought  of  flyipg  into  a  foreign  country, 
in-order  to  efcape  the  vigilance  of  the  duke  of  Northumberland^ 
Whofe  criminal  ambition  had  induced  him  to  plot  againft  her 
life,  that  he  might  fecure  to  lady  Jane  Grey  the  fticceffion  to 
the  crown  of  England. 

The  ignorance  and  inaccuracy  fo  apparent  in  the  extrafi;  we 
lave  given  from  this  performance,  are  no  lefs  confpicuous  in  the 
Other  obfervations  which  it  contSiins.  It  appears  to  be  the  pro^ 
dudion  of  a  rigid  papift  i  -and  its  general  tendency  rs  to  vindicate 
the  charader  of  M^ry  from  the  juft  reproaches  that  have  beeti 
thrown  upon  it  by  the  proteftant  hiftorians.  It  Is  a  panegyric 
on  a  queen,  who  joined  to  great  weaknefs  of  underftanding,  the 
moft  obftinate  bigotry  and  the  utmoft  malignity  of  difpofition. 
I  t  ■  ■  > 

AUT.  IV.     Critical  Obferotitidns  dn  the  Buildings  and  Improvt^ 
ments  of  London.    4to.    2S.  6d.    Dodfley.     1771* 

IN  this  performance,  the  particular  defe£ls  of  many  of  our 
public  ftrudtures  are  pointed  out;  and  the  Author  has  verv 
|)roperly  ridiculed  that  aukward  imitation  of  the  country  amidft 
the  imoke  and  bullle  of  the  town,  which  is  fo.difgufting  in 
ibme  of  the  fquares  in  this  metropolis.  But  though,  in  general, 
kSs  o^biervations  are  jull,  we  mufi  remark,  that  in  criticifing  fome 
of  our  public  works,  which  are  not  of  very  modern  date,  he 
ieeins  inclined  to  draw  concluHons  from  them  concerning  the 
tafle  of  the  prefent  inhabitants  of  London.  From  edifices,  how- 
;ever,  which  have  cxifted  for  any  length  of  time,  we  can  only 
judge  with  propriety  of  the  idea^  of  elegance  and  convenience 
which  were  entertained  at  the  period  of  their  ere£^ion.  In  this  ^ 
.cafe  we  are  not  to  reafon  from  the  paft  to  the  prefent;  and  in- 
convenient ftreets,  and  unfliapely  fabrics,  cannot  be  demoliflied 
in  a  noment,  and  inftantly  con(lru£)ed  and  rebuilt  after  happier 
models,  to  pleafe  the  caprice  of  a  virtuofo  or  an  artift. 

Perhaps  the  prefent  period  is  that  in  which  the  moft  general 
.^uiit'of  improvements  of  every  kind  has  picvailed  in  this  coun- 
try; and  to  do  juftice  to  our  Author,  he  feems  to  be  abundantly 
UntiiAt  of  thi$  fa£l  in  fcveral  parts  of  his  performance.  « Every 
feffion  of  parliament,  fays  he,  is  now  marked  by  fome  bill  for 
the  inclofing  of  commons,  cutting  of  canals,  conftrufting  of  ^ 
bridges,  embanking  of  rivers,  making,'  mending,  and  watering  ' 
7  of 


StSo      Critical  Oifiniathtis  on  the  Buildings^  (^c.  rftminn. 

of  highways,  and  for  the  paving  and  lighting  of  flreets/  FroBi 
the  tafte  now  difTufed  among  all  ranks  of  men,  the  greateft  ad- 
vantages are  doubtlefs  to  be  expe£^ed.  The  improvements  be- 
gun, will  be  extended  and  continued ;  and  it  is  impoflible  to 
fay  to  what  letlgth  they  (hall  be  carried,  in  a  country  where 
commerce  is  perpetually  enriching  the  individual,  and  where 
the  difplays  of  his  magnificence  are  unreftrained  hj  Jumptmry 
laws. 

The  obje£t  in  London  fufceptible  of  the  highefl  improve- 
ment in  the  opinion  of  our  Author,  is  the  river  Thames. 

'*  The  Thames,  the  pride  and  palladium  of  London,  has 
hitherto,  (ays  he,  been  allowed  to  (leal  through  the  town,  like 
Mr.  Bays*s  army,  in  difguife,  while  the  Seine,  the  Arno,  and 
.every  ditch  in  Holland,  are  adorned  with  fuperb  keys.  How- 
ever, the  time  feems  at  hand  when  it  is  to  emerge  from  ics  an- 
tient  obfcurity.  Already  two  bridges,  worthy  of  its  waters, 
firetch  gracefully  from  (hore  to  fiiore ;  and  the  third,  which  has 
fo  long  obftrufted  and  di(honoured  its  ftream,  bids  fair  under 
the  prefent  enlightened  fyftem  of  the  city,  to  be  foon  removed* 
It  may  not  be  amifs  to  obferve  here,  that  Blackfryars  bridge,  tQ 
its  own  intrinfic  merit,  adds  this  concurrent  advantage  of  af- 
. fording  the  beft  and  perhaps  the  only  true  point  of  view  for  the 
.magnificent  cathedral  of  St,  Paul's,  with  the  various  churcbc$ 
in  the  amphitheatre  that  reaches  from  Weftminfter  to  the  Tower* 

*  The  project  of  embanking  alfo  prbmifes  much  for  the  em- 
belliihment  and  improvement  of  the  river.  Befides  the  bene* 
fit  to  navigation,  it  opens  a  vaft  field  of  reformation  on  tho 
wharfs  and  keys.  The  works  carrying  on  amid  the  antient 
ruins  of  Durham  Yard,  is  a  fample  of  what  may  be  done  ii^  that 
way  3  and  from  the  terras  of  that  (lately  pile  we  can  beft  judgo 
of  the  efied  of  fo  noble  an  obje6l  as  the  Thames  properly  dif- 
played.  You  have  here  an  extenfive  fweep  of  water  with  num^ 
berlefs  gay  images  moving  on  its  furface  ;  two  handfome  bridges 
l^ound  the  unbroken  profpeft,  while  beyond,  the  various  fpirea 
of  the  city,  and  of  Weftminfter,  appearing  at  a  diftance,  add 
to  the  richnefs  of  the  fcene.  Were  but  the  embankment  Com- 
pletely fini(hed  all  along,  it  would  depend  folety  on  the  inha^ 
bitants  to  have  keys'  on  the  Thames,  which  none  in  £uro{^ 
could  rival  either  in  beauty  or  extent,* 

What  he  has  advanced  concerning  the  building  of  a  fenate* 
houfe,  and  concerning  a  palace  for  our  kings,  dcferves  the  at* 
tention  of  the  leglflature. 

The  former,  he  remarks,  *  ftiould  not  only  comprehend  every 

accommodation  of  eafe  and  dignity  for  the  two  boufes  of  par«* 

Hament,  but  alfo  include  the  counts  of  juftices  with  theit  pro<» 

.  per  offices,  that  the  oracles  of  law  may  no  longer  be  deliverect 

from  wooden  booths,  run  up  in  the  corners  of  an  old  Gotbicfc 

baH« 


fyrittcal  Oi/irvatianf  $n  fh  J6uH£iiifj  tff.  rfLondmf      i$i 

fi|U«.  Nothing  more  readily  imprefles  ftrangers  with  reverence 
for  the  Uwi  add  goyernmeiSt  of  a  country,  tKari  the  pon/p  and 
il^lendor.  which  fiirrbund  them.  Wh^ver  beheld  the  Stadt-hmfi 
91  Amfterdam,  without  conceiting  a  mofe  refpe^lful  idea  of  the 
TtpiiUic  of  Holland^  than  can  be  conveyed  by  the  words  HigB 
9bA  Mighty  repeated  fifty  times  in  a  pkcaart^  V 

The  latter  is  certainly  an  undertaking  which  is  loudly  de-^ 
maaded  by  the  honour  and  dignity  of  tl^  nation.  <  How  dif*^ 
graceful,  (ays  our  Author,  to  fee  the  hesid  of  this  mighty  empird 
worfe  lodged  than  the  GmfalionierexA  San  Marino^  or  the  chief 
inagiftrate  of  Gkris  or  Zug  !  But  it  is  not  fufficient  to  bare  i 
mere  royal  houfe  for  the  refidence  of  the  fovereign.  In  it  iOiiould 
fdib  be  comprehended  proper  offices  for  the  departments  of  the 
teecQtive  power  that  are  more  immediately  conheded  with  the 
erown,  fuch  as  thofe  pertaining  to  the  privy-council  arid  the 
ftcretaries  of  fiate ;  the  latter  of  which  are  at  prefent  fcattered 
10  different  comers  of  the  town^  and  fome  of  them  hired  by  the 
ireelL 

^  Theft  objects,  contiriues  (ie,  properly  fulfilled,  would  add 
loftre  to  the  crown  and  weight  to  the  government.  It  is  truly 
laughable  to  hear  the  expence  mentioned  as  an  argument  againft 
them,  in  a  nation  that  has  on  many  occafions  thought  light  of 
Beftowing  ten  times  the  fum  necefiary  for  thefe  ends  in  foreign 
fitbfidiesy  often  employed  by  the  princes  who  received  chem  to 
HO  better  pilrpofe  than  patching  up  an  old  caftlp,  ofr  fpouted 
ttwzj  in  jH  (fious.  I  fliould  imagine  forcer  or  fifty  tborufand 
{MMindt  a  year  fufficient  for  carrying  on  and  completing  thofc^ 
works :  a  fum  which  a  moderate  duty  on  a  it^tf  articles  of  luxury' 
alone  could  eafily  raiiie.  Not  to  mention  numbcrlefs  other  un« 
touched  refources  for  fo  trifling  a  fupply,  the  lotteries  would 
funiilh  it  with  eafe,  fince  they  are  found  by  experience  cap4ble 
of  producing  annually  two  hundred  thoufand  pounds  clear  by  a 
tcriantary  tax  on  the  folly  and  fuperfiuity  of  the  peof^le/ 

The  other  improvements  which  our  Author  has  fuggedcd  igx 
the  doooration  of  London,  would  alfo  tend  confiderably  to  pro-^ 
4uoe  that  effed ;  and  he  deferves  the  higbeft  comn)endation  fo^ 
the  piAlicfpirit  which  bis  obfervations  difcover.  In  regard  to 
•cooi|M^on  and  literary  merit,  his  performance  is  by  no  means 
defedive;  but  we  cx>tild  have  wiflicd,  we  muft  confefs,  that 
Aere  bad  been  lefs  aflfe£lation  in  it^  and  that  be  bad  been  more 
ambitious  to  dtftinguifli  himfelf  by  a  modeft  fimplicity,  than  by 
^bppfiib  and  meretricious  ornaments. 
#'  '  ■•■■''■■•  •  •  j' 

•  yfhjvoif heard?  ISottt  author  nreaat  to  follow  the  IXutch  or-. 
0ttOBt«f}iff  h)e  ihovtU  have  written  flitkMrt. 


t    a8«    ] 

Art.  V.  Elemtnta  Logica*  Sahjiaiur  Appendiic  de  tjfa  Logtca 
^  CoufpeSlus  Organi  Artfi$teUs.  8vo^  3  s.  Oxonii,  excudcbat 
G.  Jackfon.     1770, .  Sold  by  White,  &c.  in  L'qnrfoa.       *    . 

Tt  H  E  art  of  logic  has  fufFered  more  from  fchoolmeir  ajufr. 
fyftematic  writiers  than  any  other.     Whilft  they  profefiedc 
to  aid  the  operations  of  the  human  mind,  and  to  pave  the  way 
for  the  difcovery  and  comnvunication  of  truths  they^  it  ciTedt^ 
retrained  rhe  freedom  of  the  former,  and  rai(ed  tnfunnounttble.^ 
obftaclcs  in  the  way  of  the  latter.     Men  of  true  genius  felt  an^ 
deplored  the  (hackles  they  impofed^  though^  their  implicit  fiib«^^ 
miffion  to  venerable  authority,  the  happy  aera  of  our  seleafe/roi»c 
which  was  not  yet  arrived,  would  not  peraiit  them  ta  aflertr 
their  native  liberty^  and  to  think  and  judge  for.  tbemfelres.-r^. 
Orhers  vvho  were  dtftitute  both  of  genius  and  taftc^  learot  ta 
tliink  and  reafon  by  a  fet  of  mechanical  rules,  as.  children  ufed* 
to  make  verfes  :  and  i^mder  a  notion  that  art.fnppUed  aH  thc- 
deficiencies  of  nature,  fet  up  for  prodigies  of  learning.     Pedcne»/ 
and  bigots  became  very  numerous,  and  artijkial  fcience  greariy 
prevailed,  to  the  difgrace  and  injury  of  real  knowledgf^^^^The; 
celebrated  lord  Bacon  (Iruck  out.new  light,  in  anr  aga  of  geAeral' 
ignorance  and  corruption,  and  prepared  the  way  for  thofe.ful>* 
fequcnt  difcoveries   and  advances  in  evrery  branch  of  ^  fcience: 
which   have  rendered  the  laft  century  fo  diflingujlhed  itltthe* 
annals  of  tinrie. — Newton  and  Boyle  purfued  tlK  track  whicht 
he  had  marked  out  for  unfolding  the  fyftem  of  xxature^,  whilft: 
Locke  applied  the  hints  he  had  given,  to  ti»  jnveftigation  aad- 
anal)  fis  of  the  powers  of  the  human  mind.     His  efiay  0n<tbe* 
human  underftandin^r,  needs  none  of  the.eacomituBs  which  wc: 
may  be  diipofed  to  l)e(low  on  it :  but  we  ate  forry  t«ioUerve» 
though  we  are  profefTedly  the  advocates  of  Free  £nqj;xry». 
and  would  ever  proteft  againft  an  implicit  fubiaiffioo  to  any 
authority,  however  refpeSable,  that  it  is  more  the  faihionof 
modern  .writers  than  might  be  wi(bed,  to  .flight  the  author,  and 
undervalue  a  work,  an  perenniui.  We  (hail  beexcnfed  for.bear^ 
fog  our  teflimosy  in  its  behalf,  at  a  period  when  trufh  muft  be 
rendered'  eafy  of  accefs,  and  alluring  in  its  afpefl,  to  engage 
thq  attention  and  gratify  the  tafte  of  the  bulk  ofxeadeis.    Thia. 
is  a  dangerous  fymptom,  and  we  cannot  but  apprehend^  that  ia 
proportion  as  the  name  and  writings  of  Locke  fuik  into  negte^ 
and  difufe,  fcepticifm  will  prevail.    Nor  is  oar  apprehenfion; 
altogether  ground lefs,  as  feveral  publications,  of  late  years^  feeni: 
to  furniih  but  too' ample  a  foundation  for  it.-  AVehave  there*, 
fore  waited  an  opportunity  to  do  fome  juftice.  to.a  Writer  of  the 
iiift  rank  on  the  fcience  of  the  human. qiiud,  and  the  article 
before  us  ferves  our  purpofe  in  this  lefpci^. 

.    The 


MulUr^j  Sy/leni  of  Mathematics.  28  J 

.  The  title  of  this  piece  conveys  a-juft  notion  of  the  work.  J% 
contains  a  brief  abftrad  .of  the  elements  of  Jogic;  and  though 
the  intelligent  reader  can  expedl  to  find  nothing  new  in  it,  he 
will  be  pleafed  to  fee  the  principal  definitions  and  rules  of  this 
art  comprifed  in  To  fmall  a  compafs,  regularly  digeftdd  under 
their  proper  heads,  and  expreflcd  with  equal  cUarncfs  and  con- 
cifenefs.  He  will,  perhaps,  regret  that, the  Author  had  not  takea 
a  larger  fcope,  and  introduced  a  greater  number  of  illuftra- 
trons.  There  is  undoubtedly  a  mean  between  the  extremes  of 
proKxity  on  the  one  h^ind  and  brevity  on  the  bihcr.  Logic 
itfcif  teaches  the  neceflity  of  treating  every  fubjeft  fo  copiouflyr 
as  that  nothing  m^y  be  wafiting,  yet  fo  concifely  as  to  exclude 
all  redundance^  Some  may  likewife  be  at  a  lofs  to  know  why, 
ill  his  definition  of  logic,  (fince  it  is  an  efiential  charadlep  of  a 
good  definition  that  it  be  univerfal  or  adequate)  the  Author  has 
confined  if  to  the  diredtion  of  the  mmd  in  the  difcovery  of  truth, 
whilft  moft  writers  have  extended  it  to  the  communicntion  of  it 
alfo ;  and  why  he  has  excluded  dtfpofition^  when  he  is  enume- 
rating the.  operations  of  the  human  mind,  for  the  regulation 
and  aid  of  which  this  art  is  intended.  It  is  true,  the  Author 
has,  in  his  conclufion,  difcuficd  the  fubjedl  of  method  ;  though 
method  itfcif  feemed  to  require  his  dividing  his  fubje£l  into 
four  general  parts  inftead  of  three.  Some  danger  may  arife 
from  connecting  words  and  ideas,  as  he  does  in  the  firft  part  of 
hi«  work.  Young  perfons,  for  whofe  ufe  this  treatife  feems  to 
be  intended,  may  not  diftinguifh  with  that  precifion  and  accu-«  « 
racy' which  the  Author  himfelf  has  done. 

On  the  whole,  notwithftanding  the  above  remarks,  which 
our  duty  in  this  province  led  us  to  make,  this  work  may 
be  acceptable  and  ufefu)  as  a  fchool-book,  to  give  young  per* 
ibns  ibme  notion  of  this  important  art. 

Art*   Vi.    A  New  Sj/hm  of  Mathematics.    Bv  John  MuUer, 
8vo.     los.  6d.  bound.     Cadeli. 

THE  dcfign  of  this  fliort  treatife,  fays  the  Author  in  his 
preface,  is  to  reduce  the  principal  parts  of  the  extenfive 
fcienc^  of  mathematics  into  fo  narrow  a  compafs,  as  to  contain 
no  more  than  what  is  abfolutely  neceflary  to  be  known,  with 
refpcd  to  praSice,  in  the  difFerent  ufcful  arts  of  life  .to  which 
mathematical  knowledge  may  be 'conveniently  applied;  and 
hereby  fave  both  time  and  expence,  as  well  as  prevent  that 
difguft  occafioned  to  many  fiudents  from  a*tedious  round  of 
intricate  and  at  the  fame  time  ufelefs  fpeculations,- 

Were  the  execution  in  any  meafure  anfwerable  to  the  defign, 
this  work  would  be  exceedingly  valuable  and  important :  but 
we  are  forry  to  fay,  that  the  Author  "has  raided  expectations 
vhich  he  h:;s  miferably  difappointcd.     And  though  no  particu- 

U  %  lar 


}94  TabuU  Motuum,  &c: 

lap  charge  can  be  alleged  againft  what  he  has  done,  we  have 
juft  reafon  to  complain  on  account  of  that  which  he.haa  not 
done.  It  is,  without  doubt,  very  defirable  and  neceflary  to  re- 
lieve ftudents  from  whatever  is  burdenfome  in  the  purfuit  of  nu« 
tbematicial  fcience,  by  cutting  ofF  all  fuperfluous  fpeculationt^ 
and  retaining  no  more  than  what  direAly  tends  to  inftruditfa 
in  that  pradical  knowledge  required  in  various  profeffions.  Bat 
when  we  confider  that  the  Author  of  this  treatife  intends  it  as 
a  complete  fyftem,  containing  every  thing  abfolutely  neceflary 
to  be  known  with  refped  to  pradice  in  all  the  diflTefent  arts  of 
life,  we  were  led  to  exped  it  would  have  been  much  more  com* 
plete  and  perfed.  We  cannot  but  be  aftontflied,  that  the  com- 
prehenfive  fcience  of  mathematics  and  mechanics,  the  y«;^tfi)SKi«i 
parts  only  being  lopped  off,  and  every  thing  eflfential  retained^ 
ihould  be  reduced  into  (o  fmall  a  compafs  as  a  thin  odavo  vo^. 
lume  of  about  130  pages,  printed  in  an  open  letter,  and  with 
a  very  handfome  margin.  Happy  genius  !  that  can  fo  condehie 
the  labours  of  ancient  and  modern  mathematicians,  and  adapt 
the  important  fceince,  fo  reduced  inflze,  to  tbe  capacities  of 
ftudents  ! 

The  Author  feems  well  acquainted  with  the  fubje^ls  of  whtcfai 
he  treats ;  and  had  he  allowed  himfelf  fufKcient  fcope,  might 
have  been  of  real  fervice  to  thofe  for  whofe  benefit  this  treatife 
is  compiled.  Perhaps  fomething  more  extenfive  and  perfeft 
might  have  been  produced  with  lefs  hafte  and  greater  labour, 
without  any  confiderable  addition  of  expence :  for  a  faving  in 
this  refpeft  as  well  as  in  others,  was  one  objed  the  Author  had 
in  view.  ^  We  will  not  pretend  to  fay,  that  the  value  of  a  work 
depends  on  its  fize,  and  that  we  are  to  eftimate  its  price  by 
numbering  its  pages.  Notwithftanding  this,  we  cannot  help 
thinking,  that  the  New  Sjiftem  of  Matbimatics  is,  for  its.  bulky 
excluiive  of  its  internal  merit,  as  dear  a  book  as  moft  we  have 
feen ;  and  that  the  purchafers  might  have  been  allowed  a  little^ 
more  in  quantity  into  the  bargain,  without  any  great  injury  to 
the  Author,  for  and  by  whom  this  treatife  is  printed  and  foM. 

We  obferve  that  it  is  entered  at  Stationer's  Hall,  fo  that 
there  is  no  danger  of  its  being  pirated  and  fold  under  price*. 

A  very  prudent  and  neceflary  caution ! 

■-  -  —  ■  ■  - 1.  ,  —  ■  ■ 

Art.  VII.  Tabula  Mctuum  Soils  et  Luna  nova  et  corr^a^Cy 
AuHori  Tobia  Mayer ;  quibus  accedit  Methodus  LongiiiuUnum'^ 
fromotay  eodem  AuSiore.  Edita  juffu  Praftiiorwn  Rti  Longitt4di^ 
Tiaria.     4to.     los.  fewed.     Nourfe.     1770. 

W£  fhould  have  taken  earlier  notice  of  this  valuable  pub- 
lication, had  not  an  ingenious  aflbciate,  to  whofe  in* 
fpe£tIon  a  copy  was  entrufted  for  that  purpofe,  been  long  pre«» 
vtnted  by  bad  health  and  urgent  avocations.    Wc  hope  an  ar«» 


Taluht  Afotuumf  Ifc.  185 

tide  of  this  kind,  though  a  little  out  of  time,  will  not  be  unac« 
ceptable  to  the  public ;  and  we  are  the  more  defirous  of  prefenting 
our  Readers  with  an  account  of  this  ufeful  work,  as  it  affords 
U9  an  opportunity  of  making  feme  extradls,  which  may  ferve 
to  give  fatisfaftion  on  a  controverfy  that  hath  long  fubfifted 
concerning  the  beft  method  of  determining  the  longitude 
at  fea. 

•  There  are  two  queries  which  will  naturally  be  proppfed  on 
this  fubjed,  viz.  With  what  certainty  and  precifion  the  longi« 
tude  may  be  determined  by  the  method  here  explained  ?  And 
likewife  how  far,  and  with  what  degree  of  expedition,  it  may 
be  generally  adopted  and  pra£tifed  ? 

Thefe  are  undoubtedly  important  and  ihterefling  enquiries  ; 
and  when  two  folutions  of  the  fame  problem  are  propofed,  we 
cannot  decide  in  favour  of.  one  or  the  other,  without  taking 
both  thefe  confiderations  into  the  account.  It  is  not  fufficient, 
10  a  cafe  of  general  concern,  that  the  problem  may  be  accu* 
lately  refolved,  unlefs  the  principles  and  method  by  which  fuch 
a  folution  is  efie<9ed  are  capable  of  an  eafy  and  univerfal  ap- 
plication. Perhaps  in  common  cafes  it  would  be  right  to  re- 
cede a  little  from  rigid  exadnefs,  for  the  fake  of  a  method  lefs 
accurate  that  may  be  generally  adopted  and  ufed,  and  which 
from  its  very  nature  is  capable  of  continual  improven^ent.  *  Our 
readers  will  eafily  perceive  the  tendency  of  thefe  obfervations  ; 
and  though  they  are  not  intended  to  derogate  from  the  merit 
of  the  ingenious  inventor  of  the  time-piece  for  determining  the 
longitude,  they  difpofe  us  to  give  the  preference,  as  far  as  we 
are  capable  of  judging,  to  the  method  now  under  confideration. 
It  has  not  yec  appeared,  that  the  former  is  conflruded  on  prin- 
ciples-that  are  of  eafy  and  general  application  ;  this  is  an  arca- 
Aum  which  the  public  are  liill  to  feek.  We  ihall,  however, 
leave  others  to  judge  for  themfelves  in  cafes  of  competition,  and 
will  gladly  embrace  every  opportunity  of  applauding  ingenuity 
and  merit  wherever  we  nnd  them.  The  article  before  us  fur- 
jiilbes  many  juft  occafions  of  this  kind ;  it  is  a  very  important 
and  valuable  acquifidon,  and  fairly  entitled  the  Author  to  the 
recompence  his  family  obtained. 

The  Editor  of  thefe  tables  has  taken  great  pains  to  fupply 
their  defeAs,  to  adapt  them  to  the  meridian  of  the  obfervatory 
at  Greenwich,  to  fupply  thofe  precepts  of  calculation  and  ex* 
planation  which  were  wanting,  and  to  render  them  in  every 
fefped  convenient  and  ufeful.  He  has  given  us,  in  his  preface, 
the  following  account  of  them : 

*  In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1755,  the  learned  profelTor 
Mayer,  of  the  univeraty  of  Gottingen,  communicated  anew  fet 
ef  aaaimfcript  lunar  tables  to  the  Right  Honourable  the  Lords 
Commiffioners  of  the  Britifh  Admiralty,  putting  in  his  claim 

U  3  at 


286.  Tabula  Motuum^  ^u 

at  the  fame  time  for  fome  one  of  the  rewards  whi<^h  he  might 
be  thought  to  merit,  promifcd  by  the  famous  a£l  of  pariiamenc 
of  the  14th  year  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  to  the  difcoverer 
or  difcoverers  of  a  method  of  finding  the  longitude  at  Tea  withia 
certain  limits.-  They  were  iramciijatcly  referred  to  the  learned 
Dr.  Bradley,  then  aftronomer  royal,  for  his  opinion;  who 
compared  them  with  a  great  number  of  his  accuratfc  obferva- 
tions,  and  foon  was  convinced  of  the" excellence  of  the  tables.-— 
But  thele-arncd  and  indefatigable  author  having  continued  bis 
rcftarches  for  further  improving  and  correcting  thefe  tables  till 
the  time  of  his  death,  (which  happened  in  the  beginning  of  the 
year  1762)  left  behind  him  a  more  complete  and  correft  fet  of 
folar  and  lunar  tables,  which  were  fent  to  the  board  of  longi- 
tude by  his  widow  a  little  after,  or  about  the  year  1763.  Thefe 
are  the  tables  which,  in  confidfration  of  their  great  ufe  in  find- 
itig  the  longitude,  were  honoured  with  a  reward  of  3000K  by 
aft  of  parliament,  which  was  paid  to  the  widow  of  the  deceafed 
profefl'or.  Ifhefe  tables  were  put  into  my  hands,  that  I  might 
caufc  them  to  be  printed,  and  publifli  them  afterwards,  and  alfo 
direft  the  calculations  of  the  Britifii  Naufcal  Ephemeris^  then 
firft  fct  on  foot,  to  be  made  from  them  j  and  how  they  are  prc^ 
fcnted  to  public  view.' 

Several  adclitions  and  alterations  of  confiderable  importance 
were  fupplied  by  the  ingenious  Editor  himfelf,  and  thefe>  are 
particularly  enumerated  in  thb  fcquel  of  the  preface.  The  pre- 
face, together  with  the  precepts  and  calculations,  are  tranflated, 
for  the  Take  of  the  Englifh  reader. 

This  work* contains,  befidcs  the  tables,  calculated  with  great, 
labour  and[  accuracy,  and  the  neccflary  precepts  and  illuftrations, 
a  new  and  exaft  method  of  determining  the  true  diftance  of  the 
moon  from  the  fixed  liars  at  fea,  together  with  the  defcriptioa 
and  ufe  of  an  inftrument  proper  for  fuch  obfervations.  And 
it  is  manifeft,  that  when  the  apparent  didance  is  carefully  ob- 
ferved,  and  reduced  to  the  true  diftance,  by  means  of  tbe  tables^ 
and  rules  provided  for  that  purpofe,  the  important  problem  of 
determining  the  longitude  is  very  eafily  refolvedj  it  being  no- 
thing more  than  this,  to  find  the  apparent  time  of  thp  obierva- 
tion.by  the  meridian  of  Greenwich}  the  difference  of  this  and 
of  the  time  of  the  obfervation  given,  will  be  the  difference  of 
longitude  in  time.  And  it  appears  upon  the  whole,  that  if  the 
tables  are  fufficiently  correct  to  give  the  true  place  of  tbe  moon 
Within  otie  minute,  the  longitude  xyill  of  courfe  be  found  witbiii 
half  a  degree  ;•  to  which  we  may  add,  that  the  chief  difiitulties 
attending  both  the  previous  obfervations  and  the  fubfequent  cal- 
culations, are  removed  by  the  tables  and  precepts  acoompaoyi^g 
them :  Hadley'squadrant)  the  ufe  of  which  is  fao^Iiar  to  evetyi 


TahyLf  Mrtutm^  f:tc.  287 

fcafinan^  ^nd  a  watch,  lofing  no  more  than  one  minute  in  fu: 
.houTs^  are  inftruments  fuffidont  for  this  purpofe. 

To  this  general  and  4>rief  account  of  the  dedgn  and  ufe  of 
4he(e  tables,  we&aU  add  feveral  teftimonies  and  fadis,  evincing 
their  importance  and  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  them. 
The  firft  teftimony  is  that  of  Dr.  Halley,  who  obferves,  *  that 
<he  advantages  of  the  art  of  finding  the  longitude  at  fca,  are  too 
-evident  to  need  any  arguments  to  prove  them  \  and  having  by 
his  own  experience  found  the  imprafticability  of  aU  other  m^ 
thods  propofisd  for  th^t  purpofe,  but,  that  derived  from  a  pcrfedl 
Jkaowledge  of  the  moon's  motion,  he  was  ambicious,  if  poiUble, 
to  overcome  the  difficulties  that  attend  the  difcovery  thereof. 
And  firft,  he  had  found  it  needed  only  a  little  pradice  to  be  able 
to  manage  a  five  or  fix  foot  telefcope  capable  of  (hewing  the  ap« 
pulfes  or  occultations  of  the  fixed  ftars  by  the  moon  on  (hip-board 
jn  moderate  weather,  efpecially  in  the  firft  and  laft  quarter  of 
the  moon's  age,  when  her  weaker  light  does  not  fo  much  efface 
that  of  the  ftars  $  whereas  the  eclipfes  of  the  fatellites  of  Jupiter, 
how  proper  foever  for  geographical  purpofes,  were  abfolutely 
unfit  at  fea,  as  requiring  telefcopes  of  greater  length  than  can 
be  well  direded  in  the  rolling  motion  of  a  ftiip  in  the  ocean. 

*  Now  the  motion  of  the  moon  being  fo  fwift  as  to  afford  us 
icarce  ever  lefs  than  two  minutes  for  each  degree  of  longitude, 
and  fometio^s  two  and  a  half,  it  is  evident  that  were  we  able 
perfectly  to  predict  the  true  time  of  the  appulfe  or  occultation 
of'a  fixjcd  ftar  in  any  known  meridian,  wc  might,  by  comparing 
therewith  the  time  obferved  on  board  a  ihip  at  fea,  conclude 
f$fely  how  much  the  ihip  is  to  the  eaftward  or  weft  ward  of  the 
jiieridiaii  0/  our  calculus.' 

He  iheri  adds,  that  ^  the  beft  tables  then  extant  (viz«  in 
1715)  were  too  imperfeft  for  this  purpofe  5  but  that  the  errors 
of  the  tables  returning  to  pretty  near  ,the  fame  quantity  after  a 
period  of  18  years  and  11  days,  or  223  lunations,  the  tables 
jnight  be  correded  at  any  time  from  obfervations  made  at  that 
diAance  of  time  in  an  antecedent  period,  provided  fuch  were 
made/ 

Pr*  Halley,  by  the  help  of  his  own  obfervations  in  1722, 
prefumed  he  was  able  to  compute  the  true  place  of  the  moon 
.with  certainty  within  the  compafs  of  two  minutes  of  her  mo- 
tion during  the  yeajr  17319  and  fo,  taking  half  the  above-men- 
tion period,  for  the  future.  This,  fays  Mr.  Mafkelynf,  is  the 
€3iaAne|s  reqi^ifite  to  determine  the  longitude  at  fea  to  twenty 
leagues  under  the  equator^  and  to  lefs  than  fiJFteen  leagues  in  the 
Sritiih  channel. 

*  It  remains  therefore,'  Dr,  Halley  concludes,  «  to  con- 
ider  after  what  manner  obfervations  of  the  moon  may  be  made 
U  fi^with  the  faiUfidegrti?  of  exaAnefs  \  but  fince  our  worthy 

U  4  vice- 


yice-prefident  (addreffing  himfelf'to  the  Royal  Society)  Jolitt 
Hadley,  Efq;  to  whom  we  are  highly  obliged  for  his  having  per? 
feded  and  brought  into  coinmon  ufe  the  refleSitng  telefc9pe^  has 
been  pleafed  to  Communicate  his  mbft  ingenious  invention  of 
ah  inftrument  for  taking  the  angles  with  great  certainty,  (vide 
Tranfad.  N*^.  420.)  it  is  more  than  probable  that  the  fame  may 
|>e  applied  to  taking  angles  at  fea  with  the  defired  accuracy/ 

Dr.  Bradley,  the  late  AAronomer  Royal,  in  his  firft  letter  to 
the  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty,  writes,  ^  that  he  had  carefully 
exatnmed  Adr.  Profefibr  Mayer's  theory  and  tables  of  the  moon^s 
mptiona^  and  other  papers  relating  to  the  method  of  finding  the 
lopgitude  at  fea,  and  compared  feveral  obfervations  made  (during 
the  laft  five  years)  at  the  Royal  Obfervatory  at  Greenwich, 
with  the  placeis  of  the  moon  computed  by  the  faid  tables;  an4 
in  mote  than  ^30  comparifons,  which  (fays  he)  I  have  already 
made,  I  did  not  find  any  difference  fo  great  as  i^  f  between  the 
pbferved  longitude  of  fhe  ^oon  and  that  which  I  computed  by 
the  tables :  and  although  the  greateft  diiFerence  which  occurred 
is,  in  fad,  bjit  a  fmall  quantity;  yet  as  it  ought  to  be  con* 
fidercd  as  arifitig  partly  ffom  the  error  of  the  obfervations,  and 
partly  from  the  error  of  the  tables,  it  feems  probable,  thatduF- 
|ng  this  interval  of  time,  the  tables  generally  gave  the  moon^f 
place  true  within  one  minute  of  a  degree.  A  more  general  com- 
parifpn  may,  perhaps,  difcover  larger  errors  ;  but  thofe  which  I 
have  hitherto  met  with  being  fo  fmall,  that  even  th^  big^eft 
could  Qccafion  an  prror  of  but  little  more  than  half  a  d^ree 
in  longitude,  it  may  be  hoped,  that  the  tables  of  the  moon*i( 
motions  are  tnzSt  enough  for  the  purpoife  of  finding  at  fea  the 
)ong.it|ide  of  a  fhip,  provided  that  the  qbfprv^tiops  that  are  ne- 
ceflary  (6  be  made  on  (hip-board  caii  be  taken  with  fufficient 
exa£tnefs.  The  method  of  finding  the  longitude  of  a  (hip  at 
fea  by  tlje  moon,  hath  been  often  propofed,  bt^t  the  defers  of 
the  lunar  tables  have  hitherto  rendered  it  fo  very  imperfed  ami 

firec^iious,  that  few  perfons  have  attempted  to  put  it  in  prac* 
ice ;  i)ut  thofe  defeds  being  now  in  gireat  meafure  removed* 
it  rnay  well  deferye  the  attention  of  my  Lords  Commiflioners  or 
fhe  Admiralty  (as  alfoof  the  Bpard  of  Longitude)  to  cbnfider  what 
other  qbftacietf  yet  remain,  and  what  trials  and  experiments  may 
be  proper  to  be  made  on  (hip-board,  lii  order  to  enable  them  tC| 
judge  whether  obfervations  for  t))is  purpofe  c;^n  be  taken  at  Ua^ 
yf'iih  the  defired  accuracy- 

pr.  Bradley's  fecond  letter  comains  feyers^l  remarks  to  thd 
(ame  purpofe.— "VVe  (hall  content  ourfelves  with  one  (hort  paf- 
fa^e,  >vhich  fupplies  us  with  a  faft,  in  atteftation  to  the  eipcet* 
Jente  of  this  method  of  finding"  the  longitude  at  fea,  •  I  C6m« 
putcd  (fays  he)  the  (hip's  longitude  from  iiach  of  the  oblinr^i*^ 
^ions  made  by  caj>tain  Campbell,  and^  upon  comparing  tb^  ro» 


'  Tabula  Moiuum^  tfc,  tly 

fiilts  of  fcveral  that  were  uken  near  the  fame  time,  and  under 
the  like  circumftances,  it  appeared,  that  in  general  the  obferver 
was  not  liable  to  err  more  than  one  minute  in  judging  of  the 
apparent  contaS  of  the  moon's  limb  and  the  obje£l  with  which 
it  was  compared.  Now  this  being  nearly  the  fame  error  that 
would  be  found  to  obtain  if  the  likt*  ob(<;rvations  were  to  be 
made  with  the  fame  inftruments  on  land,  it  may  hence  be  in* 
ferred,  that  in  moderate  weather  the  motion  of  the  ihip  is  no 
otherwife  an  impediment  in  this  f^rt  of  obfervations,  than  as  it 
renders  the  repetition  of  them  more  tedious  and  troublefome  to 
the  obferver,  which  yet  ought  by  no  means  to  be  omitted  j  be« 
caufe  if  each  fingle  obfervation  be  !i4ble  to  an  error  of  a  minute 
.only,  by  taking  the  mean  of  five  or  iix,  the  error  qq  tb|s  bead 
^ay.be  fo  far  dioiinifhed  as  to  be  of  fmall  m<»ment/ 

Tiie  Appendix,  whence  the  above  extracts  are  taken,  con- 
tains likewife  the  copy  of  a  memorial  prefented  to  the  commif* 
/loners  of  }ongitude,  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Nevii  Mafkelyne,  Aftm- 
nomer  Royal,  pn  the  9th  of  Feb*  1765*  in  which  he  obferves, 
^  that  the  longitude  deduced  froifi  pbfervations  made  by  bimfelf 
and  others,  with  the  l^elpof  Mr*  Mayer's  printed  tables,  always 
^me  within  a  degree  \  \\m%  (he  a4ds}  as  1  am  informed  that 
Mayer's  laft  manufcript  tables  are  much  more  exad  than  tb^ 
'  printed  ones,  it  may  be  prefumed  that  the  longitude  deduced 
from  them  wiU  come  confider ably  within  a  degree*' 

Were  it  ne^eiTary  to  add  any  furthei:  teftiq^ony  to  thole  As 
ready  alleged,  we  might  produce  many  more.  Several  mates 
pf  Eaft- India  (hips  actendpd  the  board  of  longitude  by  Mr* 
Maikelyne*s  deftre,  and  were  feparately  examined  as  to  th^ 
litility  and  pradicability  of  the  above-mentioned  obfervations  ; 
they  produced  their  journals,  and  fome  abftrads  of  the  refults 
pf  their  pbfervations,  and  all  agreed,  *  that  they  had  determined 
the  longitude  of  their  refpe£tive  (hips,  from  time  tp  time,  bf 
pbferyatioos  of  the  moon,  taken  in  the  manner  direfied  by  the 
'jiforefaid  book,  and  found  the  faid  obfervatiqns  ea(i]y  and  ex« 
fSdy  to  be  made,  and  that  the  longitude  refulttnff  always  agreed 
witn  the  making  of  land  (near  the  time  of  making  the  obfer- 
yations)  to  onp  degree  ^  that  they  could  make  the  calcuIatioQ 
in  a  few  hours,  not  exceeding  four  hours;  and  are  of  opinion^ 
^f^  if  a  Nautical  Ephemeris  was  pub}ilhed»  this  method  might 
be  cafily  and  generally  pra£kifed  by  feamen.'     , 

Uppn  which,  the  Board  can^e  to  a  refolution,  *  that  thefii  . 
tables  ihould  be  printed ;  and  that  application  ibonid  be  hiade 
to  parliament  for  power  td  give  fi  fum  not  exceeding  5000 1,  to 
(he  widow  of  Prof.  Mayer  as  a  reward  for  the  Aid  tables  | 
and  that  a  Nautical  Ephemeris  ibould  be  compile^j  ia  order  to 
^f(^  (be  £|id  lunar  tables  of  general  utility • 


^f§  Dairy mpIeV  Colleen  rfV»yogts  in  the  Sauth  Pacifie  Ocean. 

Mr.  Profefibr  Mayer's  curious  and  elaborate  Theory  of  the 
Moon's  Motions,  according  to  the  Newtonian  Syftem  of  Gra- 
vitation^  was  publiflied  *  at  the  fame  time. 
^  ■■.■  ■  ■    -I  I .« ■      .11.     I.  ■  .  , ■ . ,.  „■      ■  ■  .it     I   , 

Art.  VIII.  Jn  Hijlorical  C^lUSiion  ofthefeveral  Voyages  tmd  Dif"  ' 

£9Verie$  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,     VoU  L    Being  chiefly  a  lite'* 

ral  Tranfiatim  from  the  Spanijb  IVriters.     By  Alexander  Dal- 

rymple,  £fq;    4to.    i  i.  1 1  s.  6  d.  Boards  (for  the  two  f  Vo- 

.  lumes).    Nourfe,  &c,     1770, 

MR.  Dalrympic  appears  to  be  animated  with  that  laudable 
unremitting  zeal  without  which  no  enterprizes  of  im- 
portance can  be  atchicved  :  and  were  it  in  our  power  to  equip 
a  fmaU  fleet  to  go  under  bis  command  on  difcovery,  he  ihould 
have  no  caufe  to  deem  us  unfavourable  to  a  point  which  he  has  fo 
much' at  heart.  But  when  Mr.  Dalrymple  thought  proper  to 
be  angry  at  the  article  (Rev.  vol.  xl.  p.  427.)  relating  to  bis 
former  publication  on  this  fubjedl,  and  to  ftate  it  in  a  kind  of 
previous  advertifement  to  his  prefent  production,  he  fhould  at 
lead  have  dealt  fairly  by  us  ;  for  there  is  fometimes  a  little  dif- 
ference between  telhng  partly  the  truths  and  declaring  the  wholi 
truth]  It  is  hot  fuppofed  that  Mr.  D.  intended  to  mifreprefent 
the  conteilhe  has  bben  pleafed  to  have  with  us,  but  it  is  fup-. 
pofed  that  he  might  be  too  much  out  of  humour  on  other  ac- 
counts to  attend  coolly  to  the  remarks  of  byeftanders. 

We  did  n,ot.  In  the  article  above  referred  to,  fay  any  thing 
tcndihg  to  ^ifcoarage'  the  profecution  of  difcoveries  to  the  South- 
ward ;  wT  did  not  obje£t  to  the  qualifications  of  Mr.  D.  to  un- 
dertake fuch  an  expedition,  nor  impeach  the  grounds  of  his 
perfu^fi6ft  that  important  difcoveries  were  to  be  made  within  the 
limits'  He  lays  down  :  we  did  not  fay  that  any  future  publication 
on  this  fubj^Sf  was  unneccjfaryy  which  latter  is  the  grand  com- 
|)laint  Mr;  D.  makes  againft  the  Review.  What  we  did  fay 
may  be  fcen  by  turning  to  the  article,  and  it  amounts  to  tbi^^ 
and  this  only  :  that  the  republication  of  the  old  voyages  in 
^ueflion,  which  had  already  iappearcd  in  various  forms,  feemed 
to  be  unneceflary :  but  with  an  cxprcfs  exception  to  any  com- 
hiunications  of  his  own, — fomething  of  that  nature  having  been 
hinted  by  him. 

With  refpeft  to  the  volume  of  early  Spanilh  voyages  now 
before  us,  what  have^  they  produced  on  the  part  of  the  induf- 
triou5  Compiler?  Little  more  than  complai'nts  of  their  aefi- 
crencies^  attempts  to  reconcile  their  variations,  and  conclu- 
fionsuppn  probabilities.  We- had  too  many  hints  of jhefc 
Sbuthern  lands  from  the  voyages  as  they  already  ftoody  to  dout^ 

t   ■    '■  III  >■■         ■Wf  ,  I  ■! I         ■  ■  I  I  ■■  !■« 

*  Printed  for  Nourfe,  &Ck    4to.    3S.  6d.  fewed*     ^7^7* 
\  The  fecond  volume  is  not  yet  publiihed. 

of 


Palrj'mplc'i  polleQm  of  Voyages  In  thSpuA  Pacific  Oaan.  lye 

frf*  their  exHlence ;  of  to  b^  altogether  4t  z  lofe  ho^  to  fkiti  for 
tbem  if  they  wQre  fought  s^ceJs  and^  fo  far  as  yet  apfiearsy  out 
knowledge  of  them  is  not  much  enlarged  by  the  prcfent  pufali** 
cation.  Fox  the  meer  purpqfe  of  exciting  the  aJUtention  of  the 
nation  toward  eftabliihing  an  intercourfc  with  thofe  remote  re^ 
gions^  we  remain  ftili  of  opinion,  with  qx  without  the  ieave  of 
Meffrs.  Dalrymple  ;and  pes  BrofTcs,  that  one  clear  well  eoa« 
neSed  memoir,  deduced  from  the  materials  in  Mr«  D/s  cufto-* 
dy,  would  ftand  a  gcod  chance  of  commanding  more  regard^ 
than  a  difplay  of  the  detached  papers  themfelves }  which  re-^ 
quire  a  zeal  equal  to  that  of  the  CoTipiier  to  collate  with  each 
other*  In  this  view  we  confidcr  the  chart  of  the  South  Sea^ 
given  in  this  volume,  and  the  annexed  paper  contabing  the 
dau  on  which  it  was  fprmed,  as  by  much  xhe  moft  valuable 
part  of  it;  while  it  ftill  remains  for  future  trials  to  determine 
what  that  value  may  be. 

Mr.  Oalrymple's  plan  of  this  work,  may  be  conceived  \>f 
the  following  extracts  from  his  preface  : 

*  My  plan  originally  was  to  publlHi  the  work  in  two  parts  : 

*  Part  I.  An  Hiftbrical  Colledion  of  tlie  feveral  voyages  to 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  in  a  chronological  fcries. 

*  Part  IL  Se£l.  i.  Geographical  Dofcription  of  the  pUces 
hitherto  difcovered  between  America  and  Papiiat  on  the  ^^iv^i^ 
of  the  equator,  compreheading, 

*  I.  Dcfcription  of  the  country  and  anchorage. 

^  2.  Complexion,  drefs,  and  manners  of  the  Indians. 

*  3*  Signs  of  friendlhip  amongft  them. 

<  4*  Habitations. 

*  5.  Embarkations. 

*  6.  Arms*.  ^     ^ 

<  7*  Manufa^ures,  arts,  and  commerce* 

*  8.  Provifions  end  rcfreflimcnts. 

<  Sea«  2.  EXaminattoa  iiito'the  condud  of  the  difcoyerert 
ia  the  tra^s  they  purfued..  * 

<  And  having  thus  recapitulated  Vitxy  thing  that  bad  been 
done — 

^  Se<9.  3.  Inveftigation  of  what  may  be  farther  txpe^id  ia 
this  quattir  from'  the  analtgy  of  natur£^  as  well  as  Croat  the  ir«- 
du^ian  9f  paft  dififfoeriis* 

*  Sed.  4.  To  point  out  the  moft  el^ible  meafures  for  fucs- 
oeedingoiQ  fuch  an  undertaking,  aa  well  in  the  difcoverv,  as 
intercottrfei  at  the.Aune  time  examining  diecondo6l  of  paft 
difcoverers  t6  tb6  natives,  at  the  feveral  ^aces  they  vifited. 

*•  Scft.  5,  amd  tqfiJj^  It  was  propofed  to  examroe  into  the 
equipment  proper  for  this  fervice,  and  into  the  con4u^  adapted 
to  the  nature  of  diftovcry  voyages.  ' 

f  Motives, 


1 


$tft  DalrympkV  C^tbOim  o/F&fUgii  in  ihi  ^idb  Pacific  Oaan. 

*  Motives,  which  it  is  unneceflary  to  Isy  before  the  public, 
induced  me  to  print  the  trad  abovementioned,  in  a  very  im« 
perfed  ftate ;  it  is  not  only  deficient  in  the  arrangement,  but 
«8  every  thing  not  immediately  relative  to  a  Southern  Continent 
was  omitted,  nothing  is  inferted  to  the  weftward  of  the  inter- 
fedion  of  Schouten's  track  by  that  of  Tafinan.  The  firft  fee- 
tion,  therefore,  was  very  much  curtailed ;  and  as  I  found  the 
opinions  of  other  men  very  different  from  mine,  on  the  two  laft  - 
heads,  I  thought  it  would  have  too  much  appearance  of  pre- 
iiimption  to  lay  down  rules  for  any  condud  but  my  ow^/ 

*  I  (hall  not  at  prefent  publilh  t\i^ec9nd  part,  containing 
the  Geographical  Dercription,  &c.  Tnis  muil  be  much  en- 
larged, when  the  voyages  lately  made  by  the  Englifli  and 
French  ttt  communicated  to  the  world  ;  I  (hall  wait  till  then 
hefore  I  go  any  farther  than  the  Htftorical  CotteStion.  So  that 
the  purclufers  of  this  trad  are  to  exped  only  the  voyages  of 
Schouten  and  Le  Maire,  of  Tafmaq  and  of  Roggevirein.— -Thefe 
voyages  will,  I  conjedure,  be  at  leaft  as  much  as  what  is  now 
publi(hed, 

*  I  have  prefixed  to  this  Hiftorical  CoUedion  ibme  papers, 
which  appeared  to  me  not  foreign  to  the  fubjed  ;  and  fome  of 
them  indeed  abfolutely  requifite  tojmake  the  work  intelligible. 

<  Thefe  papers  are,  , 

^  I.  Data,  on  which  the  chart  of  the  South  Pacific  Ocean 
was  conftruded/— — 

^  2.  An  EiTay  on  the  Salomon  iflan^s :  this  is  a  very  dry 
difquifition,  which,  perhaps,  feiv  men  will  have  patience  to 
confider  with  the  attention  neceflary  to  make  it  intelligible; 
however,,  future  difcoveries  may  (hew,  that  New  Britain  is  not 
one,  but  many  iflands ;  and  then  every  body  will  fee,  that  the 
old  maps,  which  fo  defcribed  them,  were  not  merely  conjee* 
fural* 

*  3.  A  lift  of  Authors  confultod  in  this  work,  as  well  as  of 
fome  whofe  publications  or  relations  I  have  not  been  able  to 
obtain/    n 

<  I  have  added  two  papers  of  my  own ;  one  of  them  has  been 
idready  publKhed  in  the  Phitorophical  Tranfadions ;  and  from 
thence  in  fome  of  the  periodical  coUedions  ;  but  as  it  will  ex- 

flain  the  nature  of  many  iflands  mentioned  in  this  CoUedion, 
thought  it  was  not  improper  to  infert  it  here. 

<  The  other  is  an  account  of  the  pearl  fiihery,  and  fome  na* 
tural  curiofities  at  Sooloo;  what  is  faid  of  the  pearl  ^fhtrj 
in$iy  be  of  ufe  in  explaining  part  of  Quiros*s  Memorial ;  but 
my  chief  motive  for  printing  thefe  remarks  was,  th^t  they 
might  be  prifiruii\  the  laft  paper  did  not  appear  to  me  fuffi- 
f  iently  corrett  for  the  Pbiloic^hipal  Tnmladioiis,  at  the  fame 

tioKs 


dfnt  Enquiry  into  tht  Authmicit}^  fit.  fy] 

time,  if  it  was  to  be  printed,  I  did  not  chuft  to  let  it  be  altered 
to  other  men's  ideas  or  opinions :  trrors  may  lead  to  trutb^  but 
when  all  mens  notions  are  ground  in  ont  mi/l^  they  fer^e  no  pur- 
pofe  of  invefBgatton  or  difcovery/ 

For  the  honour  of  our  nation,  and  to  reward  this  ingenious 
traveller,  for  his  induftry  in  grinding  and  Jifiing  the  uncertain 
obfervations  and  notions  of  former  ^oyagers  in  Ins  MU^  we 
heartily  wifli  he  had  been  engaged  in  an  umlertaking  for  whicit 
,his  actual  experience  fo  amply  qualifies  htm. 

In  the  Appendix  to  the  laft  volume  of  the  Review,  p-  5r9t 
may  be  feen  an  account  of  fome  memoira  of  the  Count  de  Re- 
dern,  relating  to  the  Antarfiic  continent,  publifhed  in  the  Hif* 
tor^  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Berlin,  which  me* 
moirs,  if  Mr.  D.  has  not  feen,  he  may  be  gratified  by  con^ 
fulting. 

«AftT.  IX.  A  Jree  Enqwry  into  thi  Authenticity  of  thi  firft  and 
fecond  Chapters  of  St.  Mathew's  Gofpeh  8vo.  as.  6d« 
White,  &c.    1 77 1. 

WE  have  heretofore  had  occafion  to  mention,  with  ap«' 
plaufe,  the  manly  and  liberal  turn  of  fentiment  which 
is  vifible  in  feveral  of  the  clergy;  their  difpofition  to  follow 
truth,  wherever  it  leads  them ;  and  their  readinefs^  in  parti« 
cular,  to  point  out  the  errors  and  interpolations  that  have 
crept  into  the  facred  writings.  Few  of  our  Readers  can  be  ig- 
norant how  freely  Dr.  Kennicott  has  expofed  the  corrupted 
ftate  of  the  commonly  received  Hebrew  text  of  the  Old  Tefta* 
ment,  and  that  Dr.  Owen  has  done  the  fame  with  regard  to 
the  Septuagint  verfion.  Nor  have  thefe  learned  gentlemen 
done  injury  to  the  caufe  of  revelation,  by  laying  open  the  alte« 
rations  which,  either  through  inadvertence  or  defign,  have  been 
made  in  the  fcriptures ;  but  have  taken  the  very  method  that 
wa9  neceilary  to  exhibit  them  in  their  genuine  purity,  beauty^ 
and  luftre. 

Who  or  what  the  Author  of  the  prefent  Enquiry  is,  does 
aot  appear  upon  the  face. of  the  publication  \  but  it  is  probable 
that  he  is  a  clergyman  of  fome  denomination  oi'  other.  Be 
that,  however,  as  it  may,  he  profefles  himfelf  a  fincere  be^* 
liever  in  Chriftianity,  and  feems  evidently  to  have  an  intention 
of  doing  honour  to  the  Gofpel,  in  what  he  has  now  advanced. 
Many  perfons  will  confider  his  attempt  as  a  bold  one ;  and,  in- 
deed, by  calling  in  queftion  the  authenticity,  not  merely  erf*' 
here  and  there  a  detached  paflage,  but  of  two  whole  chapters 
of  the  New  Teftament^  he  has  gone  much  farther  than  others, 
in  general,  have  proceeded  Neverthelefs,  he  ought  not  to  be 
Jbaftily  condemned  on  this  account.  What  he  hath  faid  is  en- 
titled 


3gj(C  A  fra  Evquity  tnfa  thg  Authenticity  of  the 

titled  to-*' patient  heating,  a§  every  judicious  friend  to  revela** 
tjon  will  be  aflured  that  the  intcrefts  of  truth  cannot  fuffer 
from  the  fullcft  anH.naoft  open  difcufBon  of  any  fubjedl. 

Our  learned  Enquirer  fets  out  with  fonle  obfervations  on  the 
canon  of  the  New  Teftanient,  and  mentions  a  variety  of  cir* 
cumftances  which  render  it  highly  incredible  that  the  facrcd 
books  can  have  fufFered  any  fuch  alterations  or  corruptions  as 
afiied  their  general  ^Authenticity. 

It  is,  however,  natural  to  fuppofe,  that,  in  the  courfe  of  fc- 
venteen  hundred  years^  they  muft  have  been  injured,  to  a  cer* 
tain  degree,  either  through  defign  or  negligence ;  and  this,  he 
iays,  is  the  truth ;  for  it  is  allowed,  that  there  are  feveral  ad-» 
4itions  and  interpolations  in  the  facred  volume,  which,  though 
tbey  do  not  weaken  the  foundation  of  any  doctrine,  very  often 
difturb  the  fenfe.  Having  produced  three  or  four  inftances, 
which  the  Author  imagines  to  be  of  this  kind,  he  goes  on  to 
make  fome  farther  obfervations  on  the  canon  of  the  New  Te- 
ftament,  and  on  the  charadiers  of  the  ancient  fathers  from 
whoni  we  have  received  it.  Thefe  ohfervations.are  followed 
by  an  account  of  the  Nazarenes,  Ebionitcs,  Cei-inthians,  and 
Carpocratians ;  ancieilt  Chriftian  Tcdls  of  whom  it  was  nccet- 
fery  to  tnke  notice,  becaufe  they  received  a  copy  of  St.  Mat- 
thew's Gofpel  which  had  not  the  genealogy,  er,  indeed,  by 
all  that  appears,  either  thefirft  or  fecond  chaptn-s. 

The  way  being  thus  prepared  for  the  principal  fubjeft,  our 
Author  enters  more  dircflly  upon  it,  by  fliewing  that  the  ge- 
nealogy was  wanting  in  fome  ancient  copies  of  bt.  Matthew^ 
and  that  this  might  probably  be  the  cafe  with  regard  to  tha 
whole  of  the  two  fioft  chapters.  It  appears,  from  the  tefti- 
mony  of  Epiphanius,  that  the  Naz'aren«s,  Ebionites,  Cerin- 
thians,  Carpocratians,  and  others,  ufed  ;^  Gofpel  which  began 
at  what  is  now  called  the  third  chapter,  and  was  written  in 
Hebrew  or  Syro-chaldaic.  Mr.  Stephen  Nye,  formerly,  and 
Dr.  Worthington,  very  lately,  have  fuppofed  that  St.  Matthew 
publiflied  dif&rent  editions  of  his  Gofpel,  in  different  Ian* 
guages  ;  each  of  them  originals,  and  of  equal  authority.  But 
it  is  juftly  anfwered,  that  a  double  publication  of  the  fame 
book  is  a  thing  never  heard  of,  as  to  any  book  of  either  the 
Old  Teftament  or  New,  in  all  antiquity ;  and  that  this  notion 
18,  indeed,  a  modern  thought,  ftarted  to  remove  certain  diffi«* 
Gulties  with  which  men  were  prefied  by  the  united  teftimon^ 
of  antiquity  in  favour  of  a  Hebrew  Oofpel  by  St.  Matthew. 

As  the  qucftion,  whether  St.  Matthew's  Gofpel  was  written  in 
Hebrew  or  Greek,  is  of  confiderable  importance  in  the  prefent  en- 
quiry, the  teftimony  of  the  fathers  concerning  it  is  particularly 
examined  ;  and  the  refult  of  the  examination  is,  that  they  all 
agrvc  in  afilrming  that  St.  Matthew  wrote  his  Gofpel  in  He« 

brew* 


,  frJIanifecendChaptirsofSt*Matthfw\GGfpeL         ^^ 

brev,  for  the  ufc  of  the  believing  Jews.  *  And  is  not  tbi«, 
fays  our  Author,  what  might  naturally  be  expected  ?  for  how 
common  foever  the  ufc  of  the  Greek  language  rfiight  he,  .yet 
there  doubtlefs  were  many  in  Paleftine  unacquainted  with  it. 
The  (ame,reafons,  therefore,  that  induced  our  Saviour  to 
preach  in  the  Syro-chaldaic  tongue — might  alfo  induce,  at 
leafl-,  one  of  his  difciples  to  publifh  a  Gofpel  in  the  (ame  Jan« 

5uage5  namely,  to  inftruft  and  cftablifh  the  poor  ^nd  ignorant, 
£ws  who  believed.  One  authentic  Gofpel  was  fufiicient  to 
anfwer  that  purpofe  ;  but  as  the  whole  race  of  man, were  imme« 
diatcly  concerned  in  the  contents,  of  the  New  Teftament,  the 
other  parts  of  it  were  publilhed  in  a  language  more  univerfaUy 
known.  Had  Authors  duly  attended  to  this  confideration^  they 
would  hardly  have  faid,  that  no  reafon  could  be  afli^ned  why 
St.  Matthew,  more  than  any  other  £vangelift,  (hould  publiib  a 
Gofpel  in  Hebrew.' 

The  teftimony  of  the  Nazarenes,  Ebionites,  and  other  feds,, 
who  were  reputed  heretical,  being  of  fome  weight  with  regard* 
to  the  confirmation  of  our  Enquirer's  hypothefis,  he  endea*. 
TOiirs^  to  fhew  that  their  evidence  ought  to  be  deemed  credible 
and  fufficient  jn  points  which  do  not  conceri>  their  particular^ 
fentiments;  anxl  that  they  had  neither  any  reafon,  from  the^ 
opinions  entertained  by  them,  to. attempt  expunging  the  firft^ 
and  fecond  chapters  of  St.  Matthew,  aor  would  it  have  been  m 
their  power  to  e(Fe£k  it,  if  they  had  had  fuch  an  inclination. 
In  farther  fupport  of  his  fcheme,  the  learned  Author  alleges,. 
that  thefe  two  chapters  are  not  referred  to  by  the  apoftolicai 
fathers,  or  by  others,  for  fifty  years  at  leaft,  perhaps  for  a  hun- 
dred and  fourteen  years,  after  St.  Matthew's  GofpsI  was  re- 
ceived by  the  Chrifiian  church.  Some  collateral  arguments 
are  added,  from  which  we  ihall  tranfcribe  what  is  advanced 
concerning  the  abiblute  filence  of  St.  Luke,  refpe£ling  the 
many  remarkable  events  fuppofed  to  be  related  by  St.  Mat* 
tbew.  / 

.  *  St.  Luke  bath  given  a  clear,  confident,  and  natural  ac« 
count  of  the  birth  of  Jefus,  and  of  all  the  events  which  followed 
it,  till  Jofeph  and  Mary  carried  him  home  to  Nazareth.  But 
this  whole  account  is  totally  different  from  that  which  is  found 
ia  the  two  firft  chapters  of  St.  Matthew.  There  is  not  the  moft 
diftant  bint  in  St.  Luke  of  the  appearance  of  a  ftar  in  the  £aft$ 
of  the  vifitof  the  magi  to  Bethlehem  ;  of  the  flight  into  Egypt  ^ 
or  of  the  ilaughter  of  the  infants.  In  fhort,  the  account  given 
Vy  St.  Luke,  and  that  which  appears  in  thefe  chapters,  agree  in 
no  one  circumftance  but  in  Chrlft's  being  born  at  Bethlehem 
of  a  virgin,  and  in  his  dwelling  at  Nazareth.  It  is  very  diffi* 
cult  to  conceive  that  the  perfon  who  fo  particularly  relates  the 
appearance  of  angels  to  (bephecda  in  Uie  ficld^  to  declare  the 

birth 


jlf 6  Afrti  j^nfutry  into  the  AuthenticHy  of  the 

Vtrth  of  Jefus,  fliould  yet  be  entirely  filedt  abbut  another  a{H 
pearance  of  a  much  more  public  nature ;  a  ftar  In  the  heavens^ 
which  announced  the  fame  interefling  event  to  people  in  diftant 
countries.  Nor  is  it  likely  that  a  writer,  whofe  ejsprefs  purpofe 
it  was  to  record  the  wonderful  circumftances  that  attended  the 
introdudion  of  the  Meffiah  into  the  world,  (hould  omit  the 
0tber  extraordinary  incidents  which  are  found  in  the  tw6  firft 
diapters  of  St.  Matched,  if  he  was  acquainted  with  tbofe  in« 
cidents,  and  knew  them  to  be  true*  WhAt  i6  ftill  more,  the 
account  given  by  St  Luke,  will  not  admit  of  the  various  tx?uifr 
adions  defcribed  in  thefe  chapters.' 

But  there  is  lio  part  of  his  fubjed  in  which  our  Enquirer  ap^ 
pears  to  fo  great  an  advantage,  as  in  his  difcuffion  of  the  diffi- 
culties that  occur  in  the  firft  and  fecond  chapters  of  St.  Mat* 
tbew.  Thefe  difficulties,  which  are  numerous,  important,  an<i 
liave  been  found  infuperably  embarraffin^  to  the  very  beft  com- 
flientacors^  are  difplayed  by  our  Author  in  a  clear  and  ftriking 
ligiht.  The  JFoUowing  obfervations  feem,  among  others,  to  mt>^ 
lit  particular  attention. 

<  St  Luke  has  given  us  a  concife  and  clear  account  of  the 
Virth  of  Chrift,  and  other  tranfaSions  that  followed,  but  not 
the  moft  diftant  bint  of  feveral  things  mentioned  in  thefe  cbap- 
iers.     He  tells  us,  that  Jefiis  was  born  at  Bethlehem;  thaf 
when  eight  days  were  accomplifhed  he  was  circumcifed  j  that 
when  the  days  of  Mary's  purification  were  over,  that  is,  at  the  ' 
end  of  forty  days,  he  was  brought  to  Jerufalem,  and  prefented 
to  the  Lord ;  and  that,  when  his  parents  had  performed  all 
things  according  to  the  Jaw  of  the  Lord,  they  returned  intv 
Galilee,  to  their  own  city  Nazareth.     From  hence  it  is  evi-* 
dent,  that  the  flight  into  Egypt  could  not  be  from  Bethlehemr. 
If  ever  it  took  place,  it  muft  have  been  from  Nazareth ;  the 
intermediate  time,  between  the  birth  of  Jefus  and  hii  going  tgr 
Nazareth,  being  fuMy  accounted  for  by  St.  Luke. 

^  '^h^  fligbt  from  Be|hlehem  was^  ther^sfore,  imprai^icable  % 
and  from  Nazareth  it  was  altogether  unneceflary,  becaufe  the 
flaughter  of  the  infants  did  not  extend  fo  far.  3ut  let  us  hear' 
the  account  given  in  this  fecond  chapter  :  *•  When  Herod  faw 
that  he  was  mocked  of  the  wife  men,  hp  fent  forth,  and  (hew' 
all  the  children  which  were  in  Bethlehem,  and  in  all  the  coaftr 
thereof,  fropi  two  years  o)d  and  under,  according  to  the  rime' 
which  he  bad  diligently  enquired  0f  the  wife  men."  It*  iar 
plain  from  tbefe  words,  that  Herod's  cruel  cotnmand  was  found- 
ed upoit  an  aflurance,  that  the  infant  Jefus  continued  at  Beth- 
lehem at  leaft  more  than  a  year  after  his  bjrth ;  and  yet  this* 
could  not  be  tbe  cafe ;  for  his  ftay  there,  as  St.  Luke  exprefsjy 
£ays,  waS'  but  forty  days.  In  this  view  af  the  matter,  how' 
^all  we  account  for  the  prdcr  which  Jofeph  received  to  fled 


Jirji  anijimi  Cbd^Ms  iff  St.  Matthmfs  Goffil .       I97 

Into  Egypt  ?  What  reafbn  can  be  afligned  for  fuch  a  command  ? 
The  child  Jefus  could  not  be  in  any  danger  from  the  fury  of 
Herod,  for  he  wasf  at  Nazareth  in  Galilee^  far  from  Bethlehem^ 
Hot  within  its  coajls^  to  which  bounds  we  are  told  the  flaughter 
was  confined. 

<  Is  it  credible  that  God  would  fend  Jofeph  into  Egypt^  to 
be  out  of  the  way  of  Herod,  who  would  not  think  of  kitljng 
iiny  children  at  Nazareth  ?  Had  the  flight  been  the  corifequence 
'  ofyofeph's  own  apprehcnfion  for  the  child's  fafety,  it  might  be 
eafi V  accounted  for ;  but  there  appears  to  be  no  neceffity  for 
Ws  being  warned  of  God  to  flee  into  Egypt.  Suppofing  that 
Nataretfa  was  under  the  jurifdidion  of  Herod,  he  never  would 
think  of  fending  his  bloody  order  fo  far,  Becaufe  he  had  beeti 
very  lately  told  by  the  chief  priefts  and  fcribes,  that  the  Meffiah 
was  to  be  born  in  Bethlehem.  There  he  might  expe£l  to  find 
that  infant  of  whom  he  was  fo  tnuch  afraid,  and  not  fo  many 
iniles  diftant  from  Bethlehem  as  Nazareth  in  Galilee^^ 

*  St.  Luke's  account,  which,  confines  the  ftay  of  Jofeph  and 
Mary  at  Bethlehem  to  within  forty  days  after  the  birth  of  Chrift^ 
throws  likewife  a  frefh  difficulty  upon  the  hiftory  of  the  Magi. 
^t  is  evident  from  the  relation  of  the  affair,- as  we  have  it. in 
the  prefeiit  copies  of  St.  Matthew,  that  the  vifit  of  thefe  wife 
Ihen  was  made  at  Bethlehem :  bt/t  at  what  time  was  it  made  ^ 
Not»  certainly,  in  the  firft  forty  days  fuccecdihg  the  birth  of 
our  Lord  ;  becaufe  Herod's  order,  which  Was  regulated  by  the 
information  he  had  received  from  the  Magi,  included  the  (laugh- 
ter of  all  the  children  who  were  undel*  two  ye-rs  old,  or  at  l.cafl 
had  entered  into  the  fedond  year  of  their  age  Now  we  cannot 
fnppofe  that  Herod  could  be  very  lohg  before  he  knew  that 
the  wife  men  hafd  departed  into  their  own  country  without  re- 
turning to  Jerufalem.  As  Bethlehem  lay  fo  near  to  Jerufalciii, 
this  was  a  faft  which  he  muft  have  been  arcjuainterf  with  in  a 
fbw  days  afidr  it  b^[^ened.  The  yifit,  therefore,  of  the  Magi 
ifliifi:  haye  beeh  p^ld  at  a  time  when,  according  to  St.  Luke,  the 
ChiM  Jefus  was  iTbt  at  BethkHem.^ . 

In  the  lall  feflion  of  the  work  bcfdre  ns^  the  Authoi"  eiidcai. 
vours  to  acccrunt  for  the  interfiolation  of  the  firft  and  fefcdnd 
chapters  of  St.  Matthew^  and  fuprpofes  that  there  are  two  ways 
in  which  it  might  naturally  be  efFedted.  •  This  Oofpd,  fayi* 
oiir  Enquirer,  according  to  the"  voice  of  all  antiquity,  was 
otlginalJy  publithed  in  Hebrew,  of  Syro-chaldaic,  a  language* 
in  ufi^  only  among  the  inhabitatits  of  Paleftlne  arid  the  ad- 
jacent parid.  When  it  was  tranflatcd  into  Greek,  the  other 
Chrifti^fts,  not  acquainted  with  the  original  language,  depended 
altogether  upon  that  verfion.  It  was,  in  general,  faithfully  made, 
lublc  to  no  material  objeSiort,  and  therefore  foon  acquired  great 
repute.     The  litde'acquaintantb  which  the  body  ^f  Cbrittians 

Rev.  Apr.  1771.  X  at: 


7,g&        •  Wefton  m  pra^tcal  Agriculture  and  Gardimng* 

/at  that  time  had  with  ihcSyro-chaldaic  tongue,  left  the  tranflator 
at  liberty  to  add,  or,  if  he  had  been  fo  difpofcd,  to  cake  away, 
what  he  pleafed,  without  much  danger  of  deteflion.  Suppofing 
then,  that  the  tranfl-itor  of  this  Hebrew  gofpel  was  a  believing 
Jew,  it  is  poffible  thathe  might  think  a  few  prophecies,  cited,  from 
^be  .Old  Teflamfnt,  would  have  con^erable  influence  upon 
fome  of  his  unbelieving  bcethrca  abroad  \  .vfho  having  never 
ieeo  theoiiginaly  would  naturally  think  that  the  Greek  copy 
]was,  in  every  rcfpedt,  a  faithful  tranflation  of  that  original. 
However  improper  fuch  quotations  may.  now  appear,  yet,  when 
we  recoiled  that  the  ancients  were  not  fuch  accujate  and  tlofe 
reafoners  as  the  moderns,  it  will  not,  perhaps,  be  thought  that 
'o\xK  conjedlur^  is  altogether  improbable.  ThU,  then,  U  not  an 
unnatural  way  of  accounting  for  the  interpolation  of  thefe 
chapters. 

'  Farther,  this  might  eafily  have  happened  without  any  the 
lead  defign*  Thefe  chapters  might  oridnally  be  no  more  thaa 
a  kind  of  introdu£lion  to  the  gofpel  of  ot.  Matthew,  drawn  up 
by  the  tranflator  of  it  into  Greek,  and  never  intended  by  hin? 
to  be  confidered  as  a  part  of  it.  When  this  Geek  copy  was 
fprcad  abioad,  thofc  who  knew  nothing  of  the  original  would 
naturally  ;tb ink,  that,  as  it  was  called  die  Gofpel  by  St»  Mat-> 
thew,  It  contained  iapthing  but  wba^  was  the  authentic  writing; 
of  that  apoOle  :.  and  accordingly  it  might  be  received  as  fuch  in 
foreign  countries^  that  is,  in  the  countries  out  of  Judea.' 

Such  are  the  general  outlines  of  a  performance,  the  fubjeft  o£ 
which  is  too  important  to  pafs  unnoticed  by  the  friends  of  fii- 
cred  literature.  In  fome  refpe^  the  arguments  of  our  Author 
might,  perhaps,  admit  of  farther  confirmation  ;  mothers,,  the 
force  of  bis  reafonings,  and  th^  juftne(sof  hi&  qritirifnas,  are,. 
we  think,  liable  to  be  called  in  queflion.  Upon  the  whole,  be 
feems  to  have  been  happier  and  more  fuccefsful  in  ftating  the 
internal  than  the  external  evidence  relative  to  bis  enquiry.  It 
ought  to  be  obfervtd  in  his  favour,  that  he  does  not  pretend  ab-^ 
foiutcly  to  decide  ag^inft  the  authenticity  of  the  two  firft  chap-. 
t^n  of  ^u  Matthew ;  but  only  to  ilart  a  number,  of  fufpicions 
and  difficulties  that  may  render  their  authority  doubtful,  and 
iubjed  them  to  a  ftri£ter  examination  than  they  have  ever  yet 
received  from  the  learned* 

Art.  X.  Tra£Is  on  pra&lcal  Jgrhubun  and  Gardining.  •  In 
uhich  the  Advantage  of  imitating  the  Garden  Culture  in  the  Field 
.  is^  fu'ly  proved  by  a  feven  Years  Courfe  of  Experiments,  Parti' 
,  subtly  addrejjed  to  the  Gentlemen  Farmers  in  Great  Britain.  fVitb 
GbJervaitQns  made  in  a  Utte  Tcur  through  Part  of  France^  Fhn^ 
d^rs^  and  Holhnd :  Alfo  fever al  vfeful  Imprruements  in  Stovet, 
and  Green^hGufes^    To  u^hiJj  is  aaded^  a  ^  complete  Chronohgiiol 

Catalogus' 


r 


Wcfton  on  pradflcal  Agriculture  and  Gardening.         299 

Catakgue  tff  Engtijh  Autbdrs  on  Agriculture^^  Gardenings  feTc. 
*  By  a  Country  Gentkman.     8vo.     6%.    bound.     Hooper. 
1769. 

THE  Author  of  tbeffi  Trafis  is  Mr.  Wefton,  of  whofc 
t/niverjal  Botani^  we  gave  fome  account  in  our  RevicNV 
for  February  laft. — ^The  publication  now  before  us  has  been 
longer  in  print  than  his  botanical  work  5  but,  through  (oms  ac* 
cident,  it  efcapcd  ournotice  at  the  time  of  its  firft  apper,ranf  e. 

Mr.  Wefton  having  hid  down  a  pofition,  in  which  we  agree 
with  him,  *  that  country  gentlemen  have  the  chances  of  ten  to 
one  againft  them  if  they  meddle  with  the  culture  of  cornj'  he 
adviYes  them,  if  they  mu/I  ufe  the  plough,  to  purfue  the  TulUan 
hufbandry.  In  this,  however,  we  cannot  agree  wi.th  him,  as 
we  apprehend  men  begin  j^very  day  to  awaken  more  and  moxe 
from  the  dream  of  profit  by  that  pra£lice. 

FJe  advifes  men  of  his  own  ciafs  chiefly  to  apply  to  raifing 
crops  of  lucerne,  cabbages,  and  even  flowers,  garden  ftuff, 
and  efpecially  garden- feeds  ;  and  explains  the  great  proBt  which 
London  gardener$  make  of  their  ground. 

We  acknowledge  that  tad  garden-/eeds  are  ufually  fold,  as 
well  thofe  imported  frbm  abroad,  as  thofe  which  are  grown  at 
booK,  and  that  good  ones  would  fetch  an  higher  price,  and  be 
fure  of  a  conftahc  denlahd.  8tlt  we  apprehend  that  the  con* 
Jftani  sAtentlon  of  the  mafter's  eye,  which  is  neceflary  to  raife 
fiicc^fsful  cropi  of  corn^  and  which  he  complains  of  as  intolc;- 
lable,' would  be  equally  ncfCeflTary  in  raifing  garden  feeds.  ThjS 
crops  of  lucerne,  cabbages^  &c.  are  liable  to  this  objection* 
But  as  to  raifing  garden  ftuff,  befides  the  above  great  objection, 
there  is  fomething  i{liheral\ti  the  notion  of  a  GentUman*s  finking 
into  the  eharaSer  of  a  commbn  Gardener ;  and  it  is  obvious,  alfo, 
that  fucfa  a  pra£Hce  could  nbt  be  fuccefsful,  except  in  the  envi" 
rons  of  the  capital,  or  fome  very  confiderable  city  or  town  at 
kffft,  where,  after  all,  hd  muft  have  the  market-gardeners,  as 
rivals,  to  contend  with. 

•  Thus  much  may  fufficewith  regard  to  the  eontents  of  chap- 
ten  .1,. 4,  5,  and  6. 

The  projeft  of  raifing  mulberry  trees,  for  feeding  filk- worms, 
does  honour  to  the  memory  of  James  the  Firft ;   and  the  at- 
tMipt  of  the  Society  for  the*Encouragement  of  Arts,  &c.  to- 
wards the  propagating  that  tree,  has  a  right  to  our  praife : 
but  Mr.  W.*s  ad  ehapter  informs  us,  on  this  fubjefl^  little 
further  than  that  the  gardener  to  whom  they  direded  the  can-^ 
didfttes  Cor  their  premium  to  apply,  could  not  furnifb  one  can* 
^idate  with  a  fuflllcient  number  of  plants. 
-    The  3d  chapter  feenis  to  (hew  that  the  Dutch  method  of 
iraiaiitg  and  pruning  fruit  trees  is  Inferior  to  tUe  EngUJb. 
^0    '  ,X  2  Mr. 


^OQ        Weflpn  01  traSlical  JgtUuburt  and  GofitniKg* 

'i/iVf  W/s  7th  chapter  is  4efigned  .to  convince  the  country 
gentleman  (bat  he  may  have  a  (love  a^t  much  lefs  expence  than 
IS  ufually  imagined.  But  Mr.  W.  (hews  that,  in  a  finaU  one^ 
Above  tpo  1.  muft  be  funk,  and  that  tbc  annual  expence  is  veiy 
confiderable;  yet  if  he  can  prqduQ?  early  fruit,  and  fell  h  to  fo- 
reign ^mbafladors,  &c.  he  may  get  ipQney. 

The  8th  chapter  teaches  how  to  force  pe(Vj  j0ara^s^  an4 
meknsy  in  a  pit,  at  a  very  grc^t  e>y}encey  which  however  may^ 
perhaps,  be  repaid  by  Cale. 

The  9th  chapter  recounts  moft  (prts  of  imnMXCs  in  ^EngUmdp 
af)d  fpecifies  their  ufes ;  in  which,  however,  we  can  difcove^ 
little  or  nothing  new.  We  only  preCume  to  make  two  ^ort  re*- 
marks:  ift,  That  if  bu(h-wood  will  make  a  lire  p^nicientLy 
hot  to  burn  clay,  it  may  make  a  pfofitable' manure  :  and,  adly^ 
We  know,  by  experience,  that  coil  afhes  will  bring  vp  thf 
white  as  well  as,  or  better  than,  the  red  clover,  on  fome  claya. 

Among  the  rational  hints  fpr  in:^)rpying  of  parks  (in  Mr^ 
W/s  loth  chapter)  we  cannot  ^cquiefcc  in  the  brinjgiog  of 
a  larger  fort  of  deer,  till  the  feed  b  in? proved.  There  is  not  a 
more  evident  truth,  than  <  th^t.ftp<:l^  of  4II  kind$  degenerates 
or  improves  according  to  the  foil  on  whicl^  they  £eed|'  an4 
that  'tis  a  grofs  miftake  to  bring  ftpck  qn  to  wpric}  land,  efpe^ 
cially  to  feied*  We  applaud,  however^  improving  the  fced« 
\>y  fowing  of  grafs-fteds  which  ioiproxP  muttoBu-^We  wifli 
that' the  fafl,  *  whether  fh^ep  an4  deer, «?/ wild  tl^ynjff,'  w/^^ 
afcertained :  i(  would  then  be  (ppn  .e.Q(^u^.  tp  \idyt  reco^rfe  tQ 
ihc'hypothefis  of  its  improving  njuttonaxJa  vcnifon  hj  k$  (cfi»^ 
Planting  of  c^bba^es,  &c.  is  CQi[tftttiIy  4s  good  method  of  l(»ee|K 
ing  more  deer  in  winter. 

Our  Author  rate§  tK?  value  of  a  biuclp  f^ponv  4 1^  to  dl.  II 
there  be  no  doybt  that  this  U  too  hi^b^  yj^t,  when  we  cpor 
fider  how  much  nH>re  this  animal  cojp^^o^es  thaii  a  (b^ep,  zoA 
how  many  years  h^  is  kept«  we  fiv»U  not  balmily  conclude,  w\^0\ 
Mr.  W.  that  the  profit,  at  whatever  price  the  carcale  is  foi^^ 
exceeds  th^t  anriu^it  o;ie  of  ao  ewe,  viz,  10  s^  by  k^qoI  find 
Jamb.  , 

Probably  the  e:i;pence  and  profit  of  ajfi^bipon^.n^igb^  if /cjru- 
tinizcd,  be  equally  liable  to  obje£lipns ;  and  th^  fubfUtutjng oC 
kid  (or  houfe-fapib.  feeoi^  to.  bp  a.AuK^  |  or  if  it  could  be  r^ 
duccd  'to  faft,  it  muft  be  confined  to  very  narrow  bounds. 

The  fcheme  of  profit,  by  an  artificial  warren,  (which,  em* 
ploys  all  chapter  i;l)  feems  a  mere  amufement,  unleis  the  cUuig 
be  more  valuable  than  we  can  ealily  imagine.  .  ' 

The  improvement  of  fome  .garden  utenfila  and  toiols  (as  m 
cart  to  be  drawn  by  men,  and  taken  oiF  the  wheels  and  clapt 
Qii  a  roller  i  femi-circular  fpades  to  take  up  flowerS|  and  even 

uees; 


WeUmi  on  pra£iieal  A^rioilture  and  Gardening.         301 

trees;  t  wooden  machine  to  layout  fcfrpcntinc  wallet  expcdl- 
tioufly,  &c,  &c.)  feem  to  hzve  Jime  ufe,  and  fill  no  long  chap- 
ter, fiis.  the  12th. 

In  chapter  13th  Mr.  W.  gives  us  a  dcfcription  of  the  bridge 
called  Sans  Pareilj  or  tiliro  bridges  croffing  each  other,  about  20 
feet  broad  anJ  22  feet  frt)Oftf  the  furface  of  the  water.  This 
bridge  is  thrown  over  tli^  cfrofflng  of  the  canals  from  yfrdres  to 
OraveSntSf  afnd  from  St,  Omer^s  to  Calais.  The  abutments  arc 
dn  the  four  necks  of  land  betwixt  the  canals,  fo  that,  when  oa 
the  centre  of  the  brid^,  jou  may  take  four  ways*  With- 
out .fuch  a  contrfvance  to  efFe6t  this  purpofe,  you  muft*  have  had 
fourbrrdger.  Mr.  W.  wonders,  and  juftly*.  that  no  travellers 
have  hitherto  defcribed  this  bridge.  He  alfb  defcribcs  a  k,ind 
of  float  of  boats,,  with  fcythes  fo  faftened  to  poles,  that  the 
wteds  in  the  canals  ztt  tkiily  cut  tip  by  them.  In  this  chapter 
aHb  Mr.W.  joftlv  obferve^,  that  the  example  of  the  FrenA^ 
who  make  tAeir  ioldic'rd  work  on  the  cutting  of  canals  in  the 
iieighbourhood  of  the  country  here  fpoken  of^  deferves  our  imh« 
ta»ion  ;  and  hopes  thkt  lAany  of  our  nobility  will  imitate  the 
Duke  of  Bridgtwater^s  prihcdy  undertaking.  Mr.  W.  recom- 
mends, juftly  enough,  asT^i^e  want  hands,  tne  imitation  of  the 
Dutch^  who  carry  on  mat^y  manufadlurcs,  cfpecialiy  fawing  o^ 
timber,  by  mills.  He  thinks  alfo  th*at  the  convenient  and 
Cheap  mfanner  of  travcIHng'in  bafg^s  in  Flanders^  might  be  imi- 
llated  in  many  parts  of  Engiahd.  But  would  not  this  fchemc 
fuin  many  turnpike  road^,  for  the  fupport  of  which,  money  is 
lent  on  public  faith  ? 

In  the  14th  chapter  Mr.  W.  aflures  his  Reader,  that  whoevc^ 
fees  thb  publrc  roads  abroad,  planted  with  trees,  will  be  con- 
Tinced,  that  the'objeftion'  tb  this  improvement  arifing  from  the 
ftippofal  of  the  roS[d*s  behig  kept  wet  by  the  trees,  is  nothing. 
He  Wifely  advifes  the  planting  of  quick  growing  trees,  and^ 
mentions  the  farprifing  pfo&r  from  an*  acre  fet  with  Norfolk  or 
Dutch  willow. 

We  agree  with'  Mr.  W.'  irt  his  obfcrvation,  that  the  almoji 
ttftal  impdJJUnKty  of.  a  gentleman'*s  profiling  by  farmings  is  a 
fbong  inducehient  to  ftdnt. 

Mr.  W.  propofes  to  employ  a*  gardener  in  every  county,  to 
raife  trees,  to  plank  the  turtipike  roads  with  oaks  and  elms,  and 
the  banks  of  rivers  add  canals  with  aquatics  ;  and  he  prefumeS' 
tfclt  in  a  feriei^  of  vi^ars^the  d^bts  oh  the  roads  may  be  paid  off. 
•i^Wewiflrttiat  this  calculation  may  not  be  far  too  fa^vourable* 
to  be  verified  byjfaift.'  We  tl^ink  parficularly  that  the  expeijce^ 
of  g^aFding  ther  n-^ed  Wfa^  pFanted,'  and  rcjpai ring  the  defi- 
ciencies: of  trees  d(?fl*r6ye(!li  -Wfauld  be  found  very^confidenible* 

X  3  However^ 


y^t        Wefton  ^  praSlcat  JgrUuhun  and  GarJifungi 

However,  Mr.  W.  has  the  authoritf  of  the  excellent  l/lt.HarU 
for  a  county-nurfcryman. 

The  15th  chapter  contains  ufeful  tables  to  ihew  how  many 
trees,  at  a  given  diftance,.wi]l  ftock  an  acre*       ,  ^^ 

The  1 6th  gives  rules  for  fattening  .of  fowls;  but  (as  Mr, 
W.  owns)  without  regard  to  frugality  (fcse  p.  171.)  viz,  fowls 
by  rice  and  fugar^  geefe  and  ducks  by  ground  malt ^  and  turkeys 
by  whole  walnuts^  encreafing  and  then  decreafing  the  quantity. 
—AT.  B.  The  Society  for  Encouragement  of  Aru,  &c.  propofe 
A  golden  medal  for  the  beft  method. 

Chapter.  1 7th  explains  a  propofal  (but  an  expenfive  one)  of 
having  orange  and  lemon  trees  fet  in  open  earth,  and  covered 
with  a  cafe  of  wood  and  glafs  in  winter,  with  fire  of  charr'd 
peat,  &c. 

Chapter  18th  recommends,  as  the  moft  eScAual  method  o( 
making  the  cuttings  and  layers  of  Under  trees  grow,  to  cover 
them  with  hand-glaflcs,  and  fet  the  pots  in  tan. 

Chapter  19th  opens  with  very  probable  opinions,  ift.  That 
the  greater  part  of  our  brewed  wines,  fold  for  genuine  foreign^, 
are  raifed  from  cyder  and-  fugar ;  2dly,  That  much  perry  is  fold 
for  Champaigne^  and  currant  wine  for  red  Champaigne  and  red 
Burgundy ;    3dly,  That  an  infufion  of  elder  flowers   imitates 
Frontimac  j  4thly,  That  Smyrna  xaijins,  with  brandy  and  cloves^ 
will  rcfemble  Madeira  ;  5thly,  That  white  currant  wine,  with 
brandy,  refembles  white  port^   with  clary^  rheni/b^   and  (when 
old)  hock^  and  \v\t)\  Lijbon  fugar,  when  oUy  fack^  6thly,  Ma^^ 
laga  raifms  make  a  wine  much  refcmbling  Li(bon  and  Mountain. 
He  notes  that  honey  clarified  has  a  good  effed  in  imitating  fo- 
ifeign  wines,  and  that  white  wines  may  be  turned  into  red  by 
an  infufion  of  fttr«/i/^,  fyrup  o^  Jloes^  elderberries^  and  mulberries. 
He  then  makes* an  extraft  from  a  very  fcarce  book,  **  England's 
Intcrejl'y  or^  the  Farmer^s  Friend^*^  ihpraifc  of  cyder-royal^  wbichy 
9n  experience,  we  pronounce  to  Ke  excellent.     From  the  fama 
book  Mr.  W.  quotes  a  pafTage  to  (hew  the  advantage  of  planu 
ing  a  field  with  apple-trees,  curranc-trees,  and  goofeberry- trees. 
Mr.  W.'s  own  method  of  making  wine,  by  putting  3  cwt.  of 
Malaga  raifins  (only  the  grofs  ftalks  picked  outj  tp  about  65 
gallons  of  foft  water,  and  fiirring  them  for  about  I4daysin  a 
ihalh  tub,  we  can  avouch  to  be  a  good  one,  on.  experience* 
'  The  20th  chapter  gives  the  method  of  making  .ftarch  of  po- 
tatoes, which  is  prettv  well  known.     But  from  a  memoir  in  the 
Swedijh  Academy,  Mr.  W.  informs   us,  that  an,  acxe,  fet  .wiih. 
potatoes^  will  afftird  more  brandy^  than  if  fet  with  barley. 
"Chapter  21  ft  advife^  to  improve  cucumbers,,  by  nailing  thenv. 
^gainft  a  wall,  and  otherwife  iaifing  them  isQ^i  w.  ground.       , 


I 


Yonng'j  Conrfi  tf  exptrimental  AgriciAure^  &f<,         joj 

The  22d  chapter  recommends  (from  an  Eflay  publiihed  in 
Dublin)  the  rearing  of  calves  by  hay- water;  a  method  long 
Icaown»  and  which  c^miot  fail  of  fuccefs. 

Chapter  23d  recommends  planting  of  larches,  firs,  poplars, 
and  willows,  on  barren  4ands,  of  which  he  gives  inftances ;  and 
Aews,  iry  ^experiments,  that  the  ftrength  of  timber  is  increafed. 
by  barking  the  trees  whUe  .ftanding  :  naj^,  that  the  (ap  of  barked 
trees  exceeds  the  heart  of  others  in  ftrength. 

The  24th' chapter  contains  advice  to  improve  ^e  quantity 
^md  flavour  of  milk  about  London,  by  giving  the  cows  W* 
TKtf  luctme^  cabbage,  turneps  and  carrots,  and  adds  teftimonies 
in  favour  of  all  thefc. 

The  laft  chapter  pr^pofes  to  deftroy  infecSts  bn  plants,  by 
putting  drugs  which  will  kill  them,  in  the  phials  of  electrical 
machines. 

Mr.  W/s  work  is  clofed  by  a  wry  curious  lift  of  (with  (bme 
remar4ps>on}  our  old  £^^/(^  writers  on  agriculture,  gardening, 
and^  botany,  continued  down  to  the  time  of  publifliing  thi3 
ifTork*-  As  Mr.  W.  is  very  candid  In  judging  of  his  fellow  wri- 
ters, he  deferves  therefore  to  be  treated  wi:h  candour  \  and  we 
doubt  not  that  his  nest  volume  will  be  written  with  a  pen 
ibmewhat  mdre  correal. 
— .. # : •' 

Art.  XI.    A  Courfe  of  Experimental  Agriculture,     Containing  an 

.  exa^  Regifttr  of  all  the  Bv^nefs  tranfaSedy  during  fi<ve  Teafs ;  i/ix. 

.  from  x-jKii  to  17&7,  on  near  300  Acres  of  'various  Soils^  including  a 

-  'J^ardefy  of  Experiments  on  the  Cult iifot ion  of  all  Sorts  of  Grain  and 

^ulfty  both  in  the  old  and  new  Methods.     The  raifing  targe  Crops  ef 

Turnips y  Cabbages ^  Carrots^  Potatoes^  &c,    andfea/eral  Plants  not 

^nfually  culti*vated  as  ^ood  for  CattUy  and  the  Application  of  them  to 

the  feeding  or  fattening  of  Oxen,  Co<wSt  ^orfes,,  Hogs,  Sheep,  i^c, 

Alfo  the  Management  of  the  artificial  Graffes,  particularly  Clover, 

Lkcerne,    Saiafoine,    Burnet,    Wr.    in  the  broadcafl,   drilling,    and 

tranfplantiug  Methods^    and  their  Ufes  in  feedir^  fe'Qeral  Sorts  ^f 

.  ^attu.     The  Culture  of  Madder.     A  particular  Comparifon  betxveen 

the  old  and  nenn  llujbandry.     The  Management  of  P aft  are  Lands,    On 

J^loughing,  Harroiving,  and  Other  Operations  of  Tillage,  relative  to 

the  Siafon^  Number,  Depth,  lie.  On  the  general  feeding  and  fattening  of 

.  Cattle,  on  *vareous  Articles  of  Food',  the  Expencesy  Profit,  ^aptity 

^at,  ^c.    The  Imphments  of  Hnfhandry,  their  Defers,  Improvem^ntp, 

lie.    With  other  Subjeds  of  Importance  to  the  Country  Gentleman  and 

'    JPdrmer*     The  Whole  demonftrated  in  near  2000  original  Experiments* 

^y  Arthur  Young,  Efq;  Author  of  The  Farmer* s  Letters,  and  Tours 

to  the  Southern  and  Northern  Counties,    lie,    He,     2  Vols.    4toV 

dl.  10  s.     (Review  con  tiaued.) 

^H£  firft  fe^tion  of  Book  I.  Chap.  I.  contains  eyperiments  on 
tlM?  culture  of  wheat  in  the  old  hufbandry. 

X  4  Exp. 


304        YoungV  G^urfi  $f  expiriminUt  Agrloikurii  idim 

Prod,  per  Acee.    1  Profit  per  Acrey  I  Caiifei    and   Ctfopmr 
I       or  Loft*       I  fiances* 


Exp.  I  QiMQt.  •flaad 


I 
% 

9 

Id 

21 

f4 


^5 


l« 


17 


iSr 


9  A. 
2  A. 

I  A. 


Tot.  wtntfpg. 
i  A. 


6  A. 
1  A, 

t  A. 
4  A. 

SA. 

3  A. 
II  A* 


9  A. 

,  FallowMland 
.4iA. 
Bean  land 

PocAtoe  land 
1  A. 
lA. 


fA. 


X  A. 


!A. 


^.  B,  P. 

3    a    o 
Not  ft    o    o 

4*0     Q 


7 

AjjOTt    1 


»  o 

S  ' 

5  <^ 

X  o 

7  I 


X     »    s 


Above  X    Q    X 


Above  070 


^  [  Almoft  200 
Nearly  p    4     f 


4     I     o 


440 


5    9 


or] 

1«     8.    d. 

Loif  o    o  xo 
Lofsx  x<^    % 

UfllL    6    ^ 
Pr.  $  II    x| 

Pr.   3  li    4i 

Loffp  xo    6^ 

Lpfa  o  i|S    9^ 

Pr.    5    %  Xi{ 
Pr.  «  16  loj 

Lofa  X    9    ^i 

Pr.  Q  xS    4| 

tofi  p    I    6 


Pr.   p    o    X 

Lofi  X    8  II 

Lofa  4  17    i) 
Lofi  1  19  xoi 


Lofa  o  xft    9 


1^3  P  JlJ 


$ad  wettbcf . 

Bad  feafon  and  nesJeft 

pf  weeding. 
Ba4  year;    nine  iacb 

bam)-hpes  nfed  ^  crop 

fed  down. 
Thirteen  clean  eartbi ; 

miWWStJ*.  x>v 

Thirtee^  cl^ao  eartbi ; 

nvmure.    kaAd-hooT 

and  feeding  down.  . , 
Two  preceding  barley' 

crops,    tho>  Kighjjr 

ipaoured. 
Wet    harvcft    feafon* 

Fallow   and    clover 

preceded. 
Manure    onpuisphaicd^ 

High  price  of  wheat. 
Manure   in    preceding 

crop  of  clover  not 

charged. 
Wetnefs  of  f€*fon,  al- 
though   tare-ftubble.' 

•— 'Fallowing. 
Bad  feaibn  and  want  of 

draining,     althougl^ 

fallow  preceded. 
Want    of  manure  or) 

poor,  flat,  wet  foil^ 

for  potato(»  prcccd* 

ing. 


Potatoes  aegle£ted* 

Bftdfeafon.  Total  cs* 
pence  SI.  i%u  9d« 
Crop  laid. 

feather  laid  thi&crop» 
which  bad  3  trench- 
pIo^ghinga»  11  coin- 
nion  ones,  9  harrow- 
I  ings>  and  x  hand^ 
hpeing. 

Lodging  bjr  tvcitfaer, 
though  this  bkod 
had  <7  clean  ^rths^ 
•fld  mack  manure* 

Good  corti^  well  got. 
aodweU'ibU^    ^^ 


^^. 


l^emark^ 


f 


fiMiaFks  of  Mr*  Yr  ikftd  lK«  Reviewersa  on  die  panicfifacv 

o£  tj^fe  Expefimsnts^ 

On  tft.  p.  6,  h  23,  /rrr/  is  wanting  after  good.     R. 

yL  *  JLahd  is  left  it  good  heart  by  high  tillage.'   Y.    TImb  Jgolnt 

fhoald  be  well  vei^hed  in  all  calcufa^tiohs.    R. 
/  Great  crops  arc  fubjcft  to  tedgc*   Y. 
This  point  ftievrs,  ift,  That  in  calculations  of  fnccefs  of  high  till^, 

confiderable  dcdndtions  (hoold  be  made  on  this  account,;  and,  2&Yp 
•  That  the  wheat,  which  is  well  known  tphave  no  hollow  fiexn,  ihouia* 

on  fuch  tillage,  have  the  preference  ;  at  leaft  Ofi^u  parUit^,    R.    - 
5th.  1  he  pubSc  will  expe^  an  account  from  Mr>  Y.  wh/  tl^s  exp^ 

riment  is  fctaify  wanting.    R. 
6th.  The  benefit f>f  the  feed  fhould  be  added  to  pjpfit^    R, 
^  Loam  incKnpg  tp  clay  appears  preferable  to  gravelly  in  this  high 

tillage.'  Y.    is  not  tne  rent  and  cnltMre  ufually  higher  ?   R^ 
Sth.  p.  i^y  1.  24.  pertainly  2  1.  8  s.  is  ful^ftitntcd  for  izs,  (accoi^^ 

ing  to  Mr.  Y.'s  other  charge)  which  overcharge  of  i  L  16^  oalMBii 

a  confiderable  difference  in  expences.     R, 
icth.  *  Some  neighbouring  fields  yielded  not  a&Qve  two  or  thfe 

hu(hels  to  Che  apre/   Y-    This  is  a  very  material  PoixLt  to.  be  coje* 

fidered  in  judgments  of  all  cropji,  unli^fs  fach  oa^  crqps  weve 

owing  to  peculiar  negleds.     R. 
pth.  Mr.  Y.  allows  nothbg  for  the  clay  mannre;.  yet  owau'it  qwift 

h;ive  done  ieryice.     Now>  though  we  think  the  feryice  of  tbe  ma'- 

nure  fmaU^  we  mud  jadge  that  I^.  Y.  oa  his  princij^es^  ifcould 

have  made  an  allowance.    R. 
14th.  Mr.  Y.  juftly  obferves  here,  that  the  new  hofbandry  of  be«ie 

appears  not  to  equal  a  fallow  in  preparing  of  land*    R. . 

1.   9*  i* 

^  Profit  by  the  beans  per  acre  was  *        -        w       -    1  i^  10 

^  Lofs  by  wheat  -       -       -        -        •       -       •    o  18  10 

Balance     1    o    0: 
which  is  about  ^  s.  per  acre  profit  on  the  bean  land  above  that  of 
the  fallow  for  two  years.*    Y. 

It  remains  to  be  knqwn  which  land  \^ouId»  under  the  fame-  crepi^ 
leave  more' profit  in  the  third  year.     R« 

16th.  *  The  inferiority  of  expence  of  tiJJai^  to  that  of  manure^ta^ 
dersthis  crop  moft  profitable/ 

^  Corn  be>ng  very  liable  to  lodge,  all  additions  of  moft  benefi^ijl 
manure  are  fnre,  in  iad/ea/otu,  to  make  the  crop  lefs  valuables 
and  therefore  potatoes,  cabbages,  and  tornips,  aierd  fairtft  efpe* 
riments  on  comparative  value  of  tillage  and  manure*'    Y. 

Thefe  are  juft  obfervations.    Is  it  not  of  great  confe^uence  In  egd«  . 
culture  to  have  regiflers  of  weather,  from  whence  to  ju4ga  of  the 
pobab^lity  of  any  fummer's  being  dfy  qt,  tuifp  on  the  pciar 
ciplesof  chances  ?    R. 

Cimral  OSjpavations  of  Mr.  Y.  and  the  ReViewtfS  on  tbofe 
Experiments. 
^  Mr.  Y.  thrown  the  expences  into  a  table,  a^d  tftenoe  deduces  tl^ 
4vefage  expence  of  one  acfti  vi;;*  3  h  ^s*  oi'4« 

We 


30<        Y6itng*s  Omrfi  vf  ixpnirngtaaUgrloiburi^  tSt. 

y^cvcforrj  to  be  obliged  to  diflent  from  Mr.  Y.  on  this  imhmoHt 
point*  We  apprehend  that  w  adnftdttage  at  all  can  pojjibly  refalt 
from  averages  of  fuch  expences  as  thefe  experiments  occafioned. 
How  different  i2^r/iz3/^expences  are,  5I.  ids.  lod.  and  il.  os.  4|d.f 
Is  it  not  mofr  evident  that,  in  real,  regular  calture  upon  one  re- 
gular plan,  there  <5ah  never  be  fu^h  a  difference  in  expences,  and 
that  therefore  the  knowledge  of  this  average  ii  abfolucely  of  m 
^fi  f  Nay»  it  is  hardly  a  matter  of  curiofity  to  know  the  average 
ef  an  acre's  expences  iQ  experiments  of  various  kinds,  and  on  di£> 
^  ferent  principles. 

II  •  Mr.  Y.  ftates  what  he  calls  the  prices  of  the  products  in  the  five 
years  under  qaeftion;  viz.  1763,  1764,  1765,  1766,  and  1767* 
and  makes  the  average  price  by  quarter  1 1.  1 8  s.  ad.  But,  forely, 
to  this  average  many  objeftions  may  juftly  be  made.  In  order  to 
make  an  average  ufeful  it  fhould  be  general.  Our  Reader  wifhes 
to  know  what  is  the  average  price. of  wheat  for  five  years ;  viz. 
from  1763  to  1767,  both  inclufive;  that  is,  what  is  the  medium 
'  price  of  corn,  neither  'uerygoaduot  <uiry  bad^  in  thofe  years,  npon 
the  whole  ?  Mr..  Y.'s  experiments  produce  fome  veiy  bad  com,  - 
"which  fells  for  los.  6d.  per  quarter,  when  corn  in  general  fells 
for  a  good  price  (fee  p.  6.)*  Now  'tis  moil  evident  t\ai%  this  poioit 
tnuft  alone  make  a  great  lowering  of  the  pric^.of  the  year47d^^ 
and  confequently  of  the  average  price  of  the  five  years.  We  could 
*give  other  inftances,  but  this  fuffices. 

JSL  Mt*  Y.  from  the  above  premifes  concludes,  that  1  qr.  6bufli. 
2  pecks,  at  his  average  price,  equals  his  average  expence.     This 
is  a  very  right  condufion  ;  but,  as  appears  above,  of  no  ofe  to  • 
tlie  public. 

XV.  Mr.  Y.  -makes  1  qr.  5  bulh.  ^  pecks,  the  average  of  his  crops    , 
in  thefe  experiments;  and  as  he  has  aade  the.  average *faving  * 
crop  iqr.  C>bu(h.  2  pecks,  lie^  rightly  concludes,  that  1  bufheTis  • 
the  average  in  corn  of  his  lofs ;  Sut  this  is  of  no  coniequence  to 
•  the  public. 

y^  On  the  (ame  principles  Mr.  Y.  makes  his  average  jofs  in  caft 
i  L  es.  5|d.  though  his  particular  acrtabU  loQbs  vary  from  10  s. 
6jd.  to  |1.  i7s«.'r|d..9nd  his  average  profit  i  i,  2s.  3I  d.  al-  - 
though  his  particular  profits  vary  from  1  d«  to  2L  16  s.  10 'd. 
Is  not  all  this  mtxt  amufement  ?' 

VL  Mr.  Y.  on  giving  the  profit  of  the  whole  of  thefe  experiments ; 
viz.  5  1.  for*  cultivating  60  acres  (or  is.  8  d.  per  acre)  jufily  ob« 
ierves,  that  it  will  not  nearly  pay  the  intcrcft  of  the  money  em« 
jplOyed. 

Vu.  He  juftly  adds  an  obfervation  which  he  calls  important ;  viz* 
*  five  good  acres  of  wheat  will  pay  more  than  thefe  60.' 

yOI.  He  confefifes,  that  *  the  average  of  thefe  crops  wa^  not  well 
taanaged,  not  halving  fufEcient  ploughing  and  manure.'  We  are 
ibrry  to  be'obli^  to  add,  in  confequence  of  our  impahiality, 
that  they  feem  hardly  worthy  to-be  offered  to  the  public,  as  it 
knows  already  that  *"  want  of  due  ploughing  and  manure  mhSi  be 
attended  with  bad  crops.'  But  here  again  Mr.  Y.  apologizes  '  for 
tviujg  fo  imperfc3 2LmQr)iii  b^  his  being  obliged  to  XtVftBrfi^faU.* 
ife'Cfit^rt&in  an  )H^h  ojpinion  of  his  ^/W/,  t^Jl$i  and  init^,  - 
"■•'*''■'  ■    and 


Young*!  dfirfi  if  ixfirimmtal  Agricuhun^  kfit'        jajj 

ibid  ai«  therefore  lorry  that  we  cannot  comfort  him  with  an  afllf* 
ranee  that  the  candid  public  will  think  the  fame  apology  hofdl 
|;ood  ibr  '  the  mftrftatw  of  Bfepergments^^  and  *  the  pnbhihing  of 
imperfeffc  ones/ 

Mr.  Y.  thinks  that  five  hot  years  woald  have  converted  his  ^  1.  gahit 
into  lool.  Bot  let  us  whifper  in  his  ear,  *  Does  not  this  iavouc 
tpo  much  of  the  cbarUfan  f        -  * 

la  what  follows  we  (hall  find  Mr.  Y.  both  ingnmnm  and  ufifuL 

DC*  He  dedoces  from  his  experiments,  that  the  prodace  cli  puvtUy 
and  cUyrf  loam  is  nearly  eqnal ;   viz.  i  gr.  7  bnih*  i  peck,  Oa 

•  the  former,  and  ibaflicl  leifs  6tt  the  latter  (fee  p.  38^)  trntinge-^ 
naonily  owns,  that  the  former  ha»  1 1.  7  s.^  2  d.  profit,  and  SkO 
latur  7  s.  3{  d«  lofii  per  acre  %  y«t  this  conclafion  is  not  lUdfivt  for 
the  former,  as  there  Is  an  inequality  in  the  number  of  fields  (fee 
P*  39O  vis*  3  to  6,  or  1  to  2.    But  we  apprehend  diat  in  all  cx«^ 

■  penmento  the  advantsge!  will  be  on  the  fame  fide» 

X.  Mr.Y.  obferves  that  manured  fields  ^^ve,  on  an  average,  2qrs« 
3  boAi.  t  peck,  per  aaie ;  nnmanured  ones,  i  qr,  5  bufli.  x  pecks, 
or  the  fbrn^er  a  fupmority  of  4  bufli.  '%  pecks ;  and  adds,  as  a 
circamfbmce  in  faWor  of  manuring,  that  only  one  of  the  manured 
fields  was  fallowed.  .But  Reviewers  are  in  dnqr  bound  to  obferve, 
that  many  drcnmftances  of  foil,^ftc«  may  have  a  right  to  iharc 
the  credit  of  this  faperiority. 

XI.  Mr.'Y^  notes,  that  the  profit  of  the  anBtanured  fields  is  1 2  s.  1 1  d.' 
'  per  acre,  and  lofs  of  the  manured  las.  iif  d«  confeqnently  the 

ibperiority  inthisnripeA  of  the  former  is  i  L  98.  i|  d«  bat  he  is  fo 
insennons  as  to  own,  that  the  badnefs  of  the  cuitom  of  manuring 
.  fields  is  not  hence  pioved  decifively.  Indeed  the  ftate  of  the  caie- 
of  manuring  feems,  from  <he  two  laft  obfervations»  to  reduce  tl\9 
nfe  of  thefe  experiments  to  almoft  nothing. 
Xn.  Mr.  Y.  ftaus  the  expences  of  wheat  crops  (per  acre)  after 

L   s*   d.  L    s.    d. 

jft,  Fallow,         •        -    ♦    i     ^  I  or   f4    I    7? 
od.  Ameliorating  crops,    35    4^  )  { 2  *i6    3| 

3d,  ExhauAing  ones,    *    4    ii  so:^ 
wlien  the  manured  fields  are  excepted,  which  account  is  cheaper  by 
il.  9S.  4<id.  ' 

qrs.  b«  p.  qrs.  b.  p. 

Piodoceofift,  ^3    ^    ^l    or  I'    ^    I  7  manared  fields  eie* 
'  ad,    1    4'2J  |r    4    oj    eluded. 

'  :  3d,     I     6    o 
On  this  date  of  matters  we  muft  obferve,  ift.  That  expence  of 
£dlow  is  greater;  ^en  manured  fields  are  excepted.    2diy,  Crops' 
afber  an  exhaufiiag  crop- are  i)etter  than  after  an  ameliorating  one 
by  1 1  buihels.    Are  not  thefe  circamftances  fnfficient  to  convince 
any  reader  that  the  refult  of  theie  experiments  is  fuch  that  one 
can  deduce  no  rules  from  them  ? 
Mr.  Y.  flates  the  profit  after 

s.  d.  8.     d.  . 

ift,    o  9^  I       Co    9H  ^^  manured  fields  rejedled,  con* 
5d,     2  6i  J    '  1 8  loii   fcqucijtly  t;he  2d  fuperior  to  the 
l^a after 5dj  10  6jf  lUby  is.  i|d.  per  acre. 


^JBiV        Yaan(V  €$i0fi  9f  iMfnrlmifUal  Jfgrkuburey  fid. 

^  IK^U^ot  the  fteadtft  %,  «U  tke  efiea  tf  dide  cdeperiiiieBts  is  too 

txiflliag  to  iafiA  on  ?- 
Xin.  Mr.  Y.'s  gtand  oondufian  is^  '  fowlng  wheiR  after  amciiora* 

tii^g  crops  is  better  management  than  fowing  after  »  fellowu'  We 
.  agree  viixh  M»,  Y^  ia  ]iifi>  cdnclttfieft^  and'  hc^e  that  in  lii5>  neitC 

coarfe  of  CKperiments^ M  wiU  afford  us  (hongtl-  ftttknifes  I 
We  ih'all  not  meddle  witH  Mr.  Y.'s  recapmUafiion»  having  been  a]- 

jpead^ib  pai-ticttlar*  thiitrdie'impdrtaiiAre  of  the  fuhjd^^'  coald  alone 

cxcaft  d^.    Bat  WQ  4l»ft  .uM  notice  af  a  few  fnbfeqaeat  msarki 

pf  oar.  Autiior :  -    • 

4(l».  He.  remarks^  that  9ie  ezpence»  of  hig^  caltivation  (is  th^fe  ex- 

fieiiments)   ao^oontL  to  .71.  171.  I  d«  pfer  a<i9e>  oonieqiiaidy^  a 

laxmer  mnft  e^^pcaidi  nearly:  SooU  oa  culiivRtioul  of  100  acrds ; 

an4  9  xifiar^aro  pcf  dore  are  inadequate  to  ftah  «aipettcesw 
:SiUyK  T iu&  ttnfavKWftrableaefs  oF  many  feafoQ»\io  whieh  tbefe  experi- 
ments were  madej.  migto  ]»du^  tr  crop  to-.^^^fMtecs' wliick  would 

hav£  been  7.  oi  8  qjiaj^era* 
jdiy.  That  althou^  in.  eoailfton'  manageoMat  ^/ff^vtUj  ioatft  it  fa- 

perior  to  a  ctfiyty^.  yet  aot.ia  higb  coknrev-  ^  ^^  F^  P^  ^^^ 

oa  the  laiief dmed^tbf.Aroier  b^.  lyu  lo^d. 
4thly^  That-  the  iVa^i^vi^ -hafbandry  i»  douAlj  lAore  expei^ire  th&a 

the  G(ynfiioa»  

5thiyy  That  the  proda£l  is  three  times  greater.. 
6tLi  ,  TJiAt  its  j»^fh  is  fcvea  tinkes  as  great.    This  Mr*  Y:  catU  thr 
.  A  ..v^^r/Ai|^poipe;  yeioyvaa^  though  it  feemavery^alkuaiig^  the 

p<  ^1.  K  •H.^y  fniaU^    Bsit  be  elfewhete  oaUa  it.  *  a  prodigiQu»&* 

i',-a«i-ity.* 
Beview^rs  nwift  remark^  that  ic  is  fo  in  fpeoaltttonvrnQt.^ittftiee^ 
^^  i^d  be^  leare  to  add  a'covctafea  of  the  gneated  importance ;  vie. 

Since  profit  in  both  cs^l  ia  fo  very.{maH»  tUl  better  metttods  be 

fbuadiou.,  ^wing  o{%iheafi  is  an  oecapatioa  noli  worth  siea*& 

purfuif;^'.     ...  .... 

7thiy,  liie  improved  hufltindrjr  is  more  anppofitable  itf  biaid  years. 

And  here  recors  our  bbff rf^iooa  of'  th^r  imeorttfuce  of  calcvtlatingy 

from  regtflers  of 'the  weath«i>  the  probabiUty  thaC.^ay  s^vea^um* 
•  aier  wiu  btf  wet.  i  r 

8thly»  That  the  condition  of  the  land  after  the  imfrcnvi  bafkaadry 

is  incomparably  better  thaa  after  the  cpmmkn. 
T:iU  thC'Vabie'Of  tltia  better conditioa  caxr  boL af<;er(tiiaed,  vemuft 

xemark>.  tba<  the^  rifque  which  the  improver  ruas  of  lofing  his 

whole  capital,  or  a  part  of  it,  demands  his  utmoA  attention.    Few 

begMifiert  can  affoird  tA-leib  l20o  1. 
Dae^owatice.howeYftp  fliouki  be*  made  for  aiifricndlincfs*  to  gteat 

oropa  of  mimir  7ear»»  ia  which  Mr.  Y«  aMde*.  hi» .  eapestsumtt  (iee 

?•  49*> 

The  fticotid  feftion  of  the  ^1  ft  chapter  contains  experiments  on  the 
culture  of  wheat  in  the  new  hufbandiy. 

As  thefe  are  upon  a  (mall  fcale,  Mr.  ¥;  endeayoors  to  cOitviifCd' 
his  Readets,.  that  *  th^y  will  prove  much'  more  ,uftful'  in  ,their  accu- 
racy than  thecxperiencc  of  a  whole  ferm  coiddpoflibfy  allcJW;'  (p.  50.) 
affd  ol^ferves,  that  *  epfexrimcncs  on*ar-large  fcale  rcquift  a'grea^num-. 
IHLof  ^/>-Mx4iandr,  smd  ^tQ^fiam  atteauon,  tQofaiigaii^ \  aad* thar 

io 


f 


in  a  ffdl  oildvAt^  cotintty  fearce  «  ieid  Imi  its  €xta  ccmater-part.' 
All  this  is  true ;  but  w^ea  ^  ^uaffmr^  lumcUan  dsxtrms^  and  a  ftper- 
incendaait  diinks  not  iiug  iftuntiom  too.te%«iiig>  and  the  dHlierejiC^ 
of  purts  of  one  large,  or  feveral  difierent  felds  are  exadly  noced^ 
large  experiments  are  gener^U/  moie  /mi^Mtty^  at  the  Reader  it 
much  inclined  tQ  believe  ihat  my  confid«raUe  ^rtpr  is  not  lb  likely 
to  be  admitted  on  a  large  as  ^/mall  plan ;  bopaufe  if  any  be  admitted 
in  a  {mall  part»  it  is  propagated  to  the  whole,  and  multiplies  ama« 

«ngly* 

We  fliall  enter  on  an  account  of  Mr.  Y.'s  o^oriminU,  after  hay- 
i^g  obienred  on  ai^  ajfertion  of  hia ;  viz.  '  A  ddforence  of  fix  hoars 
fowiag  OA  baijley  land,  well  prepared,  wHl,  if  an  heavy  ihowQr  in- 
tervene, on  «r/wy  foils,  counterbalance  ever/  other  point  ;*  that  if 
diis  be  the  cafe,  agriculture  is  a  molt  precarious  a^d  uncomfoiublQ 
employmenu  i 

KotebkCi^tinllaiieet, 


% 

3 

4 
5 

7 


PfodncK  ^€B 
Acre* 

Qt».  B.  p. 
%  %  9 
3  Q  o 
I  '  6    o 


4-0 
m  o 
6  o. 
6    <r 


5    •    o 


FrafttoftLoft 
per  Acre, 
I.   f.    d. 


Lofto 
Pr.   I 

Lof«6 


74 
7 


Pr.  5    5    9 
Pr.   3  15  n 

Pr»  o  19    % 
L.  10    9  10 

ft.   4  »S    9 


LandiMatirtd  ^daat  «t  dowai  heiiceKnc* 

uriancy  and  mildew. 
Deep  water  fvrrbwi. 
Land  a  grareily  loitn  ;  j  rows. 
Two  rows. 
Maoore  Moe»I.  oi.  9d.>fjpitaioTer  tha 

whole,  didJHtlctMdb  ^ 


Remarks  on  thcfe  Ciopaof  1764,  by  Mr.  Y.  and  Reviewers. 

1.  '*  Wet  land  in  this  hnlbandry  is  vtrf  expaniivo  in  water^farrowihg 
and  weeding.*    Y; 

2.  *  Succefs  Intends  giving  n^uch  more  fiatd:  than  many  writers  alb 
low.'    Y. 

3.  The  boafted  faving  of  feed  in  th«  new  hnlbandry  feems  almoft 
given  upl    R. 

4*  DificreQce  betwixt  7th  and  Sth  numbers  is,  in  podcet»  aearlf 
7  L  ro  s,  What  can  he  concluded  tQ(  the  advantage  of  ft  pfeca^ 
lious  a  culture  ?    R. 


Isp» 


Id 


XI 


%% 


PiodMt  per 

Acre. 

qgu  B.  P. 

♦    4  ,0 

5    o  'o 


Pfiofitor  Lofs 
pet  Acre. 
1.    ••    d. 
P'-  3  13    3* 

Pr.   <    5    2 


KoHbU  Cbtumilinoes. 


\%A  \b  fqwed  M  .5  loot  bcds,^  3 
(^3d  3«ibw$d  ia<  foocbeda,^} 
r4bu(h.7 
i  5  bufh.  V 

C6boflkO 
bfeeei 
Soil 

Hi 


Favouralyleneft  of  fisifiM^  wikich  Mr.  V.  Is 
coafideat  ovcrbaUncea  every  thi^.  p*'  65;, 
Second  crop  on  the  Me  ground  innmedkte!/* 
i rows  t  foot,  7  ,.^         . ,  r 4  feet,  7 


.5  loot  bcds,^ 
foot  bed|L  i 
^     bufh.l 
Produced  ^  s  ^"^«  c  ^^  ^^^  profit  < 

_    b»fl>-^  ,  _ 

i7,  S.  All  thefe  thfee  equal  parti  are  fixtbe  of  m  acre,  and  bad  Che  fame  (^ 

a«d  culture.    Soil  cUycj. 
AU  as  above,  eX' C  c  1  f  3  boA.  1  pec.  1  C3>*S|d.  1 

ccpt  reverfiag  *  S  ^  r  Produced  S  3  bti(b.  3  pec.  >  and  profit  j  t  s.  3|d.  ( 
tiielettav  ^tf.3  C4bQfimpoc.  J  ^  is.  ztd.  ^ 

iV;  jS.  All  at  above*  except  ibil,  gravelly. 


«  So  Chat  ^ftsiida  for  No«  3,  io  Exp,  ti/  aad  «  for  No.  i. 


Mr. 


.^f e         Young'jf  Cmrfe  tfexpmnnntat  Jgrhmliure^  fefr, 

Mr.  Y.' s  Cbnchifioh^  from  tbefe  two  laft  Experiments. 
I*  In  tke  clayey  foil  treble  rows  are  fupener-cb  double  ones. 

2.  In  the  gravelly  faperiority,  but  not  fo  groat  on  the  fame  fide. 

3.  Superiority  of  No.  2,  to  No.  3,  is  trifling,  and  therefore  the  greater 
labour  of  No.  2,  carries  it  for  No.  3. 

Five  Experiments  on  a  Rood  drilled  in  different  Rows,  and 
and  J^t-difFerent  Diftanccs. 


Pro^ce. 

Qr.  B.  P. 
070 
100 


z     ft     • 


ProBt.     1 

1. 

s. 

d. 

0 

9 

3i 

z 

0 

% 

I 

s 

"i 

0 

3 

11 

0 

II 

% 

Rows  and  Diftancei. 

Rows  cqutdiftant  at  i  fodt. 
Dottble  rows  s  foot  afundcr* 


Ditto. 


Ctrcumft^ncct* 

Seed  4  pecks. 

Seed  i^  peck. , 
Maoitred  oa 
breajcini^  iip» 

SeoDod  crop. 
Seed  )  pecks* 

Seed  i^-peck. 

Seed  2  pecko. 


s6  050      o    3  II      Ditto. 

17  070      oiia      ^quidiftant  rows  t  foot  afander. 

Mr.  Y.^s  and  Reviewers  Obfervatibns  on  thefe  five  Experiments. 
On  Exp.  1 3th,  If  4  pecks  were  not  too  much  feed,  where  is  the 

iavine  of  feed  by  the  drill  niethod  ?  Or  even  if  3  peclts,  what 
,.  confiqerable  faving  is  there?  Nay,,  what  if  2  pebks\'  t^  pecks 

appear  too  little.     R. 
1 4th,  Manure  appears  to  have  great  ef!c£l.    R. . 
I5th9  If  this  profit  continues,  the  drill  method  will  fliperfede  the 

broad-cail.    R.    .  .'  r.  :      : 

i6thy  Mr.  Y.  cannot  account  for  this  wretched  crop ;  bat. remarks 

that  moft  drilled  crops  pay  for  fallow* 
Pitto,  What  becomes  ot  the  ^ther  great  boaft  of  drilling.;   viz, 

avoiding  of  fallow  ?    R.  •       . 

Mr.  Y.'s  Obfervations  on  the  drilled  Crops  of  1 765* 
L  Three  rows  at  i  foot  difiance  feems  the  beft  method;  and  three 

rows  at  8  inches  diflance  preferable  to  double  rows. 
II.  Second  ^rops  do  not  exhauft  die  foil, 
in.  Drill  crops  pay  for  fallow. 


Seven  Experiments  in  1766,  on  two  Roods  each^  except  No.  24. 


Rows  and  Diftaoces. 
Three  rows  i  foot  afondtr. 
Ditto. 


CircuisftaAcea. 

TWfd  ciopt  % 
pecks  ofleed. 

bitto.     Ditto. 

-  Mildewolte 
offailaie. 


a  figolfies  }  rowf  on  6  feet  beds* 
b  ditto,  on  5  fleet  beds."  -  '      ' 
e  %  rows  00*5  feet  beds. 


Profit. 


i%quidift»  rowi  X  ft.  aftinder. 
Ditto. 

Three  rows  1  foot  tfoajer. 


Bad  feafba. 
Bad  frafoQ.    I 

bufb.ofreed. 

Bal  feafoa  and 

.expeace  of 

mAaure. 

Mr. 


f 


\ 


Young>  Courfi  of  ex^rimifHal  AgrUmUun^  ffei        ^S 

Mr.  Y.'s  a^d  Reiricwers  Obfervations  on  the  Crops  of  1766. 

On  £xp«  i9th»  He  calls  its  cultare  (4  horfe-hoeingSy  ditto  hand* 

hoetDgs,  and  2  hand^weedings)  enormous.  ' 

20th,  '  Tiiefe  drilled  crops  woHe  mildewed  than  common  ones.' 
22dy  '  This  crop,  bandboed,  not  fo  moch  mildewed  as  horfe-hoe^t 

ones.'    Y. 
Ditto,  May  not  iu  following  a  fallow  in  part  account  for  this  >    R.* 
24tb,  *  This  ciop  was  fed  down,  and  not  more  mildewed  than  others/ 

Y, 
Ditto,  Should  it  not,  on  Mr.  Y.*s  principles,  have  been  lefs  ?    R. 

Mr.  Y.*s  and  Reviewers  General  Obfervations. 
I.  'Siiccefsof  huihandry  depends  apon  the  weather.^     Y. 
n.  Should  not  rei(lri6lions  be  here  nfed,  and  fome  digreo  ofifficacy  be 

endeavoured  to  be  fettled  ?    Otherwife  how  precarious  is  agricol* 

ture?    R. 
in.  Three  rows  at  i  foot  diftance  appear  the  beft  method,   x 
IV:  *^  If  drilled  crops  be,  as  they  here  appear,  more  fubje^  to  nul* 

dew,  this  is  a  great  dtfadvanuge.'    Y. 
y.  Mr.  Y.  fappofes  the  liahlenefs  to  mildew  to  arife  from  loxuriancy^ 

and  this  from  often  turning  thfi  foil.    Is  not  this  an  e£^tiAi 

obje£lion  to  drilling?    R. 

Seven  Expertnaents  in  1 767  }  the  former  four  on  two  Roods  eacbf 
and  the  three  latter  on  one  Rood  each. 


2xp. 
»7 


SO 


Rows  ta4  Difttnces. 


Circunibuiccai 

Fourth   crop. 
Wet  ibsCoii* 
Ditto. 

XKtto.    Ditl9* 


IXtt9.    Ditto; 


iEqttidift.  Mwt  I  ft.  Msnto  f  Ditto*     Ditto. 
Tl^e  cows  I  ibot  4iftaat.     ,  I  MUdewtttMk- 

I  fdtheTe  crops. 

I  Seed  %  pecks. 

Ililanofs     was 
eipcaflvcw 

Mn  Y.  obi«rveson  E3q>.  28th,  *  I  expeded  that  a  wet  feafon  would 
be  attended  with  a  <#r/4M»  and  great  toft :  but  my  miftake  fhews^ 
that  one  cannot  be  too  cautious  in  reafoning  upon  one  year  by 
analogy  with  another.*    ' 

He  obferves  on  Exp.  29th,  That  many  broad-caft  crops  proved  verf 
detrimental  this  year.  Is  it  not  greatly  to  be  lamented  that  a  bu- 
£nefs,  fo  neceffary  to  the  fupport  of  human  life  as  growing  of 
ntihuay  is  fo  fubjed  to  prove  detrimental,  that  a  man  cannot  enter 
upon  it  with  any  reafonabie  afiorance  of  profit  adequate  to  the  ha* 
xard-which  he  runs  ?    R. 

I     Mr.  Y.'s  Conclufions  from  thefc  drilled  Crops  of  1 767* 
a.  They  prove  more  for  than  3ga<r{l  the  dr;Il  buibandry. 

-     2.  Three 


/ 
f 


2.  Tbrce  row8  diibuic  i  fo^ti  Wtdi  iatervah  of  4.  firet^  the  Inofi  Jl^<< 
vantageous  difpofition  of  drilU. 

3.  Furcnaled  ihanure  anfwers  not  the  expenoe. 

4«  Two  pecks  of  feed  per  rood,  or  two  buikels  {ler  acre^  b  too  iittte 

•  a  quantity. 

We  have  been  b  exa^  In  our  Review  of  Mr.  Y/s  averages  of  the 
cjqpences,  prodads,  uid  profits  and  lofles  of  his  crops,  in  the  old 
]iaibiuidry»  that  we  will  iafert  nothing  of  this  kind  on  the  new  hnf- 
bandry  (although  we  have  reduced  Sie  whole  to  writing)  bat  only^ 
I  ft.  That  from  his  pnemifes  Mh  Y.  rightly  concMes  (p.  116.)  that 

*  m|inuring  of  drilled  crops  anfwers  not  ^*  and  that  the  average  lofs 
by  manuffUt  cta^^  is  to  that  by  unmanored  ones,  as  6  L  los.  1 1  d« 
to  I  L  2  8.  10  d.  or  aloiolb  6  to  1 :  and,  2dly,  Mr.  Y.  (in  p.  1 19 — 
12  a)  having  gailied  the  averages  of  crops  after  fallows  and  othef 
crops,  owns  h»  ihrprise  at  the  refult  of  this  comparifon,  as  he  ex- 
pedlcd  that  a  drilled  crop,  after  a  fallow,  would  be  leaft  profitable  ; 
but  finds  that  it  exceeds  in  profit  that  after  a  crop  by  1 1.  as.  3  d; 
per  aclfr}  and  as  tlte. profit  of  a  facceeding  crop  Is  only  17s.  6d« 
(that  of  two  of  them  only  1 1.  15  s.)  therefore  by  fallowing  the  land 
every  other  year  we  gain  4  s.  9  d.  by  the  acre,  fave  the  trouble  ot 
mttendiiig  the  ftcond  crop,  and  the  riitjue  of  greater  expcnces.  tie 
therefore  concludes  (as  all  impartial  Readers  will  ftofn  his  premiies) 
'  drilled  land  feems  to  lofe  fertility.'  We  ferioafly  recommend  this 
conchifion  to  the  confideration  of  the  advocates  for  the  drill  hufban- 
dry,  and  apprehend,  that  it  may  contribute  to  *  clip  the  pinions  of 
drUUteg  ide^  when  too  much  on  the  wing.* 

Mr.  Y.  nett  fliews,  that  (cat.  paribus)  the  prod^S  pf  aBqpidillant 
TOWS  exceeds  that  of  h6rfe-hoed  cropf  by  ;  bulhels  3  pecks  to  the 
acre;  and  the  profit  of  the  former  that  of  the  latter  by  iss.  6d.  CO 
the  acre.  How  confiderable  all  this !  *  Seems  it  nOt  hence  that  good 
broad'oaft  is  likelieft  to  bear  away  the  prize  ?' 

He  notes  that  3  rows  at  i  foot  diflan^e,  with  inttrvals  of  4  feet, 
are  fuperior  tb  the  two  other  methods,  by  above  1 1..  13  s.  per  acib, 
dnd  prefers  the  common  jSuiFolk  plough  tomllfaorfehoes. 
.  NiB.  hi  ourRevi^of  thb  above  experiments  ^e  have  omitted 
addffig  the  Greenings,  in^ftating  of  the  ^bdtia,  (to  afvold  toinuteneft) 
Ml  they  -tat  k  the  profits 

\To  be  ^anfinuej.y  ,    ^ 

m  ■■■■■  ;« n 1  I  I it       r.     I  f 

AnT.  XII.  MfiditaiUns  upon  fevtml  Texts  ^  Scripturi.  Bfttltf 
late  Mrs.  Jean  Stcuart^Widow  pf  Alexander  TroctJbr'ofCatde- 
fbiell,  £fqi  Daughter  oi  Sir  Robert  Stentfrr  of  AHafhbatik^ 
Bart*    Svo*    4s.  ^d.    Keith.     1771. 

NOfWJtWfamding  otrr  dlflijce  of  rellgifiiis  enthiifiaCn,  we 
frequently  fee  grfeat  reafon  to .  rcfpefl  the  charaftcrs  pf 
tkofe  wlio  are  infcfted  by  It  j  for,  wild  and  irrafeioiial  as  the 
real  enthufiafi  may  be  in  the  epcerclfe  of  his  imaginatioft  and 

*  Xadecd,  in  this  cafe,  61.  7  s.  9d.  infteadof4l,  15s.  3d.  muft 
be  expended ;  fo  that  fom^  trific  for  intertH  of  the  greater  funr 
ihould  be  allowed. 


Mrs,Sttxnxt*s  MeSwkns.  ^  jrj 

fancied  feelings,  we*  cannot  qneftion  his  fincerUy  \  mAJmeriiy 
is  i^ways  refpe6iable«  However  erroneous  in^principle,  or  mif- 
taken  in  condud,  thefie  fons  and  daughters  of  mental  delufion 
may  be,  the  inconvenience,  if  any,  is  to  themfelves;  for  they 
are,  nevertheleis,  generally  found  to  be  the  beft  members  of 
focicty.  Sober  in  their  manners,  they  are  peaceable  neigh- 
bours, warm  friends,  pious  toward  God,  and  zealous  in  dif* 
charging  the  obligations  of  their  religious. per fuafion. 

Such  a  charaSer,  it  appears,  was  Mrs.  Jean  Steuart ;  of 
whom  a  circumftantial  account  is  given  by  the  Editor  of  her 
papers  ;  from  which  we  Ihall  excradt  a  few  particulars  to  gra- 
.  %\fj  the  curiofity  of  our  readers. 

She  was  married  in  1708,  in  the  15th  year  of  her  age;  was 
left  a  widow  in  1728,  with  eight  fons  and  three  daughters  tlien 
living,  befide  two  fons  which  fhe  had  buried  ;  and  flie  remained 
a  widow  till  her  death,  which  happened  in  1766. 

^  She  feems  to  have  had  a  very  early  turn  for  religious  Aib* 
jeds,  which  was  much  encouraged  not  only  by  her  pious  pa« 
rents,  but  by  her  worthy  grandmother  lady  Gilmour. 

*  As  a  wife  (he  was  moll  afFedtionate,  and  as  a  mother  none  ' 
could  excel]  her  in  tendernefs ;  but  even  this  is  only  half  her 
praife,  for  £he  was  at  the  greateft  pain^  to  inttil  into  the  minds  ' 
of  her  children  the  principles  of  religion,  and  to  guard  them 
againft  the  extremities  of  enthujiafm  and  lukewarmnefs,  which  the 
Reader  will  fee  from  a  few  of  her  letters  to  her  children  *. 

*  As  a  miftrefs  (he  was  gentle,  as  a  friend  fteady,  as  a  com- 
panion chearful  and  agreeable ;  and  to  objects  of  charity,  her 
band  was  always  open. 

'  None  will  be  furprlzed,'  fays  the  writer  of  this  account,. 
^  that  a  perfon  in  whom  refided  fo  many  Godlike  virtues, 
ftuuld  meet  with  trouble  in  life  ;  for  this  is  one  of  the  eviden- 
ces of  our  being  the  children  of  God,  Her  aiHi(5lions,  indeed, 
were  great,  not  only  from  her  young  and  numerous  family,  but 
ffom  a  very  tender  and  broken  ftate  of  health  during  the  whole 
of  her  widowhood.  She  had  the  trial  to  lofe  nine  of  her  chil* 
dren,  and  five  of  them  in  little  mofe  than  or>e  year. — But  if» 
thefe,  and  all  her  affiidtons,  (he  bore  the  will  of  Qoid  with  an  ex- 
emplary refignation.— Her  laft  illnefs,  though  extremely  painful, 
ihe  bore  with  great  patience  and  fortitude  :  never  did  one  fret^-^ 

*  Thefe  letters  arc  particularly  referred  to,  as  inferted  io  this  work  ; 
ToA  we  have  efpecialiy  attended  to  their  contents,  hot  have  obfin-ved 
nothing  in  thein^  nor  in  the  whole  voltune,  that  in  the  leail  degree 
feems  to  guard  the  Reader  againft  enthufiajm.  Indeed  we  might  as 
well  look  into  Whitcficld's  journals  for  a  difTuafive  againft  fieli- 
preaching,  or  tabernacle  conventicles. — Of  the  extremities  of  endiu- 
iiafm,  therefore,  we  may  conclude,  the  worthy  Editor's  ideas  and 
om-s  are  extremely  diftimilar. 

Rkv.  Apr.  1 77 1.  Y  ful 


f 


314  Mrt.  SteuahV  MeJifatiorts. 

*ful  vf6vA  cfcapc  her  lips* — She  retained  her  judgment  to  the 
^^  laft,  and,  with  the  moft  ferene  and  fweet  afpedl,  waited  for  the 

y  confummation  of  her  happinefs. — At  length  the  long  expeded 

hour  arrived  $  and  after  cading  a  wifliful  look  on  her  mourn- 
ing children  and  friends  who  furrounded  her  bed,  in  which  her 
very  foul  fpoke,  flic  fell  afleep  in  Jefus, 

^  Thus  lived,  and  thus  died,  one  of  the  beft  of  women  ;  but 
though  dead,  in  thefe  her  devout  meditations  flie  ftill  lives,  ai***^-  — 
fpcaks  inftrudlion  to  the  world.' 

in  many  cafes,  the  Editor  acknowledges  it  Would  be  improper  ** 
to  publifh  private  writings  of  this  nature;  but  in  thisy  he  ap- 
prehends, *  the  fecreting  of  them  would  be  hiding  a  golden 
talent  in  the  earth,  or  putting  a  candle  under  a  bumel,  which 
may  tend  to  enrich  and  give  light  to  all  around. — The  per- 
fuafion  of  this,  the  Editor  is  afllired,  induced  the  fon  of  the 
pious  author,  Mr.  Archibald  Trotter,  merchant  and  accomp- 
tant  in  Edinburgh,  to  fuiFer  this  work  to  come  abroad  into  the 
^orld  ;  and  it  is  his  earned  wiQi  it  may  aniwer  all  the  impor- 
tant ends  of  fpiritual  edification  to  thofe  who  read  it.' 

With  whatever  good  intent,  and  pious  regard  to  the  memory 
of  his  worthy  parent,  Mr.  Trotter  caufed,  or  fuffercd^  thele 
*  devout  breathings  of  a  holy  foul  in  fecret,  who  never  enter- 
tained a  though^  that  her  writings  would  be  feen  by  the  eye  of 
the  public,'  to  make  their  appearance  to  the  world  in  print,  we 
muft,  nevcrthelefs,  from  the  refpcdl  which  we  bear  to  ra- 
tional, TEMPERATE,  and  MANLY  religion,  honcflly  declare 
our  difapprobation  of  fuch  publications  as  the  prefent.  Of  the 
fervent  private  exercifes  of  a  heart  warmly  attached  to  the  ob- 
jc6l  of  its  devotion,  we  certainly  ought  to  detm  with  the  hlghafl 
nverence^  while  ics  efFufions  are  confined  to  the  clofet  which 
gave  them  birth  \  but  when  they  are  communicated  to  the 
world,  and  fubmitted  to  a  cool  examination  and  difpaflionate 
judgment,  there  is  great  reafon  to  fear,  that  inftead  of  exciting 
others  to  go  and  do  likewife^  they  may  not  only  become  the  fub- 
je6t  of  th«  feoffor's  rjdicule,  but  may  even  fall  under  the  cen* 
iure  of  the  lober  and  judicious. 

That  wc  may  not  be  charged  with  having  unjuftly  clafied 
thefe  meciitacioiib  with  the  extravagancies  of  enthufiafts,  we  will 
fupport  what  we  have,  not  uncharitably,  hinted,  in  relation  to 
their  true  merits,  by  a  few  fliort  extra<3s,  which  will  indifpu- 
tably  fpeak  for  themfelves  and  for  their  author  ;  and  which  may, 
at  the  fame  time,  if  cand  dly  accepted,  fufficiently  intimate  to  the 
Editor  in  what  manner  we  apprehend  he  ought  to  difcharge  his 
duty  in  refped  to  the  remainder  of  Mrs.  Steuart's  papers,  if  a 
fequel  to  this  publication  is  intended ;  as  feems  to  be  the  cafe 
ftom  the  fignature,  VoL  /.  printed  at  the  foot  of  the  firft  page 

of 


Airs.  StcuartV  Meditations^  y  5 

of  every  flicet  in  the  prefent  volume,  although  nothing  of  this 
fort  appears  in  the  title. 

P.  9.  '  When  my  heart  is  overwhelmed,  leaJ  me  to  the  rock 
that  IS  higher  than  I.     This  is  a  Wd^v  fupplication  indeed.*—  l. 

,    Readers  of  a  ludicrous  turn  might  be  apt  to  U'y,  that  the  r 

pious  meditant  here  intended  to  defcend  even  to  the  U  niliarity  !,i 

of  a  pun.  1! 

P.  13.  '  The  rtones  of  Solomon's  temple  were  all  m  de  ready  - 
before  they  were  brought  thither ;  fo  that  there  was  neither 
hammer  nor  any  tool  heard  in  the  houfe  while  it  was  ^tlIilding« 
—Even  To  with  God's  people  in  this  world,  who  arc  defigncd  by 
the  great  mafter- builder  to  form  and  make  up  a  holy  temple  to 
himfelf  in  the  higlurr  hou(e,  his  own  immediate  abode.*— What-  •  I 
ever  hewing  and  poliihing  of  any  kind  his  providence  makes 
upon  us  in  the  way  of  afHidion,  it  becomes  us  to  be  rubmilfive 
under  thefe  ttrokes,  and  quietly  wait  the  iffue,  'i'hc  better  p  )- 
Yithcd  we  are,  and  the  more  pains  he  vouchfafes  in  his  provi«- 
dence  for  this  end, — the  more  honourable  (hall  our  plaice  in 
that  buijding  be. — We  fhallnot  grudge  the  toil  wc  endured  in 
being  fitted  for  it;  yea,  to  our  great  joy,  we  fliall  fee  how  nc- 
ceiTary  every  hammaingy  every  hewing  of  his  providence  was.*— 

The  mechanical  terms  introduced  in  the  above  abridgment 
of  this  meditation,  will,  no  doubt,  by  moft  readers  te  thought 
much  too  low  for  the  language  proper  to  be  ufed  in  the  inter- 
courfe  of  a  pious  heart  with  the  fupreme  Majedy  of  heaven  and 
earth — Of  the  fami-  ftamp  is  the  expreffion  of  our  Lord  chiding 
and  twitting  his  diRipIes  for  their  want  ot"  faith,  p.  29. 

P.  67.  In  carrying  on  the  fimilitude  of  a  nurfery,  trom  which 
the  *  fair  plants  of  grace  (hall  be  tranfpbnted  to  the  gp.rdcn  of 
God,'  we  have  a  palt'ige,  the  whole  of  which  vviil  not  be  in- 
telligihle' to  theEngiifti  reader: — '  Yet,  O  my  foul,  bjcfs  )v  the 
, Lord /Ay  God,  ;ind  forget  not  all  his  bencfirs ;  ahhoui^h  tliou 
art  at  prefent  inhabiting  a  parched  field,  a  barren  foil,  yet  offjr 
to  the  Lord  ihankfgiviiig,  that  there  a'e  in  the  nuifcry  of  G-)d, 
arabngft  thcfe  plants  (however  forub  and  fcckijs  there  appcir 
amnngft  others  around  thee  in  the  fame  incloiurc)  whom  he  is 
training  up  for  his  palace-garden  above.' — 

The  meaning  of  the  phrafj,  /hrub  :ind  fcoWf/sy  owy  be  ob- 
vious enouvih  in  Scctland,  bat  we  believe  it  will  not  be  Cufily 
underftood  on  tiiis  Cde  the  Tweed. 

P.  183.  In  BTiCditaiing  on  the  vvords,  *  But  thou  art  a  fliiold. 
forme,'  &c.  the  infulcs  aud  ta'.;nts  ufcd  by  David's  enemies  are 
jfttroduC'd,  and  thus  rrbulvcd  : — -.I'he  Lord  is  a  n)iclJ  for  me; 
my  glory,  and  tha  lifrcr  up  of  my  head.  A  f^*(*//i^  counter- 
znatch  indeed  10  all  th^ir  htlllih  boailing  :  '*  There  is  no  hdp 
for  him  in  God" — Tm  y;r,— the  Lord  is  a  fliield,*  &c. 

Y  a  Do 


l6  Mrs.^iza^xCs  Meditations. 

Do  not  the  two  words  printed  in  italic,  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  foregoing  extract,  imply  fometbing  rather  too  indelicate  and 
mafculine  for  the  pen  of  a  lady  ? 

P.  229.  '  O  amazing  myftery  !  that  the  infinite  God,  the 
glorious  fecond  perfon  in  the  Trinity,  needed  to  be  further 
qualified  than  from  his  own  infinity  co  fuccour  his  people  when 
tempted.' — 

This,  we  fear,  will  be  underftood  no  where. 

P.  233.  *  Hail !  O  glorious  Saviour,  every  drop  of  thy  pre- 
cious med  blood  !  O  hail !  every  precious  myftick  groan,  from 
the  pure  and  unfpotted  breaft  of  him  who  is  the  God  of  all 
confolation.' — In  the  fame  page  fhe  again  finks  beneath  the  im- 
portance of  the  fubje<St,  by  complaining  of  forrowful  anguiHl 
and  (alnt -qualms,  while  fufFering  by  our  enemies,  and  the  ene- 
mies of  the  Saviour*  The  fame  pecultMr  phrafe  is  ufed,  p«  354. 
— '  Now  may  we,  defolated  and  dejedtcd  in  our  ftate  of  dii- 
tance  and  captivity,  weep,  when  we  remember  Zion,  yea^  faint^ 
and  almofl  die  away  in  hvi^qualms  *,  when  refleding  on  our 
foifeited  love-pledges,  and  our  Lord's  abfence.' — ^Thefeneed 
no  comment  Nor  will  divines,  who,  lilce  our  fair  meditant, 
are  fond  of  fpiritualizing  Solomon's  Songs,  have  much  objec- 
tion to  them. 

P.  302.  In  the  month  of  September  laft,  near  to  the  begin- 
ning of  it,  fome  time,  1  think,  in  the  fecond  week ',  from  Which 
time  till  the  middle  of  October,  was  a  very  extraordinary  time 
with  me :  a  fpiritual  anguiib  was  excited  upon  my  mind,  at- 
tended (by  God's  good  hand  upon  me)  with  fuch  delightful, 
yea,  vehement  pangs  of  love-fick  defires  after  God,  and  to  be, 
by  the  fmiles  of  his  countenance  and  favour,  maA^  furthcoming  f 
.to  the  glory  and  praife  of  his  glorious  name,  &c, — 

Surely  our  Editor  does  not  include  fuch  thoughts  and  expref- 
fions  as  the  foregoing,  among  thofe  which  he  hopes  will  *  an- 
fwer  the  important  eruis  of  fpiritual  edification'  to  thofe  who 
read  them. 

To  multiply  quotations  of  this  fort,  would  be  no  agreeable 
tafk  to  us,  nor  would  it  furnifti  any  very  rational  entertainment 
to  many  of  our  Readers.  Enough  has  been  extra£):ed  to  (hew 
both  the  fpirit  and  turn  of  ntoft  of  Mrs.  Steuart's  Meditations, 
and  to  give  a  tolerable  idea  of  their  unfitnefs,  in  many  refpeSs, 
to  meet  the  eye  of  an  enlightened  and  difcerning  age  and  nation* 

*  And  in  p.  27^.—'  A  needy  finner  I  am  ; — all  that  is  in  the  world 
cannot  keep  me  from  ftarving  totleath,  and  fwooning  away  in  Itme-Jici 
qualms^  if  I  am  not  fqpplied  by  my  Lord  from  that  fulnefs  that  is  ui 
him,  which  is  that  that  alone  can  fatisfy  my  foul.' 

t  This  word  is  often  ufed  in  thefe  Meditations^  and  is  always  thiu 
fpelt. 

Art.  XIII. 


\ 
\ 


[   317    3 

Art«  XIII.  Co^Ch\J %loti  cfthiPhilofophkalTranfaSfimi.    Vo^ 
Lix.     For  the  Year  1769.     See  our  laft  Month's  Review,      v 

A  N  T  I  <^U  I  T  I  E  S, 
Article  27.  Jn  Jccauni  of  fgveral  fepuUhtal  Infcriptiom  and  Figures 
in  Bas-reliif  difcovered  in  1755,  at  Bonn  in  Lower  Germany. 
By  John  StraBgey  E/qi  F.  R.  6\ 

THE  Author  in  his  paflage  through  Germany  and  the  Ty- 
rol, in  his  way  to  Italy,  had  an  opportunity  of  obfcrving 
fome  curious  remains  of  Roman  antiquity^  confining  of  bas- 
reliefs  in  the  higheft  prefervation,  which  had  been  difcovered 
on  digging  certain  foundations  in  a  garden  belonging  to  the  Elec- 
tor of  Cologne,  together  with  fome  infcriptiohs.  Two  plates 
exhibiting  thefe  antiquities  accompany  this  article. 
Article  61.  jfn  Attempt  to  elucidate  two  Samnite  Coins ^  never  heforg 

fully  explained^  Wc.    By  the  Rev.  John  Swinton,  B.  D.  F.  R.  S. 

e5ff .  t^c. 

The  moft  eminent  antiquarians,  as  Mr.  Swinton,  with  his 
accuftomed  gravity,  obferv^s,  *  have  not  fcrupled  to  aflert'  that 
the  word  Safinim,  found  on  the  reverfe  of  a  certain  Samnite 
denarius  of  Papius  Mutilus,  muft  be  equivalent  to  Saifini  or 
Samnites^  the  Sabines  or  the  Samnites ;  whereas,  with  much  erudi- 
tion, he  makes  it  nearly  evident,  from  the  nature  and  genius  of 
the  coin  itfeif;  from  the  Samnite  mode  of  abbreviation;  and 
from  its  iimilarity  to  other  coins,  bearing  the  names  of  Italian  • 
captains,  and  adorned  with  the  fame  fymbols,  that  it  ftands  for 
SAFINIw  MarcifiliuSj  pofHbly  an  Italian  general  who  had  di- 
ftinguiflied  himfeif  in  the  focial  war ; — whofe  exploits  indeed  are 
not  come  down  to  us,  and  whofe  very  name,  that  fingle  evi- 
dence of  his  ever  having  exifted,  though  recorded  on  bra fs,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  filently  polling  on  the  high  road  to  utter 
oblivion,  till  our  alert  antiquarian  outpoft  challenged  and  (top- 
ped it  on  the  very  borders  of  the  gulph  ;  after  it  had  eluded  the 
fcrutiny  of  the  Marquis  Scipio  Maffei,  Signior  Olivieri,  M. 
Pellerin,  and  his  numerous  brother  centinels,  who  inceflantly 
guard  the  paflcs  into  that  region.— —May  the  Philofophical 
Tranfadions,  Mre  perenniores^  in  which  it  is  now  depofited, 
and  commences  a  fre(h  a^ra  of  exidence,  preferve  and  tranfmit 
the  folitary  name  of  Sa/inhis — (for  even  they  can  do  no  more) 
and  the  prammen  of  his  venerable  father,  to  the  lateft  pofterity, 
more  faithfully  than  the  medal  of  Papius  Mutilus  ! 
Article  66.  Extras  ffofn  the  Jowrnah  af  the  Royal  Society^  refpe£f» 

ing  a  Letter  addrcjfed  to  the  Society  by  a  Member  of  the  Houfe  of 

Jefuits  at  Pekin  in  China,,    By  Charles  Morton^  M.  D,  Sec. 

R.  S.  isfc. 

The  controverfy  which  has  lately  arifen  amon^  the  literati  of 
Europe,  on  the  occailon  of  fome  coniedure&  of  the  ingenious 

Y  3  Mr. 


I 

Y 

Y 


t6  Philofophical  TfinfaitimSy  for  the  Tear  \*jf>q* 

/Iv.  Turberville  Needham,  publifhed  in  1761,  relative  to  a 
Yuppofed  connccUon  between  the  hieroglyphical  writing  of  the 
/  ancient  Egypti;ins,  and  the  charaderiftic  writing  now*  in  ufc 
among  the  Cbinefe,  are  not  unknown  to  our  learned  Readers  ♦. 
The  Egyptian  fymbols  or  charaSers  infcribed  on  the  celebrated 
buft  of  J  lis,  at  Turin  f,  appeared  to  him  to  refcmble  fevcral 
Chincfe  charadcrs,  which  are  to  be  found  in  the  .great  dic- 
tionary Tdingy  tfee^  'tong\  from  whence  he  conjecSured,  firft, 
that  the  Chinefe  chara6lers  are  the  fame,  in  many  refpefls,  as 
the  hieroglyphics  of  Egypt ;  and,  fecondly^  that  the  fejjfe  of 
hicroglyp.ucs  may  be  inveftigated  by  the  comparative  and  ap- 
piopriutcJ  fignlfication  of  the  Chinefe  charadters.  As  the  fimi- 
larity  between  thefe  two  fpecies  of  writing  has  however  been 
conteftcd,  an  appeal  has  been  made  to  the  only  competent 
judges  of  this  queftion,  the  literati  of  China.  The  Secretary  of 
the  Royal  Society  has  accordingly  addrefled  himfelf  on  this  fub- 
jed  to  the  Jefuits  at  Pcicin.  Among  other  queftlons  propofed 
to  them,  which  we  omit,  they  were  in  particular  defued  to  in- 
form the  Society  '  whether  certain  charadlers,  to  the  number 
of  29,  copied  from  the  bufl  at  Turin,  together  with  divert 
other  characters,  to  the  number  of  200,  copied  from  undoubted 
monuments  of  Egypt,  are  really  and  indeed  Chinefe  charadters^ 
and,  if  they  be,  of  what  dialect  and  of  what  age  are  they  V 

In  anfwer  to  this  and  other  enquiries  relative  to  thi«  fubjei^, 
the  Society  have  received  a  paper  from  Pekin,  of  which  the  pre- 
fent  article  is  an  abflra£t«  It  is  accompanied  wixh  27  plates 
reprcfenting  feveral  of  the  ancient  and  modern  Chinefe  charac- 
ters ufed  in  writing  ;  together  with  copies  of  feveral  ancient 
Chinefe  infciiptions,  drawings  of  vafes,  4nd  other  antiquities. 
With  regard  to  the  qucflion  abovementioncd,  the  writer  of  the 
paper  fent  from  Pekip  (who  appears,  from  fome  mifcariiage  or 
other  accident  befallen  fone  of  the  packets  fent  to  him,  to  have 
received  only  that  which  contained  the  Turin  charaSers)  de- 
citfes,  that  though  four  or  five  of  thefe  characters  have  a  fcnfibic 
refemblance  to  the  like  ^number,  to  be  found  in  the  abovemen-> 
tioned  Chinefe  dictionary ;  yet  that  they  ^re  not  genuine  Chi- 
nefe cbaraClers ;  having  no  connected  fenfe,  nor  a.  proper  re- 
femblance to  any  of  their  forms  of  writing  ;  and  that  the  whole 
of  the  infcription  has  nothing  of  Chinefe  upon  the  face  of  ic 
Many  of  the  liitrah  of  that  country,  whofe  province  it  is  to 
fludy  the  ancient  writings,  and  whom  he  confulted  upon  this 
cccafion,  concur  with  him  in  this  opinion  ;  declaring  that  thefc 
fymbols  are  abfolutely  unintelligible  and  new  to  them. 

-, . ; ,--- s; ■        * 

•  Sec  Review,  vol.  xxix.  p.  31 — 34. 

f  A  calt  of  this  venerable  remain  of  antiquity  has  been  procured, 
and  fent  hither,  by  Mr.  Montagu,  and  is  now,  through  the  bounty 
^f  his  Majefty,  depofucd  in  the  Britifh  Mufeum, 

The 


Phihfiphical  TranfaSftonSj  for  the  Year  1769.  jr^ 

The  Author  does  not  however  abfolutely  renounce  Mr.  Need- 
ham 'S  general  conjedure;  and  accordingly  prefents  the  Society 
with  a  collation  of  73  Egyptian  hieroglyphics,  colledted  prin- 
cipally from  Kircher,  and  has  placed  by  them  a  number  of  an«* 
cieot  and  modern  Chinefe  chara6)ers,  which  more  or  lefs  re- 
ftmble  them  ;  and  recommends  the  farther  inveftigation  of  this 
curious  fubjedt  to  the  learned.  He  lilcewiie  gives  what  he  calls 
an  hiftorical  picture  of  the  Chinefe  tongue,  and  an  account  of 
the  rules  which  have  been  obferved  in  the  formation  of  its  cha- 
laders.  He  is  profuiV  in  his  praifes  of  this  language,  and  ex^ 
tols  its  *  force,  ^race,  energy,  amenity,  grandeur,  and  fimpli- 
city,*  particularly  in  many  of  the  pafiages  of  the  King  :  obferv- 
ing,  at  the  fame  time,  ^hat,  notwitbdanding  all.  its  different 
idioms  or  varieties,  that  tongue  contains  only  about  330  words, 
cvcfry  one  of  which,  however,  is  nearly  multiplied  into  four, 
by  as  many  different  accents  or  inflexions  of  the  voice,  of 
which  it  is  difficult  to  give  an  European  an  idea;  and  that, 
seven heiefs,  it  h  neither  monotous,  barren,  or  hard  to  under- 
hand, as  has  been  fuppofed  by  Europeans.  He  obferves  too 
chat  the  accents  *  gfve  a  certain  harmony  and  pointed  cadence 
to  the  moft  ordinary  phrafes,'  and,  with  regard  to  clearnefs, 
affirms,  that  the  Chinefe  fpeak  as  fail  as  we  do,  exprefs  more 
Qieani/Yg  in  fewer  words,  and  neverthelefs  underfland  one 
another.' 

It  does  not  however  appear  from  this  paper,  how,  with  the 
ufe  of  only  four  times  330  words,  all  this  Clearnefs  is  attained.^ 
For  our  own  parts,  notwithflanding  our  learned  Miinonary's 
culogia,  we  rejoice  that  we  are  matters  of  that  fxmple  but 
Bobie  invention,  the  four  and  twenty  letters,  and  of  the  thou- 
sands and  tens  of  thoufands  of  words  that  are  formed  out  of 
them.  As  Keviewers  particularly,  we  have  reafon  to  be  more 
than  ordinarily  thankful  on  this  account.  Taking  our  whole- 
corps  togctlier,  we  may  modeilly  reckon  ourfelves  tolerable; 
mailers  of  half  a  dozen  alphabetical  languages  at  leail :  but  had 
we  the  80,000  Chinefe  characters  to  cope  with,  to  qualify  us. 
for  our  office— (fuppoiing  it  could  exift  under  fuch  a  fuppoii- 
tion)r-^inftcad  of  treating  duly  every  month,  at  our  eafe,  as  w^ 
row  do,  d4  omni  fcibJiy  our  whqle  body,  one  or  two  greybeard* 
excepted,  would  i'carce  be  got  half  way  through  their  horn-; 
books.  But  to  conclude  with  a  more  ferious  reBedion  ;  we 
ifaall  add,  that  we  know  pot  whether  the  confiderable  progrefs 
which  the  Chinef^  have  made  in  fevcral  of  the  fcienccs,  under 
all  the  di  fad  vantages  of  a  written  language,  fo  unfavourable, 
from  its  very  ilru<5ture,  to  the  difFuiion  and  propagation  of 
knowledge,  dots  not  furniih  a  ilronger  and  more  fati»fa£lory 
proof  of  the  high  antiquity  to  which  they  pretend,  than  any 
which  are  founded  on  their  biftory, 

Y  4  El  EC- 


i6  .0  Pbilcfiphicd  TranfaSfims^  for  thi  Yior  X769. 

/  E  L  E  C  T  R  IC  IT  Y   and   M  ET  BOR  s. 

/         The  two  firft  papers  belonging  to  the  firft  of  thcfc  ciaflfe$ 
/       arc  the  9th  and  10th  articles,'  in  which  Dr.  Pricftlejr  relates 
/         fome  curious  experiments  on  the  force  and  dire^Slion  of  electri- 
cal exploiions.     Thefe  were  publiflied  fome  time  ago  in  the 
Jddiitons  to  his  Hiftory^  and  have  been  already  noticed  in  our 
Review  t»     In  the  13th  article,  an  account  is  given  by  the* 
Rev.  Mr.  Paxton,  of  the  cfFeSs  of  a  violent  thunder-ftorm  on 
the  tower  of  the  church  of  Buckland  Brewer  in  Devonlhirc ; 
from  the  pinnacle  ef  which  ftones  were,  by  the  force  of  the  elec* 
t4"ical  explofion,  projeded  and  difpericd   in   all  dircdions,  a* 
to  different  diftanccs  ;  fome  of  which  (if  there  is  no  ty po^ a-** 
phical  error  in  the  number)   weighed   feven   hundred  pounds* 
The  J4'th  and  2Cth  articles  contain  meteorological  journals  of 
the  weather  in  the  year  1768,  kept  at  Plymouth,  Bridgewater,' 
and  Lutlgvan.     In  ahe  15th  and  49th  articles,   accounts  are 
given  of  two  remarkable  >/«r5r<ff  Iforeaies  ;  the  firft  oblervcd  at 
Paris,  by  M.  Meflier^  and  the  latter  at  Oxford  by  Mr.  Swtn- 
ton.     The  remaining  articles  of  this  clals  are  the  t^o  fol- 
lowing : 
Article  21-  Propofal  of  a  Method  for  fecuring  the  Cathedral  if  St. 

Paul^i  from  Damage  Iv  Lightning'^  in  Conjequence  of  a  Leiier* 

from  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's  to  James  fVeJly  Efq\ 

Pr.JR.S. 

While  the  ii\trepid  and  fagacious  wardens  or  other  guardians 
of  the  parochial  church  of  St.  Bride's,  after  repeated  eledric 
Aocks  from  above,  and  reiterated  admonitions  and  remon-> 
flrances  from  us*  and  others,  ftiil  continue  to  brave  the  utmc^ 
fury  of  an  ele6lrified  cloud  ;  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  their  me- 
tropolitan church,  lefs  daring,  and  doubtlefs  more  enlightened, 
have  applied  to  the  Royal  Society  for  their  opinion  and  parti- 
cular dire£lioiis,  relative  to  the  beft  and  mpft  efFedual  method 
pf  fixing  electrical  conduSors  to  that  building  :  incited  to  thi?^ 
ineafure  by  a  confideration  ^  that  the  old  church  of  St.  Paul's 
bad  twice  already  fuflered  by  lightning,'  and  by  a  prudent  foH« 
jcitude  *  to  fecure  the  prefent  fabric  from  fimilar  accidents ; 
which,  but  for  the  interception  of  the  ftorm  by  St.  Bride*9 
^hurcif,  within  thefe  few  years,  might,  they  obferve,  have  al- 
ready happened.'  In  confequence  of  this  application  a  com- 
mittee  was  appointed  by  the  Royal  Society,  confifting  of  Dr* 
Franklyn  and  Dt»  Watfon,  and  MeiTrs.  Canton,  Delaval,  anj 
iVilfon^  who  were  affifted,  in  the  examination  of  the  building* 
yy  I^r.  Mylne,  furveyor  of  St.  Paul's, 

t  See  vol.  xliii.  S?ptember,  page  214. 

?  See  Monihl)  Review,  vol.  xxxvii.  Oftober  1767,  p.  247,  yoL 
xlii.  March  i77C|  p.  204,  and  vol,  xliiL  September  1770,  p.  216/ 

'        .,.  f.    ............  ^,    .     -       .       .        ^j 


Pbibfiphical  TranfaSli9ia^  fir  the  Tear  1 769.  32 1 

As  we  have  lately  bad  Teveral  occafions  of  explaining  the  na- 
ture, and  ihewing  the  advantages,  of  metallic  eledrical  con- 
dudors,  and  in  our  review  of  ^)r.  Franklyn's  laft  publication, 
gave  a  pretty  large  and  circumftantial  account  of*  feveral  parti- 
culars relating  to  the  improvement  of  them,  which  had  bcea 
iiiggefted  bv  certain  accidents  that  had  befallen  fome  build- 
'  ings  furntined  with  metal  rods  * ;  we  (hall  only  obferve^ 
with  regard  to  the  prefent  article,  that  the  advice  and  direc* 
tions  here  given  are  principally  of  a  local  nature,  and  in  gene- 
ral relate  to  circumftances  refpeding  the  materials  and  their 
difpofitjon,  in  the  conftrudion  of  this  particular  building; 
fuch  as,  conneding  together  the  great  quantities  of  lead  and 
iron,  which  already  occur  in  the  different  parts  of  the  cathe- 
dra], by  means  of  metallic  communications,  and  thus  faving  a 
conftderable  part  of  the  expence,  &c«  We  fhall  only  add  that 
as,  in  a  matter  fo  new,  and  of  which  we  have  had  fo  little  ex« 
^  perience,  it  has  not  yet  been  determined  to  what  diftance  the 
frgfervativi  powir  of  a  (;ondu6iing  apparatus  extends  ;  this  phi- 
iofophical  committee  have  judged  it  expedient,  or  at  leaft  pru- 
dent, in  a  fabric  of  fuch  height  and  extent,  and  which  prefents 
h  large  a  metallic  furface  to  the  clouds,  that  the  two  towers,  / 
%z  well  as  the  cupola,  fliould  be  provided  with  a  complete  elec- 
trical communicatton  with  the  earth  f. 
Article  47.    Of  the  different  Quantities  of  Rain^  which  appear  to 

faHi  at  different  Heights^  ever  the  fame  Spot  of  Grounds     By 

fViOiem  Heberden,  M.  D.  F.  R.  S, 

The  nov^ty  and  fingularity  of  the  obTeryation  contained  in 
(his  article  will  recommend  it  to  the  notice  of  phllofophers  in 
generalt  as  well  as  to  the  confideration  of  thofe  who  keep  me- 
teorological journals  in  particular.  The  Author,  on  making 
a  conparifon  between  the  quantities  of  rain  which  fell  in  two 
places  in  London,  about  a  mile  drftant  from  one  another,  found 
that  the  rain  in  one  of  them  conftantly  exceeded  that  in  the 
other,  not  only  every  month,  but  almoft  every  time  that  it 
nified.  This  diiiereoce  could  not  be  imputed  to  the  appara^ 
las,  which  was  accurately  conflru£ted  in  both  places ;  nor  to 
any  other  probable  caufe,  except  this  circumftance;  that  one 
11 ■   ■    ..  •  I    ■■   .  ^      ^ 

*  See  Monthly  Review,  vol.  xiii.  March  17704  from  page  200  to 
pge  206. 

t  Signior  Beccaria^  who  had  two  infulated  rods  fixed  to  his  houfe, 
at  the  dijlance  of  140  feet  fsom  each  other^  one  of  which  was  30  feel 
higher  than  the  other,  obferved  that  on  taking  a  fpark  from  the  &r§t, 
the  ele£lrlcitv  of  the  latter  was  fenfibly  dimisifhed ;  bot  though 
he  contiouedf  to  touch  the  higher  rod,  the  lower  would  ncvertheleia 
9iew  figns  of  increafing  ele£tncity«    Lenere  deli' j£Uettrict/m,  p.  176. 


^al '         Phih/ophUal  TranfaSiionSy  fo^  the  Tear  176$.. 

of  thefe  rain-gages  was  fixed  above  the  neighbQuring  chtmnks, 
and  the  other  confiderably  below  them.  To  difcover  whether 
this  variation  proceeded  from  the  diiFerent  heights  at  which 
tach  apparatus  was  placed,  the  Author  afterwards  fixed  one 
rain- gage  above  the  higheft  chimuies  of  a  houfe,  and  another 
upon  the  ground  of  a  garden  adjoining  to  it ;  when  a  fimilar 
difFerenqe  was  found  in  the  quantity  of  rain  received  into  them* 
He  profecutcd  the  experiment  ftill  further ;  placing  an  appa- 
ratus on  the  roof  of  Weftminfter  abbey  ;  and  foucid  the  diffe- 
rence ftill  more  remarkable.  It  appears  from  a  table  of  a  year's 
obfervations,  here  given,  that  there  fell  above  the  top  of  a 
houfe  abov.e  a  iifth  part  lefs  rain^  than  fell  in  an  equal  fpace 
below ;  and  that  on  the  roof  of  VVeflniinfter  abbey,  there  fell 
little. more  than  half  the  quantity  which  fell  below.  The  ex- 
periment too  has  been  repeated  in  other  places,  with  the  famq 
event. 

The  Author  does  not  undertake  to  aflign  the  caufe  of  this 
extraordinary  diil'erence  ;  but  hints  in  general,  that  it  is  pro* 
bable  that  ibme  hitherto  unknown  property  of  electricity  is  con- 
cerned in  this  phenomenon:  as,  whenever  it  rains,  a  pointed 
fod,  if  perfedly  infulatcd,  never  fails  to  exhibit  manifeft  figns 
of  clefiricity  in  the  air.  That  electricity  is,  in.  (ome  manner 
or  another,  concerned  in  it,  is  extremely  probable  5  though  ie 
is  not  eafy  to  ailign  the  quomodo.  Without  hazarding  any  for- 
mal conjectures  on  this  particular  head,  we  (hall  venture  to 
mention  one  caufe,  which,  though  not  adequate  to  the  whole 
cffed,  may  polTibly  be  thought  inftrumemal  in  producing  dk 
part  of  it. 

Confidering  rain,  with  fome  late  phyfiologifls,  as  a  precipi- 
tatipn  of  water,  before  diflblved  in  air,  it  is  evident  that  as,  in 
other  chemical  precipitations,  a  greater  portion  of  the  precipi- 
tating fubftancc  will  be  received  on  the  real  bottom  of  a  veflel 
containing  the  folution,  than  on  a  fuppofed  falfe  bottom  placed 
any  where  above  it,  and  that  in  proportion  to  its  height  above 
the  jeal  bottom  :  fo  a  greater  quantity  of  water  ought,  on  part- 
ing with  its  former  folvent,  to  fjll  on  the  furface  of  the  eartb, 
than  on  an  imaginary  horizontal  plane  of  the  fame  dimenfiona 
above  it.  The  two  cafes,  we  are  fenfible,  are  not  exaSly  pa- 
rallel; as  rain  is  not  a  precipitation  of  a  |ubftance  <^wfl/(y  dtf- 
fufed  throughout  the  air,  but  principally  proceeds  from  clouds 
at  a  coftfiderable  height  above  both  the  upper  and  lower  appa- 
ratus. Neverthclefs  little  doubt  can  be  entertained  that  the 
drops  of  rain,  in  their  courfe  downwards,  zrt  fomewhat  increafed 
either  in  number  orfize;  partly  by  fuccefiivcly  impinging  on  the 
aqueous  particles  contained  in  the  air  through  which  they  pafs, 
,  and  by  atiradling  others,  in  virtue  of  their  "being  poffefled  of  a 

different 


Pbilofopbical  Tranfa/fsonSy  for  the  Yiar  t  j^'i  3M 

JifFerent  ele&ricity  *  ;  and  partly  by  the  fpontaneous  reparation 
and  precipitation  of  that  moifture »  which,  from  many  experi* 
menis,  is  known  to  be  contained,  in  confiderable  quantities^ 
in  the  air  at  ail  times,  and  the  appearance  of  which,  dripping 
down  the  walls  of  our  houfes,  &c.  is  one  of  the  popular  figna 
of  approaching  rain.  The  quantity  of  moifture  however, 
which  is  adually  feparated  and  precipitated  within  the  dimen- 
fions  of  a  plate  of  air  exKling  between  the  top  and  bottom  of 
any  given  buildihg,  we  pretend  not  even  to  guefs  at. 

Chemistry. 
Article  30.  On  the  Solubility  of  Iron  infimph  Water ^  ly  the  Interim 
vention  ef  fixed  Air  \  in  a  Letter  from  Mr.  Lam^  i^c,  to  th4 
Hon.  Henry  CaveMJhy  F.R.S. 

The  ingenious  and  accurate  philofopher,  to  whom  this  letter 
isaddrefTed,  lately  communicated  to  the  public,  in  the  Philofo- 
phical  Tran factions  f,  a  feries  of  experiments  which  fhcw  that 
a  part  of  the  calcareous  earth,  which  is  contained  in  feveral 
waters,  is  rendered  foluble  in  them  by  the  means  o^ fixed  air.  The 
Author  of  this  paper  has  here  happily  extended  this  intereftipg 
difcovcry  to  a  different  fubjed,  and  by  feveral  experiments  con- 
ducted with  great  ingenuity,  has  rendered  it  highly  probable 
that  the  iron  contained  in  many  chalybeate  fprings,  owes  its 
folubility  in  water  to  that  principle  alone. 

The  folution  of  this  metal  in  mineral  waters  has  generally 
been  hitherto  attributed  to  fome  fubtile  gas^  or  volatile  acid  : 
but  as  many  chalybeate  waters  manifeilly  contain  a  predomi- 
nant alcali,  or  an  abforbent  earth,  in  quantities  more  than  fuf- 
ficient  to  faturate  the  acid  contained  in  them ;  and  as  all  the 
known  acids  have  a  greater  affinity  to  both  thefe  fubftances, 
than  to  iron,  it  feems  to  follow  that  waters  thus  impregnated, 
which  pofiefs  the  power  of  tinging  with  galls,  and  on  being 
fome  time  expofed  to  the  open  air,  let  fall  the  metal,  and  lofe 
ihat  property,  muft  have  owed  it,  not  to  an  acid,  but  to  fome 
different  principle,  or  other  folvent  of  iron  ;  and  moft  probably 
to  fixed  air:  by  which  Mr.  Cavendifli  had  already  (hewn  that 

I  J  — — 

•  The  clouds,  and  the  furface  of  the  earth,  may  be  confidcred, 
with  Wilke  and  iEpinus,  as  the  coatings  of  an  cleftrified  plate  o/aic 
ioterpofed  betvyeen  them.  When  the  upper  part  of  this  plate  is  in  a 
poiitive,  the  lower  will  be  in  a  negative,  ftate,  and  ^ice  ver/a. 
The  drops  therefore  proceeding  from  the  upper  part,  being,  for 
infiance,  pofitively  cledlrified,  will  attract  the  negatively  elcdrificd 
watery  molecula  which  they  meet  with  in  the  lower  part  of  it ;  and 
Biay  poffibly  likcwifc  promote  their  reparation  from  their  aereai 
iblixnt,  in  virtue  of  their  greater  eledive  attraflion  of  water,  a  con* 
iudtTy  than  of  air,  a  non-conducior  of  eleftricity. 

f  Vol.  IviL  art.  II.  See  Monthly  Review,  yoL  X}(xix.  Novem- 
ber 1768,  p.  356. 

$  the 


•S*4  ThihfophUal  Tranfaifims^  for  the  Tettr  1 769.* 

the  unneucraliscd  earths  in  many  waters  are  fufpended  ;  and 
the  exiftence  of  which  in  confiderable  quantities,  in  the  Ger- 
man Spa  waters,  was  experimentally  evinced  fome  years  ago, 
by  Dr.  Brownrigg,  in  the  Tranfadions.  We  {hall  with  plea* 
fure  give  an  analytical  abftra£l  of  Mr.  Lane's  judicioas  experi- 
ments on  this  fubjef^,  inftituted  with  a  view  to  detect  and  af- 
certain  the  real  agency  of  this  aereal  metallic  folvent. 

From  his  4th  experiment,  which  we  mention  firft  for  aa 
obvious  reafon,  it  appears  that  iron  filings,  digcfled  for  a  long 
time  in  pure  diftilled  water,  do  not  communicate  to  the  water 
a  chalybeate  impregnation  ;  as  is  evident  from  its  fufFering  no 
change  of  colour  on  the  addition  of  tin£lure  of  galls  :  but  from 
his  ift  experiment  it  appears,  that  half  a  pint  of  pure  water, 
and  60  grains  of  iron  filings,  contained  in  a  wide-mouthed 
bottle,  which  was  fufpended  48  hours  over  a  diflilJer's  vat  in 
high  fennentation,  fo  as  to  enable  it  to  receive  the  fixed  air 
arifing  irera  the  fermenting  liquoc,  acquired  a  brifk  fcrrugineous 
tade ;  and  on  applying  the  ufual  teft  to  a  part  of  the  decanted 
fluid,  it  gave  figns  of  a  firong  chalybeate  impregnation,  turn- 
ing in  a  fhqrt  time  to  a  nearly  inky  colour.  Like  the  natural 
waters,  on  being  expofed  to  the  air,  it  foon  became  turbid, 
depofited  an  ocbrous  fcdiment,  and  in  a  few  days  loft  its  ting- 
ing property  entirely.  In  the  2d  experiment  fixed  air  was  con* 
veyed  into  a  bottle  containing  the  water  and  iron  filings,  h^ 
means  of  a  bent  tube  fixed  into  it,  whofe  other  leg  was  in- 
ferted  into  a  bottle  in  which  was  a  fermenting  mixture,  con- 
fifting  of  a  folution  of  fugar  in  water,  with  an  addition  of  yeaft. 
The  quantity  of  iron,  which  the  water  was  hereby  rendered 
capable  of  difiblving,  .was  found  to  be  at  leaft  equal  to  that 
commonly  afcribed  to  mod  chalybeate  waters.  In  fome  fubfe- 
quent  experiments,  the  air  extricated  during  the  efFervefcencc 
of  acid  and  alcaline  fubftances,  was  received  into  the  mixture 
of  water  and  iron  filings ;  and  in  fome  of  thefe  trials  was  mad^ 
to  pafs  through  a  vefTel  containing  pearl  afli.  In  all  thefe  dif- 
ferent experiments,  the  iron  was  diifolved,  and  the  waters  thus 
impregnated  appeared  to  be  exa6lly  fimilar ;  excepting  fome 
trifling  differences  in  tafle  and  fmel),  proceeding  from  the  fub- 
ftances  employed. 

This  laft  precaution  of  the  Author's,  taken  with  a  view  to 
pbviate  any  fufpicion,  that  an  acid  might  be  inftrumental  in 
producing  the  folution  of  the  iron,  appears  to  us  by  no  means 
luperfluous.  For  though  Dr.  Macbride,  in  his  very  ingenious  1 
Experimental  EJpiys*^  produces  an  experiment  to  prove  that  an  ' 
acid  does  not  accompany  the  fixed  air  proceirding  from  ferment- 
ing fubftances  i  as  of  two  linen  rags,  fufpended  over  a  large  x^  ; 

^'     '  .     '■  ■  i'  ■■        !■■  ■         I       ■      ■  .1  ■      I         ■    ■      I. II.  I  III  ,         "         J 

^  Eflay  iii.  Experiment  21. 


PKlofopbtcal  TranfaltknSy  for  thi  Year  1769.^  3^5 

of  melafles  wa(h  in  high  fermentation,  one  ofmrhich  wasmoif— 
tened  with  an  alcaline  folution,  and  the  other  tinged  blue  hj 
the  fcrapings  of  radiflies ;  the  iirft  was  not  at  all  faturated,  nor 
the  fecond  in  the  flighteft  degree  changed  red  by  the  vapour: 
yet  he  afterwards  acknowledges  that  an  acid  may  arife  together 
with  the  fixed  air  in  its  flight  from  fermenting  and  eiFervefcent 
mixtures  ;  but  fuppofes  that  it  has  not  the  power  to  change  the 
blue  juices  to  a  red  colour,  nor  to  faturate  the  alcaline  falts^ 
We  apprehend,  however,  that  his  not  dete£iing  its  prefence  and 
power  in  thefe  two  inftances,  was  owing  to  its  not  having  been 
coUe£led  or  concentrated,  on  its  application  to  the  alcaline  and 
tinged  rags.  For,  that  a  very  fenfibie  portion  of  acid  arifes  to* 
gethcr  with  the  fixed  air  from  fome  of  the  eiFervefcent  mixtures, 
the  waiter  of  this  article  had  occafion  formerly  to  obferve  in  the 
courfe  of  fome  experiments  Jiot  very  different  from  thefe  of  Mr. 
Lane,  and  which  were  fug^^cfled  by  Dr.  Brownrigg's  paper 
L  above  mentioned.  The  fixed  air,  particularly,  arifing  from  a 
mixture  of  oil  of  vitriol  and  fixed  alcali,  and  rufhing  with  im- 
petuofity,  in  a  denfe  and  vifible  column,  through  the  orifice  of 
a  fmall  bent  tube,  inftantly  changed  a  piece  of  blue  paper  held 
to  it  to  a  red  colour.  But  the  colour  of  the  paper,  when  pre- 
fcnted  at  even  a  fmall  dillance  from  it,  was  not  altered ;  nor 
when  the  diluted  acid  was  employed  :  neither  was  the  colour  of 
a  fnall  piece  of  the  fame  paper  at  all  affected,  when  put  into  a 
mial  of  water,  which  for  a  long  time  received  this  undoubtedly 
acid  vapour,  now  diflFufed  through  the  water,  or  diflipated..  The 
experiment  has  fince  been,  fomewhat  haflily,  repeated  on  the 
prefent  occafion ;  the  air  being  made  to  pals  through  fome  fixed 
alcali :  but  though  the  blue  paper  held  to  the  orifice  of  the  tube 
did  not  indeed  become  red  as  before,  its  colour  was  difcharged 
by  the  vapour.  The  brevity  to  which  we  arc  confined,  prevents 
Qs  from  enlarging  on  this  fubje£t.  Enough  has  been  faid  to 
prove  that  an  acid  does  certainly  arife  from  effirvefcent  mixtures, 
(and  probably 'from  y>r»7/«//«g"  fubftances)  with  the  particular 
affinities  of  which  we  are  poffibly  not  well  acquainted.  Any 
rcmaijaing  fufpicions,  therefore,  of  its  having  fome  influence  in 
the  iblution  of  the  iron  in  the  Author's  experiments,  might 
moft  efFe^ually  be  removed,  by  throwing  intp  the  water  the 
fixed  air  arifing  from  putrefctnt  fubdances. 

The  Author's  5th  experiment  is  produced,  to  (hew  that  water, 
in  which  iron  is  difTolved  by  means  of  the  vitriolic  acid,  does 
not,  on  being  boiled  or  expofed  for  a  long  time  to  the  open  air, 
lofe  the  property  of  tinging  with'galls ;  as  do  many  of  the  na- 
toral,  as  well  as  the  Author's  artificial  ferrugincous  waters,  un- 
der the  fame  circumftances.  Thefe  experiments,  however, 
liaving  been  made  with  iron  in  its  metallic  ftatc,  in  which  it*i» 
very  fcldom  found  in  the  earth,  the  Author  thought  itncccfury 
6      ,  towards 


fe6  '       Philofophical  Tranfa^lonSj  for  the  Tear  176a. 

towards  juftifying  his  conclufions  from  them,  with  regard  td 
the  manner  in  which  chalybeate  fprings  become  impregnated 
with  that  metal,  to  repeat  them  with  the  ores  of  iron.  But 
none  of  thefe  anfwcred  his  expeftation  except  one,  which  is 
called  iron  fand  ore^  and  which  fcems  to  contain  a  perfeS  iron. 
This  difficulty  led  him  into  a  new  fet  of  experiments,  which 
were  fuggefied  by  this  fuppofition  5*  that  waters  charged  with 
pyritical  matter,  or  with  any  of  the  ores  of  iron  prcvioufly  dif- 
folved  in  an  acid,  might  afterwards  have  the  acid  neutralized 
by  alcalinc  or  calcareous  fubftances,  and  yet  that  the  iron  thus 
detached  from  its  former  acid  folvent,  by  the  fuperior  afBnity 
of  the  alcali  or  earth,  might  ftill  be  kept  fufpended  in  the  water 
by  a  new  menftruum — the  fixed  air,  generated  or  let  loofe  during 
the  cffervefcence.  Though  wc  cannot  follow  the  Author 
throughout  the  detail  of  his  experiments  on  this  head,  wc 
fliould  do  injuftice  to  his  hypothefis  if  we  did  not  give  a  concife 
view,  at  leaft,  of  the  general  refult  of  them,  by  which  it  is 
in  a  great  meafure  confirmed. 

It  appears  then,  from  his  6th,  7th,  and  8th  experiments,  that 
diluted  folutions  not  only  of  iron,  but  of  any  of  its  ores,  in 
any  of  the  three  fofCl  acids,  on  the  addition  of  fubflances  not 
containing  fixed  aivy  (fuch  as  lime-water  or  foap-leys)  let  go  the 
iron;  and  that  the  filtrated  liquor  accordingly  gives  no  tinge 
with  the  tinflure  of  galls :  but  that  if  to  fuch  folutions  the 
common,  or  foffil,  or  volatile  alcali,  all  replete  w\ih  fixed  air ^  be-^ 
added;  or  any  of  the  earths  which  Ijkewife  abound  with  that 
principle,  fuch  as  chalk,  unbiirnt  limeilone,  magnefia,  the  earth 
of  alum,  marble,  &c.  though  the  metal  is  hereby  likewife  dif- 
cngaged  from  its  acid  folvent,  which  is  neutralifed  by  them  ; 
and  even  though  the  water  be  overcharged  with  the  alcaline  or 
earthy  matter,  yet  that  the  iron  is  kept  fufpended  in  the  water 
by  the  folvent  power  of  the  fixed  air  generated  in  the  aft  of  i 
efFervefcence,  as  is  evident  by  its  aflliming  a  purple  colour,  on.' 
applying  to  it  the  ufual  tcft  of  tinfture  of  galls.  j 

By  this  difcovery,  new  lights  arc  obtained  with  regard  to  the 
more  perfedi  analyfis  of  natural  medicated  waters,  and  confc- 
quently  to  the  produftion  of  artificial  cnes  refembling  them. 
Upon  the  whole,  we  (hall  obferve  frorn  our  own  experience, 
that  there  are  juft  grounds  to  expcft,  that  the  principles  con- 
tained in  this  paper  may  be  applied  to  the  perfect  imitation  of 
fome  of  the  moft  valuable  chalybt-ate  waters ;  of  thofe  particu- 
larly, of  which  fixed  air  is  undoubtedly  a  fine  qua  non^  in  the 
compofition.  By  fome  of  the  proccffes  here  given,  or  by  others 
not  very  materially  varying  from  them,  a  water  may  be  obtained 
very  little  inferior,  even  in  point  of  talle  and  gratefulnefs,  to 
that  of  Pyrmoijt, 

M  I  S  C  E  L- 


PbikfopbicalTranfaSiions^  for  fht  Teat  1769.  ^tf 

Miscellaneous    Papers, 
Article.  2.    Br f vis  Nay-rat io  de   Stru^ura  ilf  EffeSlu  Specular um 

caufticorum  parnbolicGrtim^  a  defun^o  D^°,  Hcefen  Drefda  eMf^ 

raiorvm  ;  qua  nunc  a  D"^,  Ehrard^  fub  Arce  Drefdenji  hatltanU^ 

pffffidentur.     jfuSIore  D"\  IVolfe^  AL  D. 

The  large  concave  Jpecula^  the  conftrufllon  and  efFefts  of 
which  are  defcribed  in  this  article,  are  each  formed  of  fevera! 
boards  of  wood,  firmly  bound  together,  and  conftituting  a  feg- 
ment  of  a  parabola ;  the  concave  furface  of  which  is  lined  with 
plates  of  brafs  (lamir.is  aurichalcets)  accurately  joined  to  each 
other,  and  which  have  received  as  high  a  polifli  as  the  metal  is 
capable  of  receiving.  Notwithll.inding  their  very  great  fize^ 
Aitit  fpecula  are  mounted  in  fuch  a  manner,  as  to  be  very  eafily 
manageable.  Of  fix,  which  are  in  the  pofl'eflion  of  Mr.  Ehrard,* 
the  dimenfions  and  focal  diftances  of  four  are  here  given.  The 
diameter,  or  rather  ordinate,  of  the  firft  or  largeft  is  9  feet  J 
inches  ;  its  depth,  or  abfcifle;  i  foot  4  inches,  and  the  diflance' 
of  the  focus  from  the  vertex,  4  feet*.  The  cffefis  produced 
by  thcfe fpecula  are  faid  greatly  to  exceed  any  that  have  been  pro- 
duced by  inftruments  of  this  kind.  •  We  fhall  briefly  give  tb« 
refults  of  a  few  of  the  experiments  here  related,  which  were  all 
made  by  Dr.  Hoffman,  with  the  3d  in  order,  the  diameter  of 
which  is  5  feet  i  inch,  its  depth  10  |  inches,  and  its  focal  dif- 
tance  i  foot  10  inches ;  premifing,  as  a  proof  of  the  accuracy  o( 
figure  given  to  thefe  mirrors,  that  the  image  of  the  fun  docs' 
■ot,  in  any  of  them,  exceed  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  Their 
power  however  is  greatly  weakened  by  the  imperfeftion  of  their 
polifl),  and  by  their  colour. 

Among  the  experiments  relating  to  the  efFc£ls*of  fo  large  a 
portion  of  the  folar  rays  thus  concentrated,  and  dire^^ed  on  dif- 
ferent ores,  metals  and  earths,  we  read  that  a  piece  of  filver  ore 
was  fufed  in  one  fecond,  without  any  fume  arifing,  A  piece 
.of  Hungarian  AJbeftui  was  in  3  feconds  converted  into  a  greenifh 
yellow  glafs.  An  iron  nail  flowed  in  3  feconds,  and  in  5  was 
partly  changed  into  a  green  coloured  2;-afs.  A  Spanifh  piftole  was 
melted  in  2  feconds,  and  when  in  fufion  appeared  black  j  and  a 
half  crown  began  to  melt  in  one  fecond,  and  was  completely 
perforated  in  three.  We  were  difappointed  in  not  finding  that 
rcfraftory  metal  platino^  among  the  fubjedls  expofed  to  this  i'n- 
tenfe  heat.  We  (hall  fubjoin  two  or  three  experiments  of  a  dif- 
ferent nature. 

•  Experiment  15.     Some  coals  well  kindled  being  placed  at  a 
notable  diftance  from  the  fpeculum,  a  candle  might  be  lighted^, 

•  The  Drefden  foot  is  to  the  Englifh  foot  nearly  ia  the  ratio  of 
13  to  14. 

and 


328  Pbihf$phiad  Tranfaifions^  fir  the  X^  1 769. 

and  various  inflaaunable  nuitters  kindled^  on  being  brought  into 
the  focus/ 

*  Experimmt  1 6*  If  the  live  coals  be  placed  in  the  focus  of 
the  fpeculum,  and  the  rays,  refleilcd  from  thence,  be  received  on 
another  fpecu^um  placed  even  at  a  pretty  coniiderable  difbnce 
from  the  former,  inflammable  bodies  may  be  kindled  in  the  focus 
of  the  fecond  fpeculam.' 

•  We  (hall  give  the  next  experiment  in  the  Author's  own  wordst 
as  we  do  not  perfe£tly  underftand,  whether  he  nieans  that  the 
fpeculum  refleds  and  colle£b  into  a  focus  the  rays  of  beat  unac- 
companied with  any  vifible  light  as  a  vehicle.  If  this  be  not  his 
meaning,  this  experimept  is  only  a  needlefs  and  weakened  re- 
])etition  of  the  two  former,  and,  in  faA,  a  kind  of  phyfical 
emtidimax. 

<  Experiment  j^,  Experimenta  dm  ubima  (meaning  the  15th 
and  1 6th  given  above)  non  folum  fuccedunt  cum  ipfts  pruinis  ac^- 
eenjis^  fid  etiemi  cum  fornace  firtiter  caUfaSiOy  in  foco  fpecuU  p§fie»^ 
vel  juxiaexperimentum  i^tum  ante  eundem^  diflantiis  nempe  probt 
feUetis: 

In  a  fubfequent  paragraph,  an  experiment  is  given  in  which 
the  rays  of  founds  if  we  may  be  allowed  the  expreiSon,  are  firH 
thrown  into  a  parallel  diredion,  and  afterwards  colleded  into  a 
focus,  in  the  very  fame  manner  as  the  rays  of  light  in  the  i6tli 
experiment*  For  if  two  of  thefe  mirrors  be  placed  opipofite  to 
each  other,  even  at  the  diftance  of  50  yards  ,from  each  other^ 
and  a  pocket  watch  be  held,  or  a  perfon  fpeak  very  low  in  the 
focus  of  one  of  them,  the  ticking  of  the  watch,  and  the  words 
of  the  fpeaker,  will  be  diftindly  heard  in  the  focus  of  the  other. 

In  the  laft  paragraph  the  Author  hints  the  poffibility  of  fetting 
fire  to  objefls  at  an  indefinite  diftance,  by  throwing  the  folar 
rays,  diverging  from  the  focus  of  a  very  large  fpeculum  of  this 
kind,  into  a  parallel  direfiion,  by  means  of  a  len3  placed  at  its 
own  focal  diftance  beyond  the  focus  of  the  fpeculum*  Weihall 
give  the  whole  paragraph  in  his  own  words. 

Qu,  *  Specula  Archimedea  erantne  diver  fa  ah  his  P  Certe  peura^ 
lola^  cujus  parameter  bis  mille  pedum^  non  diffculter  defcribitur. 
Forte  etiam  radii  a  tali  fpecula  reflexi^  pofl  focuh  a  lente  excipi^  tsT 
ftu  parallrlo  ad  omnem  di/lantiam  nuiti  pojfmty  habita  nempi  ratSMt 
fufibilitatis  viiri* 

The  ph\  fical  difficulties  of  different  kinds  attending  the  a<^ai 
execution  of  this  very  magnificent  experiment,  of  convening  a 
cone  of  folar  rays  into  a  burning  cylinder y  and  projecting  it  to  aa 
unliniited  diftance,  we  apprehend  to  be  nearly  inluperable :  not 
to  mention  the  probably  confiderable  diminution  of  theexpeiScd 
cfFe£t,  producible  by  various  caufes  which  we  need  not  enume- 
rate.    As  (o  the  firft  query,  it  will  readily  be  anfwered  in  the 

negative^ 


Phthfiphical  Trat^aii tons i  fir  ibe  flar  1769.  3^^ 

tiegativs,  by  thofe  who  recolIe£k  the  defcription  of  the  mirrors 
of  Archimedes  given  by  Tzetzes^  ftnd  quoted  by  M.  Dutens^ 
[in  his  RechiTches  fur  rbrigim  des  decouvertes^  &c.]  of  which  ouf 
readers  will  find  a  fliort  stctouiiCj  on  cdnfulting  thd  Appindix  to 
our  35th  volume,  page  554. 
Article  62.     Expiriments  ti  prove  that  ihi  luHilnoufnefs  bf  the  fid 

arifes  from  the  putrefaSiion  of  its  dnimal  fubjfantis,     Bj  John 

Canton^  M.  A.  and  F.  R,  S. 

The  different  caufes  affigned  by  philofopKers  as  p'rodiiflive  of 
the  luminous  appearance  of  the  fea,  have  beeti  equally  nume- 
rous  and  unfatisfafiory.  From  the  experiinents  produced  in 
proof  of  the  Author's  opinion  on  this  fubje6t9  exprefied  in  the 
title  of  this  article,  we  collc£l  that  a  freih  whiting,  after  re- 
maining about  24  hours,  in  a  gallon  of  fea  water,  appeared  l^mi* 
nous  on  that  part  of  it  which  was  even  with  the  furface  of  the 
fluid  ;  although  the  water  itfelf  was  dark  :  but  that  on  drawing 
the  end  of  a  fticlc  through  the  water,  the  latter  appeared  iumi<3 
nous  behind  the  ftick;  prefenting  an  appearance  greatlv  rcfem* 
bling  that  obferyed  in. the  wake  of  a  ihip  at  fea.  When  the 
whole  body  of  water  was  agitated,  the  whole  likewife  became 
luminous,  and  appeared  like  milk.  This  appearance  too  is  fre^ 
quently  obferved  at  fea.  The  fame  experiments  were  repeated 
with  a  herring,  which  communicated  fo  great  a  degree  of  light 
to  the  water,  Siat  on  agitating  it  on  the  third  night,  the  hour 
might  be  difcovered  with  a  watch.  The  fi(h  itielf,  however^ 
now  appeared  as  a  dark  fubftance.  In  a  week  the  water  loft  its 
luminous  quality. 

The  appearances  were  the  fame,  when  the  Author  employed 
in  tbeie  experiments  an  artificial  fea  water,  made  by  adding  4 
ounces  avoirdupois  of  fait  to  7  pints  of  water,  wine  meafure  i 
but  no  light  was  produced  on  putting  a  herring  into  frefli  water, 
nor  into  water  almoft  fully  btujated  with  (ea  fait,  in  which 
the  herring  remained  a  week  firm  and  perfectly  fwect ;  while 
'that  in  the  artificial  fea  water  was  become  more  foft  and  putrid 
than  another  herring  which  had  been  kept  as  long  in  the  frefli 
water.  It  appears  from  Sir  John  Pringle's  experiments  on  anti« 
feptics,  that  a  certain  portion  of  fait,  lefs  than  what  is  found  in 
{esL  water,  haftens  putrefaSion.  From  thence  Mr.  Canton  in- 
fers, that  if  the  fea  were  lefs  fait,  it  would  be  more  luminous; 
To  thefe  experiments  the  Author  fubjoins  fome  of  the  moft  accu« 
rate  and  circumftailtial  accounts  that  have  been  given  con* 
ceming  the  luminous  appearance  of  the  fea,  which  greatly  favour 
his  explication  of  that  phenomenon. 

The  laft  article  of  this  volume,  is  the  copy  of  a  paper  which 
was  fome  years  ago  delivered,  fealed  op,  to  the  Royal  Society^ 
by  the  late  ingenious  Mr.  James  Short  ^  which  has  been  opejffed 

Jtev.  Apr.  1771,  Z  fince 


j^a  MontHLY  Catalogub, 

fince  bis  death,  and  contains  an  account  of  bis  method  of  Work-* 
iiig  the  objcS  glafles  of  refrailing  telefcopes  truly  fpherical. 

To  this  volume  is  prefixed  a  catalogue  of  many  new  philofo* 
phical  publications  and  natural  curiofities,  which  have  been  pre- 
fented  to  the  Society  during  the.  courfe  of  the  year  1 769 ;  fuch 
as  the  memoirs  of  fome  of  the  foreign  academies,  as  well  as  the 
work's  dffeveral  individuals  publiflied  both  abroad  and  at  hoine  ; 
whofe  civilities  are  here  propetlv  acknowledged  by  the  addition 
of  the  names  of  their  refpcdtivc  donors* 

MONTHLY    CATALOGUE, 
For     A   P  R   I   L,     1771. 

Political. 

Art.  14.   Thoughts  on  tho  late  Tranfa£ftons  refpeffting  Falkland^  s 
Ifiand.    8vo.     18.  6  d.^    Cadcll.     1771, 

THE  few  writers  who  treat  difpailionately  of  public  afiairs, 
are  intitled  to  the  thanks  of  their  fellow-citizens ;  but  it  is  not 
fo  with  thoA:  who  would  fcatter  fedition,  or  who  would  exalt  the 
prerogatives  of  the  crown  by  overthrowing  the  liberties  of  the 
people.  In  this  latter  clafs  we  are  unwilling  to  place  the  Anthof 
of  the  performance  before  us ;  notwitbftandibg  th^t,  as  the  cham* 
pion  of  the  Miniftry,  he  attempts  to  vindicate  its  con^ud  in  relation 
to  the  late  tranfadions  with  Spain ;  and  that  he  confiders  thofe  who 
have  cenfared  it  as  the  '  bellowers  of  fafiion/ 

Though  perhaps  there  is  no  "great  force  of  argoVnen't,  or  ftrength 
of  reafoning  in  the  pages  before  as,  we  muft,  however,'  be  candid 
enough  to  remark  that  their  literary  merit  is  very  confiderable.  The 
fbiiowing  fpirited  animadverfions  on  a  famous  political  writer  willf 
no  doubt,  entertain  many  of  our  Readers, 

*  An  unfuccefsful  war,  fays  oar  Author,  wontd  umdonbtedly  have 
had  the  effe^  which  the  enemies  of  the  Miniftry  fo  earneftly  defires 
for  who  could  have  fuftained  the  difgrace  of  folly  ending  in  misfor« 
tune  ?  But  had  wanton  invafion  undefervedly  profpered,  had  Falk* 
land's  Ifland  been  yielded  unconditionally  with  every  right  prior  and 
softerior ;  though  the  rabble  might  have  (liouted,  and  the  window^ 
have  blazed,  yet  thofe  who  know  the  value  of  life,  and  the  uncer- 
tainty of  public  credit,  would  have  murmured,  perhaps  unheard,  at 
the  incrcai'c  of  our  debt,  and  the  lofs  of  our  people, 

•  This  thirPt  of  blood,  however  the  yifible  promoters  of  fedition 
snay think  it  convenient  to  (brink  from  the  accnfationy  is  loudly 
avowed  by  Junius,  the  writer  to  whom  hb  party  owes  much  of  its 
pride,  and  fome  of  its  popuhrity.  Of  Junius  it  cannot  be  iaid;  \o 
of  Ulyites,  that  he  fcatters  ambiguous  expreffions  among  the  vul« 
gar ;  for  he  cries  ha'UQck  witl^ouc  referve,  and  endeavours  to  let  flip 
the  dogs  of  foreign  or  of  civil  war,  ignorant  whither  they  are  going, 
and  carelcfs  what  may  be  their  prey. 

'  Junius  has  fottietimes  made  his  iatiie  felt,  but  let  not  injud}* 
cious  admiration  miilake  t!he  venom  of' the  ihaft  for  ^  vigour  of 


.Political.  331 

the  bow,  tie  }ias  fomedmes  fported  with  lucky  malice ;  but  to  him 
that  knows  his  company,  it  is  not  hard  to  be  Tarcaflic  in  a  maik. 
While  he  walks  like  Jack  the  Giant-killer  in  a  coat  of  darknefs^  he 
2Day  do  much  miichief  with  little  flrength.  Novelty  captivates  the 
fuperficial  and  thonghtlefs;  vehemence  delights  the  difcontented 
and  tarbttlent.  He  that  conlradifls  acknowledged  truth  will  always 
Ijavean  audience  ^  he  that  vilifies  eftablifhed  authority  will  always 
find  abettorsi 

'  Junius  borft  into  noHce  with  a  blaze  of  impadence  which  has 
rarely  glared  upon  the  world  before,  and  drew  the  rabble  after  him 
as  a  monf^er  makes  a  (how.  When  he  has  once  provided  for  his 
fafetjr  hj  impenetrable  fecrecy,  he  had  nothing  to  combat  but  truth 
and  julbce,  enemies  whom  he  knows  to  be  feeble  in  the  dark.  Being 
then  at  liberty  to  indulge  himfelf  in  all  the  immunities  of  invifibi* 
lity ;  out  of  the  reach  of  danger,  he  has  been  bold  ;  out  of  the  reach 
of  fliame,  he  has  been  confident.  As  a  rhetorician  he  has  had  the 
art  of  perfuadlng  when  he  feconded  defire ;  as  a  reafoner,  he  has 
convinced  thofe  who  had  no  doubt  before;  as  a  moralift,  he  has 
taught  that  virtue  may  diigrace ;  and,  as  a  patriot,  he  has  gratified 
the  mean  by  infults  on  the  high.  Finding  fedition  afcendant,  he 
has  been  able  to  advance  it ;  finding  the  nation  combuflible,  4}e  has 
i>een  able  to  inflame  it.  Let  us  abftraA  from  his  wit  the  vivacity  of 
infotence^  and.  withdraw  from  his  efiicacy  the  fympathetic  favpur  pf 
Plebeian  malignity ;  I  do  not. fay  that  we  (hall  leave  him  nothings 
the  caufe  that  I  defend  fcoms  the  help  of  falfehood  $  bat  if  we  leava 
&iin  only  his  merit,  what  will  be  his  prai(e  f 

*  It  is  not  by  his  livelinefs  of  imagery,  his  pungency  of  periods, 
ifr  bis  fertility  pf  allnfion,  that  he  detains  the  cits  of  London,  and 
the  boors  of  Middlefex.  Of  ftyle  and  fentiment  they  take  no  cog- 
nizance. They  admire  him  for  virtues  like  their  own,  for  contempt 
tHT order,  and  violence  of  outrage,  for  rage  of  defamation  and  aada« 
city  of  falsehood.  The  Supporters  of  the  Bill  of  Rights  feel  no 
niceties  of  compofitioo,  nor  dexterities  of  fophi ftry  ;  their,  faculties 
are  better  proportioned  to  the  bawl  of  Bellas,  or  barbarity  of  Beck-^ 
ford ;  but  they  are  told  that  Junius  is  on  their  fide,  and  they  are 
therefore  fure  that  Junius  is  infallible.  Thoie  who  Icnow  not  whither 
he  would  lead  them,  refolve  to  follow  him ;  and  thofe  who  cannot 
Sad  his  meaning,  hope  he  means  rebellion. 

*  Junius  is  an  unuAial  phaenomenon,  on  which  fome  have  gazed 
t^ith  wonder  and  fome  with  terror  ;  but  wonder  and  terror*  are  tran- 
fitory  paffions.  He  will  foon  be  more  clofely  viewed  or  more  atten- 
tively examined,  and  what  folly  has  taken  for  a  comet  that  from  its 
flaming  hair  (hook  peftilence  and  war,  enquiry  will  find  to  be  only 
*a  meteor  ibrmed  by  the  vapours  of  putrefying  democracy,  and  kindled 
into  flame  by  the  eflerve(cence  of  intereft  firnggUng  with  convidlion  ; 
which  after  having  plunged  its  followers  in  a  bog,  will  leave  us  en- 
quiring why  we  regarded  it.' 

'  The  prefent  publication  is  not  entirely  free  from' that. difgufling 
petulance  and  afiPedation,  which  generally  chara^erize  -the  perfor- 
xnances  of  its  Author.  Filled  witli  that  little  vanity,  which  (o  fre- 
^Uendy  attends  on  contemplative  and  retired  men,  he  delivers  his 
grades  with  an  air  of  the  atmo^  authority ;  and  feems  to  confider 

2*2   .  himfelf 


33^  Monthly  Catalogue, 

himfelf  as  feated  on  the  pinnacle  of  the  temple  of  wiCdotn^  from 
whence  he  looks  down  with  2i /apient  difdain  on  the  repciies  that 
crawl  below  him. 
Art.  15.  An  Examination  of  the  Declaration  and  Agntment  with 

the  Court  of  Spain,  relating  to  the  Kejlitution  of  Falkland's  IJland. 

8vo.     I  s.     Bingicy, 

This  performance  has  but  a  fmall  portion  of  literary  merit ;  yet 
its  dcfefts,  in  this,  particular,  are  amply  compcnfated  by  Its  candour, 
good  fenfe,  and  public  fpirit. 
Art-  lb.  RtfeSiions  upon  the  prefent  Difpuie  between  the  Houfe  of 

Commons  and  the  Magi  fir ates  of  London,    Svo.   is.    Biadon*     1771. 

According  to  the  fpirit  of  our  conlUtution,  the  members  of  the 
Houfe  of  Commons  ought  to  hold  no  language  but  what  the  people 
fhould  hear,  or  be  informed  of.  They  are  elc6led  for  the  purpbfe  of 
fupporting  the  general  rights  of  the  nation.;  and  when  they  com- 
plain that  their  fpeeches  are  publifhed,  it  is  naturally  to  be  fuipeflec^ 
that  they  are  inclined,  in  fome  refpeifl,  to  betray  their  conflitucnts. 
The  publication  however  before  us,  in  compliment  tp  admini(lration» 
would  vindicate  the  Houfe  of  Commons  in  their  late  traniadbions 
with  the  magirtrates  of  London.  It  is  written  with  no  extraordinary 
ftrength  of  argument,  or  elegance  of  compofition;  yet,  from  its  ftyle 
and  manner,  we  ihould  be  apt  to  afcribc  it  to  a  perfon  of  fbme  emi-* 
nence'in  the  literary  world — the  Author  of  Memoirs  of  Great  Britain 
4ind  Ireland, 
Art.  17.    An  AJdrefs  to  the  Houfe  of  Commons  of  Ireland*     By  a 

Freeholder.     8vo.     is.    No  Publiiher's  Name.     Adveitifed  by 

Almcn.  I 

ContaiiTs  fome  pertinent  hints  for  the  protedlion  of  Ireland  againft 
invafion,  which,  the  Writer  thinks,  is  to  be  apprehended  on  the  com* 
menceroent  of  any  future  war ;  and  which,  according  to  the  repre- 
Tentation  made  of  the  prefent  ^ace  of  the  country,  it  is  by  no  means 
enabled  to  repulfe.  Hence  he  juflifies  the  augmentation  of  the  army, 
inilils  on  the  burden  and  inefficacy  of  militia  in  a  country,  the  ma- 
jority of  the  inhabitants  of  which  are  Catholics,  and  points  out  pro- 
per fortifications  to  be  made  and  garrifoned,  to  render  any  de(cent 
on  that  iiland  abortive.^ 
Art.  18.  An  Addrefs  to  the  People  of  England^  on  the  prefent  State 

of  the  Britifi?  Legijlature\  .pointing  out  the  Caufes  of  the  prefent  Di'^ 

flurbances.     8voi     is.     Griffin.     177 1. 

When  the  forms  of  a  ixtt  government  outlaft  the  ends  for  whick 
they  were  inilituted,  they  become  a  mere  mockery  of  the  people  for 
whofe  wel^e  they  ought  to  operate. 

The  delegates  of  a  people  never  lofe  the  confidence  of  their  coc- 
ilituents  wiuiout  deferving  it ;  and  whenever  this  unhappy  circum** 
lUnce  takes  place,  &o  good  can  be  expelled  in  any  point  of  view, 
until  the  people  are  referred  to  a  new  choice.  If,  when  they  obtain 
this  opportunity,  they  can  again  mifafe  it,  let  their  own  refle£Uons 
fugged  to  them  what  they  deferve ;  but  then  let  them  not  be  fo  to- 
t;illy  void  of  (hame  as  to  complain  of  the  venality  of  thoie  men  to 
Urhom  they  fell  themfelves. 

The  difpaffionate  Addrefs  now  before  us  traces  the  public  difq^uieys 
from  their  natural  and  obvious  caufes ;  the  eledlors  firft  bafely  bartering 
away  their  votes,  and  the  purdiafers  afterward  proilatating  and  be- 
traying 


N  0  V  E  L  3.  333 

tra^ng  their  trufl,  to  reimburfe  themfelves^  in  the  mean  capacity  of 
mtniilerial  agents  :  at  which  the  people,  ftrange  to  fay,  are  furprifsd, 
and  angry ! 

Our  Author  calls  upon  the  Bririfh  electors,  therefore,  to  let  the 
year  17741  when  the  next  general  cleftion  takes  place,  be  the  grand 
sera  of  Britiih  freedom. — But,  alas  !  addrefies  of  this  kind  will  be 
little  regarded,  perhaps  little  read,  by  thoie  who  ftiould  proric  by 
them  ;  and  hence,  it  is  to  be  apprehended,  our  political  redemption 
can  only  be  cfFefted  by  fhort  parliaments,  which,  if  any  thing  can, 
will  fpoil  the  markets  at  which  our  national  rights  are  boug  u  and' 
fold. 

One  thing,  with  refpcfV  to  this  fenfible  Addrefs,  gare  us  peculiar 
pleafure  in  perufing  it ;  viz.  to  obferve  fuch  conftitutional  principles 
enforced  by  the  pen  of  an  officer  in  the  regular  forces ;  and  we  hope 
there  are  many  more,  gentlemen  in  th^  army  as  true  well-wifhcrs  to 
their  country  as  this  worthy  Writer :  fuch  men  will,  in  all  exigen-^ 
cies,  a6l  in  fuch  a  manner  as  becomes  its  real  friends  and  defenders. 

Novels,  &c. 
^rt.  29.  Sentimental  Tales.  12010.  2  Vols.  5  s.  fcweJ. 
Wilkie.  1771. 
In  thcfe.^//«rt»/fl/produftions  aye  comprehended  fome  yoxy  warm 
ideas,  and  allufions  to  fituations  rather  fenfual  than  fentimental. 
The  Author,  in  fome  parts  of  his  work,  imitates  S  erne,  with  the 
ufual  fuccefs  of  imitators.  He  has  introduced  a  number  of  poetical 
pieces,  both  originals  and  tranflations  *,  and  they  are  not  the  wcrd 
parts  of  the  Tales  in  which  they  are  interfpcrfed  :  but  even  of  tUcfc, 
in  juilice  to  the  public,  we  cannot  fpeak  in  the  highell  terms  of  ap- 
probation. 

Art.  20.  The  Fault  was  all  his  own.     In  a  Series  of  Letters, 
By  a  Lady.     izmo.     2  Vols,     c  s.  fewed.     Riley. 
Wc  arc  told  that  this  is  the  produflion  of  a  you7jg  Lady,  of  a 
promifing  genius ;   and  the  work  bears  fufficient  telliniony  that  wc 
arc  not  mifinformed  ;  for  it  abounds  with  the  marks  of  an  inn  mature 
judgment,  aiid  yet  afords  proofs  of  a  fine  imagination.     It  is  dc- 
fcdive  in  plan,  chara^ers,  and  ftyl^  ;'  but  many  good  fentiiT\etTts  are 
interfpcrfed  in  it;  and  we  meet  with  refledlions  that  would  do  ho- 
nour to  the  pen  of  a  more  experienced  writer. 
Art.  21.   The  Adventures  of  a  Bank  Note.     In  Four  Volumes, 
Vols.  in.  and  IV.     1 2mo.     5  s.  fewed.     Davies. 
We  refer  to  our  fliort  mention  of  the  two  former  vjlumes  of  this 
droll  performance:    fee  Review,  vol.  xliii.  p.  /I52. — It  appears  that 
the  public  are  to  thank  the  humorous  Burle/quer  of  Homer  for  tlie 
entertainment  afforded  them  in  the  Adventures  of  a  Bank  Note. 
Thcfc  adventures  refult  from  the  various  transfers  of  the  note,  from 
.fine  poffcifor  to  another;  with  the  characters  ofitsfcveral  proprietors, 
among  whom  are  divers  well-known  remarkable  pcrfonages  of  the 
.  prefent  age,  and  of  various  ranks  and  completions. 
Art.  22*    Betfy\    or^  the  Caprices  of  Fortune.     12010.     3  Vols. 
7  s.  6  d.  fewed.     Jones. 
All  improbability ;  yet  not  entirely  delHcutc  of  interefling  fcencs. 

Particularly  from  Catullus, 

Z  X 


334  Monthly  (Hataloguk, 

Art,  23.    The  yicar  of  Bray :    A  Tale.      i2mo.      2  Vols. 
5  8.  fewcd.     Baldwin. 
A  ritHculous  ftory  ridiculouily  blendjed  with  the  political  hiHor/ 
of  the  laH  fourteen  or  Efteen  years,  in  order  to  give  an  air  of  fecreC 
hiitory  to  a  fcandalous  improbabie  fidion. 

Art,  24.  TbeDifguife:  A  Dramatic  Novel.  121110.  2  Vols, 
q  s.  fewed.  Dodfley.  I'^'ji* 
The  Author  of  this  performance  apologizes  to  his  Reader  for  de- 
viating from  the  forms  in  which  novels  have  ufually  been  written  i 
but  this  circuroftance  is,  perhaps,  the  only  one  for  which  he  de-: 
ferves  commendation.  In  the  hands  of  a  man  of  genius  the  dra- 
matic form  may  certainly  be  employed  in  a  liovel  with  the  greateil 
advantages ;  but  our  Author  is  not  to  be  ranked  in  this  clafs.  The 
incidents  he^has  feleded  are  often  unnatural;  they  are  alwajrs  fan- 
cied with  little  ingenuity  or  talie ;  and  the  language  in  which  h^ 
exprefTes  himfelf,  is,  in  the  highefl  degree,  loofe  and  incorre£t.  He; 
has  thrown  mere  events  into  dialogue;  there  %  is  no  maderly  diHinc* 
tion  in  hie  fharaflers ;  and  he  appears  not  to  be  intimately  unac- 
quainted with  the  human  heart.  He  has  complained  that'epiilolar]^ 
correfpondencies  have  grown  dull,  that  narratives  have  become  te- 
dious, and  journals  heavy  ;  but  ♦he  adls  and  the  Tccnes  he  has  pror 
duced,  are,  in  our  opinion,  fliil  more  exceptionable ;  their  genera^ 
languor  and  infipidity  being  never  interrupted  by  llrokes  of  humour^ 
and  Tallies  of  vivacity  or  wit. 

Miscellaneous. 
Art.  95.  Eikonoclqftes.  In  Anfwcr  'to  a  Book  intitled,  Eikon 
Bafilike^  the  Portraiture  of  his  facred  Majefty  in  his  Solitudes  and 
Sufferings.  A  new  Edition.  CorrcAed  by  the  late  Reverend 
Richard  Baron.  8vo.  3  s.  fewed.  Kearfly. .  1770. 
The  advertifement  prefixed  to  this  edition,  "by  the  publiflier,  it 
as  follows  ; 

*  No  heart  ever  glowed  with  a  more  ardent  and  generous  warmth 
in  the  caufe  of  religious  and  civil  liberty  than  Mr.  Baron's.  He 
only  breathed,  he  did  not  live  in  his  own  eflimatiori,  but  whilft  He 
was  in  fome  way  or  other  lending  his  a/Hftance  to  this  glorious  caufe. 
He  wrote,  he  publilhed  and  republiihed  perpetually  in  its  defence. 

*  Had  he  been  equally  mindful  of  his  domcflic  concerns,  he  tnight 
have  left  a  competency  behind  him  for  his  wife  and  family*;  but  his 
whole  foul  was  engaged  in  the  caufe  ;  he  negledled  every  other  con- 
cern.    He  is  now  no  more. 

*  Seme  time  before  his  death,  at  his  fo!e  expcnce,  he  printed  this 
new  edition  of  the  EiKON\)CLAsrES.  He  did  not  live  to  publifli  \k. 
His  notes  and  additions  to  it  are  truly  valuable.  The  expence  of 
this  edition  is  a  dead* weight  apon  Mr.  Baron's  effects. 

'  It  is  now  publifhed  to  fubTerve  the  general  caufe,  and  alio  to 
ferve  the  intcreft  of  Mr.  Baron's  family.  The  Eikonoclastbs  is 
tno  well  known  to  need  any  commendation  :  there  is  not  a  friend  to 
libel rv  who  would  not  wifh  it  to  be  immortal."  ■  - 

*  The  public  may  be  affured  that  every  farthing  arifing'from  the 
piibltcaiion  of  it,  fhall  be  faithfully  and  confcientioufly  applied  to 
the  fok  benefit  of  IVIr.  Baron's  family.* 

Mr. 


MiteBt.LANto(fs.  335 

Mr.  Baron  hid  writtea  a  oreface  to  this  publication »  in  which 
he  informs  us,  that  when  the  laft  edition  of  Milton's  profe  works  was 
committed  to  his  care,  he  executed  that  truU  with  the  greated  fide- 
lity ;  of  which  no  one  who  knew  Mr.  B.  wiJl  entertain  the  leaft  doubt : 
that  mfier  he  had  thus  endeavoured  to  do  juftice  to  his  favourite 
Aothor,  by  comparing  every  piece»  line  by  line,  with  the  original 
editions,  he  met  with  ayicmui  e^tiatt  of  the  Eikonoclastbs  (which 
lud  neither  been  feen  b^  Mr.Toiand,  the  former  Editor,  nor  by  Mr. 
B.)  with  many  large  and  curious  €uiMiiens\  and  he  quickly  refolved 
that  the  public  (hoold  no  longer  be  withheld  fiom  the  poilcdion  of 
fuch  a  treafure.  '  I  therefore  now,  iays  Mr.  B.  give  a  new  impref- 
fion  of  this  work,  with  the  additions  and  improvements  made  by 
liie  Author:  and  I  deem  it  a  fingular  felicity  to  be  the  indrument 
of  reftoring  to  my  country  (o  many  excellent  lines,  long  loft— and  in 
danger  of  being  for  ever  loft-H)f  a  Writer  who  is  a  lafting  honour 
to  our  language  and  nation ; — and  of  a  work,  wherein  the  princi- 
ples of  tyranny  are  confuted  and  overthrown,  and  all  the  arts  and 
canning  of  a  Grma'Tjrmtu  and  hi^  adherents  detedtd  and  laid 
open/ 

The  following  obfervationa  on  Milton,  are  at  once  charafterifUc 
of  that  great  man,  coniidered  as  the  Champion  op  the  PEOPLt, 
and  of  Ue  political  zeal  and  fpirit  of  his  late  reverend  Editor  : 

*  Milton,  in  particular,  ooght  to  be  read  and  lludicd  by  all  our 
yonng  gentlemen  as  an  Oracle.  He  was  a  great  and  hoble  geniiis, 
perhaps  the  greateHr  that  ever  appeared  among  men  ;  and  his  learn* 
ing  was  equ^  to  his  genius.  He  had  the  higheft  fenfe  of  Lib(;rty, 
glorious  thoughts,  with  a  ftrong  and  nervous  ftyle.  His  works  are 
Sill  of  wifiiom,  a  treafure  of  knowledge,  in  them  the  divine,  the 
fbitefman,.the  hiftorian,  the  philologift,  maybe  all  inl^uAed  and 
entertained.  It  is  to  be  lamented  that  his  divine  writings  are  fo 
little  known.  Very  few  are  acquainted  with  ^hem,  many  have  never 
heard  of  them.  The  fame  is  true  with  refpedt  to  another  great 
writer,  cocemporary  with  Milton,   and  an  advocate  for  the  fame 

gorions  caufe;  I  mean  Algbrnon  Sydney,  whofe  difcourfes  on 
overnment  are  the  moft  precious  legacy  to  thefe  nations. 
'  All  antiquity  cannot  fhew  two  writers  equal  to  thefe.  They 
were  both  great  mafters  ,of  Reafon,  both  great  tnafters  of  Expreffion. 
They  had  the  ftrongeft  thpushts,  and  the  boldeil  images,  and  are 
the  beft  models  that  can  be  followed.  1  he  ftyle  of  Sydney  is  al« 
ways  clear  and  flowing,  ftrong  and  mafculine.  The  great  Milton 
has  a  ftyle  of  his  own,  one  fit  to  exprefs  the  adonifhing  fublimity 
of  his  thoughts,  the  mighty  vigour  of  his  ipirit,  and  that  copia  of  in* 
vention,  that  redundancy  of  imagination,  which  no  writer  beforc^or 
iince  hath  equalled.  In  fome  places  it  is  confeJed  that  his  periods 
are  too  lottg,  which  renders  him  intricate,  not  altogether  intelli- 
gible  to  vttlgar  readers ;  but  thefe  places  are  not  many.  In  the  book 
Before  ua  hu  ilyle  is  for  die  noft  part  free  and  eafy,  and  it  abounds 
in  eloquence  and  wit  and  argument.  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  ftyle 
of  this  work  is  the  beft  and  moft  perfed  of  all  his  profe  writings. 
Other  men  have  commended  his  Uijlwry  as  matchlefs  and  incompa- 
rable, whofe  malice  could  not  fee  or  would  not  acknowledge  the 
excellency  of  his  ot)ier  wivkfc    It  is  no  fecret  whence  their  s^veriioa 


.  33^  Monthly  Catalogite^ 

to  Milton  proceeds ;  and  whence  their  caution  of  ntming  hriK  as 
any  other  writer  than  a  poet.  Milton  combated  fuperftition  anil 
tyranny  of  every  form,  and  in  every  degree.  Againft  them  h'e  em- 
ployed his  mighty  ilrenjgthy  and,  like  a  Battering  RMtn^  beat  down 
all  before  himl  Bat  notwithftanding  thefe  mean  arts  either  te  hide 
pr  difparage  him,  a  little  time  will  make  him  better  known ;  and 
the  more  lie  is  known  the  more* he  will  be  admired.  His  works 
are  npt  like  thr  fugitive  fhort-lived  things  of  this  age,  few  of  which 
furvive  their  authors:  they  are  fobilantial,  durable^  eternal  writings; 
which  will  never  die,  never  periih  whilit  Rpafbo,  Truth,  and  Liberty 
iiave  a  being  in  thefe  nations* 

*  Thas  much  I  thought  proper  to  iay  on  occafipn  pf  this  pnblica- 
tion,  wherein 'I  have  no  reientment  to  gratify,  no  private  intereft  to 
ferve :  all  my  aim  is  to  flrengthen  and  fupport  that  gooil  cU  CaujH 
iwhtch  in  my  youth  I  embraced,  and  the  principle)  whereof  I  will  d*- 
fert  and  maintain  whilfV  I  live.' 

And,  accordingly,  Mr.  Baro|i  did  fo,  with  uniform  atdour  and 
zeal,  to  the  laft ;  but,  as  we  have  already  feen,*  did  not  live  to  pub* 
]i{h  what  he  w^s  fo  eagerly  folicitous  to  print. — He  was  an  hon^ 
man,  was  well  acquainted  with  the  literature  of  this  country  in  the 
laft  a?e,  and  had  many  friends,  whofe  reeard,  however,  he  gene- 
rally Toft,  through  tlie  ungoverned  warmm  and  inequality  of  his 
remper. 

*y\rt.  26.  jf  new  Hifiorieal  Biographical  and  Claffical  Di£liimarj. 
Containing  a  concife  and  alphabetical  Account  of  the  moft  remark- 
able Events  recorded  in  Ancient  Hillory.  gxtraded  from  the  moft 
celebrated  Claflicai  Writers  i  Alfo  the  Lives  and  Charadlers  of  the 
inoft  illullrious  Perfonages  among  the  Greeks,  Romans,  Egyp- 
tians, Carthaginians,  and  other  diftinguiihed  Nations.  Compre* 
hending  HeaSien  Deities,  Patriots,  Priefts,  Philofophers,  Kings, 
Princes,  Legiflators,  |5tatefmen,  Qenerais,  celebrated  Ladies,  Ora-  . 
tors,  Poets,  Hiilorians,  Painters,  Phyiicians,  Lawyers,  Players^ 
Artificers,  and,  in  (hort,  all  who  have  ii^nalized  themfeives  by 
their  Virtue,  Courage,  Learning,  or  Abilities  Calculated  for  the 
life  of  Scbools,  and  for  fuch  Gentlemen  and  Ladies,  who  not 
having  had  the  Happinefs  of  a  Claffical-  Education,  are  deiirotts  of 
)}eing  acquainted  with  the  Heathen  Mythology,  apd  the  moft 
flriking  Circumftancep  of  Ancient  Hifiory«  *  t  zmo.  38.  6  d. 
bound,    fecaf fly. '  1771. 

l^he  defi^n  of  this  compendium  is  thus  expreffed  «by  the  Author 
r-f  To  the  Readfr^*  via. 

*  In  the  following  fheets  the  Editor  has  endeavoured  to  lay  before 
his  Readers  whatever  he  found  moil  valuable  in  the  belt  claflic 
writeis.  They  contain  a  {hort,  but  he  flatters  himfelf  not  an  uninr 
terefiing  account  pf  the  moft  remarkable  events  recorded  by  the 
Greek  and  Roman  hiRorians ;  with  the  lives  and  chara£^ers  of  the 
illadrious  heroes  of  antiquity,  and,  where  they  could  with  propriety 
be  introduced,  trandations  of  many  of  the  celebrated  parages  that 
are  to  be  met  with  in  the  ancient  poets. 

'  The  work  was  not  onjy  undertaken   for  ,thc  Use  of  Schools, 

y^hefe  the  vc^nX  of  fuch  a  performance  has  long  been  complained  of, 

^u^(  for  Cat  fcrvice  of  fuch  gentlemen  ^  wifii  to  become  acqoaintrd 

"••^'  ■" '      ^  "  •     witlj 


Miscxn, AN Eo us. .  337 

mth  the  in<^  material  occarreaces  of  profaae  hiftory,  in  the  coftf 
^iJfeft  and  eaiie(l  manner. "  *  . 

'  In  ihorty  the  Editor  has  attempted  to  render  t)ie  whole  both 
pleafiDg  and^ireful,  by  blending  delight  with  inilrudUon^  an4  knov^  • 
ledge  with  entertainment.  .     * 

*  Queen's  College,  Oxford..  Deci  lo,  lyjo.^ 

We  have  only  ^o  obferye,  that  .tkis  liule  work  i«  extremely  defi* 
fcient,  from  the  great  aumber  of  fier/oftj  smd  things  omitted;  which* 
indeed*,  is.  not  much  to  be  wondered,  at/ con fidering  the  narrow 
fompafs  ta  which  it  is  confined.  If  the  Author  would  add  to  it  a 
fecond  volume*  for  which  there  are  ample  materials,  even  on  his 
own  plan  of  bren/ity^  we  apprehend  his  Di<51ionary  would  be  more 
generally  acceptable  to  the^publjc— 'We  have  feen  a  work  bearing  a 
very  iimilar  title  to  this*  but  it  is  merely  biographical :  it  was  puh- 
•lifhed  by  Millar*  about  17  years  ago,  in  z  Vols,  izmo. 
Art.  27.   Obfervations  upon  feveral  Paitages  e:<,tracled  Yrom  a 

Work  lately  poblifhed*  entitled,  J  Re^vitw  0/ ths  CharaSen  9/ tj^g 

frincipal  N^aiotts  of  Europe  * ,     8vo.      is.  6d.     Almon. 

There  are  vtty  few  of  thefe  obfervations  that  are  in-  the  leaft  de- 
gree interefting  :  many  of  the  extra^s  are  produced  only  to  commend 
them*  aivd  to  echo  the  Author's  fentiipents ;  while  it  is  diilicult  to 
Jcnow  for  what  purpofe  others  are  produced, 

What»  for  in  (lance*  is  to  be  learned  from  tha  following  article : 
*  Extract  the  Fourteenth. 

**  By  this  perpetual  concomitance  of  the  women,"  J^c. — Page  73.. 

observations: 

*  The  Aatbor,  no  doubt,  means,  by  the  perpetual  r^/ir^xv/Viuyr^  of 
the  French  women,  their  ftrong  prppenfity  to  aflemble  together  in 
jiarge  bodies.— Would  not  ajfociatiop,  therefore,  be  a  properer  word 
thsLik  concomitance  ?  **  Concomitance  [from  conconiitor,  Lat.]  Sub^ 
^ilence  togeiher  with  another  thing."— J ohnfon's  piA. 

'  However,  on  re-con fidering  the  word,  I  acquit  the  Author  of 
impropriety ;  for  cencomitor^  in  Littleton's  E|j6Uonary,  is  "  to  accom^ 
pany*  to  follow*  to  attend."  .  .        , 

pit  us.  try  o^Le  more  : 

ExTiiACT  the  Thirty-ninth, 

."  Their  geper^  negligence  of  books  (fpcaking  of  the  Spaniards) 
reduces  individuals  to  the  necefllty  of  drawing  moft  of  their  know* 
ledge  from  their  own  fund  of  experience  and  obfejcvation  ;  which, 
notwithftsuiding  they  are  excellent  fources,  and  far  exceed,  in  pu-' 
rity  of  truth  and  certitude,  the  lucubrations  of  the  clofet  alone,  can- 
not compare  with  that  fuperior  extent  and  profoundriefs  of  acute  and 
jthprough  difcernment*  which  reading  and  meditation  give  ithofe 
who  are  adequately  converfant  with  the  world." — Page  255, 
.0  a  S  E  R  V  A  T  1,  O  N  S. 

,'  Much  knowledge  may,  doubtlefs,  be  acquired  by  experiflrvce 
and  obfervation;  and  we  frequently  meet  with  men,  who,  with 
hardly  any  alliance  from  looks ^  make  no  contemptible  figure  \h 
the  world.  But  thofe  who  are  naturally  acute  and  difcerning,  will 
%nd  their  acutenefs .  and  diicernment  confiderably  increaled,  hy  a 
y  .       ; 

♦  for^  account  of  this  work,  fee  Review,  vol,  3diii.  p.  329. 

caieftti 


33'  Monthly  Catalogue, 

careful  pcrnfal  of  books,  the  Authors  of 'which  were  remaAablc  fotr 
their  fhrewdrrcfs  and  acumtn.  Many  of  the  Readers,  however,  of 
the  above  extraQ^  will  probably  wifh-  to  know  why  there  is  more 
€trtitud€y  why  there  is  more  puri^  of  truth  in  expiriena  and  obfim^a^ 
tiM,  than  in  the  litcubrathns  of  the  clo/et  aUne»*  , 

Observation  mfan  this  OBSBRVATiorr, 
Does  this  Obferver  need  to  be  told  that  a  man  of  expeVience, 
though  he  cannot  read,  will  sl&  with  more  propriety  in  the  world, 
than  a  raw  reclufe  ftudent,  until  his  ftndies  are  corredied  and  ma- 
tared  by  an  experimental  knowledge  of  mankind ;  but  that  when 
this  knowledge  is  once  attained,  ceteris  parihtis,  the  latter  will  have 
greatly  the  advantage  of  the  former  ? 

After  all  we  are  perhaps  miftaken  in  our  eftimate  of  the  merit  of 
thcfe  Obfervations,  for  in  the  lift  of  Trads  fold  by  the  pubJiflicr, 
fiitched  up  at  the  end,  we  are  given  to  nnderftand  that  this  pamphlet 
was  out  of  print  at  the  time  it  was  upon  fale  f 
Art.  28.  Sketches  and  Charaifers  of  the  mcft  eminent  and  mo/I  fin-^ 
gulwr  Ferfins  mn»  b'viug.    Vol.  I.     x  amo.     2  8.  6  d,  fewed.    Bri- 
AoX  printed,  and  fold  by  Wheble  in  London.     1770. 
A  good  hint  for  a  taking  touch  on  the  times ;  but  the  flippant  Wri- 
ter has  not  made  the  moft  of  his  thought.    If  he  will  revife,  im- 
prove, and  give  more  folidity  and  fubftance  to  this  work,  we  doubt 
not  but  it  will  h€  highly  accepttble  to  fuch  Headers  as  are  fond 
of  anecdotesy  repartees ^  and  hens  mots,  of  the  Duke  of  This,  and  my 
Lady  That,  and  Mr.  T'other  the  noted  wit,  ^c.  Sec.  $cc. 
Art.  29.  The  Coterie  recomnunded I  or,  the  Pleafures  of  the  5^<ni 
Monde  vindicated  :  In  an  Oration  made  before  that  honourable  and 
truly  laudable  Society,  on  the  4th  of  Apfil,  being  the  Anniver- 
fary  of  its  Inftitution.    By  the  Hon.  Mr.  Shame'em.    8vo.     1  s. 
Gardner,  &c.  ,         ^ 

Taking  up  the  vulgar  notion  that  the  fociety  lately  formed  amoiljg 
our  people  of  fafhion,  and  known  by  the  name  of  the  Coterie,  is 
calculated  for  the  accommodation  and  encouragement  of  vicious  plea* 
fures,  this  pretended  Apologift  abufes  the  afTociation,  in  a  ftyle  tb«t 
will  fufficiently  clear  the  Writer  from  all  fufpicion  of  his  being  him<* 
fclf  a  member. 

Art.  30.  The  Trial  of  fPtlliam  Wemms^  and  fcvcn  others.  Sol- 
diers in  his  Majefty^s  29th  Regiment,  for  the  Murder  of  Crifpns 
Attucks  and  four  others,  Mar.  5,  1770,  at  the  fupeHor  Court  of 
Judicature,  Affize,  &c.  at  Bofton,  Nov.  27  following,  &c.  before 
the  Hon.  Benjamin  Lynde,  John  Cufliing,  Peter  Oliver,  and  Ed, 
Trowbridge,  Efqrs.  Juftices  of  the  faid  Court.  Publifhed  by  Per- 
miflion  of  the  Court.  ^  8vo.  3  s.  fewed.  BoJIon  printed,  London 
reprinted.    Evans. 

As  the  unfortunate  accident  which  gave  birth  to  thefe  proceedings 
hath  been  taken  Vi^  on  party  ground,  and  the  circumflances  have  beea 
varioufly  reprefented,  thofe  who  are  defirous  of  knowing  the  real 
itate  of  the  cafe,  will  here  meet  with  fatisfaflion. 
Art.  31.  The  Vegetable  Siftem.  By  Dr.  HiU.  Vol.  XVII.  Folio, 
Royal  Paper.  1 1.  lis.  6  d.  Baldwin, 
See  Review,  vol.  xliii.  p.  i6^« 


Mathbmaticac*  339 

'  Re  LiGio  U8  and  Controvert  I  At. 

Art,  32.  A  Propofalfor  the  Advanamint  rf  Chrtfliamty  into  a  f9** 
Ute  aud  tlegoHt  Syftem^  adapted  to  the  Tafte  and  Freedom  of  the 
preient  Age,  with  refpedl  to  our  general  Manners  and  Maxims  of 
Government.   In  a  Letter  to  a  Friefid.   By  Thomas  Bedford,  M.  A* 
Chaplain  to  the  Earl  Granville.     4to.     i  s.    Wilkie.     1771* 
Swift's  ironical  manner  is  here  aflbmed,  with  pretty  good  faccefs  ; 
bat  whether  much  good  efFe£t  is  to  be  expeAed  from  any  attempt  to 
tiiiiculi  vice  or  irreTigion,  is  a  point  of  fome  doubt  with  us.     People 
OT^,  poffibly,    be  laughed  out  of  fome  follies ;    but  to  encounter 
wickednefs  and  depravity  with  the  delicate  weapons  of  raillery,  feems 
(to  repeat  &  Iceen  comparifon  of  the  witty  Dean's)  to  be  like  endea* 
touring  to  hew  blocks  with  a  razor. 

Mathematical. 
Art*  ;53.  An  Explanation  of  the  affhrmative  and  negative  Signs  in 
Algebra.     8vo.     6  d.     Cambridge  printed,  and  fold  by  Beecrofic; 
&c.  London. 

The  title  of  this  pamphlet  would  lead  one  to  expe6t  undoubted  evii- 
dence  and  fatisfadlion  on  the  fubje^t-  of  which  it  jprbfeQes  to  treat. 
The  Algebraift,  however,  after  a  careful  perufal  ofit,  may  be  difpo- 
ied  to  iuggell  an  amendment,  and  to  entitle  it  *  An  Attempt  to  ex- 
plain, &c.' 

The  fubjed,  it  mud  be  conf<iffed,  is  intricate  and  abftrafied,  an4 
It  is  difficult  for  a  fpeaker  or  Writer  to  exprefs  his  ideas  with  that 
predfion  and  cleamefs  he  could  wifh,  and  without  defcehding  from 
the  ftric^nefs  of  mathematical  demonftration,  in  a  fcience  i»diofe  ob^ 
jed  is  ablhad  numbers,  to  the  more  familiar  and  popular  illufirations 
hy  ienfible  objedls.  The  Author  coniiders  all  quantity  as  exiting 
either  ahfiluiely  or  in  a  certain  mode.  And  he  obferves,  that  as  the 
mind  has  a  power  of  contemplatiug  either  of  thefe  exiftences,  and  of 
reaibning  concerning  thetn,-  t^e  figns  of  algebra,  which  are  fobfiito- 
tsA  jn  the'  place  of  ordinary  language,  may  certainly  be  made  ufe  of 
to  exprefs  this  reafoning  in  either  view.  The  application  of  this  re« 
mairk,  in  the  fequel,  is  ingenious,  and  amounts  briefly  to  this,--^ 
that  with  regard  to  quantity,  abfolutely  ^onfidered,  theiign  (//»/)  is 
the  language  whereby  the  algebraift  affirms  it  to  exill,  and  the  iigii 
{mimau)  that  whereby  he  denies  its  exiftence.  But  with  regard*  to 
guantity,  having  only  modal  exiftence,  //«/  and  minnsmsiy  alternate- 
ty  either  affirm  or  deny. 

There  are  two  or  three  paragraphs  in  this  treati(e  fo  very  inaccu- 
rately exprefted,  that  it  is  impoffible  to  underfta;nd  their  meaaing* 
^e  fliall  only  produce  one  as  a  fpecimen— '  By  the  imaginary  exift- 
ence of  quantity  as  oppofed  to  real,  is  meant,  Jkch  as,  being  n4  exifl^ 
ince  in  natnre^  is  conceinjed  againjt  natnrey  fir  fime  particular  ufe.  This 
is  a  fpedes  of  definition^  from  which  we  can  form  no  idea  of  what 
the  Author  meant  to  fay.  We  have  laid  the  blame  on  the  prefs— 
we  have  left  ont»  altered  and  tranfpoied  one  word  and  another  to  no 
purpofe. 

We  Ihall  conclude  this  article  with  the  fbllow]n|;  general  remark: 

If  mathematicians  would  fix  their  attention  primarily  on  the  relations 

of  qnantities,  andconfider  the  figns  (+)  and  ( — )  asexpreffiveof  thefe 

relations,  they  would  be  lefs  fubjed  to  perplexity  and  confofion  them* 

2  icbcib 


34©.  Monthly  Catalogue^ 

felvesy  and  to  the  charge  of  ufing  unintelligible  and  m^fterioas  Ian<» 
guage»  than  they  really  are. — Some  of  the  beS  writers  on  algebra  have 
pQrlned  thia  method,  and  hereby  rendered  the  feveral  fpecies  of  moi- 
ttplicatioD,  in  apprehending  the  rationale  of  which  the  main  diiticalty 
coniiilsy  intelligible  and  obvious. 

Law. 
Art.  34.  Liberty  vindicated  againft  Slavery,  {hewing  that  Im- 
prifonment  forDebt^  refafing  to  anfwer  Interrogatories,  long  Im- 
prifonment,  though  for  jail  Caufes,  Sec,  are  all  deftrudive  to  the 
fundamental  Laws  and  common  Freedom  of  the  People  of  England, 
By  a  Lover  of  his  Country.  Firft  published  in  the  Year  1046. 
8yo.     IS.     Wilkie,     1771. 

The  efforts  of  Mr.  Stephen,  in  behalf  of  himfelf,  and  of  the  other 

debtors  confined  in  the  King's-bench  priibn,  have  probably  occaHoned 

the  republication  of  the  treatife  before  us.     The  Author  of  it  feems 

%o  have  been  well  informed  with  regard  to  the  fpirit  and  tendency  <^ 

our  laws,  and  pleads  ilrongly  fhe  caafe  of  humanity  and  freedom. 

Art.  35.  Lord  Camdetis  genuine  Argument  in  giving  Judgment 

cm  the  ejedment  between  Hindfon   and   others  jigainft   Kerfcy. 

Wherein  Lord  Mansfield's  Opinion  delivered  in  Wyndman  amtra 

Chetwynd,  is  learnedly  confidessed.    To  which  is  prefixed^  The 

Argument  of  Lord  Mansfield.     4to.     4  s.  fewed*     Wilkie.     1771. 

'    The  opinion,  which  ^as  given  by  Lord  Mansfield  upon  a  devife 

of  land  in  the  calc  of  Wyndham  contra  Che^vnd,  he  fupporied  with 

much  legal  erudition  ;  and  a  fimilar  queftion  having  been  fubmitied 

to  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  Lord  Camden  delivered  his  judgment 

upon  it.    The  fentiments  of  thefe  judges  were  opposite ;  and,  it  muft 

be  allowed,  that  the  point  of  law  10  difpute  was  of  nice  and  difficult 

difcuffion. 

Lord  Mansfield  contends^  that  the  atteftation  of  three  witnelTes  to 
devifes  of  land  is  mere  form ;  that,  in  the  ftatute  of  frauds,  which 
*!gives  this  direAion,  .the  word  credible  as  applied  to  wicnefies  is  nuga- 
tory or  ufed  improperly ;  that  the  ftatute  being  deprived  of  the  word 
€redihlej  the  word  wtnefs  muft  be  expounded  by  common  law;  that  a 
Tcleafe'or  payment  will  remove  the  difability  of  a  witnefs  from  iutc- 
rtjl ;  and  that  fuch  a  witnefs  may  even  without  a  relcafe  be  competent 
enough  to  prove  the  will  for  c^t,vf  perfon  except  himfelf. 

Tkefe  conclufions  appeared,  to  Lord  Camden  to  be  erroneous.  He 
conceived,  and  attempted  to  prove  in  oppofition  to  them.  That  the 
crtdibtlity  alluded  to  in  the  flatute,  ought  to  be  confidered  as  a  necef- 
fary  and  fubftantial  qualification  of  the  witnefs  at  the  time  of  attefta- 
tion ;  that  if  the  witnefs  is  incompetent  at  that  time,  he  cannot  purge 
himfelf  afterwards,  either  by  releafe  or  payment,  fp  as  to  fet  up  the 
will ;  and  that  he  cannot,  in  that  cafe,  be  a  witnefs  to  eilabli(h  any 
partof  the  will. 

In  the  reafisning  and  arguments  employed  by  Lord  Mansfield,  there 
is  much  ftibtlety  and  precifion  ;  but  perhaps  he  is  inclined  to  allow 
to  judges  too  great  a  latitude  in  the  interpretation  of  laws.  Lord 
Camden  is  more  diffufe  and  lefs  profound  ;  but  his  opinion,  notwith- 
ftanding,  abounds  with  many  folid  obfervations.  He  argues,  in  par- 
ticular, >viih  great  force  againft  the  difcretionary  power  of  Judges, 
f  The  difcretion,'  fays  he,  *  of*  a  judge  is  the  law  of  tywnts;  it  is  al- 
ways 


Poetical.  34f 

tvays  nnknowti ;  it  Is  diFerent  in  dlfierent  men  ;  it  is  cafiHU  and  d^ 
pendi  upon  ,con(litation»  temper,  and  pai&on.  In  the  bed  ic  is  often- 
dmes  caprice ;  in  the  word  it  is  every  vice,  fbl]y>  send  paffion  to  which 
homan  natare  is  liable.' 

Poetical. 
Art.  36.  J  Poetical  EfiftU  U  thg  Author  of  ycxtts  addrefled  to 
John  Wilkes,  Efq;  on  his  Arrival  at  Liynn.    4to.     6  d.    London. 
1771.    Sold  by  the  Bookfellers  of  Lynn  and  Cambridge, 
From  the  few  rpecimon«  which  we  gave  of  the  Verfes  Jatefy  pre- 
leoted  to  Mr.  Wilkes  at  Lynn  f,  our  Readers  may  perhaps  readily  in- 
§tr  with  ns»  that  the  Enconuaft's  ftation  on  Mount  FarnafTus  is  fome- 
where  On  the  declivity  of  the  mountain ;  though  we  will  not  pretend 
to  mark  the  identical  fpot,  or  its  elevation,  precifely.  We  can  fpeak 
with  more  confidence  and  precilion  with  regard  to  the  (lation  of  his 
prelcnt  Anfwerer;    who  is  evidently  a  lowlander,  and  appears  to 
have  his  fettiement  in  fome  dark  and  deep  cavern  at  the  foot  of 
die  moantain.    He  talks  indeed  of  flying,  with  great  confidence^  in 
the  very  £rft  lino ; 

*     <  My  mufe  on  daring  ][^&ioim  tiikes  her  flight— i--! 
1>at  his  mufe  and  he  are  a  cottple  of  anrant  cheats:  for  they  never 
once  bodge  from  the  earth ;  nor  can  we  difcern  the  fmalleft  rudi- 
ments of  wings  any  where  about  thcnl.    He  does  indeed  endeavour 
to  clamber  up  to  the  mountaineer ;  but  his  foot  flips  inoeflantly.  He 

E  however  within  reach  of  his  fatellite,  the  poor  printer,  who  is 
ewhat  nearer  his  level,  and  catches  hold  01  him  by  the  flap  of 
his  coat — his  beft  Sundinr  cloaths  too — in  which,  he  tells  us^  the 
caitiff  on  his  knees  preiented  the  obnoxious  Ytr(ts  to  Mr.  WJikes, 
moft  gorgeoufly  bound,  and  infcribed  with  golden  capitals.  For 
this  tranlgreffion  he  rolls  tha  culprit  in  the  mud  brought  down  from 
Helicon,  till  this  poor  Wiikite  typographer's  holiday  coat  is  in  fuch 
a  pickle,  that  the  man  can  never  fnrely  appear  in  it  any. more 
without  tuming  it.  After  this  moft  intefnperatc  aA,  he  deicants 
a  while  on  the  good  of  Old  England,  and  concludes  with  an  invoca*- 
tion,  and  a  prayer  for  poor  Briunnia,  whofe  cafe  muft  be  defperate 
indeed,  if  it  seflfts  the  powers  of  verfe  like  this. 
Art.  37*  Lbokidas  j  a  Poecn.  The  iiftb  Edition.  lamo. 
tVots.  6  s.  Cadell,  See.  1770. 
That  this  well-known  Englifli  Epic  hath  had  many  admirers,  19 
evident  from  the  circumftance  of  its  having  pafled  into  a  fifth  edi- 
tion. Its  lirft  appearance  in  print  was  feverai  years  before  the  com* 
mencement  of  our  Review ;  fo  that  any  remarks  on  the  meriu  and 
character  of  this  poem,  would  be  fbrei^  to  our  province.  We  fltall, 
therefore,  only  add,  for  the  information  of  our  poetical  Readers* 
that  Mr.  Glover,  the  ingenious  Author  of  Leomdas,  hath,  in  the 
prelent  edition,  not  only  correded  the  poem  throughout,  and  ex- 
tended it  from  nine  books  to  twelve,  but  hath  alfo  added  ieveral 
new  chara&era;  befide  placing  fome  of  the  old  ones  in  new  fi* 
tuations. 

f  Review,  March,  page  t%g. 


j^  Monthly  CATAiocut, 

Alt.  38.  7ii  Love  of  Money ;    a  Satire*    4to«    a  U    £i^anS» 

1771. 
To  be  kYingry,  anjl  to  own  it  too,  is  at  tbiB  time  of  day  a  vciy 
neritorioos  degree  of  modefty : 

«  Write,  write  I  muft  ;  'tis  a  licentious  age. 

And  vices  croad  to  feed  z  poet's  rage. 

*  •        #.       •        #• 

Shame  on  the  times *  ^ 

No !  that  ingratitude  fpoils  all. 

— *  Shall  I,  with  equal  blanje. 

With  equal  lo/s  of  honourablc/iMw?* 
Kemember tlieltalian  proverb,  and  fear  nothing,    fb  who  aJfeQt  H 
Ufe  tvbat  he  never  bad^  lofes  nothing  hut  hie  fen/ei. 

*  And  therefore  caft  my  inhorn  worth  afide.* 
Kezd^ill'horn. 

■  *  without  remorie» 

Or  fiout  looks,  or  flill  more  pious  tears. 

We'd  hang  all  villains^— ■ 

Sorely!  why  Ihould  not  a  hangman  look  like  himfelf ? 

«  Bat  where  begin  r        '-^^i 
At  borne.. 

■  *  would,  would  I  had  a  friend !' 

That  is  true ;  hang  him  firft  by  all  means. 

*  Wilt  thou  affift  me  S ?* 

No ;  he  is  appointed  Firft  L—d  of  the  A       '         y  and  IwTomc^ 
thing  elfe  to  do* 

■  *  Thou  canft  teH 

Where  to'begin ;  what  charaders  of  hell— 

I  know  the  road,  and  felf-inflruded  run.' 
Cecupet  extremMm/cahies  !  If  you  are  ifbr  that  road,  good  bye  to.yptf» 

'  Here  honour's  loft,  for  Chnrchill  is  no  more ; 

Churchill  is  gone,  and  G  is  a  w— — ;' 

•Whereas,  had  he  been  living,  her  ladyibip  wonldhave  been  as  ekafitf 
ns  Diana  of  the  Ephefians. 

*  •  •  •  bought  a  feat,  will  •  •  •  the  truth  difown» 
Bought  others  virtue,  while  he  fold  his  own : 
And  when  the  wretch  his  own  cai\  fell  no  oor^ 
He  felb  that  virtue  which  he  bought  before.' 

BraviiSmo!  Encore! 

So  goody  Jobfon  went  to  Wakefield  fair. 
And  fold  fotee  eggs,  and  bought  fpme  ckickts^  there'  r 
But  when  of  eggs  ftie  had  no  longer  ftore. 
She  fold  the  cUckens  that  flie  bought  before* 
.    This  worthy  Gentleman  informs  us  that  he  is  himfelf  very  fonj^ 
of  t^  ladies  at  prefent,  and  that  he  loves  then  ^  aye,  mpre  than 
money ;'  but  that,  when  he  grows  old  and  grey-headied,  \ki  in^nd^ 
to  tarn  pimp  for  the  beneit  of  fociety,  and,    - 

—  *  prove  what  woman  is  the  canfe  of  vice.* 
Bat,  poor  Gentleman !  he  is  at  .prefent  in  a  pitiable  fitnation  lAdcei. 

*  But  now  I  bam,  and  mi  the  flower  of  youth.' 

He  threatens,  however,  to  exert  himfelf  again  the  iUft  cyportanlty : 

*  Yet  I  may  fting,  when  once  love's  £ie  is  o'er,* 

4br 


£  O  E.  T  I  C  A  I.«  ^3 

tot  At  good  of  oar  coontiywomen  We  would  not  recoaunend  his  re« 
Iblation  in  the  next  line» 

'  And»  if  pravok'd  enough,  muft  fting  before.* 
Art.  39.  The  Book  of  Nature ;  a  Poem.     410.     1  s.    Carnan. 
A  fpixitlefs,  well  meaning  poem,  recommending  moral  improve- 
ment from  the  ftudy  of  Nature. 

Art.  40.  Mijcittamom  Phvu  on  various  Suhjtffs  and  Occafiom. 
Revifed  and  correded  by  the  late  Mr.  William  ShenAone*  8vo. 
4  s.  Boards.    Newbery,  &c     1771. 

The  Author  of  thefe  poems  is  fatd  to  be  Mn  Jofeph  Giles,  who 
fome  time  fince  re£ded  at  Birmingham,  was  intimately  acquainted 
with  Mr.  Shenilone,  and  wrote  feme  pleaiing  poems  in  Dodiley'a 
Miicellanies.    However  the  laft  circumftances  may  feem  to  fpeak  ia 
his  favour,  the  poetry  here  prefented  to  us  is  far  beneath  medio* 
crhy.   We  prefume  not  to  fay  what  the  late  ingenious  Mr.  Shenftooe 
might  be  induced  to  do  from  motives  of  private  friend(hip  or  bene,? 
v<rfence.    We  are  ienfible  that  with  him  thofe  Virtues  had  no  nar- 
row limits :  but  thefe  poems  were  every  way  unworthy  of  his  actea« 
tion,  and  in  truth  we  can  fee  no  traces  of  that  attention  in  them. 
Art.  41.  Tbi  Dramatic  IVorks  of  Mark  Antony  AUilan.    Confift* 
ing  of  three  Tragedies,  EmiUa^  Iforthumberland^  tbt  Fri€nfU.    At 
th^  were  prefented  to  the  Managers  of  both  our  Theatres,  but 
refufed.    Publifhed  by  Way  of  an  Appeal  from  the  arbitrary  De« 
€i£ons  of  the  Defpots  of  the  Drama  to  Candour  and  the  Lovers  of 
theatrical  Amufements,   whofe  Liberality  fo  amply,  aggrandize^ 
thofe  De&ulters.    Svo.    6  s.   White,  4ec, 
\         How  the  Author  of  this  wretched  ftuiF  could  prefume  to  impeach 
^     the  tafte  0%  impartiality  of  the  managers  for  rejedling  it,  would  be 
aflonifliing,    did  not*  daily  experience  convince  us  that  the  vileft 
icribblers  believe  their  own  compoittions  excellent.    In  fuch  cafes 
as  theie,  the  managers  require  no  other  pity  than  we  ourfelves  do, ' 
that  they  tire  in  fome  meafure  under  a  neceflicy  of  lopluqg  into  fuch 
performances. 

Aft.  42.  Cricht^  an  Heroic  Poem  ;  illuftrated^with  the  critical 
.  Observations  of  Scriblerus  Maximus.   To  which  is  added,  an  Epi*' 

\        logne,  called,  Bucks  ba<vi  at  ye  All.  Spoicen  by  Mr.  King  at  the  The«* 
atre  Royal  in  Dublin,  in  the  Charader  of  Ranger  in  the  Safpicioui 
Hoiband.    By  James  Love,  Comedian.   4to.-  is.  Davies.   1771. 
This  is  really  a  very  decent  claflical  poem,  does  credit  to  the 
taile,  (jpirit,  and  good  fenfe  of  the  Author,  and  may  give.pleafure  as 
well  to  the  critical  as  to  the  cricketical  Reader.    It  was  £rft  pub- 
lifhed about  30  years  ^go. 

Art.  43.  7be  temple  of  Compoffm ;  a  Poem  :  Addrefled  to  a 
LdKlyy  by  aa  Officer  in  the  Guards.  4 to.  i  s«  Ridley. 
The-AuthQr  of  this  poem  informs  us  that  it  was  written  '  chiefly 
Car  the  pleafure  of  dedicating  it  to  a  lady,'  and  that  '  it  was  a 
hafty,  carelefs  compofition.'  This  is  certainly  a  very  unfoldier  liket 
compliment,  and  the  lady  was  but  little  obliged  to  the* poet,  who 
CK^uJd  profefiedly  be  ^arelefs  in  the  execution  of  a  piece  he  honoure4 
with  her  aame^r-tiowever^  h^s  total  want  of  abilities  as  a  poet  will 

^xemj^t 


344-  MoNi^rti^v  Catalogub. 

exempt  him  from  tlie  attention  6f  iliittute  criticlfm,  and  we  Ihsdl  al-* 
low  him  a  place  in  his  Temple  of  Cdmpaffion.  • ,"    ,         4       . 

Art.  44.  jfn  Epijile  from  the  Prtncefi  F- <7,  at  Napksy  to  the 

Counte/s  ef '    '  in  London.  •  Tranflated  from  the  Italian,,  and 

addrefied  to  G..S — w — n,  Bfq;     4to.     is.    White.     1771- •" 
This  is  a  wretched  attem^pt  at  wit;  in  the  preface,  agalnft  the- 
patriotSy  who,  the  TrahfTator  fty^/ate^^r/^r^flr^  <7«;a;t;  >aad,.iD. 
^e  poem,  againft  the  cocerie>  which  is  certainly  entitled  to  an  abler 
fatyriih  .     .        .     .  ,  ... 

Art.  45.    The  Loves  of  Medea  andjafon^  a  Poem^  in  Three 
Books.    Tranflated  from  the  Greek  of  Apolloniu^-  Rhodias's  Ar-:        { 
gonautics.     By  the  Rev,  J.  Ekins,  M.  A.  late  Fellow  of  King's 
College,    Cambridge,   and  Redor  of   Quaintoo,.  Bucks.     4to.        j 
38.  6d.     Payne.     1771. 

The  Argonantics  of  Apollonius  were  of  fnch  high  repntrin  anti-^ 
^uity  that  Virgil  has  not  fcropled  to  borrow  wtry  largely  froin  that        1 
writer,  both  in  the  con(lru£lion,  the  fentiments,  and  imagery  of  hi»        I 
^neid  ;  yet  we  have  never  tranflated  him ;  and  indeed  the  dry  de«:    i  3^ 
tail  of  his  fabulous  heroes,  and  their  nninterefting  expioils  in,  the:  "H 
two  firfl  books,  is  very  forbidding.   The  prefent  Tranflator.has  wi&lf. 
enough,  therefore,  omitted  thera,,  and  fallen  only  on  that  foorp  in*^ 
terefting  part  which  defcribes  the  loves  of  Medea  and  Jafon.     But  a 
mediocrity  of  art  and  genius  (which  if  we  allow  Mr^  Ekins,  we 
grant  him  rather  too  much)  was  by  no  means  fufHci^at  here.     And, 
indeed,  this  is  a  very  tame  and  inadequate  tranflatioq.     To  point 
out  the  feeble  lines  were  eiidlefs ;  but  the  Tranflator  has  fometimes     •  ^ 
as  little  propriety  asr  poetry.    He  reprefents  the  blooming  Med«a  aa   '•  vJ 
an  old  hag,  who,  in  the  mornipg,  •     '  •       \ 

"  Smooths  her  parched  cheeks :"  I 

*  She  then  gives  orders  to  the  female  band^ 
Who  in  attendance  near  her  chamber  Hand  !* 
Art.  46.  Eve's  Legacy  to  her  Daughters.    In  two  Cantos^    With, 

her  Epitaph :  And  Tirefiafi.     8vo.     1  s.    Davxes«  ^'        * 

A  gtactelefs  wag,  making  merry  with  his  great  grandmothcri-r?     .  ^ 

the  appl«>— the  ferpent,— -and  the  good  man  A4am«     Some  fcfupu--    j 

lous  Readers  may  think  the  Author's  humour,  (while  employed  on  jir    J 

fcriptqre  fubjed^)  not  quite  free  from  prophanenefs.  The  transfbrma-    ^ 

tion  ofTirefias,  howeveV,  was  lawful  plunder,  as  being  an  i/rof&rn^      * 

Hory.     Fide  Ovid*s  Metam,  lib.  iii.  1 

Art.  47.  The  New  Foundling  HcMtal  for  Wtt.     Being  a  Collec*      i 

tion  of  curious  .pieces  in  Verfo  and  Profe.    Part  IV*.     l2nio«       • 

29.. 6 d.  fewed.     Almon,     177I!.    ,        •  \  *" 

A  few  choice  bits  may  be  picked  out  of  this  baftet  of  fcrapB. . 

*  Set  more  of  this  colle£lion,  Review^  Aug.  17691  p.  1564 

**E    R    R    A    *r    U    M.  .  ^ 

*^*  tn  thekeview  for  March,  page  188,  line  i,  read,  This  le.  \ 

}kad  promifed  to  Dr.  Prieflley  tn  one  reJ^B ;  and  there  ctft  ba  jm^ 

doubt  but  that  in  othtfs  \ix.  Ftirneattx-^t  acc^rato,  te.  >  { 


t    HE 

MONTHLY   REVIEW, 

For     MAY,      1771. 


Art.  I.    Obfervatiins  on  modern  Gardentn^^  iUu/irated  iy  t)efcrip^ 
tions.    8vo.    ^s.  6d.  Boaid$.     T.  Payne.     1770. 

THIS  Author  confiders  Gardening  as  not  confined  to  the 
fpot  from  which  it  borrows  its  name,  but  as  regulating 
the  difpoiition  and  embelliihments  of  a  park,  a  farm,  or  a  ri- 
ding; fo  that  the  bufinefs  of  a  gardener  is*  to  fele£t  and  apply 
whatever  is  great,  elegant,  or  chara£ierifHc  in  any  of  them;  to 
difcein  and  to  difplay  all  the  advantages  of  the  place  upon  which. 
lie  is  employed  ;  to  fopply  ks  defeSs^  Corre^  its  faults,  and 
impt-ove  irs  beauties.  He  obferves  that  the  fcenes  of  Nature 
confift  o( groundy  woody  zuatiTj  and  roci^  in  various  proportions 
and  combinations  ;  to  which  art  has  added  buddings^  and  he 
treats  of  thefc  feparately. 

Ground  he  confiders  as  mere  furface^  which  may  be  varied 
into  fw^i<,  holbnuj  and  level:  he  obferves  that  the  cohvex  and 
concave  are  in  themfelves  lefs  uniform  than  a  plane^  but  that 
planes  (hould  not  for  that  reafon  be  wholly  rejetfted  ;  *  a  gentle 
concave  declivity,  fays  he,  falls  and  fpreads  eafily  on  a  flat} 
the  channels  between  fevetal  fwcils  degenerate  into  mere  gut-* 
ters,  if  feme  breadth  be  not  given  to  the  bottoms  by  flattening 
tbem  ;  and  in  many  other  inftances,  fmall  portions  of  an  in- 
clined or  horizontal  plane  may  be  introduced  into  an  irregular 
compofition.  Care  only  muft  be  taken  to  keep  them  down  as 
fubordinatp  parts,  and  not  to  fuft'er  them  to  becoi^e  principal. 

«  There  are,  however^  occafions  on  which  a  plane  may  be 
principal :  a  hanging  level  often  produces  effctSls  hot  other  wife 
attainable.  A  large  dead  flat,  indeed^  raifcs  no  other  idea  than 
of  faiiety  :  the  eye  finds  no  amufement,  no  repofe,  on  fuch  a 
Jevel  :  ic  is  fatigued,  unlcfs  timely  relieved  by  an  adequate  tci> 
minacion ;  and  the  firength  of  that  termii^atipn  will  compenfate 
lor  its  dijdance.     A  very  wide  plain,  at  the  foot  ^f  a  mountains 

Vol.  XLIV.  A  a  U 


3+6  Olfervattons  on  modern  Gardining^  i^c. 

is  lefs  tedious  than  one  of  much  lefs  compafs,  furrounded  only 
by  hillocks.  A  fiat  therefore  of  confiderablc  extent  may  be  ha- 
zarded In  a  garden,  provided  the  boundaries  alfo  be  confiderable 
in  proportion ;'  and  if,  in  addition  to  their  importance,  they 
become  ftill  more  interefting  by  their  beauty,  then  the  facility 
and  diftindlnefs  with  which  they  are  feen  over  a  flat,  makes  the 
whole  an  agreeable  compofition.  Thfe  greatnefs  and  the  beauty 
of  the  boundary  are  not,  however,  alone  fufficient ;  the  form 
of  it  is  of  ftill  more  confequence.  A  continued  range  of  the 
nobleft  wood,  or  the  fineft.  hill,  would  not  cure  the  infipidity 
of  a  flat :  a  lefs  important,  a  lefs  pleaflng  boundary,  would  be 
more  efl^edual,  if  it  traced  a  more  varied  outline;  if  it  ad- 
vanced fometimes;  boldly  forward,  fometimes  retired  into  deep 
recefles ;  Vroke  all  the  fides  into  parts,  and  marked  even  the 
plain  itfelf  with  irregularity. 

*  At  Moor  Park*/,  on  the  back  front  of  the  houfe,  is  a  lawn 
of  about  thirty  acres,  abfolutely  flat ;  with  falls  below  it  on 
one  hand,   and  heights  above  it  on  the  other.     The   rifing 
ground  is  divided  into  three  great  parts,  each  fo  diftin£l  and  fo 
different,  as  to  have  the  eiFedt  of  feveral  hills.     That  neareft 
to  the  houfe  fhelves  gently  under  an  open  grove  of  noble  trees; 
which  hang  on  the  declivity,  and  advance  beyond  it  on  the 
plain.     The  next  is  a  large  hill,  preffing  forward,  and  covered 
with  wood  from  the  top  to  the  bottom.    The  third  is  a  bold 
fleep,.  with  a   thicket  falling  down  the  fleepeft  part,   which 
makes  it  appear,  fiill  more  precipitate  :  but  the  reft  of  the  flopc 
IS  bare;  only  the  brow  is  crowned  with  wood,  and  towards 
the  bottom  is  a  little  groupe  of  trees.     Tbefe  heights,  thus 
finely  charaflerifed  in  themfelves,  are  further  diftinguiOied  by 
their  appendages.     The  fmall,  compaft  groupe  near  the  foot, 
but  ftill  on  the  defcent,  of  the  further  hill,  is  contrafted  by  a 
large  ftraggling  clump,  fome  way  out  upon  the  lawn,  before 
the  middle  eminence.     Between  this  and  the  firft  hill,  under 
two  or  three  trees  which  crofs  the  opening,  is  feen  to  great  ad- 
vantage a  winding  glade,  which  rlfes  beyond  them,  and  marks 
the  feparatron.     This  dee[>  recefs,    the  diflferent  diftances   to 
which  the  hills  advance,  the  contraft  in  their  forms,  and  their 
accompaniments,  caft  the  plain  on  this  fide  into  a  moft  beau- 
liful  figure.     The  other  fide  and  the  end  were  originally  the 
flat  edge  of  a  defcent,  a  harfti,  ofl^enfive  termination  ;  but  it   is 
now  broken  by  feveral  hillocks,  not  diminutive  in  fize,   and 
confiderable  by  the  fine  clumps  which  diftinguilh  them.    TThey 
recede  one  beyond  another,  and  the  outline  waves v  agreeably 
amongft  them.     They  do  more  than  conceal  the  (harpnefs  of 

•  The  feat  of  Sir  Laurence  Dundas,  near  Rickmanfwortli  in  Hert- 
fordihirc. 

the 


OiJinHtliohs  en  modern  Gardmng^  6)V.  3^^ 

the  edge  ;  they  convert  a  deformity  into  a  beauty,  and  greatly 
contribute  to  the .  emb^liibment  of  this  mod  lovely  fcene;  a 
fcene,  however,  in  which  the  flat  is  principal ;  and  yet  a  mose 
varied,  a  more  beautiful  landikip^  can  hardly  be  deGred  in  a 
garden.* 

With  refpe£l  to  convex  and  concave  forms,  the  Author 
thinks  that  thofe  which  are  perfectly  regular  ihould  be  avoided*: 
a  femicircle,  fays  he,  can  never  be  tolerable ;  fmall  portions  of 
large  circles  blended  together;  or  lines  gently  curved,  which 
are  not  parts  of  any  circle  ;  a  hollow  finking  but  little  below  a 
level  I  a  fwell  very  much  flattened  at  the  top  ;  are  commonly 
the  moft  agreeable  figures. 

In  made  ground  the  Author  confiders  the  connexion  of  dif « 
ferent  furfaces  as  the  principal  objed  ;  without  it  a  fwell  is  but 
a  heap ;  and  a  hollow  but  a  hole :  the  lines  of  fef^aration  are 
manifefl,  and  the  want  of  connedlion,  except  in  the  great 
fcenes  .of  jnature,  is  a  want  of  beauty.  This  remark  leads  this 
Author  to  the  following  pertinent  ohfervation  with  refped  to 
fencing  by  a  ditch,  <  The  ufe  of  a  fofle,  fays  he,  is  merely  to 
provide  a  fence,  without  obflrittfiing  the  view.  To  blend  the 
.garden  vi(ith  the  country  is  no  part  of  the  idea :  the  cattle,  the 
obje<£b,  the  culture,  without  the  funk  fence,  are  difcordant  to 
all  within,  and  keep  up  the  divifion.  A  fofle  may  open  the 
moft  poliflied  lawn  to  a  corn  field,  a  road,  or  a  common, 
.though  they  mark  the  very  point  of  feparation.  It  may  be  made 
on  purpofe  to  (hew  objedls  which  cannot,  or  ought  net  to  be 
in  a  garden ;  as  a  church,  or  a  mill,  a  neighbouring  gentle- 
man's feat,  a  town,  or  a  village;  and  yet  no  confcioufnefs  of 
the  exiftence  can  reconcile  us  to  the  fight  of  this  divifion.  The 
moft  obvious  difguife  is  to  keep  the  hither  above  the  further 
bank  all  the  way  ;  fo  that  the  latter  may  not  be  feen  at  a  coro^ 
petent  diftance :  but  this  alone  is  not  always  fufficient ;  for  a 
divifion  appears,  if  an  uniformly  continued  line,  however  faint, 
be  difcernable;  that  line,  therefore,  muft  be  broken  ;  low  but 
extended  hillocks  may  fometimes  interrupt  it ;  or  the  fhape  on 
one  fide  may  be  continued,  acrofs  the  funk  fence,  on  the  other; 
as  when  the  ground  finks  in  the  field,  by  beginning  the  decli- 
vity in  the  garden.  Trees  too  without,  connecSicd  with  thole 
within^  and  feeming  part  of  a  clump  or  a  grove  there,  will  fre- 
quently obliterate  every  trace  of  an  interruption.  By  fuch,  or 
other  means,  the  line  may  be,  and  ihould  be,  hid  ordifguifcd  ;  . 
not  for  the  purpofe  of  deception  (when  all  is  done  we  are  fel* 
dom  deceived)  but  to  prefer ve  the  continued  furface  entire/ 

The  Author  proceeds  to  cor>fider  what  he  calls  i\\^  Jfite  of 
ground:  that  is  whether  it  is  tame  or  bold,  gentle  or  rude, 
continued  or  broken  :  it  is  not  perhaps  very  eafy  to  diftinguifh 
in'ground  the  tame  from  the  gentUy  or  the  bold  from  the  rude^ 

A  a  a  however 


.34B  Otfervatiws  on  moJem  Gmrdoiingf  &ti 

however  the  Author's  general  precept  is  goodt  *  HktJltU  df 
every  part  ihould  be  accommodated  to  the  charafter  of  tho 
whole/ 

The  Author  proceeds  to  recommend  variety,  and  even  coo« 
traft  $  but,  he  fays,  that  *  Italfo  contributes,  perhaps  more  than 
any  other  cirtlUmftance,  to  the  perfedion  of  thofe  lims^  which 
the  eye  traces  along  the  parts  f>f  a  piece  of  ground,  when  it 
glances  over  feveral  together.  No  variety  of  form  compenfates 
for  the  Want  of  it.  An  undulating  line,  compofed  of  parts  all 
elegant  in  themfelves,  all  judicioufly  contratted  and  happily 
united,  but  equal  the  one  to  the  other,  is  far  from  the  line  of 
beauty.  A  long  ftrait  line  has  no  variety  at  all ;  and  a  little 
deviation  into  a  trurve,  if  there  be  ftill  a  continued  uniformity, 
is  but  a  trilling  amendment.  Though  ground  all  falling  the 
fame  way  requires  every  attention  to  its  general  tendency,  yet 
the  eye  muft  not  dart  down  the  whole  Imgth  immediately  in 
one  diredion,  but  (hould  be  infeniibly  conduced  towards  the 
principal  point  with  fome  circuity  and  delay.' 

He  then  enforces  a  caution  which  he  fays  fliould  be  always 
held  in  remembrance ;  «  never  to  fufler  general  confiderations 
to  interfere  with  extraor^Horj  great  effiQs^  which  rife  fuperior  ta 
all  regulations,  and  perhaps  owe  part  of  their  force  to  their  de- 
viation from  them ;'  but  he  judicioufly  obferves,  that  thefe  ef- 
feds  are  not  produced  merely  by  objeds  of  enormous  fize,  but 
by  a  greatnefs  oi  flih  and  cbaraHer  within  fuch  an  extent  as  or- 
dinary labour  may  modify,  and  the  compafs  of  a  garden  include. 
The  Author*s  fecond  general  head  is  wood*  He  firft  confiders 
the  differences  of  trees  and  (hrubs  as  lojhapi^  colour^  and  growth: 
his  gefteral  rule  with  refped  to  thefe  varieties  is,  to  range  the 
ihrubs  and  (mM  trees  fo  that  they  may  mutually  let  off  the 
beauties,  and  conceal  the  blemiOies  of  ewch  olher,  to  aim  at 
no  effeds  which  depend  on  a^nicety  for  their  fuccefs,  and  which 
the  foil,  the  expofure,  or  the  feafon  of  the  day  may-deftroy ;  to 
attend  more  tothegroupes  than  to  the  individuals,  and  to  confi« 
der  the  whole  as  a  plantation,  not  as  a  colledion  pf  plants. 

Every  plantation  mufl  either  be  a  wood^  a  gf^f%  a  cluff^y  or 
^fingli  trte,  A  wood  confifts  of  trees  and  underwood  ;  a  grove 
of  trees  without  underwood  ;  a  clump  differs  from  either  only 
in  extent,  but  when  it.  is  clofe  ic  is  called  a  thicket,  and  a 
groupe  when  it  «s  open. 

With  refped  to  a  wood  tiie  Author  obferves,  that  it  appears 
moft  to  advantage  feen  from  below,  and  hanging  on  the  fide  of 
a  hill;  for  that  commanded  from  an  eminence  it  makes  no 
more  than  a  part  of  the  fcene  below :  in  either  fituation  the 
variety  of  its  furface  is  effeatial  to  its  beauty :  a  continued 
fmooth  (haven  level  of  foliage  muft'  be  avoided  ;  the  different 
-growths  of  trees  break  it  in  xeality,  and  their  fhadows^  ftiU 

more 


iHfirvawu  9H  m^brn  QardiniHgy  ^e.  349 

inore  in  tppearance :  different  tints  undulating  about  the  fur- 
face  are  its  greateft  enibellilhment.  As  to  maSes  and  groupes, 
the  contraft  mutft  not  be  too  ftrong,  where  the  cbaraSer  of  the 
wood  is  greatnefs,  to  which  unity  is  efiential;  and,  to  pro* 
duce  any  fenfible  variety,  tbey  muft  be  large.  Single  trees  are 
feldom  of  ufe  to  diveriify  a  furfoce ;  but  a  few  large  trees,  not 
eminent  above  all  about  them,  but  diftinguiihed  by  fome  flight 
feparation,  and  obvious  at  a  glance»  diftinguifli  a  wood  from  a 
thicket  of  (brubs. 

But  our  '\uthor  obferves,  that  <  when  brokcfn  ground,  in  a 
romantic  fituation,  is  overfpread  with  wood,  it  may  be  proper 
on  the  furface  of  the  wood,  to  mark  the  inequalities  of  the 
ground.  Rudenefs^  not  greatnefs,  is  the  prevailing  idea ;  and 
a  choice  direSly  the  reverfe  of  that  which  is  produdiive  of 
unity,  will  produce  it ;  ftrong  contrafts,  even  oppofitions,  may 
be  eligible ;  th^  aim  is  rather  to  disjoint  than  to  conne£t  j  a 
^eep  hollow  may  (ink  into  dark  gceehs  ;  an  abrupt  bank  may  be 
ibewn  by  a  rifing  ftage  of  afpiring  trees ;  a  (harp  ridge  by  a 
narrow  line  of  conical  ihapes :  firs  are  of  great  ufe  upon  fuch 
occafions }  their  tint,  their  form,  their  Angularity,  recommend 
them/ 

A  wood  feen  from  below  fliould  be  thick ;  feen  from  above, 
its  being  thin  is  fometimes  an  advantage,  it  prefents  many  ob« 
je^,  and  every  tree  ihews  its  beauty. 

The  outline  of  a  wood  (hould  always  be  irregular,  but  not 
conlift  of  eafy  fweeps  and  gentle  rounds  :  the  ttue  outline  with 
refped  to  this  objed,  according  to  our  Author,  confifts  more 
in  breaks  than  fweeps,  rather  in  angles  than  in  rounds;  in 
variety,  not  in  famenefs  of  fucceffion.  Every  variety  in  the 
outline  of  a  wood  muft  be  a  prominence  or  recefs,  and  it  is 
defirable  that  the  recefs  ihould  wind,  fo  ^s  to  conceal  the  ex- 
tremity, and  leave  the  imagination  to  purfue  it. 

With  refpeA  to  an  inlet  into  a  wood,  the  oppofite  points  of 
the  entrance  ihould  never  tally,  for  if  they  do  there  is  an  ap- 
pearance  of  art  1  other  points  which  diftinguifli  the  great  parts, 
fliould  in  general  be  ftrongly  marked ;  a  ftiort  turn  has  more 
fpirit  than  a  tedious  circuity,  and  a  line  broken  by  angles  has  a 
precifion  and  firmnels  which  in  an  undulating  line  are  wanting. 

As  the  character  of  a  wood  is  grandeur^  fo,  fays  our  Author, 
that  of  a  grove  is  beauty.  But  though  a  grove  is  beautiful  as 
an  objed,  it  is  befides  delightful  as  a  fpot  to  walk  or  fit  in ; 
and  therefore  the  choice  and  difpofition  of  trees  for  eiFe£ls 
within,  are  a  principal  confideration.  *  Mere  irregularity  alone 
will  not  pleafe;  &nQt  order  is  there  more  agreeable  than  abfo* 
lute  confufion ;  and  (bme  meaning  better  than  none.  A  regu- 
lar plantation  has  a  degree  of  beauty ;  but  it  gives  no  fatisfac* 
lion,  becaufe  we  know  that  the  fame  numbo:  of  Uees  might 

A  a  3  be 


] 


350  Obfervttthns  on  moArnGardimngj  l^t. 

be  more  beautifully  arranged.  A  dirpofition,  however,  in 
which  the  lines  only  are  broken,  without  varying  the  diftances, 
is  lefs  natural  than  any ;  for  though  we  cannot  hnd  ftrait  lines 
in  a  foreft,  we  are  habituated  to  them  in  the  hedge-rows  of 
fields i  but  neither  in  wild  nor  in  cultivated  nature  do  we  ever 
,  fee  trees  cqui-diftant  from  each  other  :  that  regularity  belong^ 
to  art  alone.  The  diftances  therefore  (hould  be  ftrikingly  dif- 
ferent :  the  trees  (hould  gather  into  groupes,  or  ftand  in  va* 
rious  irregular  lines,  and  defcribc  feveral  figures:  the  idtervaU 
between  them  (hould  be  contrafted  both  Iti  (hape  and  in  dimen- 
fions  :.a  large  fpace  (hould  in  fome  places  be  quite  open  ;  ill 
others  the  trees  fiiould  be  fo  clofe  together,  as  hardly  to  leave  a 
paflage  between  them  ;  and  in  others  as  far  apart  as  the  con- 
nexion will  allow.  In  the  forms  and  the  varieties  of  thefe 
groupes,  thefe  lines,  and  thefe  openings,  principally  confitb  the 
interior  beauty  of  a  grove.' 

The  Author  iliuftratcs  thefe  rules  by  a  defcription  of  the 
walk  to  the  cottage  at  Claremont,  and  the  grove  at  E(her- place. 

As  to  clumps,  which  are  only  fmall  woods  if  clofe,  and 
fmall  groves  if  open,  they  arc  governed  by  the  fame  principles 
as  the  larger ;  care  muft  be  taken  however  to  attend  to  theif 
beauty  as  fingle  objeds  when  independent,  and  the  effed  of 
the  whole  to  which  they  belong,  when  they  are  relative. 

The  leaft  clump  that  can  be  is  of  two  trees,  and  the  beft  . 
eiFe£t  they  can  have  is,  that  their  heads  united  fhould  appear 
to  be  one  large  tree.  Three  trees  muft  form  either  a  right  line 
or  a  triangle,  and  therefore,  to  avoid  regularity,  the  di(lance« 
fhould  be  very  different.  When  clumps  are  larger^  they  admit 
a  mixture  of  trees  and  (hrubs,  wood  and  grove,  and  every  fpe- 
cies  of  plantation,  and  none  are  more  beautiful  than  thofe  which 
are  fo  compofed. 

Our  Author  proceeds  to  mention  feveral  occafions  on  which 
independent -clumps  may  be  applied,  which  arc  many,  and  for 
which  we  muft  refer  our  Readers  to  his  work.  What  is  faid  of 
clumps  may  be  applied  to  fingle  trees  almoft  without  exception. 

Water  is  the  next  great  obje<Sl,  of  which  our  Author  juftly 
remarks  the  charadlers  arc  fo  various,  that  there  is  fc^rcely  an 
idea  with  which  it  may  not  concur,  or  an  impreftion  which  it 
cannot  enforce.  *  A  deep  ftagnatcd  pool,  dank  and  dark  with 
(hades  which  it  dimly  refleds,  befits  the  feat  of  melancholy ; 
even  a  river,  if  it  be  funk  between  two  difmal  banks,  and  dull 
both  in  motion  and  colour,  is  like  a  hollow  eye  which  deadens 
the  countenance ;  and  over  a  (luggifh,  filcnt  ftream,  creeping 
heavily  along  all  together,  hangs  a  gloom,  which  no  art  can 
diffipate,  nor  even  the  fun'(hine  difperfe.  A  gently  murmur- 
ing  rill,  clear  and  ibaljow,  juft  gurgling,  juft  dimpling,  im- 
ppfes  fileace,  fuits  with  folitude,  and  leads  to  neditation  :  'a 

brifker 
8 


Obfervations  on  modern  Gardenings  fffr.  35 1 

brifker  current,  which  wantons  in  little  eddies  over  a  bright 
fandy  bottom,  or  babbles  among  pebbles,  fpreads  chearfulnefs 
all  around  :  a  greater  rapidity,  and  more  agitation,  to  a  certain 
degree  are  animating;  but  in  excefs,  inflead  of  wakening,  they 
alarm  the  fcnfes  j  the  roar  and  the  rage  of  a  torrent,  its  force, 
its  violence,  its  impecuofity,  tend  to  infpire  terror ;  that  terror, 
which,  whether  as  caufe  or  efFe£l,  is  fo  nearly  allied  to  fubli- 
mity/ 

But  all  water  is  either  running  or  Jiagnaied ;  cither  a  lake  or 
peal;  z  river^  rivulet^  or  riU.  *  In  a  garden,  fays  our  Author, 
the  water  is  generally  imitative.  That  which  in  the  open 
country  would  be  called  a  great  pond,  there  aiTumes  the  name, 
and  ihould  be  (haped  as  if  it  had  the  extent  of  a  lake  ;  for  it 
is  large  in  proportion  to  the  other  parts  of  the  place.  Though 
fometimes  a  real  river  pafles  through  a  garden,  yet  ftill  but  a 
fmall  portion  of  it  is  feen ;  and  more  frequently  the  femblance 
only  of  fuch  a  portion  is  fubAituted  inftead  of  the  reality.  '  In 
either  cafe,  the  imitation  is  loft,  if  the  ch arable ri die  diftinc- 
tions  between  a  lake  and  a  river  be  not  fcrupuloufly  preferved/ 

The  chara£teriftic  property  of  running  water  is  progrefs^  of 
ftagnated,  circuity;  both  banks  of  a  river  therefore  fhould  never 
be  concave,  this  converts  a  ftream  into  a  pool,  and  departs  from 
the  appearance  of  progrefs  :  but  creeks,  bays,  and  recefles, 
which  Ihould  be  avoided  in  a  river,  ought,  for  that  reafon,  to 
be  allowed  in  a  lake :  what  is  an  objedion  to  them  in  one,  is 
a  recommendation  in  another. 

Our  Author  proceeds  to  obferve  that  bays,  creeks,  and  pro- 
.  montories,  with  which  a  lake  may  be  diverfified,  are  in  their 
(hapes  and  combinations  an  inexhauftibie  fund  of  vaiiety,  but 
Ihould  not  be  numerous  :  and  that  rivers  fhould  not  be  perpe^ 
tually  wreathed,  becaufe  if  the  bends  are  too  frequent  and  too 
Aidden,  the  current  will  be  reduced  to  a  number  of  feparate 
pools,  and  the  idea  of  progrefs  obfcured  by  the  difiiculty  <5f 
tracing  it. 

Under  the  article  wafer^  our  Author  mentions  bridges,  though 
they  might,  petjiaps  with  more  exai^  propriety,  have  been  rcr 
fcrred  to  buildings.  Bridges,  properly  conftrucled,  he  obferves, 
favour  the  idea  of  progrefs  in  the  water  they  crofs  >  fuch  a 
communicatfon  between  the  oppofite  banks  implies  the  want  of 
5fny  other,  and  gives  both  length  and  depth  to  the  ftream.;  but 
the  form  of  a  lake  intimates  that  all  \ht  fhores  are,  by  making 
^certain  circuit,  acceflible  :  bridges  therefore,  though  charac- 
teriftical  of  a  river,  are  inconfiftent  with  the  nature  of  a  lake } 
and  the  Author  juftly  obferves,  that  the  fingle  wooden  arch, 
now  much  in  faihion,  is  elevated  fo  much  above  the  river  that 
jt  feems  to  have  no  connection  with  it :  it  is  fecn  ftraddling  in 
^l^c^i^J  fays  he,  without  a  glimpfe  of  water  to  accomu  for  Jt» 


352  Ohfirvahns  m  moJUm  Gariemng^  {ft. 

and  the  common  foot  bridge,  of  planks  only,  guarded  on  onu 
fide  by  a  common  rail,  and  fupported  by  a  few  piles,  is  often 
more  proper :  no  other  fpectes  fo  efFe<Slua11y  cbara£terifes  a  ri- 
ver ;  it  is  too  plain  for  ornaments,  too  humble  for  a  difguife  : 
yet  it  is  too  mean  for  a  great,  and  too  fimple  for  an  elegant 
fcene ;  our  Author  therefore  recommends  a  ftone  bridge,  fubje^ 
to  the  following  rules  i  ^  An  extraordinary  elevation  is  feldoa^ 
becoming,  unlefs  the  grandeur  compenfate  for  the  diftance  at 
which  it  leaves  the  water  below.  A  gentle  rife,  and  eafy 
fweep,  more  clofely  preferve  the  relation  :  a  certain  degree  of 
union  ihould  alfo  be  formed  between  the  banks  and  the  bridge; 
that  tc  may  feem  to  rife  out  of  the  banks,  not  barely  to  he 
impofed  upon  them.  It  ought  not  generally  to  fwell  much 
above  their  level ;  the  parapet  wall  ihould  be  brought  down 
near  to  the  ground,  or  end  againft  fome  fwell ;  and  the  fize  and 
the  uniformity  of  the  abutments  (hould  be  brokien  by  hillocks 
or  thickets  about  them :  every  expedient  ihould  be  ufed  to 
mark  th«  connexion  of  the  buildmg  both  with  the  ground  from 
which  it  ilarts,  and  the  water  which  it  croiTes. 

*  In  wild  and  romantic  fcenes  may  be  introduced  a  ruined 
.  fione  bridge,  of  which  fome  arches  may  be  dill  ilanding,  and 
the  lofs  of  thofe  which  are  fallen  may  be  fupplied  by  a  few 
-planks,  with  a  rail,  thrown  over  the  vacancy.  It  is  a  pic- 
turefque  objeft ;  it  fuits  the  (ituation ;  and  the  antiquity  of  the 
paflage,  the  care  taken  to  keep  it  ilill  open,  though  the  ori- 
ginal building  is  decayed,  the  apparent  neceffity  which  thence 
refults  for  a  communication,,  give  it  an  impofing  air  of 
leality.' 

The  Author  makes  many  judicious  obfervations  on  the  difj 
ferencc  of  rivers  with  rtfpeft  to  the  ground  through  which 
they  flow,  ar.d  fa^s,  whether  fmall  or  large,  they  appear  to 
great  advantage  when  condu<iied  through  a  wood  :  he  illuftrates 
his  principles  by  defcriptioni  of  feveral  feats,  in  which  he  ^s 
particularly  happyi 

From  rivers  he  proceeds  to  rocks^  but  the  fituations  in  which 
thefe  are  to  be  found  are  few,  and  few  of  our  Readers  theret 
fore  can  have  an  intereil  in  the  remarks  of  our  Author  upon 
them  :  we  (hall  for  this  reafon  proceed  to  buildings.  Of  thefe 
the  Author  obferves,  that,  in  a  garden,  they  ought  to  be  con* 
fidered  both  as  beautiful  objeds  and  agreeable  retreats;  and 
that  if  a  chara£ler  becomes  them,  it  is  that  of  the  fcene  to 
which  they  belong,  and  not  that  of  their  primitive  application  : 
for,  fays  he,  a  Grecian  temple,  or  a  Gothic  church,  may  adorn 
fpots,  where  it  would  be  affediation  to  preferve  that  folemnity 
within,  which  is  proper  for  places  of  devotion :  they  are  not 
to  be  exa£l  models,  the  fubjed^s  only  of  curiofity  or  iludy; 
they  are  feats^  and  ihould  therefore  fill  the  mind  of  the  pro* 

prieior 


Ohfirvailsm  w  mdim  Gardenings  ISc.  313 

f  rietor  with  ideas  which  cannot  be  fuggefted  by  fioiplicity  an4 
gloom :  whea  buildings  are  erected  merely  to  break  the  unU 
Ibrmity  of  a  view,  they  muft  always  be  ,fuch  as  belong  tp  the 
fituation  ;  no  Grecian  temple,  no  Turkiib  iBofque,  no  Egyp- 
tian obeliik  or  pyramid,  nothing  imported  from  foreign  coun* 
tries  and  unufual  here  muft  be  admitted*  3ut  in  a  garden 
where  objeds  are  intended  to  adorn,  every  fpecies  of  architect 
ture  may  have  place,  from  the  Grecian  to  the  Cbinefe,  and 
the  choice  is  fo  free  that  the  mifchief  moft  to  be  apprehended 
is  an  abufe  of  this  Utitt^de  in  the  muitipHcity  of  buildings. 

Our  Author  obferves  alfo^,  that  ^  accgmpaninunts  are  important 
%o  a  building  ;  but,  fays  he,  they  lofe  much  of  their  effed,  when 
they  do  not  appear  to  be  cafuaL  A  little  mount  juft  Jargc 
enough  for  it;  a  fmall  piece  of  water  below,  of  no  other ^  ufe 
than  to  refledl  it;  and  a  plantation  clofe  behind,  evidently 
placed  there  only  to  give  it  relief,  are  as  artificial  as  the  ftruc-* 
ture  itfelf,  and  alienate  it  from  the  fcene  of  nature  into  which 
\t  is  introduced,  and  to  which  it  ought  to  be  reconciled.  Thefe 
appendages  therefore  Ihould  be  fo  difpofed,  and  fo  conne6ied 
with  the  adjacent  parts,  as  to  anfwer  other  purpofes,  though 
^ipplicable  to  this,  that  they  may  be  bonds  of  union,  not  marks 
pf  difference  ;  and  that  the  fituation  may  appear  to  have  been 
chofen,  at  the  moft,  not  made  for  the  building*' 

A  temple  adds  dignity  to  the  nobleft,  a  cottage  fimplicity  to 
the  moft  rural  fcenes ;  buildi'ngs  may  alfo  enliven  the  dulneft 
pf  a  fcene,  mitigate  its  gloom,  or  check  its  extravagance. 
We  cannot  trace  our  Author  through  all  the  precepts  and 
.cautions  which  his  tafte  and  his  judgment  have  concurred  to 
give  under  this  in^portafit  divifion  of  his  work  : .  but  the  follow- 
ing remark  is  of  too  general  importance  to  be  omitted  : 

*  The  great  elfe£is  which  have  been  afcribed  to  buildings, 
do  not  depend  upon  thofe  trivial  ornaments  and  appendages 
which  are  often  too  much  relied  on ;  fuch  as  the  furniture  of 
a  hermitage ;  painted  glafs  in  a  Gothic  church ;  and  fculpture 
about  a  Grecian  temple ;  grotefque  or  bacchanalian  figures  tb 
denote  gaiety ;  and  deaths  heads  to  fignify  melancholy.  Such 
devices  are  only  defcriptivc,  not  expreffive,  of  chara^er;  and 
muft  not  be  fubftituted  in  the  ftead  of  thofe  fuperior  properties, 
the  want  of  which  they  acknowledge,  but  do  not  fupply  :  ihey 
befides  often  require  time  to  trace  their  meaning,  and  to  fee 
their  application  ;  but  the  peculiar  excellence  of  building  is, 
that  their  effedls  are  inftantaneous,  and  therefore  the  impret' 
fions  they  make  are  forcible  :  in  order  to  produce  fuch  efFe£ts, 
the  general  ftyle  of  the  ftrudlure,  and  its  pofition,  are  the 
principal  confiderations ;  either  of  them  will  fomctimes  be 
ftrongly  charattcriftic  alone  ;  united,  their  powera  are  very 
great ;  and  both  are  fo  important,  that  if  they  do  not  concur, 

at 


3^4      Military  Inftruif tons  for  Officers  detached  in  Ai  Field. ' 

at  leaft  they  muft  not  contradid):  one  another :  the  colour  al(b 
of  the  buildings  is  feldom  a  matter  of  indifference;  that  excef- 
five  brightnefs  which  is  too  indifcriminately  ufed  to  render  them 
confpicuous,  is  apt  to  difturb  the  harmony  of  the  whole ;  fome* 
times  makes  them  too  glaring  as  obje£t^;  and  is  often  incon- 
fiftcnt  with  their  charafters.  When  thcfe  effential  points  arc 
fecuredy  Subordinate  circumftances  may  be  made  to  agree  with 
them  ;  and  though  minute,  they  may  not  be  improper,  if  they 
are  not  afFeded ;  they  frequently  mark  a  correfpondence  be- 
tween the  outfide  and  the  infide  of  a  building ;  in  -the  latter 
they  are  not  inconfiderable ;  they  may  there  be  obferved  at 
leifure ;  and  there  they  explain  in  de(;ail  the  charader  which  is 
more  generally  exprefled  in  the  air  of  the  whole/ 

The  Author  proceeds  to  give  fome  *  particular  inftruAipns 
with  refped  to  ruins^  which  all  builders  of  ruins  would  do  well 
to  confider. 

He  treats  of  art ^  of  fiSfurefque  beauty^  of  charaSierj  and  of  the 
general  fubjeif  diftindly :  he  gives  dire^ions  concerning  ^farm^ 
a  garden^  a  park^  and  a  ridings  as  diftinguiihed  from  each  other, 
which  will  not,  without  great  injury,  admit  either  of  extrafts 
or  an  epitome ;  but  which  fbould  be  confulted  by  all  who  would 
improve  wealth  into  elegance  and  beauty  by  the  improvement 
or  decoration  of  Nature. 

This  work  is  written  with  uncommon  knowledge  of  the  fub- 
jcft,  and  with  a  perfpicuity,  ftrength,  and  elegance  of  ftyle, 
which  were  not  to  be  expeded  in  a  work  of  this  kind,  and 
which  indeed,  where  there  is  moft  reafon  to  expeft  them,  are 
feldom  found.  It  is  entertaining,  in  a  great  degree,  even  to 
thofe  who  cannot  avail  themfelves  of  its  inftruc^ion  ;  and  if  an 
avenue  to  other  fciences  equally  true  in  its  direction,  and  plea- 
fant  in  its  courfe^  was  laid  out,  the  deftderata  of  literature  would 
be  exhaufted. 

Art.  II.  Military  lnJlru5iiom  for  Officers  detached  in  the  Field i 
containing  a  Scheme  for  frming  a  Corps  of  a  Partifan  :  illuf- 
trated  with  Plans  of  the  Manceu  vres  necejfary  in  carrying  on  the 
Petite  Guerre.  By  an  Officer.  i2mo.  5  s.  Cadell,  &c. 
1770. 

IT  has  been  a  frequent  and  general  complaint,  bow  juftly,  it 
is  not  our  immediate  province  to  determine,  that  the  mili- 
tary branch  of  education,  in  this  kingdom,  has  been  lefs  at-> 
tended  to  than  any  other.  While  academies  are  inftituted  for 
the  patronage  and  encouragement  of  every  other  department 
of  Science,  this,  though  by  no  means  the  leaft  neoeffary  and 
uieful,  has  hitherto  been  too  much  neglected.  The  mode  of 
education,  in  this  rcfpeft,  has  been  very  confined  and  partial  j 

§rcatq^ 


Mtlhafy  InJiruBtons  for  Officers  detached  in  tie  Field.     355 

greater  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  minuiia  of  military  in* 
ftru£tton,  fuch  as  drefs,  and  the  manual  exercife  of  a  parade, 
than  to  the  more  important  accomplifhments  which  require 
extent  of  genius  and  vigour  of  application,  and  on  which  the 
conduct  of  an  army,  the  fuccefs  of  a  war,  and  the  reputation  of 
an  officer  depend.  Garriibn.  fervicc  haft  beeff  much  more  re- 
garded -than  the  duties  of  the  field,  and  <  tbefe  have  fo  little 
refemUanCe,  that  they  may  be  reciconed  diftinft  profeffions/ 
And  though  the  former  is,  perhaps,  the  principal  objed  to  a 
nation,  fituated  and  conneded  as  ours  is,  the  latter  ought  not 
to  be  altogether  overlooked  and  neglcdted.  Our  continental 
connexions,  during  the  lad  war,  furniih  a  number  of  glaring 
*  fa6)s  to  evince  the  necefiiry  of  making  military  fcience  at 
large  more  the  obje6t  of  general  attention  and  ftudy.  It  would 
be  an  invidious  taflc  to  recount'  any  of  thefe ;  but  no  one  can 
help  regretting,  that  the  glory  of  Britifh  prudence  and  valour, 
fo  fignally  difplayed,  fhould  have  been  fullied,  in  any  fmgle  in- 
fiance,  by  the  lois  of  the  moft  trifling  advantage,  or  by  the  rifk 
of  the  moft  inconfiderable  damage. 

The  benevolent  and  the  humane  will  not  hefitate  in  deter- 
mining, which  is  moft  defireable,  to  fubdue  the  reftlefs  ambi- 
tion of  princes,  or  to  be  under  the  neceffity  of  cultivating  the 
art  of  war.  But'  as  the  former  is  itnpoffible,  honour  and  in- 
tereft  unite  to  recommend  the  latter.  Nor  is  this  an  objeft 
unworthy  the  attention  of  the  legiflature  itfelf.  Some  plaa 
might  be  propofed,  and  carried  into  execution  with  this  view, 
which  rouft  be  productive  of  innumerable  advantages;  and  this 
is  the  more  neceffary,  if  we  confidcr  the  ftate  of  our  fchooli 
and  academies,  where  young  gentlemen  are  promifed  an  edu- 
cation for  the  army,  z^  the  ingenious  author  of  the  treatife  be- 
fore us  has  very  falYly  delineated  it.  *  We  are  forry,  fays4*e, 
to  fee  them  come  to  regiments  without  any  inftru£lion  that 
relates  particularly  to  the  profeffion,  except  perhaps  the  theory 
of  geometry  and  fortification.  The  different  branches  of  the 
mathematics,  taught  in  thefe  academies,  are  certainly  very 
iifefijl ;  but  are  they  fufficient  to  give  any  idea  of  war  ?  When 
the  pupils  leave  thefe  academies,  have  they  brought  with  theot 
any  notion  of  pitching  a  tent;  fixing  a  camp;  mounting  a 
guard ;  going  the  night-patroles  between  two  armies ;  con- 
ftruAing  a  r^oubt  ;  defending  an  intrenchment,  or  attacking 
a  poft?  We  cannot  think  it  poffible;  reafonings  and  drawings 
will  not  ferve. 

<  The  art  of  war  is  much  the  fame  as  our  mafters  the  Ro- 
mans taught  it,  only  that  gun-powder  has  fupplanted  the  flower 
operations  of  the  balijia  and  ealaptdta.  The  campus  martius 
viras  their  military  academy,  where  they  learned  the  art  of  war 
by  pradlice,  under  the  eyes  of  experienced  oiEcers  i  and  were 

$hc 


55  6     MStary  Injhuahmfir  Officers  ditoAii  in  the  FtM. 

ihe  pupils  of  our  academies  (hewn  the  manamvres  that  happen 
moft  frequently  in  a  campaign,  which  every  military  maa 
ought  to  knQW»  ^ey  would  not  leave  the  academies  like  firople 
licholars,  but  formed  foldiers,  capable  of  fervice,  conducing 
parties,  intrenching  pods,  and  oppofing  the  enemy  ;  and  a 
fmali  fpot  of  ground  would  \^  fufiicient  to  ihew  the  different 
operations  that  render  the  foundation  of  the  fcience  familiar  to 
thepupil&»  In  thif  country  we  have  not  been  the  firft  to  copy 
the  great  mafiers  in  the  art  of  war ;  nay,  we  s^re  indebted  t^ 
our  neighbours  for  the  v^ry  terms  of  the  art.' 

The  want  of  a  regular  and  enlarged  education  in  the  mili- 
tary art,  in  our  public  fchools,  is  the  more  to  be  lamented,  as 
we  have  no  books  fufiicienc  to  compenfate  this  defe£l.  «  It  has 
always  been  regretted,  fays  our  author,  (hat,  though  we  have 
fiumberlefs  trcaafes  pn  military  fubje£t;&,  none  of  the  auihon 
kave  defcended  lower  than  to  ioflrudt  generals  in  the  operations 
of  armies,  excepting  thofe  who  confine  themfelves  to  ^he  duties 
of  the  parade  and  garrifon ;  fo  that  inferior  officers  have  bad 
nofource  from  whence  they  could  derive  any  inflruclion  or  ia- 
iormation  of  the  duties  of  their  fphere  in  the  field,  even  though 
they  may  have  ranfacked  all  the  military  writers,  from  Vegetius 
|o  our  books  of  diicipline.  The  inftrufiions  on  the  fublime 
parts  of  war  are  per'e£t ;  none,  however,  but  general  o£icer$ 
kave  occafion  to  confulc  them  for  any  purpofe  but  fpeculat^Qp, 
while  the  art  of  carrying  on  the  peiiti  guirre^  and  fortifying  the 
lefler  pofts  in  the  held,  which  is  the  bufinefs  of  every  rani;, 
lias  remained  unheeded,  as  if  unworthy  the  notice  of  military 
writers,  till  Monlieur  ie  Cointe  and  Mr.  de  Jeney  publilhed 
their  treatifes,  during  the  courfe  of  the  laft  war. 

^  From  thefe  works,  compared  with  the  opinions  and  obfer- 
vations  of  particular  frienos,  I  have  colledei  fuch  information, 
in  the  following  eflay,  ^s,  I  hope,  may  be  of  fervice  to  my 
lrother>  officers  who  are  foliicitoiis  of  improvement  on  that 
head/ 

*  A  greater  number  of  well  authenticated  fafls  might  have 
been  collected  and  introduced  to  illnftrate  the  particular  Tub- 
je£)s;  but  this  would  have  been  inconfiftent  with  the  particular 
defign  of  a  work,  intended  to  comprize  every  neceffary  inftruc* 
tion  within  the  compafs  of  a  pocket-volume,  to  be  confuUed  on 
any  emergency.' 

.  Of  the  military  inftrudions,  which  this  ufeful  treatife  con* 
tains,  it  may  with  great  truth  and  propriety  be  declared,  that 
they  are  the  dictates  of  military  genius,  and  the  evident  refult 
ofcxtenfive  experience.  Ihofe  gentlemen,  for  whofe  fervice 
they  are  immediately  intended,  will  perufe  them  with  pleafur^ 
and  advantage ;  while,  at  the  fame  time,   they  are  illuftrated 

by 


Mihary  Injlmiftms  for  O^cm  detached  In  At  Field.     ^^ 

by  obfervationa  and  fa£ls,  which  muft  intereft  the  attcntml 
aad  gratify  the  tafte  of  the  moft  indifferent  reaxier. 

Thefe  inftruAions  are  comprized  in  15  chapters.  T*he  airthdr 
b^ina  with  a  few  geometrical  problems,  neceffary  to  be  anderftooi 
by  every  officer  in  the  army  ;  and  as  they  have  no  occafion  M 
4mA  the  conflf u^on  of  large  fortifications,  he  obferres,  tfaadt 
the  geometry  e/Tentially  requifite  for  them  may  be. reduced  irttA 
a  fmall  compafs.  He  then  defcribes  and  iiluflrates  the  different 
works  with  which  pp/ls  (fuch  places  as  bodies  of  troops  can  Ht, 
in  when  detached  from  the  atmy)  maybe  fortified  to  thegreateA 
advantage.  He  propofes  the  befl  method  of  fortifying  churches^ 
mills,  and  other  detached  buildings  i  and  lays  down  neceffary  cau- 
tions and  rulesfor  intrenching  and  defending  villages.  After  havin|{ 
given  the  manner  t>f  fortifying  pofls,  the  author  proceeds  tm 
fpeakof  thofe  who  are  to  defend  them.  He  gives  inilradions 
for  the  choice  of  the  corps  of  a  partifan,  and  ftates  the  qualifica^ 
tions  neceffary  in  fuch  an  officer,  as  well  as  in  the  individuals 
compoiing  his  party.  The  two  fucceeding  chapters  treat  nf 
cxercife  and  fubordinatTon.  He  goes  on  to  give  inftru£liasit 
■«nd  rules  for  detachments  and  fecret  marches ;  for  recon- 
jioitring  ;  for  iht  defence  and  attack  of  pofts ;  fM*  (urprifes  anl 
Aratagems  in  feizing  pofls ;  for  ambufcades,  and  a  retreat. 

To  the  above  general  abftradl  of  the  contents  of  this  inge- 
nious and  ufeful  treatife,  we  (hall  fubjoin  two  or  three  extradts^ 
by  which  our  readers  may  judge  of  the  abilities  and  good  dif- 
pofitions  of  the  author,  and  of  the  execution  of  the  work  itfelfL 
in  defcribing  the  qualifications  neceffary  for  a  partifan,  the 
muthor  obferves,  ^  That  a  good  partifan  ought. to  have  an  inna« 
gination  fertile -in  projc€ls,fchemes,  and  refources ;  a  penetrating 
Tpirit,  capable  of  combining  the  whole  (all  the)  circumftances  of 
an  adion  \  a  heart  intrepid  againft  every  appearance  of  danger  ; 
m  fteady  countenance,  always  aifured,  and  that  no  figns  of  dif- 
quiet  can  alter ;  a  happy  memory,  that  can  call  every  one  by 
his  name;  a  difpofition  alert,  robuft,  and  indefatigabiey  to 
carry  him  through  every  thing,  and  give  a  (bul  to  the  whole; 
a  piercing,  rapid  eye,  which  inflantly  catches  faults  or  advan- 
tages, obflacles  and  dangers  of  fituation,  of  country,  and 
every  .objed  as  it  paifes  ;  his  fentiments  fuch,  as  to  fix  the  re* 
fpeft,  confidence  and  attachment  of  the  whole  corps.  Without 
thefe  difpofitions,  it  is  impoffible  to  fuccecd. 

*  A  partifan  ought  to  underftand  Latin,  German,  and 
French,  tocohvcrfe  with  aU  nations.  He  ought  to  have  a  pcr- 
k&  knowledge  of  the  fervice,  efpecially  light  troops,  without 
being  ignorant  of  the  cnemy'-s.  He  fhould  have  ihe  cxafteft 
map  of  the  theatre  of  the  war,  examine  it  well,  and  become 
perfed  mafter  of  it.  It  would  be  very  advantageous  to  have 
fomegood  geographers  leader  his  command^   cipable  of  draw« 

5 


1 


358      MUitixry  Injiruniom  far  Officers  detached  in  the  Field. 

ixig  plans,  routes  of  armies^  (ituation  of  camps,  wherever  tbe^ 
may  have  occafion  to  reconnoitre.  He  ought  to  fpare  nothing 
to  be  aflfured  by  his  fpies  of  the  march,  force,  deftgns  and  pofi« 
tion  of  the  enemy.  Thefe  difcoveries  will  enable  him  to  ferve 
bis  general  efientially,  and  muft  contribute  infinitely  to  the 
iafety  of  the  army,  the  fupport,  happlnefs,  and  glory  of  his 
own  corps. 

^  As  chief,  he  owes  the  example  of  an  irreproachable  con* 
duA  to  his  corps,  circumfpe£i:  in  his  cares  like  the  aifedlion  of 
a  parent,  by  which  he  will  infpire  refpedl,  love,  zeal,  and 
vigilance,  and  gain  the  hearts  of  the  whole  to  his  fervice.  It 
is  extremely  dangerous  for  fuch  an  officer  to  contra£l  the  leaft 
attachment  to  women,  wine,  or  riches.  The  firfl  makes  him 
cegled  his  .duty,  and  frequently  occafions  the  moil  ruinous 
treacheries  ;  the  fecpnd  leads  to  dangerous  indifcretions,  and 
is  fure  to  draw  down  contempt ;  the  third  leads  to  guilt,  and 
deftroys  alt  fentiments  of  honour.  The  partifan  muft  be  con- 
tent without  the  delicacies  of  the  table,  aa  he  may  be  often 
cxpofed  to  want  provifion.  His  bed  the  fame  with  the  men's^ 
a  cloak  and  ftraw,  never  (iripping  but  to  change  linen. 
Nothing  animates  foldiers  fo  much,  as  the  prefence  and  vigi* 
lance  of  a  commanding  officer  (haring  with  them  the  fatigues 
of  the  fervice  $  the  officers  follow  his  example,  the  men  are 
aflured,  encouraged  and  content. 

'  Nothing  can  be  fo  dangerous  to  the  fafcty  of  a  corps,  as 
a  commander  of  a  delicate  indolent  habit ;  for  when  officers 
are  feen  at  their  eafe  paffing  day  and  night  at  table,  abandon* 
ing  the  fafety  of  the  poft  to  the  vigilance  of  the  guard,  who 

fnot  being  rcfponfiblc  for  the  commiffions  of  their  officers)  in- 
cnfibly  negleft  their  duty,  and  expofe  themfelves  to  be  eafily 
furprifed ;  when  the  blow  is  ftruck,  then  they  lament,  com- 
plain, and  throw  the  blame  on  one  another,  but  the  general 
will  make  it  fall  upon  the  commanding  officer.' 

Under  the  head  of  exercife  the  Author  remarks,  that  *  this  is 
the  firfl  part  of  military  art,  and  the  more  it  is  confidered  the 
more  efl'ential  it  will  appear.  It  frees  their  bodies  from  the 
ruflicity  of  fimple  nature,  and  forms  men  and  horfes  to  all  the 
evolutions  of  war  \  upon  it  depends  the  honour,  merit,  appear* 
ance,  flrength,  and  fuccefs  of  a  corps ;  while  we  fee  the  greateft 
corps,  for  want  of  being  exercifed,  inflantly  difordered,  and 
the.diforder  increafing  in  fpite  of  command  ;  the  confufton  over- 
fcts  the  art  of  the  fkilfullefl  maflers,  and  the  valour  of  the  men 
only  ferves  to  precipitate  the  defeat ;  for  which  reafon  it  is  the 
duty  of  every  officer  to  take  care  that  the  recruits  be  drilled  as 
foon  as  they  join  their  corps. 

*  The  greateft  advantage  derived  from  the  exercife  is  the 
expertnefs  with  which  men  become  capable  of  loading  and  firing, 

and 


ATtlitary  bftriUiiinsfir  O^/ers  detached  imtbe  Flild^      35^ 

and  teaching  them  an  attention  to  a£t  in  cdnformtty  with  thofe 
around  them.  It  has  always  been  lamented,  that  men  have 
been  broiight  on  fer vice  without  being  informed  of  (he  ufes  of 
the  dtfFejrent  manoeuvres  they  have  been  pra&'fing ;  and  having 
no  ideas  of  any  thing  but  the  uniformity  of  the  parade^  in- 
fiantly  fall  into  difprder  and  confufion  when  they  lofe  the  ftep» 
or  fee  a  deviation  from  the  ftraight  lines  they  have  been  accuf- 
tomed  to  at  exercife.  It  is  a  pity  to  fee  fo  much  attention  con- 
fined to  ihew,  and  fo  little  given  to  inftrud  the  troops  in  whac 
may  be  of  ufe  to  them  on  fervice.  Though  the  parade  is  the 
place  to  form  the  charaders  of  foldiers,  and  teach  them  i|ni*- 
formity,  yet  being  confined  to  that  alone  is  too  limited  and  me- 
chanical for  a  true  military  genius.  To  the  ufual  exercifes  the 
cavalry  of  the  partifan  (hbuld  be  accufiomeS  to  galloping,  leap- 
ing ditches,  and  fwimming  rivers.' 

The  chapter  on  fubordination  contains  feveral  excellent  ob« 
fervations.  *  Subordination  ought  to  (hew  the  fpirit  of  the 
chief  in  all  the  members,  and  this  fingle  idea,  which  difplays^ 
itfelf  to  the  leaft  attention,  fuffices  to  ihew  its.  importance. 
Without  fubordination  it  is  impof&ble  that  a  corps  can  fupport 
Itfelf;  that  its  motions  c^n  be  dire£led,  order  eftabliflied,  or 
the  iervice  carried  on.  In  effed,  it  is  fubordination  that  gives 
a  foul  and  harmony  to  the  fervice  ;  it  gives  Arength  to  autho- 
rity, and  merit  to  obedience ;  it  fuppons  the  ftaffof  the  mar- 
Ihal  as  the  fword  of  the  foldier,  which  fecures  the  efficacy  of  the 
command,  and  the  honour  of  the  execution  :  it  is  fubordination 
which  prevents  every  diforder,  and  procures  every  advantage 
to  an  army.  But  if  it  fecures  the  rights  of  fuperiors,  it  like- 
wife  makes  them  anfwerable  for  the  confequences  ;  and  if  it  re- 
duces inferiors  to  blind  fubjeftion,  it  at  the  fame  time  fecures 
them  from  all  reproach  :  fo  true  it  is,  that  in  the  failure  of  all 
enterprizes,  the  fault  is  laid  on  the  commander  alone,  obedi- 
ence juftifying  the  reft.  x 

'  To  have  fubordination  perfeft  there  are  conceffions  to  be 
made,  as  well  on  the  fide  of  the  fuperiors  .who  command,  as  of 
the  fubalterns  who  obey;  and  the  confidence,  with  which  a 
fovereign  honours  an  officer,  is  the  only  title  required  to  au- 
thorize him  in  fupporting  the  rights  of  his  rank,  therefore  it 
were  great  imprudence  to  oppofe  it. 

*  The  voices  of  the  officers,  the  waving  of  the*  colours  and 
ftandards,  the  found  of  trumpets,  and  the  noife  of  drums,  ar^ 
fo  many  echoes  which  explain  and  extend  the  orders  of  autho- 
rity, to  which  every  inferior  owes  a  ready,  refpedtful,  and  im- 
plicit fubmiffion.  ouch  a  folid  obedience  is  always  the  fruit 
of  the  confidence,  refpeft  and  affection,  which  a  corps  has  for 
its  chief;  it  is  then  very  important  for  him,  and  all  his  officers, 
to  endeavour  to  infpire  the  men  with  thefe  fcntiments,  and  to 

fix 


^a         kimlier  kni  jfohnfoftV  Satoketfige  of  England^ 

itx  them  t>y  a  reciprocal  attention  to  the  cbairader  and  wadtts  ci 
every  individual. 

^  Ncverthelefs,  in  fpite  6f  rieceffity,  and  d^U  the  advantaged 
of  fubordination,  in  fpttft  of  the  merit  and  good  condu£k  of 
fuperiorsy  there  happen  a  thoufand  otcafiofls,  where  ambition^ 
kitereft,  libertinifm  or  feaf,  feek  to  violate  it.  There  aref 
dangerouix:hara<9ers,  reftlefs,  jealous,  turbulent  fpirits,  vain^ 
prefumptuous,  criticizing  foUls,  whom  a  fuperior  ought  to  ob* 
ftrve  with  care,  to  check  their  arrogance,  and  prevent  their 
Autiny,  by  remedies  which  prudence  fuggefts,  and  authority 
allows.  He  will  employ  promiftss  and  good  offices  to  cure  the 
timidity  of  the  weak,  to  excite  their  hope,  raife  therr  coarage^> 
and  form  thei^  valour  }  he  will  equally  put  a  ftop  to  all  the  dif"* 
orders  of  libc^rtintfm,  and  all  the  plundering^  of  a  criminal 
avidity,  by  threatenings  and  chaftifements,  regulated  by  equity 
and  the  neceflity  of  making  examples.  An  excellent  divine, 
acknowledged  by  the  whole  corps  as  a  man  of  probity  and  re<^ 
ipedable  zeal,  who,  both  by  his  conduct  and  difcourfe,  excites 
and  fupports  the  moft  folid  fentiments  of  religion,  upon  which 
alone  true  honour  is  founded,  would  be  of  great  ufe  to  fupporc 
union,  juftice  and  dependance  in  the  corps/ 

The  Author  proceeds,  pointilig  out  the  ufual  foirrces  of  want 
of  fubordination  ;  anfwering  an  objection  ofl^n  alledged  againft. 
flridnefs  of  difcipline  \  and  r(icommendifjg  courage  and  iirm-^ 
xiefs  to  an  officer,  notwithftanding  the  detedion  of  a  few  mu* 
tfneers:-*But  our  limits  will  not  allow  us  to  purfue  bis  judr^ 
Clous  and  fenfible  obfervations  any  farther. 

^1  *■  ■■■  ^ II     11  ■  ■■        II     »■—■■■ -I      ,  ,; 

Aitt«  III.  The  Baronetage  of  England :  Containing  a  genealogical 
and  hijloricdl  Account  of  all  the  Englijh  Baronets  now  exijling  • 
With  their  Defcenis^  Atatriages^  and  memorable  Anions  doth  in 
JVar  and  Peace.  ColleSled  from  authentic  ManufcriptSj  Records^ 
did  fVillSj  our  be/I  Hijioriansy  and  other  Authorities.  Illuftrated 
with  their  Coats  of  armSy  engraven  on  Copper-^Plates,  Alfo^  a 
Lijl  of  all  the  Baronets  who  have  been  advanced  to  that  Dignity^ 
from  the  firfl  InjUtution  thereof  To  which  is  added^  an  Account 
of  fuch  Nova-Scotia  Baronets  as  are  o^  Englijh  Families;  and  a 
Visionary  of  Heraldry.  By  E.  timber  and  R.'  Johnfon. 
3  vols.  8vo.     il.  IS*  bound,    G.  Woodfall,  Sec.    1771- 

MR.  Wotton  (that  indefatigable  labourer  in  the  mines  of 
antiquity)  publKhed,  in  the  year  1741,  his  laft  account 
of  the  Englifli  baronets,  of  which  this  is  prefented  to  the  public 
as  a  new  edition  and  continuation.  IVlanv  hiftorical  paflages^ 
of  no*  great  moment,  and  moft  of  Mr.  Wotton's  notes,  arc 
hcre^  for  the  fake  of  brevity,  omitted.  The  pedigrees,  how-. 
ever,  are  kept  entire,  including  cbfU  marriages  and  ifiues^  t*. 

th« 


Kimber  and  JohnfonV  Baronetagi  of  England.  36^ 

the  pttknt'  time,  together  vtrith  ftich  biftorical  fnemoirs,  as 
feecn  to  have  any  connexion  with,  or  maj  ferve  to  illuftrate 
them.  Seventy-four  haronets  (now  exiting)  have  been  created 
fince  the  time  of  Wotton's  publication,  and  are  inferted  in  the 
prefent  work  i  but  the  accounts  of  moft  of  thefe  additional  fdL* 
milies  are  fomewhat  imperfed  $  which  muft  be  afcribed  td  th^ 
difficulty  of  obtaining  the  neceiTary  informations :-— notwith<*< 
ftandtng>  ic  is  fliid,  that  every  baronet,  whole  places  of  refldenctf 
was  known,  had  .been  applied  to,  either  perfonally  or  by  letter^ 
*-^and  that  public  advertifements  (for  the. fame  ptirpofe)  wer^ 
repeatedly  addrefled  to  the  whole  body.  But  ftili,  we  are  told 
in  the  preface,  that  [however  unaccountable  it  may  appear} 
*  fome  few  were  fuch  ftrarigers  to  the  glory  of  their  anceftors^ 
and  the  future  honour  of  their  families,  as  not  to  be  prevailed 
oil,  by  repeated  folicitations,  to  fpare  a  moment  in  furnifliing 
one  fingle  material  to  grace  their  families  *  ' 

The  manner  in  which  this  work  appears  to  be  executed,  1$ 
pretty  much  like  moft  other  pieces  of  family-hiftory  ;  in  which 
yrc  meiet  with  a  good  deal  of  truth,  mingled  with  fome.  errors4 
For  inftance, — in  vol.  i.  p  .349,  t/-eating  df  the  Dalfton  family, 
of  Dalfton  in  Cumberland,  ^le  Editor  deduces  their  pedigreed 
jfrom  the  time  of  Will.  I.  (when  one  of  them  was  poflefllil  of  the 
barony  of  Dalfton)  in  a  very  accurate  manner,  fo  far  as  we  ar^ 
able  to  judge  2  but  when  he  comes  down  to  the  concluflon  of 
his  account  of  tnis  family,  a  multiplicity  of  errors  are  exhibited^ 
even  in  the  following  Jhort  paragraph,  which  clofcs  that  ac- 
count.— ^  Sir  George  Dalfton,  Bart,  only  Ton  and  lucceflfor  to^ 
his  father,  was  a  volunteer  on  board  AdmirgI  Haddork's  fqua*^ 
dron,  17409  and  fheriiF  of  the  county  of  Cumberland,  1752* 
He  married  Antie,  daughter  of  George  Huxley,  Efq;  'tvhich  ladf 
died  Aug.  15$  1764,  and  Sir  George,  Mirch  9,  1765,  and  wad 
focceeded  by  Sir  William  Dalftonj  his  eUUji  forty  who  is  the  pn^ 
fent  BaromtJ 

Now  the  truth  of  the  matter  is  this ; — the  above-mentioned 
lady  (faid  to  have  died,  1764)  is^/7/  alive  :  and  at  the  death  of 
her  bufband,  the  late  Sir  George,  .the  title  of  Baronet  became 

♦  Thb  ftrif^ure,  Kowever,  does  not  include  that  celebrated  adven- 
turer whociitls  himfcif  Sir  Richard Pcrrott,  Baronet;  for,  though  un- 
able to  pfodiic^  any  patent  for  aiTuming  that  titJe,  yet  he  very  oblif-^ 
^"th  (as  the  Editor  exprefles  it)  communicated  a  curious  pedigre^^ 
deducing  bis  family's  dcfcent,  even  from  a  long  train  of  pHHces  ;.  ac 
the  head  of  whom  (lands  Bratas,  the  firll  King  of  Britain. — But  not- 
withftanding  all  this  parade^  as  well  as  an  allowance  ot  precedency 
which  had\sttVL  granted  him,  a  few  years  ago,  upon  the  fuppofition  of 
Jhis  defcent  from  one  James  Perrott,  /aid  to  have  been  created  a  Ba- 
yonet in  1716;  yet  hif  claim  of  Baronetage  is  «<>w  generally  pnder-* 
^Qod  to  J^ve  reiled  chiefly  upon  his  own  ipfe  dixit ^ 

Jftuv.  May  1 77 1.  B  b  abfjM 


362  Dr.  JortinV  Sermms  on  diffirent  SuhjeHs* 

abfolutcly  extinSf ;  for  he  left  no  fin  at  alU  though  the  Editor 
talks  of  an  eldeft^  as  if  there  had  htettfiverai — Sir  George,  how- 
ever, left  an  only  daughter^  folc  heirefs  to  his  eftate,  of  whom  no 
manner  of  notice  is  taken. — As  to  the  prefent  Sir  William  Dal- 
fton,  he  may,  probably,  be  a  diftant  relation,  and  really  is  a 
Knight^  but  not  a  Baronet, 

The  arms  in  this  work  appear  to  be  well  excoifccd ;  twelve 
upon  each  ocSlavo  platen  and  the  DiSftonary  0/  Heraidry  txhthks 
an  uTeful  compendium  of  that  entertaining  fcience,  of  whfch 
no  Englfh  gentleman  can  be  ignorant,  without  a  Het  fas  the 
heralds  fpeakj  upon  his  efcuuheon. 

Art.  IV.  Sermons  on  different  SubjeSls,  By  the  late  Reverend 
John  Jortin,  D.  D.  Archdeacon  of  London^  Redor  of  St. 
Dunftan  in  the  Eaft,  and  Vicar  of  Kenfingion.  8vo,  4  Vols. 
16s,  Boards.     White.     1771. 

TH  E  perpetual  increafe  of  printed  fermons  has  very  long 
been  a  fubje61:  of  complaint ;  efpecially  as  it  brings  feme 
perfons  under  a  kind  of  obligation  to  purchafe,    who  would 
gladly,    if  they  could  properly,   be  excufed.     But  whatever 
complaints  are  made,  or  whattifer  reafons  there  may  be  for 
'  them*,  we  do  not  find  that  the  numbers  diminish ;  and  more 
than  this,  it  does  not  appear  that  they  are  generally  a  very  un- 
faleable  commodity :    for,  were  it  othcrwife,  what  could  in- 
duce authors,    or  others,  fo  frequently  to  make  trial,  in  this 
refpecEl,   of  the  difpofition  of  the  public  ?  The  multiplicity  of 
fubjeSs,  which  are  offered  for  this  kind  of  compofition,  and 
the  various  lights  in  which  they  may  be  viewed,  together  with 
the  diverfity  there  mufl  be  in  the  thoughts  and  manner  of  dif- 
ferent perfons,  treating  on  the  fame  fubjciJs,  afibrd  ample  fcope 
and  happy  occafions   for  prefenting  to  the  world  what  may 
greatly  contribute  to  their  ioflrudion  and  improvement.     It 
happens,  indeed,  not  unfrequently,    that  thofe  who  are  leaft 
qualified,  are  fometimes  the   moft  forward  in  exhibiting  their 
produdions  to  the  public  eye ;    and,   perhaps,  it  were  to  be 
wifhed,  that  fomc  bounds  could  be  fixed  to  publications  of  this 
nature;  although,  at   the  fame  time,    it  would  be  defervedly 
regretted,  if  all  thefe  compofitions  of  men  of  genius  and  worth 
fliould,  after  having  been  once  delivered  before  a  fmall  number 
of  hearers,  be  thrown  afide  for  ever,  to  be  utterly  neglected 
and  forgotten.     Thus  much  may. certainly  be  (aid  in  favour  of 
printed  fermons,   in  the  general  ^    as  to.  thefe,  in  particular^ 
which  now  fall  under  our  review,  though,  as  mufl  be  the  cafe, 
they  treat  upon  topics  which  have   been  repeatedly  confidered^ 
they  appear  to  us  to  be  very  ingenious  and  ufeful.     The  author 
has  long  been  well  known,  and  highly  rcfpcfted,  on  account 
of  his  other  works,  publiflied  in  his  life-time,  and  which  cJif- 
6  coverc«d 


Drl  Jortin V  S^mms  m  dtffinnt  SubjeSfu  363 

covered  his  genius  and  learning  ;  we  are  here  to  confider  him 
as  a  preacher,  and  from  thefe  fpecimens  of  his  ability  and 
manner  we  learn,  that  he  was  folicitous  to  deliver  to  his  audi- 
ence, the  moft  fblid  and  important  inftrudions ;  juch  as  were 
adapted  to  inform  the  underltanding,  and  improve  the  heart* 

I'hefe  difcourfes  are  not  ali  of  equal  merit  and  value ;  fome 
particular  Aibieds  being,  by  no  means,  thoroughly  canvafied  ; 
which,  indeed,  could  hardly  be  done  within  the  compafs  of  a 
Angle  fermon  :  but  they  abound  wirh-  good  fenfe ;  and  are  not 
only  ingenious,  but  pradlical.  They  difcover  great  knowledge 
of  the  facred  writings,  and  a  confiderable  acquaintance  with 
other  kinds  of  learning  conneded  with  them  ;  and  have  a  be- 
coming air  of  ferioufnefs  and  rational  piety.  It  cannot  be  faid, 
that  they  are  greatly  conformable  to  the  eftablifhed  articles  of 
the  church  of  England,  as  to  fome  particular  matters  of  opi- 
nion ;  but  they  are  candid,  liberal,  and  charitable  \  manifeft* 
ing  a  difpofition  which  does  not  wi<h  to  confine,  or  to  domi- 
neer over^  any  man's  judgment  or  confcience ;  but  rather  to 
ferve  the  caufe  of  truth  and  righteoufnef^,  without  regard  to 
eftablifliments,  fyftems,  or  fedaries. 

We  find  no  preface,  or  particular  advertifement,  affixed  to 
thefe  volumes ;  but  from  a  fiiort  infcripcion  by  Mr.  Rogers 
Jortin,  as  a  teftimony  of  refped,  to  the  parifliioners  of  St.  Dun- 
ftan  in  the  £aft,  we  learn,  that  this  publication  was  made  at 
their  requeft.  There  are  nineteen  difcourfes  in  each  of  the 
four  volumes ;  but  we  do  not  more  than  once  meet  with  two ' 
or  three  on  a  text,  though  fometimes  the  fame  fubjed  is  con- 
tinued under  different  fcriptures.  The  fermons  are  not  (ac- 
cording to  a  practice  which  has  for  fome  time  been  juftly  ex- 
ploded) greatly  interlarded  with  words  or  fcraps  from  different 
languages }  but,  at  the  fame  time,  they  will  frequently  remind 
the  reader  of  the  author's  real  and  UA\A  learning.  1  here  arej 
kowever,  occafionally,  feveral  quotations  in  the  margin,  from 
ancient  writers,  which  ferve  to  illuftrate  the  preacher's  obfer- 
vations.  , 

We  might  give  feveral  extra£is  from  thefe  difcoiurfes,  which 
would,  we  doubt  not,  be  very  acceptable  to  many  of  our 
readers;  mfewvrc  think  it  right  to  m^ike,  as  a  fmall  tribute 
of  refped  tathe  memory  of  the  author,  and  as  we  fliall  thereby 
aiFord  our  readers  a  much  better  opportunity  of  forming  a  judg- 
ment concerning  this  publication,  than  we  could  pretend  to 
give  them  by  any  remarks  of  our  own. 

'Wc  (h»U  begin  with  the  iirft  fermon,  becaufe  the  fubjeA  is 
fbmewhat  peculiar,  and  the  refled^ions  upon  it  appear  to  be 
acute  and  ingenious.  The  text  is,  Deuter,  xxvii.  18.  Curjed 
itf  he  thai  maketh  the  blind- 1§  wandtr  91a  tf  the  way.  And  all  the 
p^^U  Jhall fay^  Amn^ 

B  b  a  ^  iMaaf 


364  Dr.  Jortin'j  Sermons  on  diffitent  Suhjelli. 

*  Many  of  the  expounders  of  the  holy  fcripturea,  lays  oitf 
author,  both  ancient  and  modern,  have  induftrioufiy  fought 
after  hidden  fenfes,  and  fublimer  meanings  than  the  words  ob* 
yioufly  and  naturally  offered  ;  and  this  method  of  iftterpretation 
hath  been  carried  by  fome  of  them  to  the  utmoft  excefs,  be- 
caufe  of  fuch  expofitions  there  is  no  end,  when  the  (bber  rules 
of  grammar,  of  reafon,  and  of  good  fenfe,  are  negleded,  and 
the  heated  imagination  is  let  loofe  to  parfue  her  owi^  wild 
conceits. 

'  The  ceremonial  law  of  Mofes,  in  particular,  feems  to 
bave  dtfirefled  both  Jewifb  and  Chrittian  dofbrs,  becaufe  fome 
of  its  precepts  were  in  appearance  ftrange,  arbitrary,  frivolous, 
and  tending  to  no  ufeful  purpofe ;  and  therefore  ftudious  and 
contemplative  perfons  fought  out  myftical  dodrines,  which 
they  fuppofed  to  lie  concealed  under  the  covering  of  the  literal 
fenie. 

*  For  thefe,  attempts  to  illuftrate  and  juftify  the  word  of  God, 
they  are  not  to  be  blamed  ;  they  rather  deferve  praife  than  cen- 
fiure ;.  but  their  attempts  were  feldom  fuccefsful,  and  their  ex- 
ample, upon  the  whole,  is  difcouraging.  As  for  the  Jewi& 
interpreters,  their  expofitions  were  often  contemptible,  and 
iiich  ias  might  be  expeded  from  men  mifltd  by  prejudices,  and 
deprived  of  feveral  helps  which  Chriftians  en}oy  ;  and  to  them 
one  might  fay.  The  well  is  deep,  and  thou  baft  nothing  ta 
draw  with  ;  whence  then  (houldft  thou  have  that  living  water  i 
The  ancient  Chriftians  too  often  imitated  the  Jews  in  finding 
out'  fenfes  in  the  fcriptures  which  were  never  intended.  But 
this  feems  to  have  been  the  fault  of  the  times,  rather  than  of 
the  men.  In  thefe'  later  ages  better  methods  of  interpretatioA 
have  been  fuccefsfully  purfued,  though  injudicious  perfons  will 
always  be  found,  who  are  incapable  of  receiving  inftrudion 
upon  this  head. 

*  It. may  be  thought,  that  of  all  writings  whatfoever,  laws 
and  ftatutes  will  not  bear  ambiguities  and  double  fenfes,  and 
cannot  admit  fuch  refinements.  Laws  have  fomething  in  their 
own  nature  repugnant  to  myftery.  They  are,  or  they  fhould 
be,  defigned  for  general  ule,  and  be  as  plain  as  is  poffible^ 
that  he  who  runs  may  read  them,  that  even  the  dull  and  the 
ignorant  may  be  in  no  danger  of  mifapprehending  them. 

*  But  there  is  fomething  very  particular  in  the  Mofaic  law, 
which  both  diftinguiftieth  it  from  other  laws,  and  carries  witb 
it  an  excufe  and  a  plea  for  double  fenfes  which  they  have  not. 

^  The  law  of  Mofes,  as  it  contained  a  ihadow  of  good 
things  to  come,  as  it  had  a  reference  to  the  Meffias,  and  exhi-» 
bited  bodily  and  fcnfible  reprefentations  of  fpiritual  benefits  and 
bkflings  to  be  conferred  by  him,  fo  far  it  was  unavoidably  of 
an  allegorical  and  fymbolical  nature.  Yet  it  wanted  not  that- 
\  fimplicity 


Dr,  JortinV  StrmMs  on  different  Subje^s.  36  J 

fimplicity  and  perfpicuity  which  are  requifite  in  laws.  Mofes 
gave  the  people  the  two  great  cummandments,  to  love  God, 
and  to  love  their  neighbour,  and  many  rules  of  life  and  pre- 
cepts of  morality  with  fuflicient  plainnefs.  But  the  various 
ritual  ordinances,  the  walhings,  che  purifications,  the  atone* 
ments,  the  ceremonies,  the  ficrifices,  the  bodily  pollutions  to 
be  avoid^,  and  the  bodily  purity  to  be  obferved,  thefe  often 
were  either  figurative  reprefentations  of  holinefs  of  life  and 
purity  of  heart,  or  had  a  view  to  the  future  difpenfation  and  to 
the  gofpel  of  Chrift,  which  in  the  fulln^fs  of  time  fliould  be  made 
manifeft. 

<  It  will  be  faid,  perhaps,  that  the  Ifraelites,  who  came 
rough  and  unpoliihed  out  of  the  land  of  Egypt,  where  they 
had  been  occupied  in  mean  and  flavifh  employments,  were  not 
acute  enough  to  difcover  and  underhand  thefe  bidden  fenfes.  It 
may  be  fo  5  and  if  they  could  not  discern  them^  it  mattered 
not.  There  was  enough  for  them  in  the  law,  which  was  of 
the  plain  kind,  and  fuited  to  their  capacities*  But  why  fbould 
we  fuppofe  them  fo  very  unfit  for  this  fort  of  inflru£tion  i  The 
Egyptians,  with  whom  they  had  long  dwelt,  had  many  myili- 
csd  precepts,  and  their  religion  was  full  of  fyrtibols  and  enig- 
matical reprefentations.  The  Ifraelites  might  therefore  expe<9: 
fomething  of  the  myfierlous  kind  in  their  facred  books,  and  it 
was  a  proper  occupation  for  the  learned  to  meditate  upon  the 
fublimer  parts  of  religion,  and  to  unfold  them  to  the  people. 

*'  Beiides,  the  law  was  not  defigned  for  one  generation  of 
men,  and  for  one  age,  but  for  many.  It  is  to  be  fuppofed, 
that  the  people  of  Krael,  being  once  fettled  in  the  peaceable 
pofleffion  of  the  land  of  Canaan,  and  obliged  to  be  well  ac- 
quainted with  their  facred  books  which  contained  their  national 
laws,  would  improve  themfelves  daily  in  wifdom  and  know- 
ledge ;  and  if  they  did  not,  it  muft  have  been  altogether  their 
own  fault. 

*  We  muft  not  think  that  double  fenfes  can  never  be  admit- 
ted and  allowed  in  moral  precepts,  and  in  rules  of  life  and  be- 
haviour; for-  there  are  fome  fuch  precepts  in  the  Old  Tefta- 
mcnt  But  then  the  fecond  fenfe,  or  the  fublimer  dcfign, 
fliould  ufually  be  obvious,  or  at  leaft  difcoverable  by  thofe  who 
apply  the  proper  methods  to  difcover  them.  I  will  mention  a 
few  inftances  of  fuch  paflages  in  the  books  of  Mofes,  and  then 
proceed  to  confider  the  text,  which  alfo  is  a  precept  of  a  double 
fenfe. 

^  In  Leviticus,  itisfaid,  Thouihalt  not  curfe  the  deaf« 

<  This  bafe  a£lioa  of  curfing  or  reviling  a  deaf  perfon  is 
here  condemned.  But  that  is  not  all ;  there  is  fomethii^  more 
forbidden  by  this  law ;  for  it  feems  to  be  of  a  proverbial  nature, 
and;  the  general  meaning  is.  Thou  (halt  not  take  the  fordid 

B  b  3  advantage 


366  Dr.  Jortm^j  &irmons  on  Jijirent  Suhje^H 

advantage  of  a  man's  incapacity  to  ()efend  himfelf,  and  hutt 
him  either  in  his  body,  his  fortunes,  or  his  reputation.  To 
abufe  an  abfent  perfon,  to  calumniate  people  in  fecret,  to 
attack  another's  reputation  in  the  dark,  and  in  difguife,  to  de- 
fame thofe  who  are  dead  ;  to  hurt  in  any  manner  thofe  who 
are  unable  to  help  and  redrefs  themfelves,  all  this  may  be 
called.  To  curfe  the  deaf. 

^  Again :  amongft  the  Mofaic  laws  are  thefe  j  Thou  (halt 
not  kill  a  cow  and  her  young  both  in  one  day.  If  thou  findeft 
a  bird  with  her  eggs  or  young  ones^  thou  malt  not  take  botk 
the  dam  and  the  young. 

'  Befide^  the  anions  which  are  here  prohibited,  every  be- 
haviour which  (hews  inhumanity  and  barbarity  feems  to  be  for- 
bidden. The  things  here  mentioned,  flight  as  they  may  ap- 
pear, are  perhaps  condemned  becaufe  they  carry  »an  air  of 
cruelty  ;  and  if  cruelty,  and  the  appearance  of  it,  was  to  be 
avoided,  even  towards  brutes,  much  more  was  compaffion  and 
pity  due  to  men.  A  Jewiih  commentator,  hath  fuppofed  this 
to  be  the  fpirit  and  import  of  thefe  laws,  and  thus  interprets 
them  :  As  your  Father  in  heaven  is  merciful,  fo  be  ye  merciful 
oneanh;  and  deilroy  not  on  the  fame  day  a  bead  and  its 
young  one. 

*  Again,  we  read  in  the  law,  Thou  fhalt  not  let  thy  cattle 
gender  with  adiverfe  kind.  Thou  fhalt  not  fow  thy  field  with 
mingltd  feed :  neither  fhall  a  garment  of  woollen  and  linen 
come  upon  thee.  Thou  fhalt  not  plough  with  an  ox  and  an 
afs  to-ether. 

*  Since  the  things  which  are  here  prohibited  arc  not  mo* 
rally  evil,  th^rre  might  be  a  further  meaning  in  thefe  laws, 
namely,  that  the  Jews  fhould  abflain  from  al)  impurities,  and 
that  they  fhould  have  no  intercourfe,  and  contra£t  no  marriagea 
with  idolatrous  neighbours. 

^  I  will  not  deny  that  thefe  and  other  fuch  lingular  laws 
might  alfo  polEbly  be  enjoined  in  *oppofition  to  certain  rites  and 
ceremonies  ufed  by  fuperflitious  and  idolatrous  pagans.  No* 
thing  hinders  but  that  a  law  may  ferve  to  more  purpofes,  and 
have  more  views  than  one  or  two.  * 

*  — I  now  proceed  to  the  text ; — In  this  chapter  curfes  arc 
pronounced  againft  feveral  heinous  crimes,— and  among  the(e 
crimes  is  mentioned  this,  of  caufingthe  blind  to  go  out  of  their 

J^^W^— i— — — ■■  ■  ■■■'      II  I         ■■    ■       ■  I  I       ■■■■■■■■■      * 

*  This  is  the  notion  of  Spencer.  But  this  learned  and  ufefal 
writer,  having  projefled  a  general,  and. in  the  main,  a  rational  me* 
thod  of  interpretation,  feems  fometimtfs  to  carry  his  hypothefis  too 
far,  fuppofes  gentile  fuperftitions  of  which  no  traces  can  be  fbunc}, 
iniroduceth  the  devil  too  often  into  his  fyftem,  and  lays  fome  things 
to  his  charge  which  perhaps  he  neyer  did. 


Dr.  Jortin  V  SemtMs  en  different  SubjeSis.  367 

way ;  a  wickednefs  of  a  Angular  nature,  and  which  one  would 
not  exped  to  find  in  this  lift  of  vitious  adiions.  It  13  a  crime 
which  is  feldom  committed ;  there  is  little  temptation  to  it ;  k 
is  doing  mifchief  for  mifchief's  fake,  an  enormity  to  which 
few  can  eafily  bring  themfelves.  Add  td  this,  that  in  Leviticu^ 
this  bafe  adion  is  mentioned  along  with  that  of  curfmg  the 
deaf,  which,  as  we  obfcrved  before,  is  a  kind  of  proverb,  and 
bears  a  figurative  fenfe  :  Thou  fhait  not  curfe  the  deaf,  nor  put 
a  {tumbling  block  before  the  blind.  We  may  therefore  rea- 
fonably  fuppofe,  that  in  the  words  of  the  text,— more  is  in- 
tended than  barely  to  condemn  thofe  who  ihould  lead  a  blind 
man  out  of  his  way.  And  what  that  may  be,  it  is  not  difficult 
to  difcover.  BUndnefs,  in  all  languages,  is  put  for  error  and 
ignorance;  and  in  the  ftile  of  the  fcriptures,  ways  and  paths, 
and  walking,  running,  &c.  mean  the  a£lions  and  behaviour 
of  men.  Thefe  obvious  obfervations  will  lead  us  to  the  mora^, 
myflical,  fpiritual,  and  enlarged  fenfe  of  the  law,  or  commi- 
nation;  and  it  is  this,  Curfed  is  be  who  impofeth  on  thefimple, 
the  credulous^  the  unwary,  the  ignorant,  and  the  helplefs  ;  and 
either  hurts  or  defrauds,  or  deceives,  or  feduces,  or  mifinforms, 
ormxileads,  or  perverts,  or  corrupts  and  fpoils  them.  This,  I 
fay,  is  the  fenfe  which  may  be  fairly  put  upon  thefe  wordy, 
befides  their  literal  fenfe.  It  remains  to  (hew  by  what  adiions 
we  may  be  fuppofed  to  be  guilty,  more  or  lefs,  of  this  fault.' 
But  for  the  farther  particulars  we  n:\ufl  refer  to  the  book. 

We  proceed  to  a  quotation  from  the  nineteenth  fermon  in 
the  firft  volume;  after  feveral  pertinent  reflections  on  thofe 
words  in  John  xxi.  21.  in  which  our  Lord  replies  to  Peter's 
queftion  concerning  the  apoftle  John,  *  If  I  will  that  he  tarry 
till  I  come,  what  is  that  to  thee  ?  Follow  thou  me/  Dr.  Jortin 
obferves  as  follows  :  —  ' Here  St.  Jchn  clofes  his  narr^ttive  of 
this  manifeflation  of  Chrift  :  he  tells  us  not  in  what  manner 
he  departed  from  them,  and  what  elfe  he  faid  to  them  at  that 
time.  It  is  certain  that  Chrift,  before  and  after  his  refurrec- 
tion,  faid  many  things  and  did  many  things  which  the  evangel- 
lifts  have  pafied  over  in  filence.  Thus  when  Jetus,  after  he 
was  rifen,  converfcd  with  two  of  his  difciples  in  th^ir  way  to 
Emmaus,  beginning  at  Mofts  and  the  prophets,  he  cxpourided 
to  them  in  all  the  fcrlpturcs  the  things  belonginj^  to  himielf ; 
but  his  difcourfe,  upon  this  impoitant  and  moft  intercftmg 
fubjeS,  is  not  recorded. 

*  If  an  extrjdl  were  made  of  his  words  and  a6iions  from  the 
four  gofpcls,  and  every  thing  omitted  that  is  twice  related  ih 
them,  it  would  be  contained  in  a  very  fmall  volume.  So  Ike- 
wife  as  to  his  difciples,  we  know  but  little  of  their  miniftry, 
and  of  the  things  which  befel  them,  where  they  prcaclied,  and 
how  they  died^  except  what  is  related  by  St.  Luke  in  the  Ads  ; 

B  b  4  and 


t6i  Dr.  JprtinV  Sermons  on  different  SuhjeSts. 

|ind  he  confines    himfclf  principally  to   the   miniftry  of  Sf, 
Paul. 

•  The  fliort  memoirs  of  thefe  tranfa£lions  fet  ifkany  impoftor^ 
(Qflj^oik,  in  early  times,  to  fbrg?  gofpels,  and  epiflles,  and  narr 
ratives  of  th<e  hiftory  of  Chrift  from  his  infancy  to  his  death, 
9lld  pf  the  preaching  and  travels  Of  the  apoftles.  But  as  the 
defign^  of  thefe  men  for  0e  moft  part  were  bad,  fo  their  abili- 
ties were  no  better,  and  (h^ir  lyorks  iiever  could  obtain  credit 
in  the  Chriftiai^  world- 

^  We  flipuid  be  yery  much  p)eafed  to  have  larger  and  fulleir 
^ccount9  of  our  {^ord,  and  of  hjs  apoftles,  and  of  the  firft 
cftabliibment  of  chriftianity  A  defire  pf  knowledge,  which 
tKtn$  itfelf  ftrcngly  in  a)l  ftudipus  perfpn$,— ^pd  a  zeal  for 
pur  religion,  and  for  eyery  thipg  that  relates  to  it,  plead  our 
lexcufe  for  fuflfering  fqch  ^  wiilx  to  rife  in  our  minds.  Bi\t 
V^e  mud  not  indulge  it  tpo  far,  ai)d  lament  our  ignorance  of 
^efe  t>  jngs,  left  we  alfo  fa)l  i|nder  the  ju{^  rebuke  which  our 
Saviour,  ip  the  text,  gave  to  his  apoft]^.  What  is  thftt  to  theef 
l^ollow  tbpu  me.  , 

^  If  we  had  lived  in  thofe  timet,  v^(hould,  perhaps,  have  bepn 
^elSrous  to  pi^t  ipapy  queftions  to  Qur  Lqrd  a{id  his  apofllea 
pf  the  learned  and  religious  kind,  which  feetp  to  us  doubtful 
9nd  difficult.  And  fHppofing  we  had  done  this,  it  is  more 
than  prf)bahle  that  our  Lord  would  not  have  aniwered  them,  j 
fot  we  find  \\i^  cppftai)tly  refufing  to  refplve  queftions  of  no 
immefiiate  concern  %o  (he  ifiquirers.  And  as  to  the  apoftles^ 
jt  is  probablp  tjiat  they  could  not  have  anfwered  them ;  an^ 
that  their  knowledge  went  np  farther  than  it  was  neceflary  fof 
the  execution  of  their  office  and  the  work  of  their  miniftry. 
Sufficient  it  is  for  us,  fuQicient  for  all  moral  and  religious  pury 
pofes,  that  the  holy  fcriptures,  by  the  divine  providence,  arc 
preferved  and  trapfmitted  dowa  to  us,  and  that  they  contain 
all  th^t  is  abfolptely  needful  for  us,  both  as  to  faith  and  as  to 
pra<aice.  For  as  St.  John  telU  uf.  Many  other  figns  truly  did 
Jefus  in  the  prefgnce  pf  hi§  difciples,  which  are  nqt  written  ill 
this  book.  But  thefe  are  written,  that  ye  might  believe  that 
Jefus  is  the  Chrijl:,  the  Spn  of  God^  a]^4  that  believing,  ye 
hiight  have  life  through  his  name. 

*  The  pra£lical  inference  which  the  fubjc^l  apd  the  text 
fugged  tp  us  is,  that  every  one  (bould  principally  attend  to  his 
Pwn  proper  bufinefs,  to^  his  own  plain  duty,  and  {iqt  concern 
llimfelf  abou(  things  which  do  not  concern  him- 

*  -«r£very  one  is  capable  of  difcerping  and  feeling  that  h^ 
ought  tp  live  foberly,  righteoufly,  and  pioufly,  and  prepare 
bimfelf  for  the  day  in  which  God  will  judge  mankind*  It  re-> 
quires  i^o  ftropg  part8>  no  lively  imag^mationj  no  deep  ftudj* 
|o  jtnow  this. 

5P« 


Dr.  JortinV  Strmons  on  dijferent  SuljeSlu  ^fif 

^  But  we  would  fain  know  more  than  this.  Man  Is  curioiit 
^d  inquifuive,  and  defirous  of  novelty  :  the  eye  is  never  fatis^ 
fied  with  feeing,  fays  Solomon,  nor  the  ear  with  hearing,  nor 
the  mind  with  feeking  and  difcovering.  This  defire,  innocent 
enough  in  itfelf,  and  even  commendable,  yet  muft  be  direded 
by  reafon,  and  confined  to  its  proper  bounds,  elfe  it  infenfibl/ 
becomes  a  bad  h^bit.  Curiofity,  ill-applied,  is  at  leaft  a  wafle 
of  time,  which  might  be  fo  much  better  employed.  When  it 
is  exercifed  ip  obferving  the  condud,  and  enquiring  into  the 
charader  of  others,  it  often  grows  pragmatical,  impertinent^ 
andcenforious,  full  of  fpite  and  malevolence  towards  them.— ^ 

*  As  there  is  a  needlefs  and  impertinent  curiofity  relating  ta 
perfonSt  fo  there  is  with  refpeft  to  doctrines  of  no  importance 
to  religion  and  morality.  Whatfoever  opinions  concern  the 
perfe£lions  and  the  government  of  God,  and  the  worfhip  due 
to  him,  and  the  focial  virtues,  and  have  an  influence  and  li 
tendency  either  to  mend  or  to  fpoil  the  tempers  of  men,  either 
to  promote  or  to  obftrudi  the  practice  of  piety,  thefe  are  objeAa 
of  fober  and  ferious  enquiry,  that  we  may  rejeft  every  perni- 
cious principle,  and  hold  tafl  every  found  do£lrine.  But  as  to 
mere  fpeculations  and  fubtle  refinements,  which  amufe  the 
imagination  without  improving  the  heart,  the  fewer  of  them 
enter  into  our  religious  fyftem,  fo  much  the  better.  Yet  thefe 
have  perpetually  been  matter  of  eager  contention  and  uncha« 
ritable  animofity }  and  eccleflaftical  hiftory  too  fully  confirnai 
this  melancholy  obfervation.  A  fondnefs  of  overbearing  others, 
^nd  of  forcing  opinions  upon  them  which  yet  can  never  be 
forced,  a  zeal  for  things  i^ot  certain,  or  not  ufeful,  or  even  not 
intelligible,  a  falfe  fhame  of  departing  from  falfe  notions  once 
obflinately  maintained,  together  with  pride,  ambition,  and 
felF-interefl  lurking  at  t}ie  bottom ;  thefe  have  produced  thole 
fcAs  and  parties  by  which  the  chriilian  world  hath  been  divided, 
and  the  chriflian  religion  difhonoured.' 

We  (hall  add  a  (hort  quotation  from  a  difcourfe  on  the  pa- 
rable of  the  fiwer,  for  the  fake  of  a  note  which  attends  it  i 
^  In  this  parable,  fays  Dr.  Jortin,  there  is  a  beautiful  gradation 
from  the  had  to  the  good^  The  feed  which  fell  on  the  high 
way  comes  not  up  at  all ;  the  feed  upon  ilony  ground  cornea 
up,  but  foori  witbereth  away ;  the  feed  fown  aqiongfl  thoma 
fprings  up  and  grows,  but  bears  no  fruit;  the  feed  fown  in 
£0od  ground  brings  forth  fruit  in  its  feafon,  but  yet  in  va« 
rious  degrees,  ai>d  mucl^  more  plentifully  i|)  feme  foils  than 
|n  others.' 

The  note  is  as  follows:  ^  An  old  commentator  (Theophy^ 
lad)  expounding  this  parable,  fays.  See  bow  fmall  a  number 
\htre  is  of  goo J  men,  and  how  few  are  faved ;  fince  only  a 
(i^th  paiEt  of  the  fe?()  was  preferved.    His  remark  is  not  juft  i 


37^  ^^*  JortiJi'i  'Sirmns  on  different  SubjeSUf 

)>ut  isfore^n  from  the  purpofe,  as  may  eafily^  be  (hewed.  In 
this  parable  of  the  Tower,  ther»  are  three  clafles  of  bad  men^ 
and  one  of  good ;  in  the  parable  of  the  talents,  there  are  two 
good  fervants  and  one  bad  ;  and  in  the  parable  of  ^he  virgins* 
half  are  wife  and  half  foolifli*  So,  if  we  follow  fuch  methods 
of  expounding,  we  mufl  conclude,  from  the  firft  of  thefe  pa- 
yables, there  are  three  times  more  bad  than  good  men ;  from 
the  fecond,  that  there  are  twice  more  good  than  bad;  and 
from  the  third,  that  the  good  and  the  bad  are  equal  in  number* 
I  mention  this  chiefly  for  the  fake  of  obferving  to  you,  that  In  the 
interpretation  of  parables,  care  fhould  be  taken  not  to  over- 
firainthem;  but  to  diAinguifh  thofe  parts  which  are  merely 
ornamental,  from  thofe  which  are  moral  and  inftruflive.' 

In  a  fermon  upon  charity,  we  obferve  this  note  upon  thofb 
words  in  the  epiftle  to  the  Corinthians,  We  fee  through  a  glafs 
darkly.  '  The  fenfc  may  be,  we  fee  i\  Wifrl^a^  ^v  fpecular^  vcl 
fpecukre^  through  a  glafs,  or  pellucid  flone,  which  alfo  per- 
haps was  not  fp  clear  and  tranfparent  as  our  glafs.  See  Lam- 
l)crt  Bofs,  ExerU  PhiL  p.  147.  We  fee  S\  ttrdrrl^aj  and  we  Cdp 
iv  sc^myfAoili.  Perhaps  it  (hould  be  »  aviuyf/.oclij  or  iv  iivoly^ 
^oJi,  through,  or  at  a  door,  a  wicket,  or  a  chink*  "Ai/oiy/xat 
is  ufed  in  the  LXX.  iii.  Reg,  xiv.  6.  Others  have  made  this 
conje<3urc  alfo.' 

This  fcrnion  is  clofed  in  the  following  manner,-'*  I  (hall  at 
prefcnt  only  jufl  remind  you  of  fome  faults  contrary  to  this  vir- 
tue of  charity.  And  they  are  covctoufnefs  and  fclfifhnefs,  which 
make  us  hard-hearted  and  infenfible  to  the  diftrefs  of  our 
neighbour;  injuftice  of  all  forts ;— an  infolent  pride  and  dif- 
dain. — Thefe  vices  are  not  confident  with  the  loweft  degree 
of  chriftian  benevolence :  and  to  thefe  we  may  add  two  other 
faults,  which  arc  as  oppofitc  to  each  other  as  they  are  to  cha- 
rity. The  firft  is  a  cold  iiKiifFerence  about  religion  and  virtue. 
He,  in  whom  this  carelefs  indolence  prevails,  hath  no  regard 
and  a(&<5^ion  for  truth,  no  concern  whether  it  profper  or  not, 
bikJ  whether  men  be  good  or  bad. — The  other  is  a  zeal  for 
things  not  efiintial  to  religion,  which  exerts  itfelf  in  an  eager 
ficrcenefs  about  doubtful  and  difputable  points,  in  judging  unr 
nuetcifuUy  of  thofe,  who  being  fober  and  religious  people,  have 
a  different  way  pf  thinking  from  ourfelves. — Such  a  litigious 
chriftian,  if  he  be  right  in  his  opinions,  which  is  much  to  be 
doubted,  is  wrong  in  his  way  of  defending  them  :  he  keeps  a 
do£lrine,  and  breaks  a  commandment. — True  religion  confifts 
more  in  doing  than  in  prating^  more  in  practice  than  in  fpccu- 
Utton.  A  man  who  bath. got  an  orthodox  faith,  and  never 
learned  to  lead  an  orthodox  life,  proclaims  his  own  folly  and 
madnefs.  He  lays  a  firong  foundation,  and  then  raifes  a  rotten 
building  on  it. — We  cannot  endure  a  ftace  of  doubt  and  fuf- 

penfe; 


Dr.  Jortio'i  Sirmms  m  difftrm  SutftSu  21 1 

penTe ;  we  love  to  get  at  certainty*  For  this  we  are  not  to  be 
blamed.  But  we  love  to  be  pontive  and  dogmatical,  and  ar« 
feldom  (enfible  how  little  at  prefent  it  is  given  us  to  know. 
Paganifm  was  thick  darknefs  ;  Chrifiianity,  in  foine  refpeds^ 
is  only  a  twilight.  For  now  we  talk  like  children^  now  we 
know  in  part,  now  we  fee  through  a  glafs  darkly ;  unlefs  we 
be  wifer  than  St.  Paul,  who  fays  this  pf  himfelf,  as  well  as  of 
other  Chriftians.' 

One  difcourfe,  entitled,  Keip  thy  footy  from  Ecclef.  v.  x^ 
has  thefe  remarks  upon  the  text,  '  What  Solomo^  calls,  the 
faoufe  of  God,  is  a  place  appointed  for  the  wgrfliip  and  fervice 
of  God.  To  ere£t  and  fet  apart  fuch  places  for  the  exercife  of 
religious  rites  is  derived  from  the  dictates  of  human  nature,  and 
approved  of  God  from  the  remoteft  antiquity.  It  began  not 
with  the  tabernacle  which  Mofes  by  divine  appointment  caufed 
to  be  made,  but  was  much  more  ancient.  Noah  built  an 
altar  when  he  came  out  of  the  ark.  Abraham,  Ifaac,  and 
Jacob,  wherefoever  they  pitched  their  tents,  had  places  for  di- 
vine worfhipf  that  is,  altars  with  their  inclofures,  though  they 
had  no  exprefs  command  from  God,  that  we  know  of,  concerning 
it.  Mofes,  before  the  ark  was  made,  and  that  tabernacle  which 
God  appointed,  ereded  a  tabernacle  for  the  fame  purpofe  without 
the  camp,  where  every  one  who  fought  the  Lord  was  to  go» 
And  all  this  feems  to  have  been  done  as  a  thing  of  cuftom^ 
and  as  men  by  tradition  had  learned  to  appropriate  fome  par- 
ticular place  for  the  more  folemn  worfhip  of  God. — Our  Sa- 
viour, who  brought  into  the  world  a  brighter  light  and  a 
fublimer  religion,  taught,  that  it  mattered  not  where  God  was 
worfhipped,  if  he  were  worlhipped  in  fpirit  and  in  truth : 
that  of  all  temples  a  pure  heart  was  that  which  he  moft  ap- 
proved, and  that  where  two  or  three  of  his  difciples  ihould 
meet  together  to  ferve  God,  there  would  he  fpiritually  be  in 
the  midft  of  them  ;  dodlrines  agreeable  to  reafon>,  and  fuitable 
to  the  enfuing  times,  when  chriftians  ihould  be  fo  far  from 
enjoying  fplendid  temples  to  repair  to,  that  they  often  would 
hardly  have  a  place  where  to  hide  their  heads.  As  foon,  iiH 
deed,  as  perfccution  declined,  and  a  calm  fucceeded,  chriftians 
built  themfelves  churches,  and  ever  fmce  have  fet  apart  fuch 
edifices  for  public  worlhip  \  which  is  very  right,  fo  long  as 
we  remember  that  it  is  only  for  conveniency  and  decency.^ 

Whether  the  altars,  mentioned  in  this  paolage,  were  inclofed, 
and  were  intended  or  ufed  for  public  woiiQiip,  or  whether  they 
were  chiefly  defigned  as  memorials  of  fome  particular  inftance 
of  divine  good  nets,  we  will  not  difpute.  The  obfervatiops 
here  made  are  candid  and  rational,  and  difcover  nothing  of  the 
bigot  or  high  churchman.     The  remainder  of  the  ficrmoo  prer 

fents 


37*  Hr.  JortinV  Sermons  on  dlffennt  StAjtHs. 

fents  the  reader  with  feveral  very  ufeful  and  important  reflec- 
tions; 

The  fecond  fermon,  in  the  laft  volume,  treats  of  Humility, 
from  which  we  ihall  give  a  fhort  quotatioa.^*^  The  word  hu- 
militj  is  nfed  by  Latin  writers  in  a  bad  fenfe  for  meannefs  of 
fpirit ;  but  the  pagans  were  not  ignorant  of  this  virtue,  and 
have  recommended  it  j  only  they  gave  it  another  name.  Chrif- 
tianity,  indeed,  bath  taught  us  jufter  notions  of  humility  than 
they  commonly  entertained  ;  for  they  ufually  confidered  ^Mmf- 
ity^  which  they  called  modefty  or  moderation^  as  a  focial  virtue, 
as  it  influenced  our  behaviour  towards  ourfelves  and  towards 
men :  but  humility  towards  God,  few  of  chem  Teem  fufficiently  to 
have  apprehended.  It  is,  indeed,  a  virtue  fo  remote  from  mean- 
nefs of  fpirit,  that  it  is  no  bad  fign  of  a  great,  and  exalted  mind. 
An  humble  perfon  is  one  who  is  neither  puffed  up  with  appro- 
bation and  applaufe,  nor  greatly  provoked  or  difturbed  by  cen- 
fure  and  ill  ufaee ;  who  envies  none  placed  above  him,  and 
defpifes  none  below  him  ;  who  dares  examine  his  own  condud, 
and  condemn  whatfoever  is  faulty  in  it^  who  is  gentle  to 
others,  and  fevere  to  himfelf ;  who  defires  to  obtain  no  more 
than  he  deferves ;  who  can  quit  even  that  alfo,  if  his  duty  re** 
quires  it  y  who  is  contented  to  zQ,  the  part  which  providence 
allots  to  him ;  who  is  free  from  irregular  felf-love,  that  is»  from 
one  of  the  moft  infinuating  and  prevailing  weaknefles  of  man- 
kind,  which  may  not  improperly  be  called  the  inner  garment 
of  the  foul,  the  firft  which  it  puts  on,  and  the  laft  which  it 
puts  off.  If  this  be  not,  it  is  hard  to  fay  what  is,  greatnefs 
of  mind.  On  the  contrary,  if  we  would  know  what  mean- 
nefs of  fpirit  is,  and  how  it  a^s,  let  us  look  for  it  among  the 
proud  and  infolent,  and  we  (hall  not  lofe  oar  labour.  A 
proud  roan  is  one  who  is  glad  to  receive  homage  and  flattery, 
though  it  be  offered  to  him  by  the  moft  ignorant  or  wonh- 
lefS)  and  cannot  bear  contempt  even  from  them ;  who  j 
therefore  is  the  fervant  or  flave  of  all,  not  in  a  good  fenfe, 
but  becaufe  his  happinefs  depends  upon  their  opinion  and  be- 
haviour; who  has  no  heart  to  own  his  obligations  to  God 
and  man;  whofe  life  and  condu£i  is  one  continual  lie;  who 
aflumes  good  qualities  which  he  has  not,  and  is  blind  to  his 
'  own  faults ;  who  defires  to  poffeft  what  he  (hould  not,  and 
what  he  often  cannot  obtain;  and  who  is  much  diflatisfied 
when  he  is  difappointed.  Thefe  are  the  perfons  who  defpife 
humility,  and  by  defpifing  recommend  it.' 

The  candid  reader,    we  doubt  not,   will  fufler  us  juft  to 

obferve,  that  we  could  not  help  frequently  reflcAing,  during 

the  perufal  of  thefe  difcourfes,  how  irkfomc  it  muft  have  been, 

.and  grievous,  to  a  man  who  entertained  the  fentiments  ex- 

preficd 


I&eynolds'x  Difcomrfi  to  tht  Students  oftht  Rojal  Acadtwy..  373^ 

fit&A  in*  many  of  them,  to  go  through  fome  pait$  of  the 
forms  of  religious  fervice  to  which  the  learned  and  judiciout 
Author  was  frequently  called. 

Art.  V.  A Difcourfi  diltvend  t§  the  Studtnts  rftbi  Rtyed  Acadin^ 
gn  thi  Diftrtbutiott  of  Prizes,  Dec.  14,  1770.  By  the  Prefi- 
dent.    i^o.     ls*6d.    Davies.     1771* 

THIS  Difcourfe  is  on  the  gufio  grande^  or  great  ftyle  in 
painting,  which  the  prefident  recommends  to  the  fhi- 
dents  as  their  primary  purfuit,  fince  that  purfuit,  though  it 
might  not  always  atuin  its  principal  purpofe,  would  neverthe- 
lefs  be  attended  with  advantages.  Bj  aiming  at  better  things, 
if  from  particular  inclination,  or  from  the  tafte  of  the  time,  and 
place  he  lives  in,  or  from  neceffity,  or  from  failure  in  the 
higbeft  attempts,  the  ftudent  fliould  be  obliged  todefcend  lower; 
he  would  bring  into  the  lower  fphere  of  art  a  grandeur  of  com- 
poUtion  and  charader,  that  would  raife  his  works  above  their 
natural  rank. 

This  is  undeniably  true.  He  who  ftudies  the  genius  and 
firft  principles  of  any  art  or  fcience,  and  purfues  it  in  its  higheft 
departments,  will  defcend  to  the  lower  with  more  enlarged 
ideas,  and  a  greater  command.  It  is  particularly  true  in  paint- 
ing.  The  artift  who  Arengthens  his  mind,  and  acquires  a  H« 
berality  and  magnificence  of  conception  in  the  higher  walks  of 
Nature,  will  find  thofe  advantages  even  in  the  mechanifm  of 
portrait  painting,  and  the  limited  fphere  of  ftill  life,  Poffibly 
the  reaibn  why  Phidias  excelled  fo  greatly  as  a  ftatuary  was, 
that  he  had  originally  been  a  painter.  It  is  certain  that  he 
painted  many  figures  before  he  undertook  his  inimiuble  ftatue 
of  Minerva.  ^ 

The  means  which  the  learned  prefident  points  out  to  the  ftu« 
dents  as  moft  capable  of  conducing  them  to  this  great  ftyle  vx 
painting,  appear  to  be  rational  and  well  founded*  fo  far  at  leaft 
as  they  exclude  individual  imitation,  the  great  bane  of  the  pro-» 
grefs  of  genius. 

<  The  wifh  of  the  genuine  painter,  fays  he,  muft  be  more 
extenfive :  inftead  of  endeavouring  to  amufe  mankind  with  the 
minute  neatnefs  of  his  imitations,  he  muft  endeavour  to  im** 
prove  them  by  the  grandeur  of  his  ideas  5  inftead  of  feeking 
praife,  by  deceiving  the  Superficial  fenfe  of  the  fpeftator,  he 
muft  ftrive  for  fame,  by  captivating  the  imagination. 

^  The  principle  now  laiJ  down,  that  the  ^perfe&ion  of  this 
art  does  not  confift  in  ns)  r*  imitar.n,  is  far  from  beino;  new 
or  fingular.     It  is,  in<i   .:     '  '  v  -h*  general  opinion  of 

the  enlightened  part  <r     .    \  '.         ct>.    orators,    and 

rhetoricians  of  2nt'(:u'  ••    ••  ..     .   ..      :ing  rrns  politjon, 

Ihat  all  thearts  rcceivj  :.    :  r    '--*»i*  :..■:::  an  ideal  bauty, 

luperior 


574    Rry^ol^^  Difimrfi  t$  fhe  Students  of  tie  Royal  Academy. 

fnperior  tt  whaM  it  to  b«  found  in  individuil  flfattire.     They  are 
ever  rdetring  to  tbo  pradice  of  the  painters  and  fculptOFS  aif 
their  times,  particularly  Phidias  (the  favourite  artift  of  anti^ 
qtitty)  to  tll|jftratc  their  affcitions*     As  if  they  could  not  fuf— 
ficiently  ^prefs  their  adtniration  of  his  genius  bjy  what  they 
kfiewj  they  have-rccourfe  to  poetical  enthufiafm.    They  call  it 
infpiration,  a  gift  from  heaven;  the  artift  is  fuppofed  to  have 
afceoded  the  cekftial  regions,  to  furnifli  his  mind  with  this 
perfed  idea  of  beauty.     ^^  He,  fays  Proclus,  who  takes  for  his 
model  fuch  forms  as  nature  produces,  and  confines  himfelf  ra 
ao  exad  imitation  of  them,  will  never  attain  to  what  is  per- 
fe£Uy  beautifal.     For  the  works  of  nature  are  full  €ff  difpro- 
portion,  and  fail  very  (hort  of  the  true  ftandard  of  beauty.    So 
that  Phidias,  when  he  formed  his  Jupiter,  did  not  copy  any  ob- 
jtBt  ever  prefentcd  to  his  fight  j   but  contemplated  only  that 
image  which  he  had  conceived  in  his  mind  from  Homer's  de-> 
fcription.*'     And  thus  Cicero,  fpeaking  of  the  fame  Phidias  i 
'^  Neither  did  this  artift,  fays  he,  when  he  carved  the  image 
6f  Jupiter  or  Minerva,  fet  before  him  any  one  human  figure, 
fis  a  pattern,  which  he  was  to  copy ;  but  having  a  more  per- 
k&  idea  of  beauty  fixed  in  his  mind,  this  he  fieadily  conteon* 
plated,  and  to  the  imitation  of  this  all  his  fkill  snd  labour  were 
dircfled." 

'  Let  us  now  hear  on  what  principles  he  founds  his  precepts. 
<  All  the  objeds  which  are  exhibited  to  our  view  by  Nature, 
vpon  dofe  examination  wilt  be  found  to  have  their  blemifhes 
and  defe&s.  The  mofl  beautiful  forms  have  fomething  about 
them  like  wcaknefs,  minutenefs,  or  imperfe6lion.  But  it  is 
aot  every  eye  that  perceives  thcfe  blemifhes ;  it  muft  be  an  eye 
long  ufed  to  the  contemplation  and  comparifon  of  thefe  forms  i 
and  which,  by  «  long  habit  of  obferviog  what  any  fet  of  ob- 
ys&s  of  the  fame  kind  have  in  common,  has  acquired  the  power 
of  difceming  what  each  wants  in  particular.  This  long  labo* 
riotts  comparifon  (hoiihl  be  the  iirft  ftudy  of  the  painter,  who 
aims  at  the  ereateft  ftyle.  By  this  means  he  acquires  a  jufl 
idea  of  beattttful  forms  ;  he  correds  Nature  by  herfelf,  her  im- 
perfeiEl  ft^e  by  her  more  perfedK  His  eye  being,  enabled  to 
diftinguilli  the  accidental  deficiencies,  ^xcrefcences  and  defor- 
mities of  things  from  their  general  figures,  be  makes  out  an 
abfira£l  idea  of  their  forms  more  per  fed  than  any  one  original ; 
and,  what  may  feem  a  paradox,  he  learns  to  defign  naturally 
by  drawing  his  figures  unlike  to  any  one  objeS^  This  idea  of 
the  perfeA  ftate  of  nature,  which  ^he  artift  calls  the  ideal 
beauty,  is  the  great  leading  principle,  by  which  works  of  ge<> 
nius  are  conduced.  By  this  Phidias  acquired  his  fame.  He 
wrought  upon  a  fober  principle,  what  has  fo  much  excited 
« the  enthufiafm  of  the  world ;  and  by  thi$  method  you,  who 

have 


Reynolds*!  Difcourfe  to  the  Students  of  the  Royal  Autdemy.    27Si 

have  courage  to  tread  the  fame  path,  may  acquire  equal  repu- 
tation. 

*  This  is  the  idea  which  has  acquired,  and  which  feems  to 
have  a  right  to  the  epithet  oi  divine  \  as  it  may  be  faid  to  pre- 
fide,  like  afupreme  judge,  overall  the  produdions  of  nature; 
appearing  to  be  poflefled  of  the  will  and  intention  of  the  Crea- 
tor, as  far  as  they  regard  the  external  form  of  living  beings. 

*  When  a  man  once  pofTefTes  this  idea  in  its  perfeSion,  there 
is  no  danger  but  that  he  will  be  fuificiently  warmed  by  it  him* 
feify  and  be  able  to  warm  and  raviih  every  one  e\{^. 

^  Thus  it  is  from  a  reiterated  experience,  and  a  clofe  com» 
parifon  of  the  objeds  in  nature,  that  an  arcift  becomes  pof- 
\c{^^A  of  the  idea  of  that  central  form,  if  I  may  fo  exprefs  it, 
from  which  every  deviation  is  deformity.  But  the  inveftigation 
of  this  form  I  grant  is  painful,  and  I  know  but  of  one  method 
^of  fbortening  the  road  \  this  is,  by  a  careful  ftudy  of  the  works 
of  the  ancient  fculptors ;  who,  being  indefatigable  in  the  fchool 
of  nature,  have  left  modeis  of  that  perfe£l  form  behind  them, 
which  an  artift  would  prefer  as  fupremely  beautiful,  who  had 
fpenc  his  whole  life  in  that  fingle  contemplation.  But  if  in*^ 
duftry  carried  them  thus  far,  may  not  you  alfo  hope  for  the 
fame  reward  from  the  fame  labour  ?  We  have  the  fame  fchool 
opened  to  us  that  was  opened  to  them  ;  for  Nature  denies  her 
inilru£kions  to  none  who  defire  to  become  her  pupils. 

«  To  the  principle  I  have  laid  down,  that  the  idea  of  beauty 
in  each  fpecies  of  beings  is  invariably  one,  it  may  be  o\>]z&^6^ 
that  in  every  fpecies  there  are  various  central  forms,  which 
ane  feparate  and  diftin^  from  each  other,  and  yet  are  unde-. 
niably  beautiful ;  that  in  the  human  Agure,  for  inftance,  the 
beauty  of  tlie  Hercules  is  one,  of  the  Gladiator  another,  of 
the  Apollo  another ;  which  makes  io  many  different  ideas  of 
beauty. 

*  It  is  true,  indeed,  that  thefe  figures  are  each  perfect  in  their 
kind,  though  of  different  chara<Slers  and  proportions  ;  but  ftili 
neither  of  them  is  the  reprcfentaiion  of  aa  individual,  but  oft 
clafs.  And  as  there  is  one  general  form,  which,  as  I  have 
faid,  belongs  to  the  human  kind  at  large,  fo  in ^ach  of  thefe 
dafles  there  is  one  common  idea  and  central  form,  which  is  the 
abftra£l  of  the  various  individual  forms  belonging  totbxt  clafa. 
Thus,  though  the  forms  of  childhood  and  age  differ. «xceed^ 
ingly ;  there  is  a  common  form  in  childhood,  and  a  convmon 
form  in  age,  which  is  the  more  perfect,  as  it  is  more,  remote 
from  all  peculiarities.  But  I  mu(l  add  further,  that  though  the 
moft'  perfect  forms  of  each  of  the  general  divifions  of  ttie  hu*- 
man  figure  are  ideal,  and  ftiperior  to  any  individual  form  of  that 
clafs  J  yet  the  jhighcft  perfection  of  the  hunum  figure  is  not  to 
4>e  found  in  any  one  of  chem ;  it  is.  not  io  the  Hercules,  nor 

in 


^76   ReyhoId^V  Dtfcomfe  U  tbi  $}udenU  ofthi  tUffol  AcaJltmfi 

io  the  Gladiator,  nor  in  the  Apollo ;  but  in  that  form  whicif 
is  compoonded  of  them  all,  and  which  partakes  equally  of  the 
aAivity  of  the  Gladiator,  of  the  delicacy  of  the  Apollo,  and  of 
the  mufcular  ftrength  of  the  Hercules.  For  perfeA  beauty  in 
any  fpecies  muft  combine  all  the  characters  which  are  beautiful 
in  that  fpecies.  It  cannot  confift  in  any  orie  to  the  exclufion 
ti  the  reft :  no  one,  therefore,  muft  be  predominant,  that  no 
one  may  be  deficient. 

^  The  knowledge  of  thefe  different  charaders,  and  the 
power  of  feparating  and  dtftinguifhing  them,  is  undoubtedly 
neceiFary  to  the  painter,  who  is  to  vary  his  compofitions  with 
figures  of  various  forms  and  proportions,  though  he  \t  never  to 
lofe  fight  of  the  general  idea  of  perfedion  in  each  kind. 

*  There  is  likewife,  a  kind  ^  of  fymmetry,  or  proportion^ 
which  may  properly  be  faid  to  belong  to  deformity.  A  figure 
lean  or  corpulent,  tall  or  ihort,  though  deviating  from  beauty, 
may  ftill  have  a  certain  union  of  the  various  parts,  which  may 
contribute  to  make  them,  on  the  whole,  not  unpleafing.' 

After  having  thus  inftru£led  the  ftudent  how  he  may  ac-^ 
quire  the  real  forms  of  Nature  diftindi  from  accidental  defor« 
oiity,  and,  independently  of  individual  imitation,  obtain  a  ge- 
neral idea  of  excellence  j  he  proceeds  to  inform  him  how  he 
may  learn  to  feparate  genuine  Nature  from  thofe  adventitious 
or  afFe&ed  airs  or  a£lions  with  which  fhe  is  difguifed  by  modern 
education. 

^  Perhaps  I  cannot  better  explain  what  I  mean,  than  by  re* 
minding  you  of  what  was  taught  us  by  the  PrpfefTor  of  Ana* 
corny,  in  refped  to  the  natural  pofition  and  movement  of  the 
feet.  He  obferved  that  the  fafhion  of  turning  them  outwards 
was  contrary  to  the  intent  of  nature,  as  might  be  feen  from 
the  ftru6lure  of  the  bones,  and  from  the  weaknefs  that  proceeded 
froo^  that  manner  of  flanding.  To  this  we  may  add  the  ere& 
pofition  of  the  head,  the  projection  of  the  cheft,  the  walking 
with  ftrait  knees,  and  man.y  fuch  anions,  which  are  merely 
the  refult  of  fafhion,  and  what  nature  never  warranted,  as  we 
are  fure  that  we  have  been  taueht  them  when  children. 

^  I  have  mentioned  but  a  tew  of  thofe  inftances,  in  which 
vanity  or  caprice  have  contrived  to  diftort  and  disfigure  the  hv>- 
man  form  \  your  own  recollei&ion  will  add  to  thefe  a  tboufand 
more  of  ill-underftood  methods^  that  have  been  pra&ifed  to* 
difguife  nature,  among  our  dancing  mafters,  hair-drefiersi^  and 
tayiors,  in  their  various  fchools  of  deformity. 

^  However  the  mechanic  and  ornamental  arts  may  facrifioe 
to  fafliion,  Ihe  muft  be  entirely  excluded  from  the  art  of  PainN 
ing ;  the  painter  muft  never  miftake  this  capricious  changeiioe 
for  the  genuine  of&pring  of  Nature  \  he  muft  diveft  himfelf  cf 
all  prejudices  in  favour  of  bis  age  ojr  country ;  he  muft  difre- 

gzrd 

a 


Reyno]d9^i  Difeourji  to  the  Students  Iff  the  Reyal  Academy.    377 

gard  alMocaland  temporary  ornameiits,  and  look  only  on  thoft 
general  habits  that  are  every  where  and  always  the  fame.  He 
addrefles  his  works  to  the  people  of  every  country  and  every 
age ;  he  calls  upon  pofterity  to  be  bis  rpe£tators>  and  fays  witn 
Zeuxis,  In  aternitatem  pingo, 

.  ^  The  negled  of  feparating  modern  falhions  from  the  habiti 
of  Nature,  leads  to  that  ridiculous  (lile  which  has  been  prac- 
tifed  by  fome  painters,  who  have  given  to  Graecian  heroes  the 
airs  and  graces  prafiifed  in  the  court  of  Lewis  t^be  Fourteenth ; 
an  abfurdity  almoft  as  great  as  it  would  have  been  to  have 
drefled  them  after  the  faihion  of  that  court. 

•  To  avoid  this  error,  however,  and  to  retain  the  true  fim- 
plicity  of  Nature,  is  a  tafk  more  difficult  than  at  firft  (igbt  it 
may  appe^iT.  7  he  prejudices  in  favour  of  the  faihions  and  ctff- 
toms  that  we  have  been  ufed  to,  and  which  are  juftly  called  a 
fecond  nature,  make  it  too  often  difficult  to  diftinguifli  that 
which  is  natural,  from  that  which  is  the  refult  of  education  | 
they  frequently  even  eive  a  prediledtion  in  favour  of  the  artifi* 
cial  mode ;  and  almoft  every  one  is  apt  to  be  guided  by  thofe 
local  prejudices  who  ha^  not  chaftifed  his  mind,  and  regulated 
the  inftability  of  his  aiFe£lions,  by  the  eternal  invariable  idea  of 
Nature. 

*  Here  then,  as  before,  we  muft  have  recourfe  to  the  an- 
cients as  inftru£l:ors.  It  is  from  a  careful  fludy  of  their  works 
that  you  will  be  enabled  to  attain  to  the  real  (implicity  of  Na- 
ture ;  they  will  fuggeft  many  obfervations,  which  would  pro- 
bably efcape  you,  if  your  ftudy  were  confined  to  Nature  alone. 
And,  indeed,  I  cannot  help  fufpec^ing,  that  iii  this  inftance, 
the  ancients  had  an  eafier  talk  than  the  moderns.  They  bad, 
probably,  little  or  nothing  to  unlearh,  as  their  manners  were 
nearly  approaching  to  this  defirable  fimplicity ;  while  the  Qio- 
dern  artift,  before  he  can  fee  the  truth  of  things,  is  obliged  to 
remove  a  veil,  with  which  the  fafhion  of  the  times  has  thought 
proper  to  cover  her.* 

If  there  are  any  defefts  in  this  Difcourfe,  they  arife  chiefly, 
perhaps,  from  a  partiality  to  a  particular  walk  of  painting. 
Though  Hogarth*s  chief  excellence  confided  in  the  exhibition 
of  familiar  life,  yet  that  furely  is  no  rcafon  why  he  ihould  be 
entitled  only  to  an  inferior  degree  of  praife.  If  Nature  is 
ftrongtypourtrayed  to*  us,  the  imitditve  art  has  its  end,  and  if 
it  is  common  and  unabftra£tcd  Nature,  perhaps  not  the  lead 
uTeful  end  is  obtained. 

•  For  our  Author's  Difcourfe  on  the  diftribution  of  the  prizes 
ftjr  the  year  1769,  we  refer  to  the  42d  volume  of  our  Review, 
pt.  317.  See  alfo  Rev.  vol.  40,  p.  310,  for  his  oration  at  the 
ojjenif»g  of  the  Royal  Academy. 

Rbv.  Mayi77U  Cc  Aar.VI. 


C   378  J 


Art.  VI.  Continuation  of  a  Courfe  of  Experimental  Agrtcnhure» 
Containing  an  exa£t  Regijier  of  all  the  Bufinefs  tranfa£Ied,  during  five 
Tears',  viz  from  x-bi  to  17 '-^7,  on  near  300  Acres  of  ^various  Soils  ^ 
'ineluding  a  Variety  of  Experiments  on  the  CuIti*uation  of  all  Berts  of 
Grain  and  Pulfe,  both  in  the  old  and  nentf  Methods,  The  WhoU  de^ 
mpnfirated  in  near  2000  original  Experiments,  By  Arthur  Youngs 
Efq;  Author  of  The  Farmer* s  Letters^  and  Tours  to  the  Souihtrm  and 
Northern  Counties^  &c, 

WE  are  now  arrived  at  the  third  fcftbn  of  Mr.  Young's  firft 
book,  chap.  L  the  fubj*ift  of  which  (viz.  the  comparifon  of 
profit  between  the  old  and  new  hulbandry,  in  refpeft  to  the  culture 
of  wheat)  is,  as  he  juftly  obferves,  of  very  great  importance.  We 
ihall  give,  firfl,  the  effence  of  his  experiments  ;  fecondly,  his  obfer- 
vations  on  them  ;  and,  laHIy,  fuch  remarks  of  our  own  as  may  feem 
neceflary  to  enaWe  the  Reader  to  form  a  jtift  judgment  on  what  tha 
Author  has  advanced. 


.In  the  year  1764  Mr.  Y.  has  fcven  Experiments  on  two 


£xp. 


Profit  or  Loft. 

1. 
Lofs  by  driUM,         o 
Lofs  by  broad  okft^  o 


Roods  of  ground  each 


i.l 


Obfervationt. 


.oi 


Difference     0 

3 

4i 

Lofs  by  drilled,          0 
Lofs  by  broad  caft,    0. 

9 
3 

9 

I 

Difference     0 

6 

& 

Thefe  loffes  are  by  the  half  a:re,  and  all  the 
fciV  of  loiTet  or  profits  by  the  whole  acre. 


J 


Loft  by  driU'd, 
Loft  by  broad  caft, 


%    8 


Difference    261 


Pr.  by  broad  caft, 
Lofs  by  drillM, 


Difference     o    7     3} 


Profit  by  drilled,       S     3     ^ 
Profit»by  broad  caft,  3  10    9 

Difference     i   iz     5 


Profit  by  broad  caft,  o  1 1 
Lofs  by  drilPd,  t   1 1 


DiffetAflce 


Profit  by  broad  caft,  185 
Lofs  by  driird,  111     3 

Dlfteresct    &  19    9 


*  Reafon  it  fo  often  miftiken  m  mstterv  of 
husbandry,  that  it  is  never  fully  to  be  tnift- 
ed,  even  in  deducing  confequences  evi- 
"dent  from  experiment  itfcJf,  We  muft  noc 
therefore  reajfon  toe  muck,  even  on  ihefe  ex- 
periments, notwithftandinfi:  their  being  dW- 
cifivt  as  far«as  tbey  extehd.* 

Mr.  Y.  is  quite  amort  on  tbls'trial; 


Mr.  Y.  now  triumphs  for  the  dcillert* 


Mr.  Y.  owns  the  tables  nearly  tarn*d  t  •  I 
foibear  refte^lioos  on  it  j  tbef«  variA* 
tiont  fiiotild  convince  one  that  nothing  ia 
agriculture  is  to  be  determined  for  or 
againft,  without  much  experieace  from 
numerous  trials.* 

*  I  muft  own  this  trial  puts  me  a  little  oot 
of  humoi^r  wirb.driiling.*  P.  148.  ■■■  ■ 
Mr.  Y«  afcribcs  the  lofs  to  the  foil's  not 
being  fine  enough  \  confequf  ntly  the  corn's 
being  more  backwar-,  luffciiog  ftOfll  wea- 
ther^ and  fcliiog  worie. 

Oa 


Yotfng'x  C^uYfe  of  experlputttal  Agricuhure^  lie.         37^ 

On  the  crops  of  this  year  Mr.  It  obfcrvcs,  *  if  nothing  farther  than 

this  immenfe  diiicrence  was  taken  in,  it  would  be  dccifire  agaiaft 

the  drillers.' 

Reviewer's  Reflexions. 
On  the  3d,  ReafoH  is  to  be  truded  fully  in  this  and  all  cafes  when  pro* 

perly  applied.    Reafon  herfelf  inftruAs  us  not  to  carry  our  con<r 

clufions  too  .far»  not  farther  thaa  the  premifes  allow,  and  th^a 

our  coDcluiions  will  be  right. 
On  the  5th|  Yet  the  proddce  of  the  broad  caft  was  7  bnfhels,  and 

that  of  the  driJPd  only  g,  or  |  quarter  per  acre  greater  produA  ; 

and  inpch  more  money  is  laid  out  in  drilling,  and  coniequently 

greater  hazards  run. 
On  the  6th,  Mr.  Y.'s  caution  is  very  juft. 
On  th«  7th,  Mr.  Y.  (hould  be  not  a //>///  out  of  humoor.    His  af- 

figned  caufes  are  inadequate, 
Jn  the  year  1 765  Mr.  Y.  has  fevcn  Experiments,  the  two  firft 
on  two  Roods,  and  thp  other  five  on  one  Rood  each; 


Exp. 

% 


10 


»I 


»S 


14 


Profit  or  LoTs  per  Acre. 
J.   s.    d. 
Lofs  by  broad  ctft,    073 
X«oia|>y  driU'df  21  14  l| 


Difference     ^ 

8 

Profit  by  drili'd,        3 
Profit  by  broad  caA,  | 

% 
4 

Differenct      i 

19 

10 

Profit  by  drilPd,        I 
Profit  by  broad  caft,  i 

17 
II 

0 

% 

Diflfercnce     0 

xo 

Profit  by  driird»     '  3 
Profit  by  broad  c^ilj  2 

13 

10 
S 

Diiference     0 

% 

Profit  by  driird,       T 
Profit  by-broad  caft^  0 

0 
6 

Difference     0 

15 

6 

Profit  by  broad  caft,  6 
Profit  by  driird,       % 

2 
8 

Difference     2  75     6 


Profit^ by  broad  caf^y  2    7  XO 
Profit  by  driU'dy       216 

Difference     064 


Obfervtikms. 

Thefe  loffiss  accounted  for  by  ofe  of  ezpenfiTe 
manure,     y« 


Dry  years  like  this  ri765)  good  for  wheat 
jn  general,  efpecially  drillM,  at  frequei)C 
hoeijigs  by  boffe  ai^d  hand  expofe  aew  fur- 
face*  to  attract  dew.    V* 


Manuring  does,  in  a  dry  year,  mmt  gOO^  If 
drilled  (ropi  th^n  broad  caft,    Y« 


Mr.  Y/s  Obfervations  on  compared  crops  of  this  vcar  I765#' 
•  Prill  method  appears  almoft  uniformly  better  in  this  dry  year :  difc 
ference  of  fevcQ  s^crcs  caltivated  in  th9  two  xiiethods  would  be 
4L  2  6.  6d.' 

C  c  3  Reviewer'f 


2%0         Young*s  Ccurfeof  expertmintal  Jgrtatlittre^  V^ei 

Reviewer's  Reflections  on  thefe  Experiments. 

On  the  9th,  Mr.  Y.'s  remark  is  y^ry  judicious. 

latbs  One  main  recommendation  of  the  drill  method  Is,  that  it  &ves 
manure :  but  we  here  fee  the  great  fuperiority  by  k  is  afcribed  to 
*  manure. 

Ijthy  The  driird  was  after  a  full  fellow,  and  the  broad  caft  only 
after  a  clover  crop,  and  yet  the  fnperior  profit  of  the  latter  very 
great* 

I4thy  'Tis  pretended  that  fucceeding  drill-crops  improve  ;  bat  here 
a  crop  of  broad  caft»  after  a  bean  crop»  is  fuperior. 

On  Mr.  Y/t  General  Obfervations  our  Reflexions  are»  ift,  that 
though  drill'd  crops  are  this  dry  year  generally  fuperior  to 
broad  caft,  yet  the  fuperiority  of  broad  call  to  drill'd  in  Experi- 
ment I  %  is  very  great ;  the  broad  caft  profit  is  almoft  double  of 
the  driird,  nearly  3  1.  per  acre.  2dly,  The  Superiority  of  the 
drill'd  to  the  broad  caft  is  never  2 1.  per  acre. 

In  1766  Mr.  Y.  has  feven  Experiments,  the  three  firft  on  two 
Roods  each,  and  the  reft  on  one  Rood. 

ObfervadoBS* 

Wet  reafon  occaHoncd  tbe&  loflbt.    Y. 
Drill'd  corn  too  much  ezpofcd  to  nia.    Y« 


»5 

Pfofit  and  Lofs. 

1.    t.   d. 
Lofi  by  dnirtl,        »    0    8 
Wi  by  broad  caftf,  014 

Diffbenoe     1  19    4 

x6 

Lofs  by  drillM,         s     4  tx 
Loii  by  broad  caft,    0  la     I 

Diflftetcnce    x  ]»  10 

•7 

Profit  by  broad  caft,  0^8 
LofsbydriU'd,         x  13     I 

Difterence     »    a    9 

18 

Profit  by  broad  caft,  058 
Lofs  by  dr&l*d,         «  17    %■ 

» 

^iftcrence      i     2  xo  ~ 

«9 

'  Lofi  by  driirdy          x     5     0 
Lofs  by  broad  caft,    0  14    0 

Difference     e  XX     0 

so 

Profit  by  broad  caft,  x     9  xo 
Profit  by  driird,       050 

Difterence     i    4  10 

ai 

Profit  by  broad  caft,  094 
Profit  by  driird,      020 

Satneeaufe.    N.B^  Both  crops  equally  mil- 
dew*d*    Y« 


Same  iaaire.    Y» 


The  broad  caft  cro^  fdltonrcd  doKcrs  th« 
driU^dadriUM.    Y« 


Manure  was  uftd,  and  nore  fncceftfd  in  tki^ 
broaftcaft.    Y, 


Mr. 


..Ybuag'i  Ctwrfi  rfixperimiHial  AgricuHun^  ftcm 
Mr.  Y/b  General  Obfervations  on  chefe  crops* 


fit 


!•  This  wet  year  makes  the  profit  by  broad  cad.    - 
And  h>fs  by  drilling      .        .        .        -        » 


1.   f.   d. 

-  I     7    « 

-  7  »S  «o 


Difference  <  -  -  •  •9146 

2.  Need  of  many  kands  together  in  drill  hofbandry  increafes  the  ex-* 

pence  amazingly. 

Reviewer's  Refle£tions. 
On  Experiment  18th,  A  drilled  crop  after  a  drill'd  one,  anfwers  not 

fo  well  as  after  clover. 
20th,  The  fame  reflection, 
sift.  Produce  was  e(}ual  in  the  crops  compared ;  but  the  expence  of 

the  dxiird  funk  it.. 
We  fee  not  that  the  manure  had  more  effect  in  the  broad  caft. 

General  Obfervation  on  thefe  crops. 
We  fee  not  by  any  means  how  Mr.  Y.  can  account  for  wet  yean 

being  bad  for  drill'd  com,  by  the  rain  coming  too  much  to  it.    On 

the  contrary,  the  greater  fi^id-room  it  has  ihould  make  it  dry 

fooner.    R. 
^erjf  What  can  Mr.  Y.  mean  (p.  178)  by  faying,  on  Experiyient 

i8»  that  *  2I.  is  a  w^ty  coniiderable  profit  this  year?'  No  fuch 

profit  appears.    R. 

Mr.  Y.  has  in  the  year  1767  five  Experiments  on  divided  Roodf 

^ach. 

Obi^Tatumi  •£  Mr.  Y. 


A  drillM  crop  of  beaai  preceded. 
A  broid  caft  crop  of  ditto  precf4e4« 


Exp. 

2a 

Profit  and  Loft  per  Acre. 

J.  t.    d. 

Profit  by  brotd  eaft»  0154 

Lofi  by  driU*d,         0    q  10 

^    Diftereoce     0  x4    a 

»J 

Profit  by  drUPd,        3  16    S 
Profit  by  broad  caft,  ft  11    0 

Pifference     158 

•4 

Profit  by  broad  caft,  144 
Profit  by  drUl*d,      008 

Diflference     138 

»5 

Profit  by  broad  caft,  0  15    4 
Lofs  by  driU'dy         0266 

Difierence     1  11  10 

af 

Profit  by  broad  caft,  060 
iolabydrUl'd,         0  ta    6 

,     Diftereiice     0  itf    6 

After  clorer* 
After  barley* 


Fallow  preceded* 


The  field  wis  msanred,  and  prodaft  Cfnlt* 


Cc  3 


Mr.^ 


Mr.  Y.'s  Obfervations  on  tbefe  cropi. 


Pro£t  tkis  year  bx  the  b|ioad  cafi  is 
Ditto,  driird. 


I.  %. 
•  5  12 
-    ^     9 


d. 
9 
6 


Piiference        -  -  n  •  ^326 

2.  DriU'd  corn  is  more  fqcc^Gful  thai)  it  waa  {aft  year* 

3.  Mr.  Y.  doubts  whether  wetnefs  be  againft  drilling. 

N.B.  For  1765  read  1767  in  p.  191  of  Mr.  Y. 

4.  Ie}  many  cafes  a  fmgle  year,  not  a  fucceflion  of  years.  Is  to  be  co^* 
fidefed  for  profit,  viz.  where  we  hav^  peculiar  wants. 

On  the  four  Years  Comparifons  Mr.  Y.  {hews  th^t 
Profit  by  the  old  hufbandry  is  -  3        *    -     22  19  loj 

Ditto,  new  ,        *  -  -  -  -      7  H     Si 

1. 1,  nearly  three  to  one  for  the  oJd. 

General  Corollary. 
*  On  s|.n  average  of  crops  of  wheat  in  the  two  methods  in  n}ari»ks 
cafe?'  (viz.  as  (licceeding  fallows,  beans  drill'd   and   broad  caft, 
clover  and  drilPd  wheat)  one  acre  in  the  old  hufbandry  is  equal 
to  three  in  the  new.'   Honed,  ingenuous,  and  important  1  R. 
On  the  23d  Experiment  (the  only  one  this  year  in  whi(2h  the  drilltd 
"  crop  exceeded  in  profit)  the  former  had  great  advantage  in  hav- 
ing the  bean  land  lUrred  much  more ;  but  what  were  the  com.pa- 
rative  profits  of  the  two  bean  crops  compared  ? 
■"    Mr.  y.  juftly  calls  the  fubjeft  of  ttje  fourth  feClion  of  the  firft  chap- 
ter of  the  firft  book,  viz.  *  quantity  of  feed,  an  untrodden  ground,' 
and  propofes  to  reduce  his  Experiments  thereon  to  what  is  «^/«/<i^ 
iucej/ary^  as  he  owns  his  papers  voluminous  enough. 

He  has  in  the  year  1764,  fix  Experiments  on  this  fubjed  in 
the  old  Hufbandry* 
N.  J^*  S  ftands  for  Seed,  and  P  for  Produce.    . 


Bxp. 

to 

B. 

s. 

0 

s 

p. 

I 

0 

s. 

0 

p. 

0 

s. 

0 

p. 

0 

s. 

0 

p. 

0 

T    8. 

6 

P. 

6 

S. 

0 

p. 

0 

P. 

Qr. 

B. 

P. 

0 

0 

0 
0 

6 
I 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Z 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

I 

% 
0 

0 
2 

0 

% 
0 

0 
0 

0 
t 

I 
4 

2 
0 

Qr.    B.     P. 


t' 

% 

o 
% 

6 

s_ 

o 

3 

6 

2' 


% 

4 

t 

2 
4 

% 
% 

2 
Q 

2 
o 

ft 
6 


Qr.   B.    P. 


Qr.    B.    P. 


o 

o 


o 
o 


Mr.  Y.'s  Conclufions  on  the  above  crops, 
tt  On  all  Bxppriments,  that  |  bufl^d  P«r  acre  is  far  too  little  feed. 


YoungV  Ciurfe  ofexperhmntal  Jgricuhurtj  ifc\         ^3 

2.  On  Experim<^nt  5th,  tkat  3  bafheh  for  the  firft  time^decreafes  ta 
produce. 

3.  On  Experiment  6th,  that  3  buihels  exceed  all  the  reft* 

His  Obfervations. 

1.  *  One  woQ^ld  «xpcft  lefs  feed  Ihould  be  better  fed;  but  land,  if 
not  llock'd  with  corn,  will  with  weeds.*    P^  2c5, 

2.  Experiment  4th  is  on  clover  lay,  5th  and  6th,  on  fallow/ 

B.       Qr.    B.    P. 


3*  Average  of  clear  produce  of 


<  z    ><  2      2      o 

Inh  J  ? 


3   J  L2       5 
4   Three  bulhels  of  feed  the  bell  quantity^  is  contrary  to  all  modern 

ideas. 
Thefe  Experiments  militate  (Irongly  againft  drillers,  one  of  whofe 

principal  boails  is  faving  of  feed.     R, 

Mr.Y.  has,  in  1765,  fcven  Experiments,  moftof  them  in  eight 

parts. 

JV.  B.  The  head  line  fhews  the  feed^  and  the  prodisce  U  oppofite  to 
the  number  of  the  Experiment. 


Seed 
Exp. 

7 

qr.b.p, 
002 

070 
060 

9 
10 

040 
060 

II 

IS 

050 

»3 

120 

Av. 

0  5  2 

qr.  b.  p. 
o  I  o 

220 
200 
X  o  o 
220 

072 

»  4  o 
2x2 


qr.b.p. 
012 

qr.b.p. 
02c 

340 
360 
1  5  0 
3  5  0 
262 
3  I  0 
420 

»  7  3 

qr.  b.  p. 
0  ft  s 

qr.  b.  p. 
030 

300 
3  60 

1  4  0 
3  *  0 

3  •  » 

240 
ft  6  0 

2  50 

qr.  b.  p. 
0  3  2 

300 
300 
I  40 
3x0 

1  7  0 
322 

360 
3  20 
160, 
360 

3  3  » 

4  5  » 

320 

3  1  0 
X  2  0 
300 

2  12 

2  6  » 

ft  X  X 

2  3  3 

3  X  0 

qr.  b.  p. 
040 

260 
200 

ISO 

220 

240 

'  5  3 

ft  6  2 

X  5  1 


'  3,3 
Mr.  Y.'s  General  Conclufion  on  thefe  crops. 

1.  That  the  moft  profitable  quantity  of  feed  this  year  is  2  bttlhels 

2  pecks, 

2.  That '  the  grand  average  to  be  drawn  from  all  muft  be  of  pectt* 
liar  advantage.'    P.  230. 

^uere^  -Is  not  the  drynefs  of  1765  an  adequate  reafon  why  2  bofhels 
and  2  pecks  may  fucceed  as  well  as  3  buihels  in  1764  }    R*    ' 

Mr.  Y.'s  Concjufions  and  Obfervations  on  the  crops  of  1765; 
On  Experiment  i.  As  2  balhels  give  more  than  3  bufhels,  lofs  by  3 
bulhels  is  35  s.  per  acre;  and  2  bulheb  2  pecks,  are  better  than 

3  bufhels  by  2  I.   15  s.  per  acre. 

2.  To  Experiment  9,  Mr.  Y.  adds,  4  bufhels  2  pecks  give  I  quarter 
1  bufhel,  and  ^  bufhels  only  i  quarter. 

3.  On  Experiment  10,  he  t)bferves,  th^T  after  good  clover  4  bafheis 
give  2  quarters  2  bufhels. 

Vo  Experiment  13,  he  adds,  that  oa  this  richly  manured  field  4 
buihels  2  pecks  give  2  quarters  4  bufhels,  and  5  bufhels  give  z 
quarters  i  bafhel  and  2  pecks. 

Gc  +  ?.  On 


384        YoungV  Omrft  of  ncpmmental  Agriculture^  (fi. 

5.  On  Experiment  x3»  he  remarks,  that  '  underfomng  on  rieJt 
ground  is  not  fo  great  a  lofs  as  on  poorer.' 

6.  Mr.  Y»  obferves,  that  the  average  prodadl  of  4  bafliels  and  z 
pecks  is  I  quarter  2  bofhels^  and  that  of  5  buihels  is  7  bu(hels  and 
3  pecks  ♦. 

In  1766  Mr.  Y.  has  fix  Experiments. 


1$ 

16 

»9 


qr.b.  p. 
o  o  a 


X  o 

o  6 

o  5 

0  7 
X  o 

1  o 


qr.  b.  p 
o  J  o 


I  70 

a  I  a 

I  4  a 

X  •  o 

I  4  a 

I  a  o 


qr.  b.  p. 
0x2 


a  a  3 

a  4  o 

1  7  o 
a  -9  3 
%  I  % 

2  o  t 


qr.b.p. 
020 


qr.  b.  p. 
022 


4  o 

6  2 

»  3 
40 

7  3 
6   2 


qr.b.  p. 
030 


240 

'J" 

2  0  2 

»  7  3 
240 

%   2  3 


qr.b.p 
032 

X  7  o 

2  O  I 
170 
2  12 
2X2 

1  7  o 


qr.b.p, 
04c 

I  7  o 
170 
I  5  ^ 
I  4  a 

223 

•'  5  3 


qr.b.p. 
042 

120 

I  3  I 

»  5  3 

I  4  a 

I  7  o 

«  4  a 


At.  070  133  202  231  24J  213  X42  123  foo 

N,  B,  Five  bufhels  give,  in  Experiment  14th,  i  quarter  and  3'  pecks; 
in  i;tb,  1  quarters  bufhels.  Experiment  i4ch  was  on  fallow, 
15th  on  clover  land>  and  i6ch  on  bean  ftubbie. 

Mr.  Y.*s  General  Obfervations. 
I.  Two  bufliels  2  pecks  is  beft  quantity.     2.  The  feafon  of  this  year 
was  oppofite  to  that  of  1765. 

In  1767  Mr.  Y.  has  fix  Experiments, 
N.  B.  iLad  table  is  here  continued. 


txp. 
%l 

22 
»3 

•4 
»5 

At. 


qr.b.p. 
07a 

•07  a 
I  0  3 
072 
1  a  0 
t  0  3 

qr.b.p. 
0  7  a 

»  5  3 
X  7  0 
X  2  0 

»  5  3 

120 

qr.b.p. 
I  7  0 
X  7  0 
a  2  3 

I  5  3 
a  I  a 
I  7  0 

qr.b  p. 
a  2  3 
I  7  0 
240 

«  5  3 

a  a  3 
a  3  2 

0  7  3 

X  a  3 

I  6  2 

X  7  a 

qr.b.  p 

a  5  ' 
24c 
a  6  2 
2  I  z 
262 
240 


qr.b.p 
262 
2  23 
240 

1  7  o 

2  a  3 
232 


a  a  o 


200 


qr.b.p. 
I  7  o 
170 

2X2 

«  5  3 

«  7 
170 


X  3  ft 


qr.b.  p. 

»  5  3 

5  3 

7  o 
a  o 

7  o 

2  o 


X  o  3 


qr.b.p. 
I  a  o 

4  * 

4  a 

3  • 

a  o 
a  o 


061 


N.  B.  In  this  year  the  bed  quantity  is  2  buihels  and  2  pecks  of 
feed. 

Average  of  the  four  Years. 

Table  the  laft  continued. 


qr.  b.  p.lqr.  b.  p.lqr.  b.p.kr.b.  p 


I  |qr.  b  p.|qr.  b. 
o  6  $1   X  I  3I  X  7  o|  a  3 'o|  a  4  31  *  3 


p.|qr.b.p.|qr.b.p.[qr.b.p. 
OM  S  31  I  9  31  «  o  o 


N  B.  In  1767,  $  bu(hels  produced  in  all  Experiments  i  quarter  2 

bufhels)  except  in  No.  25,  and  in  (hat  only  i  quarter  and  3  pecks. 

Mr.  y.  obfcrves  on  crops  of  176%  that  many  fields  yielded  only  5 

,     bulhels  per  acre,  and  that  in  Experiment  24  above  5  iacks  per 

acre  are  produced. 

*  N,B.  Though  thefe  Experiments  are  made  on  quantities  of 
gn  und  much  fmaller  than  an  acre,  yet  we  give  them  in  that  pr^ 
poitiOn,  as  being  more  familiar,  and  therefore  eafy.    R. 

Mr. 


YouogV  Courfe  ofexp^imentaJ  Agricukun^  tff.        38^ 

Mr*  Y/s  General  Obfervation  qq  thefe  Experiments  of  the 

four  years  is, 

.*  They  are  made  on  thyty  and  graveHy  loun,  after  Mlowi,  and  fal- 
low  crops  of  all  forts/  The  refuit  2  bufliels  and  2  pecks  beft 
quantity. 

On  his  Ave  Experiments  of  quantity  of  feed  in  the  new  hufbandry,  in 
1764,  Mr.  Y.  obferves,  ift,  that  2  bufhels  and  2  pecks  are  fbikingty 
the  mod  advantageous  quantity ;  and,  2dly,  that  three  rows  are 
preferable  to  two.  and  two  to  one,  in  every  quantity  of  feed.  Qn 
the  Experiments  in  1765,  on  this  fabje^,  Mr.  Y.  obferves^  in  the 
6th,  2  bufhels  2  pecks  are  the  beft  quantity,  and  when  fown  in 
treble  rows  :  on  the  7th,  the  fame  :  on  the  8th,  that  the  greateft 
produce  is  from  2  bulhels  in  one  foot  rows ;  next  from  2  bufhels 
2  pecks  in  ditto  ;  next  from  2  bufhels  in  18  inch  rows ;  then  froti 
I  bu(hel  2  pecks  in  one  foot  rows ;  and  laftly^  from  2  bufhels  t 
pecks  in  one  foot  rows :  on  the  nth,  that  2  bufhels  is  the  beft 
quantity,  and  diftance  of  6  inches  inferior  to  12:  on  the  lath, 
that  2  bufhels  is  the  beft  quantity  ;  but  2  bufhels  2  pecks  comet 
nearer  than  hitherto  :  on  the  i  3th,  that  2  bufhels  2  pecks,  in  tre* 
ble  rows,  are  the  bed  ;  and  that  i  bufhel  i  peck  produces  as  much 

'    in  one  row  as  in  three ;  a  phenomenon  unaccountable !  On  the  ' 
14th,  15  th,  and  17th,  that  2  bufhels  2  pecks  are  the  fuperior 
quantity;  but  that  in  the  i6th,  i8th,  and  19th,  2  bufhels  ^«r 
(our  Author's  word)  2  bufhels  2  pecks  in  rows  1 2  inches  afunder. 

Mr.  Y.'s  Particular  Conclufipns* 
On  8th,  One  foot  is  the  beft  diftance,  and  others  are  better  as  nearer 

to  it ;  but  diftance  is  not  chiefly  confiderable. 
*  On  loth,  '  General  effed  proves  that  the  more  rows  th^  better** 
On  i4th,  *  One  foot  is  the  proper  diftance  for  equidiftant  rows.* 

His  General  Conclufions. 

1 .  But  quantity  varies  betwixt  2  bufhels  2  peeks,  and  z  bufhels ;  but 
as  I  bufhel  i  peck  is  iu/everal  Experiments  the  beft,  the  2  bafhelt 
feem  likelieft  to  be  beft. 

2.  Equidiftant  rows  at  1  z  inches,  then  at  18  inches,  are  belt. 

3.  Horfe-hoed  crops  come  next. 

4.  Three  feet  intervals  Aiat  four  feet  intervals. 

5.  Thefe  fuperior  diftances  require  a  fallow,  which  horfe-hoed  crops 
do  not. 

Reviewer's  Conclufions. 

1.  The  2  bufhels  proving  beft,  may  be  owing  to  the  drynefs  of 
1765. 

2.  One  bufhel  i  peck  is  feldom  fuperior;  fo  that  our  concfnfionit 
the  contrary  of  Mr.  Y.'s,  viz.  that  2  bufhels  2  pecks  feem  beft  qn 
the  whole. 

5.  Whether  2  bufhels  2  pecks,  or  only  2  bufliels^  be  the  beft  quan- 
tity, it  miliutes  ftrongly  againft  drillers. 

*  N.  B.  Experiment  9th  is  wanting. 

The 


»386         Youtig'Jr  Courfe  of  ixperifnmtal  Agriculturk^  (ic. 

The  fifth  fedHon  of  chapter  I.  book  the  firfl,  examines  what  i^  thie 

beft  time  of  fowing. 

Experiment  ift,  Nine  pieces  of  ground  are  Town  at  about  a  week's 
diilance  each  from  other>  from  September  5  to  November  15.  The 
£rit  gives  the  bed  crop,  and  the  two  lait  the  woril,  bac  not'  in 
regular  progreiHon. 

2d,  Eight  pieces  fowcd  from  September  12  to  OiSlober  30.  The  dif- 
ferences ape  regular,  but  fometimes  extremely  trifling. 

3d,  Diiferenees  are  trifiing  and  irregular.  Same  produce  from  fame 
quantities  fown  at  a  month's  diflance. 

4th,  Eight  fo wings,  including  about  (ix  weeks.  Produce  is  fre- 
quently in  an  ptder contrary  to  th^  laft  Experiment,  except  in  the 
two  laft  portions. 

cth.  Fourteen  different  ibwings,  from  Augitfl  18  to  December  i*^ 
DiiFfrence  betwixt  produce  of  iirfl  and  laft  is  more  than  two  to 
one,  though  the  laft  had  three  ploughings  more, 

6th,  Sixteen  different  fowingsfrom  Auguft  23^10  December  18.  The 
middle  feafons  have  beft  produce,  and  the  laft  worfe  than,  the 
earlieft* 

7th,  Seventeen  fowings,  from  Auguft  23  to  December  26.  Principal 
produce  from  September  10  to  O^ober  16  ;  from  earlier  much 
iefs,  and  afterwards  it  declines. 

Sth,  Seventeen  fowings,  from  Auguft  17  to  December  26,  on  clover 
land.  Produce  of  two  earlieft  is  trifling;  they  then  n(c  toN*  8, 
fown  on  September  21,  and  thea  gradually  decline. 

oth.  Thirty- five  fowings,  from  July  30  to  April  28.  Ploughings 
continued  in  proper  weather.  Produce  rifcstoN'*?!  fown  Sep- 
tember 8^  is  the  fame  on  2 2d,  and  then  with  fome  irregularities 
declines.— JV  B.  Firft  and  laft  are  equal. 

I  oth,  Satne  number  of  fowings  as  above,  on  the  fame  days,  witk 
rotten  manure.  Latter  autumnal  fowings  feem  benefited  by  the 
manure. 

Iith,  Same  number  of  fowings  as  above,  on  fallow.  Chief  produce 
is  from  fowings  of  September  8  to  November  24. 

12th,  Same  number  of  fowings  as  above,  on  a  clover  lay.  Refalt 
as  above  to  fowing  of  December  22. 

Mr.  Y.*s  Obfervations  on  Particular  Experiments. 
On  7th,  *  Late  ploughings  feem  not  to  have  cffeA.' 
8th,  •  Two  firft  fowings  feem  to  have  failed  from  the  clover's  roott 

being  too  juicy.' 
9th,  *  Sowing  earlier  than  ufualmay  fave  a  ploughing;  anobjedlof 

much  confequence  to  an  hufbandman.' 
I  ilh,  *  Very  httle  fowings  are  not  rccomperifed  by  extra  tillage.' 
12th,  *  This  foil  being  gravelly  may  have  feafon  continue  favourable 

on  that  account.' 

Mr.  Y.'s  General  Obfervations. 
I.  *  Early  fowings  require  thorough  weeding  before  winter,  which 

may  be  5  s.  expence  per  acre.* 
n.  '  Beft  feafon  in  September  and  half  of  Oftobcr,-  but  September 

better,  and  all  fubfequcnt  arc  worfe  and  worfe.' 

^  m.  '  BifFcrence 


Young'i  Courfi  uf  i^^tmnrtal  Jiricubkn^  Viim         387 

nL  'Difirence  of  feafons of  fowbg  feems  to  tfk^  no difiefence  iii 
corn  as  to  diilempers  and  beating  down.' 

Reviewer's  Obfervations,  particular  and  general. 

On  Experiment  ;d,  Mr.  Y.'s  giving  ploughings  in  lieu  of  eailier 
rowings,  on  this  gravelly  loam,  may  account  for  equality  of  pro- 
duce. 

7tb,  The  late  ploughings  may  have  had  that  effed»  though  unat-. 
tended  to,  as  the  produce  would  probably  have  been  worfe  with- 
out them. 

Sth,  Mr.  Y.'s  obfervation  hereon  feems  very  judicious  and  impor* 
tant. 

1.  Gen.  As  all  Mr..  Y/s  Experiments  on  this  fubjeft  arc  in  the  drill 
husbandry,  they  cannot  be  decijinje  on  the  wahole  for  broad-caft  i 
as  flower  ripening  of  corn  in  one  method,  and  'viu  *ver/a^  may  re- 
quire great  allowance. 

Z*  Gen  Difference  of  feafon,  and  nature  of  foil  and  management, 
muft  require  great  allowances  on  this  fubjedl. 

Se^lion  fixlh  of  chapter  I.  book  the  firft,  exhibits  mifccllaneoot- 
Experiments  on  fteeps,  feeds,  &c. 

From  Experiments  i 7,  of  Ileeps  in  common  fait,  falt-petre, 

lime,  foot,  pigeon's  dung,  horfe's  urine,  wood-lye,  &C.  no  conclu- 
fion  refulcs  that  any  of  them  is  of  fcrvice.  P.  310.  But  from  fix 
Experiments  on  change  of  feed,  many  important  conclufions  ariie,  viz. 
i.  Foreign  wheats  from  the  moil  oppoute  climates  arc  fuperior  to 

moll  of  our  own. 

2.  Sowing  of  wheat  raifed  for  feveral  years  in  the  neighbourhood,  )s 
worfe  than  any  change* 

3.  Change  from  poor  fand,  even  to  flifiFloam,  fucceeds  not. 

Jjf.  Evcfham  wheat  is  fuperior  in  many  inflances  to  all  forts  j  Kentiih 

red  wheat  is  next ;  and  Cambridgefhire  the  third. 
^.  Red  and  white  wheats  arc  nearly  equal. 

6.  Bearded  wheats  yield  larger  produce,  but  inferior  in  quality. 

7.  Mere  change  of  foil  is  of  much  confequence. 

Conclufions  from  other  Experiments. 
From  14th  and  15  th,  Black  duft  of  burned  corn  appears  to  produce 

no  bad  grain. 
i6tKandi7th,  ift,  A  double  fallow  and  manuring  appear  to  yield 

the  beft  grain  :    2.  Bad  feed  on  bad  land,  in  bad  order,  produces 

bad  grain  :  3.  But  on  gootl  land  well  ordered,  the  contrary. 
]8th,  1.  Long  dung,  and  fecond  and  third  cropping,  produce  bad 

crops :  2.  *  Soil  in  very  good  order  forces  bad  &ed  to  a  pitck 

which  good  cannot  exceed.' 
19th,  I.  *•  Burnt  and  mufty  grain  is  more  fnbje£l  todiflempers  than 

found  feed  :'    2.  •  Wheat  is  affe6led  by  duft  of  burned  barley  and 

oats,  as  well  as  by  that  of  wheat.' 
2cth,  Former  conclufion  of  laft  Experiment  feems  contradifled. 

From  many  uninfertcd  Experiments  Mr.  Y.  concludes,  1  ft,  that 
mildew  proceeds  immediately  from  infcdls  brought  by  the  wind,  p. 
319  :  2dly,  that  rich  foils  manured,  and  fome  natural  ones,  are  more 
Uable  to  mildews :  3dly,  that  drilled  crops  are,  perhaps^  more  liable 
XQ  mildew?  from  drawing  a  current  of  air  and  infers  in  it.    Ibid. 

N.  B.  If 


3S8    TV  Armr V  Lmm  19  tbi  Lmiibrit  of  Great  Britain* 

Jf,  B.  IfdrillM  cm]M»  on  any  accoant  whatever*  be  more  Cable  to 
»tidew»  hence  arifes  a  capital  objedUon  to  drilling.     R. 

Experiments  of  Curioftty,  21—^26. 
K*  zi  ibew>»  that  flipping  of  wheat  roots  is  aittended  with  loTs*  * 

nearly  3  1.  per  acre. 
N^22,  that  tranfplantation  is  not  likely  to  anfwer. 
In  N**  239  24»  25,  are  produced  8»  lo,  and  r  i  quarters  2  bulhels  by 

high  culture,  and  withloTs  of  170 1.  in  the  tall  Experiment  N"*  25. 
N^  2b,  produce  is  5  quarters  3  buihels  3  pecks,  at  expence  of  25  1. 

Seflion  feventh  and  laft  of  Chapter  I.  &c.  contains  general  Re- 
marks* which  deferve  to  be  written  in  letters  of  gold. 
1.  •  Ciilture  of  wheat  is  a  matter  of  much  nicety.' 
IL  *  Imprt'ved  hufiandfy  is  feven  times  more  advantageous  than  the 

common^  and  yet  feveral  v^ty  great  crops  leave  but  very  fmall 

profit.* 
ID.  *  Incomplete  cnlpvation  is  very  unprofitable,  but  lefs  fo  than 

a  complete  one.' 

IV.  *  Soth  on  tUrfty  and  grofyilly  ioams  (1.  «.  the  generality  of  wheat 
lands)  the  §ld  bufiandry  is  the  fuperior  mode.' 

V.  *  On  the  whole,  the  jw  bufiandry  is  far  beyond  a  common  far- 
mer, both  on  account  of  perfedion  of  inftruments,  and  accuracy 
of  culture.* 

in.  *  Profit  of  wheat  fitcceeding  ameliorating  crops,  appears  dearly, 

and  is  a  ««/i0«ii/ object  oUt^ortanct, 
VII.  *  While  expoktation  is  allowed,  increafe  of  wheat  is  an 

obje^  of  ^afi  mui0mml  impprtance, ' 
Vin.  *  The  mofi  ratUnal  method  of  effedUng  an  increafe  of  wheat,  is 

promotion  of  ^emral  g—d  bu/hoMdry,  and  particularly  large  quan* 

titles  of  manure.*    P.32^. 

[To  hi  comludid  in  our  next.  ] 

Ai^T.  VIL  The  Farmer- s  Letters  to  the  Landlords  of  Great  Britahu 
'  Containing  the  Sentiments  of  a  praAical  (lufbandman,  on 
various  Subjeds  of  great  Importance;  particularly,  I.  Oa 
raifing  large  Sums  of  Money  by  improving  Eftates.  IL  On 
the  Methods  of  raifing  the  Rental  of  Eftates.  III.  On  va- 
rious Improvements;  fuch  as  Draining,  Manuring,  Fencing; 

•  and  raifing  new  Buildings,  or  remedying  the  Inconveniencics 
of  old  ones.  IV.  On  Paring,  Burning,  Liming,  &c.  V. 
On  improving  feveral  Sorts  of  wafte  Lands,  Moors,  Downs^ 

-  Wolds,  &c.  &c.  The  Whole  calculated  to  flicw  the  gfeat 
Profit  attending  the  Improvement  of  Eftates,  both  in  culti- 
vated and  uncultivated  Countries.  Vol.  IL  8vo.  6  s. 
Nicoll.     1771. 

THE  title-page  fufficiently  (hews  the  defign  of  thefe  2$ 
Letters,  which  are  of  a  much  mqre  extenfive  nature  than 
thofe  of  the  former  volume  ♦. 

♦  For  our  account  of  the  firft  volume,  fee  Rev.  vol.  xxxvi.  p.  417* 
See  alfo  an  account  of  the  2d  edition,  vol.  xxxix.  p*  371* 


The  Farmif^i  Letters  to  the  Landbrds  tfGnm  Britnii.    jji^' 

The  Anchor,  Mr.  Young,  obferves,  that  he  defigm  Co  point 

out  to  landlords,  who  only  know  that  they  have  improyaUe 
eftates,  an  eafy  method  of  giving  proper  dire^ons  co  thdr 
ftewards,  &c.  to  improve  them ;  and  to  give  hints  to  fuch  an 
know  much  more  of  the  fubje<Si.  He  propofes  to  fliew  the  oo« 
bility  and  gentry  how  to  raife,  on  their  improvable  eftates,  large 
fums  of  money,  or  great  incomes  quickly,  in  many  cafes,  with 
left  hasard  than  attends  application  to  the  mimflry  for  a  ptai^^ 
or  to  the  dty  for  a  wife.  He  promifes  to  advife  no  improvement 
which  he  has  not  either  pra&ijed  or  feen  pra^ifedj  and  that  his 
defign  is  not  to  make  farmers  but  improvers.  By  improvable* 
eftates  he  means  fuch  as  will  pay  intereft  for  monej  expended^ 
and  leave  a  clear  profit  from  5  to  20  pei"  cent. 

In  Letter  II.  he  advifes  the  landlord  to  fecure  a  large  rum 
to  go  through  his  intended  improvements  with  fpirit,  aod 
not  to  depend  upon  fmall  annual  fums ;  and  he  compares  him 
to  the  merchant,  whofe  fuccefs  depends  upon  having  a  fufficient 
capital.  But  we  apprehend  that  many  a  nobleman  and  gender- 
man  who  does  not  underftand  agriculture,  will  think  it  a  potot 
of  prudence  to  try  bow  f mailer  annual  fums  anfwer  in  im-^ 
provements,  before  he  incur  the  rifque  of  adding  to  thewetglit 
which  he  already  fuftains,  by  a  confiderable  mortgage.  He 
Gflumot  by  fuch  cautious  condu£t  grow  fo  fudctenly  rich  ;  but  he 
is  (life  from  becoming  fuddenly  poor,  and  be  will  gradually 
gain  experience. 

'  Xietterlll.  advifes  the  landlord  to  gain  a  complete  know- 
ledge of  his  eftate,  as  a  grand  preliminary.  But  hie  laber^  ku 
tpus  eft*  Mr.  Y.  affigns  many  reafons  againft  employing  com- 
mon ftewards  in  thefe  improvements,  and  therefore  advifes  the 
landlord  either  to  get  fufficiently  acquainted  with  country  bn- 
finefs  himfelf  to  dictate  podtively  to  workmen,  or  to  employ. 
fggtSLt.  per£on  of  known  abilities  to  didate  in  that  manner* 

Bat  this  is  the  very  difficulty  which  feems  next  to  inTur- 
mountable.  The  landlord  may  ipend  the  hejl  part  or  whoit  of 
his  life,  before  he  can  gain  knowledge  fufficient,  or  gain  fuch 
a  fidus  Achates  as  Mr.  i .  recommends.  'Tis  an  eafy  matter  to 
provide  books  ruled  with  feparate  columns  for  place,  foils,  te- 
■ant,  acres  of  oroiZr,  grals,  wood,  (heep-walk  inclofed  and 
open,  rent,  repairs,  horfes,  oxen,  young  cattle,  (heep,  hogs, 
&c»  &c.  but  a  moft  difficult  thing  to  know  into  whofe  hands 
to  put  thefe  books  thus  ruled  and  filled.  He  muft  be  acquainted 
not  only  with  agriculture  in  general,  but  that  of  the  country 
he  b  to  improve  in  particularly  ;  the  prices  of  labour.  Wood, 
and  all  the  prod u As  of  the  earth  ;  the  ftate  of  the  neareft  mar- 
kets i  the  conveyance  by  land  and  water,  &c.  and  if  he  is 
dius  acquainted  with  the  country,  he  can  icarce  fail  of  having 

con- 


390     The  Farmtr*i  Letters  io  the  Landlords  of  Great  Britain* 

conne£lton$  with  the  people  ;  a  ctrcumftance  which  Mr.  Y.  ob« 
jcSed  to  in  the  old  fteward. 

Ami  here»  once  for  all,  we  prefume  to  deliver  our  opinion 
on  this  important  fubjedt;  viz,  that  no  landlord  who  is  igno- 
rant of  agricalture  can,  with  prudence,  intruft  his  eftate  for 
improvement  to  any  perfon  who  will  not  give  bond,  on  con- 
dition of  a  certain  fum  to  be  advanced  by  the  landlord,  to  im- 
prove the  rental  to  a  certain  rate,  and  bring  a  fufBcient  tenant 
to  leafe  it  ^t  that  rate. 

Mr.  Y.  judicioufly  advifes  to  begin  improvements  with  farms 
moft  capable  of  it ;  and  obi'erves,  tbat  the  expences  of  repairs 
iQ  little  forms  fwalk)w  up  a  confiderabie  (hare  of  rent.  He 
concludes  this  letter  by  (hewing,  that  if  ponds  are  to  be  dug, 
roads  to  be  mended,  houfes,  &c.  to  be  repaired  or  rebuilt, 
fsarle,  limeftone,  &c.  to  be  dug,  though  thefe  works  may  noc 
be  prudent  in  a  tenant,  they  may  be  highly  foin  a  landlord. 
:  In  Letter  IV.'  Mr.  Y.  (hews  that  the  augmenting  of  rents 
by  giving  notice  to  old  tenants  to  quit  at  a  day,  or  pay  an  ad- 
vance, is  a  fchcme  liable  to  many  objcdlicns,  of  which  he  fpe- 
cifies  a  few ;  viz.  that  thus  the  work  is  done  by  halves,  as 
none  will  give  for  farms  unimproved  nearly  what  a  landlord 
may  make  by  improvements ;  2dly,  that  new  tenants  will  not 
take  without  a  leafe,  and  thus  tie  up  a  landlord's  hands  from 
further  improvements ;  jdly,  that 'tfs  unjuft;  and,  4thly,  un** 
popular.  Mr.  Y..  judicioufly  advifes  to  do  all  repairs  and  im« 
provements,  if  the  landlord  can,  while  the  old  tenant  is  on 
the  farm  ;  which^  he  thinks  may  be  done  even  on  leafed  farms, 
by  virtue  of  the  claufe  for  ingrefs  and  rcgrefs  for  repairs.  We 
think  however  differently,  as  the  making  improvements  under 
the  name  of  repairs,  may  be  ^^ery  inconvenient  and  difadvanta- 
geous  to  the  prefent  tenant,  and  was  never  intended  by  that 
cfaufe.  Mr.  Y.  advifes,  that  if  the  improvements  cannot  ba 
made  while  the  old  tenant  is  on  the  farm,  it  (hould  rather  be 
taken  into  hand,  the  intended  works  done,  and  the  faim  re-let,* 
than  covenants  for  the  improvements  made  with  the  new  te- 
nant. His  reafon  is,  that  a  man  will  valiie  higher  what  he 
vievDs  done,  than  what  be  is  told  of.  But  furely  a  tenant  may 
have  fucb  certainty  of  the  works  to  be  done,  that  he  cannot 
doubt  of  the  reality  of  them  ;  and  it  may  be  fo  very  inconve* 
nient  to  the  landlord  to  buy  (lock,  utenj^ls,  and  hire  fervants, 
that  the  improvenvents  may  be  more  advantageoufly  executed 
both  for  landlord  and  tenant,  by  the  new  tenant'^  immediately 
fuccecding  the  old.  Lefs  expence  laid  out  on  the  new  tenant's 
own  plan  may  be  both  more  pleafing  and  more  ufeful  than 
greater  on  the  landlord's. 

Mr.  Y.  thinks  fix  months  fufficient  time  to  improve  m»Ji 
f^rms,  and  twelve  months  to  improve  ar^.    Buildings  are  to  be 

done 


Tbi  Farntir^s  Letters  to  the  LaniUfds  of  Great  Britain.      3^1. 

done  in  Aimmer,  fences  in  winter.  He  advifes  not  to  em- 
ploy the  landlord's  old  carpenters,  mafous,  &c.  He  would 
alfo.have  great  numbers  of  all  workmen  hired  at  advanced 
prices;  and  feveral  farms  improved  at  the. fame  time.  But 
here  we  muft  obferve,  that  many  judicious  landlords  will  pro- 
bably be  of  an  oppofite  opinion,  becaufe  much  work  will  occa* 
fion  confufion,  negled,  &c.  and  that  advancing  of  prices  is  not 
only  zjemporary  evil,  but  a  continuing  one,  and  of  a  contagious 
■  ejcample. 

Letter  V.  o^ens  with  a  plan,  which  fliews  how  inconve- 
niently the  lands  of  three  farms  may  be  fituated  with  regard  to 
the  houfes,  and  how  eafily  reformed  by  making  the  feveral  parts 
of  the  fame  farm  contiguous.  This  is  fo  natural  an  idea,  that  it 
muft  furely  have  fuggefted  itfelf  to  every  one  who  hath  thought 
of  improvements  at  all. 

The  Author,  however,  adds,  that  if  the  farms  are  too  fmall, 
ihould  iill  be  thrown  together,  and  fufficient  buildings  ere^ed 
in  one  convenient  place.  He  thinks  that  fuch  reform  would 
raife  the  rent  to  double  ;  and  in  fuch  low  rents  as  he  mentions^ 
viz.   IS.  6 d.  per  acre,  we  apprehend  it  might. 

Our  Improver  obferves  rightly,-  that  in  difpofing  an  efiatc. 
into  farms,  the  fize  moft  demanded  in  the  country  (hould  be 
regarded  j  and  adds,  that  when  rent  is  not  funk  on  account  of 
ftze,  the  larger  the  farm  is,  the  more  advantageous  to  the  land- 
lord, as  the  buildings  and  repairs  are  not  in  proportion.  But 
allow  us  to  remind  Mr.  Y.  that  in  the  former  volume  of  his 
Letters  he  has  (hewn,  that  farms  which  are  large  beyond  a  cer- 
tain fize,  are  difadvantageous  both  to  the  public  and  individuals^ 
as  they  difcourage  population,  and  cxadt  not  fufficient  attention 
to  culture. 

Mr.  Y.  alfo  well  obferves,  that  the  fize  of  fields  fhould  be 
proportioned  to  that  of  farms  \  and  he  remarkjif  that  the  number 
of  arable  fields  to  a  farm  need  nQt  be  more  numerous  than  crops 
which  compofe  a  courfe.  He  thinks  that  grafs  ihould  be  di- 
vided into  three  or  four  clofes  for  convenience.  It  is  certaiu 
that  mixed  ftock,  viz.  (heep,  horned  cattle,  and  horfes,  thrive 
together  ufually  ;  but  it  feems  proper  for  the  farmer  to  have 
noc  only  paftures  for  his  fatting  and  lean  flock,  hut  alfo,  if  he 
can,  iot  frejhening  ftock  too. 

Letter  VI.  propofes  to  confider  that  capital  obje&  in  farms^, 
the  rebuilding  or  repairing  of  the  houfes,  &c.  We  agree  with 
^r.  Y.  entirely  that  Jlate  or  tile  (hould  be  fubftituted  for  thauK 
He  thinks  the  plans  for  farm^houfes  already  publiflxed  very 
^ultyy  as  being  very  inconvenient.  We  (hall  not  prefume  to  fcan 
the<e  plans  critically,  more  efpecially  as  dimenfions  aie  not 
given  i-^now  and  then  we  (hall  oficr  9  remark. 

In 


392     5R5/  Parmer* s  Letters  to  the  Landlords  of  Great  Srttain. 

In  plate  II.  fig.  r,  ^  is  called  a  /mall  room^  yet  appears  twice 
cir  thrice  as  big  as  a^  in  which  tne  whole  family  are  to  live : 
We  really  imagine  that  the  letters  are  tranfpofed.  In  fig.  29 
though  fomething  is  faved  by  having  the  iire- place  of  the  parlour 
fhrcrft  Into  the  corner,  yet  more  feems  loft  by  having  it  clofe 
n>  the  dairy,  fo  as  to  affe£l  the  milk,  efpccialiy  as  the  fire  of 
the  fcatding  houfe  is  in  the  fame  pofition.  Fig.  3,  is  juftly 
liable  to  the  fame  objedion;  and  we  (hould  fuppofe  that. any 
judicious  farmer  who  came  to  fuch  an  houfe,  would  certainly 
iDake  e  his  dairy,  provided  it  be  built  northwards,  which  dairies 
ihould  conftantly  be. 

In  plate  III.  fig.  i,  Mr.  Y.  gives  a  plan  of  z  farm-yard, 
which,  in  getieral,  may  do  very  well ;  and  we  agree  with  him 
that  the  farmer's  kitchen  ihould  form  a  part  of  the  inclofure. 
We  find  not  immediately  aiL  explanation  of  fig.  2,  and  do  not 
eafily  guefs  whsrt  it  means.  In  plate  IV.  Mr.  Y.  gives  what 
may  be  called  a  plan  of  a  fuperb  farm-yard,  with  all  poffible 
conveniences,  which  may  fuit  the  purfe  and  tafle  of  a  noble- 
nan. 

We  agree  with  him  entirely  that  ^  manure  is  the  fiul  (though 
i  nzHy  foul)  of  good  hufbandry  ;*  and  we  go  even  further  than 
be  does :  we  would  have  all  cattle,  young  as  well  as  aged, 
oxen  as  well  as  cows,  ftalled,  for  two  reafons  which  appear  to 
us  unailfwerable  ;  viz.  that  thus  they  are  often  prevented  from 
doing  harm  to  each  other,  and,  fecondly,  that  their  ridges-  are 
kept  dry,  a  point  of  much  more  importance  than  Isufually 
imagined.  We  agree  with  Mr,  Y.  that  a  landlord  who  *bin(h 
his  tenant  to  flack  all  hay  at  Bome^  z&%  wifely  if  he  alfo  binds 
him  to  lay  all  the  manure  on  his  grafs  land. . 

And  now  we  are  fent  back  to  plate  III.  fig.  a,  for  an  expla* 
Aation  of  an  irregular  farm-yard.— We  entirely  approve  Mr. 
Y/s  advice  to  bind  the  workmen  to  finilh  in  a  given  time. 
'  Mr.  Y.  ends  this  letter  by  apologizing  for  non-affignment 
df  calculations,  becaufe  they  are  fo  various  i  but  this  apology 
fbems  not  to  us  fufficient.  He  intends,  we  apprehend,  to  in- 
ftrud  the  ignorant ;  and  for  fuch,  furely,  calculations  upon  dif- 
ferent plans,  with  different  given  materials,  and  in  different 
fituaffons,  are-  ufeful,  nay  needful,  that  the  improver  having 
made  proper  allowances  for  the  difference  of  his  own  Situation, 
nay  calculate  with  tolerable  exadnefs  before  he  begins  to  build* 

Letter  VII.  opens  with  a  declamation  in  praife  of  the  advan* 
tages  of  good  fences,  the  neceffity  of  which  we  hope  will  not 
be  very  generally  difputed. 

We  know  from  experience  that  Mr.  Y.'s  encomiums  xm  dry 
ftone  walls,  as  having  nothing  of  trouble  in  thqm,  would,  in  his 
opinion,  be  liable  to  great  reftridlions,  if  he  knew  what  atten* 
*  •  tion 


^i  Farmn^s  Letters  i&  the  LanJkrJs  tf  Gfetd  Britain,     393 

tm  is  neceflary  to  fupport  them  in  count/ies  expofed  to 
liigb  winds,  hunters,  &c.  The  two  kinds  of  ditches  which 
lie  recommends,  viz.  five  feet  wide  by  four  deep,  and  four  by 
•three^  the  width  at  bottom  one  foot, 'are  indeed  good.  He  ju- 
dicioufly  approves  the  method  of  plafbing  the  fence  by  leaving 
fqmc  part  of  the  quicic  for  (lakes,  and  prefers  it  to  cutting  down 
the  whole,  in  oider  to  re-fphng,  when  defended  by  a  dead 
liedge. 

1  he  addition  of  pales  at  the  gateways  and  joining  of  hedges, 
the  turning  of  brick  or  ftone  arches,  the  painting  of  gates,  &c* 
are  poinu  which  the  bare  infpedion  of  the  lands  of  aimoil  anj 
.-improver  will  recommend. 

Mr.  Y.  recommends  the  plafhers  of  Hertford  (hire  to  teack 
thofe  of  countries  unacquainted  with  the  method  ;  and  advifet 
I         '    to  work  the  ditch  by  a  frame,  and  to  buy  bufhes,  (lakes,  and 
cdder9»  Wbert  the  premife^  do  not  fupply  them.  We  apprehend 
.  moft.of  this  advice  might  have  been  fpared. 

'  His  objections  to  clippM  hedges  of  white  thorn,  fccm  reafon- 
I  .able,  a»  is  the  dodrine  which  he  inculcates,  viz.  ^  a  fence  i<w 

.fufficient  to  turn  an  hog,  is  no  fence.' 

But  we  cannot,  without  confiderable  reftridions,  $idmit  Mr. 
Y/s  aflbtion,  *  that  tborn  hedges  yield  no  firing.*— -We  do 
not  much  oppofe  the  permitting  of  thorns  to  grow  talJ  and  eU 
befoie  they  are  cut,  as  they  then  afford  excellent  ihelter  )  but 
.t!:c  fooner  they  are  cut  the  oftener  they  will  fucnifh,  though  in 
fnaller  quantities,  fire  boot  as  well  as  hedge-boot.  ' 

Wq  heartily  recommend  the  pradice  of  Mr.  Y.*.s,adv!ce,  to 
make  the  ftakcs  of  the  dead  fence  of  fallow,  as  thefe  will  gene^ 
raiiy  grow,  and  fave  much  ex  pence  and  trouble  of  (lakes. 

Letter  VIII.  propofes  a  very  important  objeS,  viz.  the  pro- 
portiontng  the  grafi  and  arable  parts  of  farms.  Mr.  Y.  ob- 
{lent;^^  that  grafs  pays  the  landlord  better  than  mable\  and 
thence  deduces  bis  axiom,  ^  'Tis  much  better  to  have  too  much 
grafs  than  too  much  arable.'  His  fcheme  of  converting  arable 
into  grais,  may  be  feen  in  the  following  Oiort  diredions,  viz. 
«  Turn  in  the  ftubble  foon  after  barveft.  In  October  plough 
the  ground  into  three  feet  rixlges.  Plough  as  foon  in  fpring  as 
the  foil  admits,  fo  as  to  gain  a  fine  tilth  by  the  firft  week  in 
May.  In  a  fortnight  or  three  weeks  all  the  weeds  will  fproyt* 
.Proceed  with  the  plough  through  June  and  July.  In  the  firft 
•week  of  Auguft  fow  the  feeds,  harrow  and  roll.' 

Mr.  Y.  recommends  t6lb.  of  white  ciovtr^  10  lb.  of  burnei, 
and  ditto  of  rib-grafs,  per  acre,  which  will  coft  about  15  s.  6d. 
«He  adds,  that  (owing  Zainfoine  on  light  iimeftone,  loam,  dry, 
fandy  or  gravelly  land,  yrill  improve  it  to  fix  time^  its  value. 
Thi|  we  believe  to  be  a  very  moderate  caKulation. 
.     Kbv.  Mayj77i.         -.  Dd  He 


394    ^^  Farmer* i  Letters  to  the  Landlords  of  Great  Britain. 

He  obferves,  that  though  the  more  grafs-land  there  is  in  a 
farm,  generally  the  better,  yet  a  tenant  (hould  have  twofields,  if 
dry  enough,  for  turnips  alternately,  or  if  clay,  one  for  cab- 
bage«,  the  culture  of  which  every  year  with  that  plant  will  im-^ 
prove  jhe  foil. 

Mr.  Y.  opens  Letter  IX.  with  recommending  to  landlords 
the  drainage  of  wet  lands,  boch  arable  and  grafs.  He  wifely 
advifes  the  landlord,  that  having  found  a  fufficient  defcent  for 
the  water,  or  made  one,  he  begin  with  the  fmallcr  drains, 
which  (hould  be  covered  ones,  filled  to  a  certain  heigh th  with 
ilones,  wood,  or  buffaes,  fuch  as  the  country  affords  eafieft,  and 
having  laid  a  thin  cover  of  ftraw,  fern,  &c«  fill  them  up  with 
earth.  He  adds,  that  drains  alone  can  convert  bad  land  to  good^ 
to  the  doubling  of  the  rent. — He  fuppofes  that  this  work  may 
coft  30  s.  per  acre. 

Letter  X.  advifes  the  clearing  land  of  buflies,  brambles, 
mole  and  ant  hills,  as  what  reduce  the  land  to  half  value. 

Mr.  Y.  rightly  advifes  the  landlord  to  meddle  with  no  ma- 
nurings,  but  fuch  as  are  of  the  tailing  kind,  viz.  by  marie, 
chalk,  or  clay,  which,  laid  on  light  lands,  will  pay  amply. 
He  obferves  that,  in  Norfolk,  from  80  to  100  loads,  of  30  buihels 
each,  of  fat  marie,  are  laid  on  an  acre.  The  tatal  expence  will 
be  3I.  per  acre  when  the  cart  is  filled  from  the  pit  by  the  dig- 
gers, and  when  drawn  up  in  buckets  5 1. 

Letter  XL  recommends  to  landlords  the  making  of  good  roads, 
as  what  a  tenant  willingly  pays  for  when  he  conudcrs  the  faving^ 
thereby  of  his  cattle,  carriages,  &c.  He  cotfcludes  this*  Jetter 
•with  fettjng  forth  the  advantages  of  water,  as  the  driving  of 
cattle  to  it  at  any  difbnce  is  in  a  manner  fatal  to  fatting  beajfts, 
and,  we  think,  fcarce  lefs  fo  to  a  dairy. 

Letter  XIL  confiders  the  aggregate  bufinefs  of  improvement. 
We  think  Mr.  Y.  might  have  fpared  the  information,  that 
^  Lands  let  at  low  rents  will  beft  pay  for  money  expended  on 
,  improvements/  He  feems  indeed  too  minute  in  fome  fubfe- 
quent  pages ;  but  perhaps  our  own  experience  in  matters  of 
this  fort  may  make  his  inftruSions  appear  to  be  too  much  in 
detail.  There  is,  however,  a  piece  of  advice  in  p.  89,  which 
may  not  be  needlefsly  given  to  every  improver,  viz.  to  give 
higher  prices  than  ilfual  in  winter  for  fome  works  rather  than 
defer  them  till  fummer,  when  the  price  of  all  work  is  dearer. 
He  certainly  advifes  prudently  rather  to  hire  teams,  to  do  the 
necefl'ary  works  than  to  buy  horfes,  carriages,  &c. 

The  Author  advifes  his  improver  to  calculate  the  whole  ex- 
pence  of  the  improvements,  and  then  add  the  intereft  of  this 
fum  to  the  old  rent  i  ex.  gr, 

500 


Tie  Farfiter^r  Letters  tc  tie  J^amdbrds  'ofGfiot  Britatft.    395 

I.     «.    d. 
500  acres,  at  8 1.  rent  -—  ^^        200    o    o 

Intereft  of  a:(00 1.  at  4  per  cent*  — *  80    o    o 

5180    o    o 


Rife  of  the  reht  per  acre  31.  6  d.  which  is  above  87 1.  on  the 
.intereft  of  the  expences,  and  fome  profit,  though  trifling.  Mr. 
Y.  thinks  that  few  trads  of  country  would  want  fo  large  an  ex-* 
penditure  as  this^  and  many,  we  believe,  would  pay  better.   . 

Mr.  Y.  largely  (rather  too  largely  and  minutely,  we  think) 
recapitulates  the  improvements  of  various  kinds,  to  lead  us  to 
conclude  that  the  rife  of  re^t  would  be  much  higher  than  this, 
and  ftates  the  feveral  fuperior  advances  with  correfponding  pro-* 
iits,  viz. 

7  s.  is  equal  to  87  !• 

13 237  1. 

IS 287 1. 

.17 337  1. 

He  judges  that  a  farm  thus  improved  would  let  for  i  L  59. 
per.  acre  ;  and  harangues  upon  the  great  advantages  of 
making  this  improvement,  v\z^  a  clear  profit  of  337 1,  per  ann. 
Now  our  duty  10  the  public  obliges  us,  as  Reviewers,  to  ob- 
ferve,  that  the  reality  of  this  improvement  of  rent  mull  depend 
on  the  nature  of  the  foil,  about  which  nothing  can  be  afcer- 
tained  to  verify  the  reality  of  the  profit. 

Indeed  Mr,  Y.  feems  confcious,  that  the  advance  of  rent 
at  25  s.  per  acre  will  appear  extravagant,  and  therefore  modefUy 
finkis  it  to  a  guinea,  and  the  clear  profit  to  237 1,  and  concludes 
that  a  gentleman  thus  improving,  enjoys  a  certain  perpetual  re- 
turn of  20  per  cent,  for  hazard  and  expenditure  of  a  fingle~ 
year — <  An  advantage,  he  adds,  to  be  found  in  no  trade  what- 
ever ;*  and  we  agree  with  him. 

He  proceeds  to  (hew  that  there  Is  no  fuch  great  trouble  in  the 
execution  of  this  plan,  as  needs  deter  any  gentleman  from  carry- 
ing the  plan  into  effect  bimfelf,  or  committing  the  management 
to  fome  perfon  of  knowledge  and  aSlivlty ;  he  omits  integrity^ 
To  this  propofal  we  have  faid  fomething  in  the  commencement 
of  this  article. — He  propofes  that  the  manager  (hall  have*  5  1, 
per  cent,  on  the  real  improvements  of  rent  per  annum.  But  we  do 
not  at  all  underfland  how  long  this  5 1.  per  cent,  per  annum  is 
to  be  continued,  if  during  the  management  only,  it  feems  too 
Jittle  ;  \i  for  ener^  too  much«  If  during  the  life  of  the  manager, 
it  is  a  very  uncertain  premium ;  a^  the  younger  man  will  bo 
much  better  paid,while  the  older  h^s generally  muLh  better  talents, 
Cut  now  ends  the  former  part  of  this  work,  which  concerns  a 

V  d  Z  (ultivuted 


3^6  OfbecVx^  Tonm's^  tf»/EkkebcrgV 

eultPvatii  country.   The  uncultivated  country  opens  aquor  majus 

•  A  RT.  V  III:  yf  Voyage  to  China  and  the  Eafl  Indies^  by  Peter  OJbeck  \ 
together -with  a  Voyage  to  Suratte^  by  Olof  Torttn\  and  an  Ac^ 
e6unt  of  the  Chine fe  Hujbandry^  by  Captain  Charles  Gufiavus 
Bekeberg. — Tranflated  from  the  German.  By  John  Rein- 
bold  Fortter,  F.  A.  S.  To  which  are  added,  a  Faunula  and 
.   Fl^ra  Sinenfis.  8vo.  2  Vols,  los.  6d.  Boards.  White.   1771. 

VOYAGES  and  Travels  al-c  a  fpccics  of  inftruftion, 
which  is  generally  acceptable  and  amufing :  they  gra- 
tify that  loVc  of  novelty  and  variety,  which  is  natural 
to  the  human  mind,  without  tiring  its  attention,  and  arc 
^^gefly  perufed  i>y  that  clafs  of  readers,  who  have  neither 
inclination  nor  leifure  for  much  refleflion.  It  is  of  importance, 
therefore,  that  they  ihould  be  the  refult  of  accurate  observation, 
^and  faithful  report.  Diligence  in  obferving,  and  honefty  in 
relating)  are  elTential  to  the  reputation  and  credibility  of  every 
writer  in  this  department.  In  fome  cafes  it  may  be  extremely 
'difficult  to  correA  thofe  hiiftakes,  which  their  want  of  atten- 
tion or  want  of  integrity  may  occafion;  the  poifon  may  have 
produced  its  efTeA  before  the  proper  antidote  can  be  applied  \ 
'  and  prejudices  and  errors,  which  have  taken  full  pofTei&on  of  the 
'mind,  may  never  be  wholly  fubdued  and  reftifivd.  Wccan 
nfevcr  ftifliciemly  value  and  commend  the  writer,  who  fpares 
neither  expence  nor  pains  to  obtain  a  thorough  acquaintance 
with  the  fubje£ls  to  which  his  teftlmony  refers,  and  who  is 
faithful  in  communicating  information  to  others.  Where- 
ever  we  find  fuch  iqualities-as  thefe,  we  can  readily  excufe  repe- 
tition or  minuteneis,  which  fome  may  be  apt  to  deem  dull  and 
tedious.  Imperfedlions  of  this  kind  will  be  neceflary  appen- 
dages to  fuch  a  work  as'  that  now  before  us.  The  ingenious 
author  committed  to  writing  every  thing  that  occurred,  and 
offers  to  the  candour  of  the  public  every  obfervation  his  journal 
contained.  His  remarks  muft  therefore  often  coincide  with  the 
relations  of  others;  and  the  form  of  a  journal,  under  which 
his  obfervations  appear,  will  expofe  him  to  the  charge  of  being 
too  minute  and  trifling  in  fome  of  his  details.  But  thefe  imper« 
fedions  (were  they  much  more  numerous  than  they  are)  are  abun- 
dantly compenfated  by  th^  great  variety  of  important  and  ufeful 
particulars  which  his  work  contains ;  and  he  will  be  found 
'to  excel  in  that  province  of  a  natural  hiftortan,  to  which  his 
'obfcrvations  principally  refer.  It  will  be  a  fufficient  recom- 
mendation of  this  work,  that  it  is  part  of  the  plan  of  the  cele- 
brated profeflTor  Linnaeus  for  extending  and  improving  natural 
knowledge  ; — that  it  is  the  refult  of  the  direAions  he  had  given 
for  this  purpofe  in  his  InflruSiio  Peregrinatms  i  and  that  it  was 
6  Originally 


originaHy  publUhcd  at  his  defu-e,  and  with  his  pajrticular  ap- 
probation. ^  You,  Sif)  fays  Linnsus  in  his  letter  to  the 
author,  have  every  where  travelled  with  the  light  of  fcience  ^  .  i 
you  have  named  every  thing  fo  precifely,  that  it  may  be  com- 
prehended by  the  learned  world  -,  and  have  difcovered  and  fet- 
tled both  the  genera  and  fpecies.  For  this  reafon,  I  feem 
myfelf  to  have  travelled  with  you,  and  to  have  examined  every 
objed  you  faw  with  my  own  eyes.  If  voyages  were  thus 
written,  fcience  might  truly  reap  advantage  from  them.  I 
congratulate  you,  Sir,  for  having  traced  out  a  way  in  which 
the  world  will  follow  your  fleps  hereafter  ;  and,*  purfuing  this 
career,  will  remember  the  man  who  firft  pointed  it  out/ 

The  editor,  whofe  tranflation  dues  juilice  to  the  original, 
gives  us,  in  his  preface,  the  following  account  of  this  work. 
•  Nothing  efcaped  the  attention  of  Mr.  Ofbeck.  The  hiftory, 
the  antiquities,  the  religion,  the  manners,  the  drefs,  the  cha- 
rader,  the  policy,  the  government,  the  military  and  civil 
eftablilhments  of  the  country,  were  equally  obje£ls  of  his  at- 
tention; and  what  is  very  remarkable,  and  will  of  courfe  pre- 
judice [prepofiefs]  this  nation  in  favour  of  our  author  is,  that 
we  find  the  judgment  of  Lord  Anfon  about  the  Chinefe,  con- 
firmed and  juftined  in  his  obfervations  on  the  charader  of  that 
nation. 

*  The  merchant  will  find  a  minute  and  accurate  account 
of  many  commodities  brought  from  iM  Eaft,  with  an  exact 
delineation  of  the  whole  commerce  of  China.     The  oecono- 
mift  and  hu(bandman  will  find  many  ufeful  and  agreeable  re- 
marks in  Mr.  Ofbeck's  and  'Mr.  Eckeberg's  accounts,   which 
might  be  confidered  as  good  hints  even  in  this  country,  where 
agriculture  and  husbandry  have  been  improved  both  in  theory, 
and   pradice,    to  the  great  emolument   of  the  inhabitants ; 
while  many  fadb  here  related  are  applicable   to  the  Engliih 
colonies  and  plantations.     In  Ibort,  the  reader  will  find  many . 
remarks,   in  the  courfe  of  this  work,    that  will  aflift  him  in . 
the  ftudy  of  medicine,  hiftory,  geography,    and  almoft  every 
other  branch  of  learning. 

«  But  the  natural  hiftorian  will  find  the  richeft  treafures  in 
this  ufeful  performance.*—— 

The  above  account,  we  apprehend,  is  not  much  exaggerated  ; 
nor  is  it  unworthy  of  norice,  that  Mr.  Ofbeck  was  as  indefa- 
tigable and  refoiute,  as  ingenious,  in  profecuting  his  obferva- 
tions. He  wiflics  that  they  may  procure  half  as  njuch  appro- 
bation from  the  world,  as  they  have  cod  him  trouble  and  at-. 
tention.  •  I  ventured,  fays  he,  on  ihore  at  the  ifland  of  Java j^ 
where  the  woods  are  filled  with  tigers  and  crpcodlk^;  and 
hazarded  my  life  in  Chinoy  where  the  heat  of  the  fun  on  barren 
hiils,  robbers  on-  it^e  r^ads,  and  petulant  children  in  back 
*     •  D  d  3  '    ftreets. 


5^8-  DftcckV  t*otcen\  tfteiEckebcrg*^. 

ftreets,  are  continually  annoying  a  foreigner;   and  landed  oi^^ 
the  ifland  of  Afcenfion,  where  the  fun  hatches  >the  eggs  of  thq 
tortoifes,  and  in  a  fliort  time  ruins  the  conftitutiop  of  the  moft 

healthy.' -f 

The  Author  has  given  us  feveral  defcriptions  of  animals  anc| 
plants,  which  are  particularly  accurate  and  fcientific.  We 
flialJ  felc£l  fome  of  thefe,  with  other  extrafls,  for  the  fatisfac- 
tion  of  our  readers,  from  which  they  will  be  able,  in  fome 
meafure,  to  judge  of  the  abilities  of  the  writer^  and  the  merfi^ 
of  the  work. 

*  3*  47'  N.  L.  We  caught  the  dog-fijhy  which  is  reckoned 
the  moit  voracious  animal  of  prey.  Authors  have  Already  dc-  * 
fcribcd  feveral  kinds  of  them,  though  liot  very  clearly.'  Th^ 
reafon  thereof  is  probably  that  fome  forts  are  no  where  to  be 
found  but  in  great  (^as^  where  they  can  be  but  feldbm  exa-  * 
mined  by  inquifitive  people ;  whence  all  forts  are  called  by*  the 
fame  name,  becaufe  they  all  look  alike  at  a  diftance.'  Very 
feldom  docs  an  opportunity  offer  of  comparing  feveral  fort^ 
together,  rhatfpecific  marks  might  be  afcertained,  which  other- 
wife  is  difficult,  as  their  fins  do  not  conffitute  the  only  differ- 
ence. The  dog^fifh  moft  commonly  met  with  about  the  line 
is  the  fqua/us  condu£tus^  fqualus canicula^  (LinJSyfti  Nat',  p^  399. 
n.  8.)  or  the  greater  dog.fifh.  '   *• 

*  Its  length  is  fiVefect;  the  ^^//j?  is  of  abluifh  grey  above,  arid 
white  below ;  the  h/^ad  is  flat,'  with  a  fhort,  half  round  fore-  * 
head  :  the  lowci*  jatv  has  four  rows  of  fcrratcd  teeth ;  the  ' 
»i^i//A  is  lunular,  large,  about  an  inch  from  the  point  of  the 
head  :  the  iffngug  is  thick,  round  before,  and  dentated  :  the 
fyes  were  covered  on  both  fides  with  a  (kin  after  its  death,  ex- 
cepting one  crofs  ftripe,  which  Vvas  to  be  feen  in  the  middle. 
The  zentral  fins  are  near  the  dnus\  they  art  broad,  (bort, 
blunt,  and  in  fome  meafure  bonneded  :'the  anal  fin  is  ihort,' 

'and  in  the  mid- way  between  the   anus  and   the  tail.     At  the 
tail  there  is  a  trian2.ular  cavity.*   ^htpeGoral^  ventral  and  anal 
fins  are  whhe,  with  black  points  •;  the  others  are  of  the  fame 
colour  with  the  body,  but  they  have  white  points.     It  is  vivi-  * 
parous,  and  is  caught, on  vety  large  hooks,  Vhich  have  a  joint 
DOt  far  from  the  books,  faftened  toftrong  rope^:  on  this  hook' 
you  put  a  large  piece  of  bacon,  or  half  a  chick,  or'  fomething 
which  the  fi(h  fwallows  greedily.     It  is  very  tenacious  of  life  j 
and  will  move    about,    though  its  I^ead  or  tail   be  cut  ofiF;  . 
fVom  the  wound  the  blood  guCbes  as  Out  of  a  fpout ;  nay,  even 
if  the  bow^btb'  be  taken  out  of  its  belly,   it  lii^s  more  than  an 
hour,  as  we  faw  when  we  caught  it.     In  its  belly  ivere  bon« 
nets  ^epiae,    and    whole   chicken    with  feathers,    which  we 
had   thrown    oveiboard    when    dead.    •  When  a  dog-fiih   is 
caught,    it 'flounces  about  the  deck^   and   people  mull  tiko** 
•  '  .    ^'    '*  '-■'''■    -         '     ' "•    '     ■•       ■     •  great 


Voyages  to  China ^  ifc.  399 

peat  care,  for  w!th  its  teeth  it  is  faid*  to  bite  off  a  leg  with 
treat  eafe,  (at  leaft  it  -would  not  be  fafe  to  try  the  experiment. 
When  the  feamen  want  to  get  into  a  boat  where  th^fc  fifh  fre- 
quent, they  muft  take  care  not  to  put  their  feet  into  the 
water  ;  for  I  once  faw  a  dog-fifh  attempting  to  fwallow  a  large 
wooden  quadrant,  but  it  was  not  able  to  do  it,  as  it  was  too 
broad)  and  therefore  only  left  the  marks  of  its  teeth  on  it. 
It  is  owing  to  its  great  greedinefs  that  the  feamen  are  able  to 
catch  it :  they  cut  off  its  fins,  and  then  throw  it  again  into  the 
fea;  beiides  many  other  cruel  tricks,  which  I  (hall  pafs  over. 

•  If  a  failor  dies  in  a  place  where  dog-fifhes  haunt,  he  is  furc 
to  be  buried  in  the  bellies  of  fome  of  them.  Large  dog-fifhes 
are  never  eaten,  and  fmall  ones  but  fcldom,  and  in  cafes  of 
neceffity  only.  They  are  cut  into  fliccs,  which  aie  iqueezed 
in  water,  till  no  train-oil  remains  in  them ;  after  being  thus 
wafhed,  it  is  boiled  or  roafled,  and  eaten  with  butter  :  the 
part  towards  the  tail  is  the  beft :  the  forepart  is  feldom  eaten. 
The  fkin  and  fins  are  made  ufe  of  in  poliihing,  and  are  calkd 
Shagreen^*  \  they  are  found  in  plenty  in  the  Chinefe  >apothe- 
caries  fhops,  and  in  other  places.  In  the  head,  above  the 
eyes,  in  two  cavities,  is  a  thick  white  matter,  which,  the 
ikin  being  taken  off,  is  taken  out,  dried,  reduced  to  powder, 
and  ufed  as  an  emrmtiagogue.  This  dog-fifh  had  two  compa- 
nions/  

*  June  7th,  37«  30';  S.  L.—— About  eight  o'  clock  at  night, 
we  beard,  at  feveral  times,  a  deep  and  harfh  noife.  Wc  fup- 
pofed  this  was  the  voice  of  fome  large  fi(h.  Some  (aid  that 
they  faw  its  way,  and  that  it  fhone  a  little  in  the  dark.  Thisf 
light  might  probably  arife  from  the  violent  motion  which  its 
fwift  paffage  gives  to  the  water ;  for  in  the  night  fomething 
flione  about  our  fhip ;  yet  this  might  alfo  be  occafioned  by 
many  forts  of  little  worms,  dead  iifhes,  and  other  putrified 
1>odies.' 

This  latter  conjefture  is  confirmed  by  the  conclufive  expe- 
riments of  Mn  Canton,  defigned  to  prove,  that  the  luminous 
appearance  of  the  fea  arifes  from  the  putrefadlion  of  its  animal 
fubflances.     See  Review  for  lafl  month,  p.  329. 

The  Author  landed  at  Java,  and  gathered  feveral  plants, 
which  he  has  minutely  defcribed.  We  fhall  feledl  his  defcrip- 
tion  of  the  coccus  nucifera  as  a  fpecimen.  *  Coccus  nucifera 
'Palma  Ifldica  major,  Rumphius,  tom.  1.  p.  i.)  called  Calapa 
a  the  Jav€n  language,  is  a  very  high,  but^ot  very  thick  palm- 
;ree,  with  a  rough  bark,  and  a  flem,  which  is  undivided  up  to 
be  crown.     On  the  bark  grows  a  white  flower-like  mofs.   The 

f  True  (hagiccfl  h  part  of  the  fldn  of  a  wild  afs,  and  is  brought 
com  Turkey^  **    ' 

D  d  4  cocoa* 


40d  Ofbeck*i,"  Torcen^j,  qni  EckebcrgV 

cocoa*nuts,  >0vfaich  hung  at  the  top,  looked  like  cAbagea,  and 
v^ere  fomewhat  triangular :  the  exterior  (bell  of  tfan^  nut  19 
yellow,  when  it  begins  to  ripen,  and  grows  brown ;  it  coi»« 
fifts  of  an  outer- cafe,  like  hemp,  and  is  ufed  a9  fuch,  an4 
therefore  is  commOly  pulled  oiF  before  the  nut  is  fold  \  excepts 
ing  a  narrow  flripe,  which  is  left  to  (hew  bow  ripe  the  nut  is  % 
and  accordingly  is  cicher  green,  or  ye)low,  or  br^wn,  Y«t 
thcfe  nuts  may  be  had  quite  perfed  if  they  are  ordered^  andia 
that  ftate  they  contain  the  greateft  plenty  pf  frefli  water.  The 
fibrous  (hell  is  ufed  for  matches  and  ropes,  but  the  ktter  foon 
rot  in  frelli  watjer.  The  next  (hell  belciw  this  is  white  before 
It  is  ripe^  but  it  afterwards  becomes  brown  an4  very  h^j^d;- 
isear  the  Aalk  it  is  fomewhat  angulated.  The  Java  people 
inake  uiie  of  it  to  put  their  brown  fugar  and  other  things  in. 
People  going  to  thjC  Eaft  Indies  make  drinking  veflels  and  punch- 
ladles  of  it :  and.  befides  this,  fome  very  pretty  little  baflcetn 
Oppofite  to  the  bafe,  or  to  the  part  where  the  ftalk  is  faftened, 
are  three  little  holes,  but  only  one  of  thetn   Ts  eafiiy  opened* 

,  The  inncrmoft  (bell,  which  fits  clofe  to  theliarJ  (hell,  ia 
white,  and  not  much  harder  than  a  turnip  before  it  is  boiled : 
it  may  be  eaten  raw,  and  has  a  tafle  of  fweet  almonds ;  and 
(or  that  reafon  (eamcn  mix  it  with  cinnamon,  and  make  a  (ore 
of  almond  milk  with  it.  It  may  be  alfo  ufed  as  a  fallad,  when 
prepared  with  vinegar,  fait,  and  oil.  The  nut  is  filled  with 
9  pale  fwcet  water,'  which  turns  four  if  it  is  not  drunk  Toon 
after  the  nut  is  opened.  Every  nut  contains  about  a  piBt^  oc 
^meyA'hat  more,  of  this  water.  We  ufed  it  for  (©me  wtcks^ 
whilft  it  was  fre(h,  inftead  of  tea.  It  is  faid,  that  this  juice» 
if  it  is  ufed  as  water  to  wafh  one's  fcif,  gives  a  fine  complexion. 
When  the  nut  grows  old,  the  water  congeals  into  a  fpungy 
whit^  kernel,  from  which,  after  the  (hell  is  opened,  (bme 
kaves  fpring  up,  which  keep  very  long,  without  putting  thfi 
put  into  the  ground,  or  watering  it.  A  hundred  nuts  coft  ^ 
pefi  duroy  or  Spani/h  dollar.  The  trees  flood  along  the  (hore  in 
low  places,  and  were  very  plentiful.  Authors  fay  very  circuai«- 
iLaotrally,  that  this  tree  aA'ords  clothes,  meat  and  drink, 
boufes  or  huts,  utenfils  or  houfehold  implements,  and  other 
jnftruinents  to  the  natives.  To  the  laft  mentioned  purpofe 
the  ftem  is  of  ufc ;  out  of  the  braiichcs  they  make  the  arched 
entrances  into  their  huts,  to  which  they  faften  flowers  on  their 
weeding-days :  the  leaves  are  made  ufe  of  for  thatching,  fails^ 
baHcets,  brooms,  and  may  be  wrote  upon  with  bamboo  nailc  r 
the  kernel  apd  water  of  the  nut  afford  them  their  meat  ^no 
(leverage :  the  outward  (hell  aiFords  clothing,  painting- 
bruflies,  |rc.     If  an  incifion  is  made  into  any  bough,  a  clear 

juice  runs  from  the  wound  in  the  nighttime,  which  makes 

fyrup  and  vinegar,  if  properly  prepared.     Without  tbi«  juice 

^  ■         "      ■         of 


of  cocoa  no  arrack  can  be  made :  ani  tfac  Chinefe)  for  this 
reafon*  are  obliged  to  buy  thia  liquor  heie.  The  Indiafis 
breakfaft  on  the  kernel,  of  the  cocoa- nut,  (agoe-bread,  an4 
dried  fifh  :  but  thofe  of  brgher  rank  add  feoieimitd  rkt. .  Tko 
ibeil  IS  ^fedy  like  enca^  for  chewing ;  but  iirft  they  mix  it 
with  hfUl  and  chalk :  it  is  likewife  put  into  water^  and  after* 
^arda  they  make  a  milk  of  it,  which  they  call  Saniar^  in  which 
they  boil,  herbs,  cabbage,  rice,  and  fiflies  :  this  milk  turns  four 
in  one  nigbt,  .If  jt  is  mixed  with  a  certain  quantity  of  watec, 
aod  boUed  in  a  pot,  it  lofes  its  white  celour ;  and  when  all  thb 
water  is  gone  off,  a  pure  oil  remains,  which^  it  is  faid,  is  at 
clear  and  fwcet  as  oU  of  olives ;  it  is  ufed  as  butter,,  and  is 
a.  very  nutritive  food.  Both  men  and  women  anoint  themfelvea. 
with  cocoa  oil,  both  againft  certain  difeafes,  and  becaufe  it  ia 
falbionaUe  tt>  have  black  hair,  l^he  ladies  'of  Java  aiid  Balaja 
mix  part  of  the  root  of  turmerick  (Cucunna,  Linn.)  with  it; 
which  gives  a  luftre  to  their  complexions.  The  Pwtuguifi 
dodofs  prefcribe  cocoa  oil  with  fyrup  of  violets  againft  coiig;ha 
aod  afthmas,  and  order  gouty  pieople  to  rub  the  parts  aiFefied 
With  it,  &c.  The  roots  are  ufed  againft  dyfemeries  aod  fevers* 
The  flrangury  and  the  gonorrhota  virulmta  are  healed  by  means 
of  the  flowers  taken  out  of  the  fpatba  and  ea^en  withZpa^rij  or  a 
reddiih  fugar.  If  fre{h  cocoa  nuts  are  roafted,  and  grow  cold 
again,  or  when  they  are  expofed  to  dew,  they  are  faid  to  pnt  % 
flop  to  agues  and  the  like  difeafes  :  it  might  be  of  ufe  to  try  this 
receipt  in  the  E4ift  India  voyages.  In  Malabar  the  kernels  of  the 
ripe  nuts  are  driod  by  the  fun,  and  exported  into  other  countries 
by  the  name  of  Ccpra ;  and  oti,  is  prefied  out  of  it,  with  which 
aU  forts  of  weapons  are  rubbed  to  prevent'their  rufting/ 

.  The  Author  at  length  arrives  at  Canton^   the  celebrated  mart 
of  China.     He   particularly  describes   its  fiiuation,  buildings, 
I  and  inhabitants. 

I  '  Both  the  old  and  the  new  city,  he  fays,  have  the  name  of 

I  Canton ;    the  latter  is  not  fortified  :  the  old  town,  which  has 

been  built  many  centuries,  his  high  walls  and  feveral  gates  : 
each  gate  has  a  centinel,  in  order  that  no  European  may  get  in^ 
except  under  particular  circumftances,  with  the  leave  of  people 
pf  note ;  in  this  cafe  you  are  carried  into  the  city  in  a  covered 
chair,  and  thus  you  do  not  get  a  fight  of  any  thing  worth 
notice  in  the  place.  Three  fourths  of  this  fortified  town 
( which,  as  we  are  told,  is  inhabited  on  one  fide  by  the  Tartarsy 
on  the  other  by  Chinffe)  is  furrounded  by  the  fuburbs.  On  the 
outfidc  of  that  part  of  the  city  which  is  open  to  the  country,  is 
aiine  walk  between  the  wall  and  the  ditch.  The  plantations 
begin  clofe  to  the  ditches  ^  they  are  moftly  on  low  grounds, 
contain  all  forts  of  greens,  roots  and  rice,  and  reach  as  far  as 
jrou  caxj  fee,    T|ie  dry  hilU  fcrye  for  burying-places,  and  paf- 

turcs 


4tX  Ofccck'xj  TorccnV,  und  EckebcrgV 

tares  for  cattle.  The  city  wall  confifts  of  hewn  faiid-ftoiie5«  • 
is  covered  with  all  forts  of  little  trees  and  plants,  viz.  fous 
Indica^  uriica  nivia^  &c.  and  on  the  top  of  thdn  are  centrjr- 
boxesi  however,  the  watch  is  fo  ill  obferved,  that  flrangers' 
paffing  by  are  often  welcomed  with  fuch  a  volley  of  fiones  that 
their  lives  are  endangered ;  as  happened  to  an  Englifliman^ 
during  my  ftay.  It  is  faid,  that  on  the  walls  are  fome  eight  or 
nine  pounders ;  at  leafl  it  is  certain,  that  at  eight  o'clock  at 
night  their  report  is  heard.  I  had  no  opportupity  of  meafuring 
the  circuit  of  the  city,  but  it  feemed  to  me  to  be  above  a  Swedijb 
niile  (about  fix  miles  three  quarters  Englijh), 

^The  fuburbs  of  Canton  (in  which  the  EurofuantUve  during 
the  time  they  trade  there)  are  much  greater  than  the  foniii^ 
city.    / 

^  The  ftreets  are  long,  feldom  ftrait,  about  a  fathom  wide, 
paved  with  oblong  fand-ftones  without  any  gutters.  The 
Hones  are  full  of  holes,  that  the  water  may  run  off;  for  at  leaft 
part  of  the  town  is  built  on  piles.*— No  carriage  is  *to  be  met 
with  in  the  city  ;  and  whatever  is  brought  from  one  place  to 
another;  fuch  as  hogs,  ducks,  frogs,  fnail«,  roots,  greens,  &c. 
is  all  carried  on  men's  ihouiders  in  two  bafkets,  hanging  on  the 
extremities  of  a  pole.  Living  fifh  were  carried  about  in  buckets : 
the  Chinefe  keep  them  in  the  following  manner : — The  fifli 
are  put  into  large  water  veilels  in  the  ftreets,  but  each  vefiel 
fiands  under  a  fpout  which  comes  out  of  the  wall,  out  of 
which  the  water  runs  continually,  but  flowly,  upon  the  fi(h: 
and  for  this  reafon  they  were  always  to  be  got  quite  as  freOi  as  if 
they  had  been  juft  caught. — The  ladies  are  continually  con- 
fined.— People  of  the  fame  trade  commonly  live  in  the  fame 
fireet  together.  The  fa£lory-ftfeet.has  merchant-fliops,  joiners, 
japanners,  and  workers  in  mother  of  pearl. 

*  In  the  markets,  where  the  people  every  day  run  about  like 
ants,  they  fell  fruit,  garden  herbs,  iiih,  bacon,  &c. 

•  A  fagodoy  or  idol-temple,  is  near  one  of  thefe  markets.  In 
this  tbey  oiFer  incenfe  to  their  idols,  which  the  Europeans  call 
Tosy  from  the  Portuguefe  dios^  and  which  are  reprefented  by 
one  or  more  gilt  pidures  of  feveral  fizes,  according  as  their 
faint  looked  when  he  was  alive.  The  honours  they  beftow 
on  him  are  in  confequence  of  his  writings,  or  of  any  other 
fervices  he  has  done  to  the  public.  Thefe  pifiures,  together 
"with  fome  foliage  on  the  fides,  are  in  the  place  of  an  altar  table. 
Both  upon  the  altar,  and  upon  particular  tables,  are  flower-pots^ 
incenfe,  and  all  forts  of  meat  and  drink.  They  offer  the  fame  (acri- 
fices  in  private  houfes ;  for  every  body  has  his  own  idol:  The 
priefts  are  QzWt^yau-fiong  by  the  Chinefe^  and  Bonzes  by  the  Euro- 
peans. They^o  with  their  heads  bare  and  (baved,  drefs  in  ftecl- 
coloured  filk  coats  with  wide  fleeves,  which  look  Hk^  furplices, 
and  wear  rofaries  about  their  necks.     When  they  officiated  on 

the 


I  Voyages  to  China^  l^ci  40 J' 

^Ke  (eftival  oF  the  lanthorns,  they  had  red  coats  and  high  c^ps. 
Perhaps  this  was  an  order  different  from  the  former.  Hundreds 
of  bonzes  fometimes  perform  their  funAions  in  one  temple/ 

*  —The  eye  is  every  where  ftruck  with  the  populoufnefs  of 
this  healthy  country^  in  which  the  people  chufe  rather  to  want» 
than  to  Xeek  a  plentiful  fubfiftence  elfewhere.  They  are  al- 
lowed but  little  more  navigation  than  what  they' can  carry  on 
by  their  inland  canals.  Their  foreign  trade  is  chiefly  to  Bata- 
yia,  and  fome  places  adjacent.-«-The  flreets  are  as  fu]l  of 
people  here^  as  if  there  was  a  fair  every  day,  at  leaft  during 
the  ftay  of  the  Europeans  in  this  country,  which  is  from  July  to 
February. 

'  <  In  China  are  faid  to  be  58  millions  of  inhabitants,  all  be- 
tween 20  and  60  years  of  age,  who  pay  an  annual  ts^x.  It 
Is  reported  that  many  were  ftarved  to  dea\h  this  year  ( 1 75 1 ) 
on  account  of  the  bad  crop,  and  that  great  numbers  were  come 
from  different  provinces  to  get  their  livelihood  here.  Not- 
^ithfianding  the  induftry  of  the -people,  their  amazing  popu-^ 
Ipufnefs  frequently  occafions  a  dearth.  Parents,  who  cannot 
fuppoft  their  female  children,  are  alfowed  to  caft  them  into 
the  river;  however,  they  faflen  a  gourd  to  the  child,  that  it 
may  float  on  the  water ;  and  there  are  often  compaffionate 
people  of  fortune  who  are  moved  by  the  cries  of  the  children  to 
fave  them  fr^m  death.'— 

*  The  language  of  the  country  has  nothing  in  common  with 
anv  other ;  it  has  no  alphabet,  but  as  many  charaders  and 
different  figures  as  they  have  words ;  which  have  difllerent  figni- 
iBcatiohs  as  they  are  differently  pronounced,  and  have  dif- 
fer^t  accents.  Le  Comte  ihews  that  by  the  pronounciation  only 
they  make  1665  words  quite  different  from  each  other  out  of 
333.  He  is  reckoned  very  learned  among  the  Chinefe^  who 
knows  half  their  words ;  for  they  have  80,000  chara^ers.'— » 

^  ^  Their  obfervations  on  the  heavens  and  earth,  and  their 
hiftory,  are  remarkable,  on  account  of  their  antiquity.  (Ac- 
cording to  theil*  accounts,  they  go  as  high  as  the  times  of  Noah.) 
Their  morals  are  looked  upon  as  a  mafter^piece;  their  laws 
are  confider^d  as  excellent  maxims  of  life  ;  their  medicine  and 
natural  hiftory  are  both  of  them  founded  on  long  experience; 
and  their  liufbandry  is  admired  for  the  perfedion  it  has  rifen 
to.  But  the  want  bf  the  true  knowledge  qf  the  fupreme  Being 
is  an  imperfection  which  outweighs  all  their  other  knowledge. 
*'  The  religion  in  China  is  pagan  ;  but  by  their  own  accounts, 
there  are  almofl  as  many  fe£b  as  perfons  among  them ;  for  as 
feon  as  a  Chinefe  expeds   the  leaft  advantage  from  it,   he  is' 

'  without  any  confideration  to  day  of  one  religion,  and  to-mor-' 
WW  of  another,  or  of  all  together ;  Du  Halde^  however,  has 
^Ten  an  account  of  three  principal  fefis  in*  his  defcription  of 

>*  '  thi^ 


404  Macphcrfon  V  Intr^du^^  t$  the  Wft^  tfOreat  Britain^  (f(. 

this  empire,  viz.  Tao-lfa;  Fo»d,  and  the  difcfples  Cf  C^w^ 
cius. — But  Du  JEIalde  is  every  body's  hand$;  and  wc  muft  not 
^olargc. 

•  To  this  work  is  annexed  a  (peech  of  the  Author,  delivered 
on  his  being  chofen  a  member  of  the  Royal  Sw^diQi  Academy 
fof  Sciences  at  Stockholm,  containing  feveral  ufcjful  obfervations 
and  direiSlions  for.  thofe  who  undertake  voyages  to  China  ;  by 
an  attention  to  which,  the  fcience  of  natural  hiftory,  in  all  its 
branches,  might  be  greatly  promoted^  and  the  anfwer  of  ^hc 
Koyal  Academy  is  I  ike  wife  /ubjoined. 

^oran*^  voyage  to  Suratu^  in  a  feries  of  letters  to  Doctor 
jLinnauSi  is  well  worthy  the  perufal  of  the  curious ;  and  would 
have  furniibed  many  agreeable  extrads,  had  not  this  article 
already  attained  our  limits. 

Eciiierg^s  account  of  the  Chimfe  hufbandry  will  be  both  ijri« 
firu6iive  and  entertaining  to  natural  hi(lorians  in  general,  and 
particularly  to  thofe  who  apply  themfelvcs  to  the  ftudy  and  im* 
provement  of  agi  iculture. 

.  The  work  concludes  with  two  effays ;  the  one  entitled  Fau^ 
nfila  Sinenfis^  towards  a  catalogue  of.  the  animals  of  China  \  the 
other,  FUra  Sirun/n^  towards  a  catalogue  pf  Cbinefe  pUnts. . 

Art,  IX,  Jrt  IntroduPAm  to  the  Hijhry  of  Great  Britain  and  Irt- 
land.  By  James  Macphcrfon,  £fqj  ^to.  los.  6  d.  Boards. 
Becket  and  D«  Handt.     1771- 

TH  £  la^er  periods  of  our  hiAory  have  been  ioveftigated 
and  explained  by  very  accurate  and  intelligent  writers  ; 
hot  the  ta(k  of  inquiring  into  the  earlier  condition  of!  the  Bri- 
tifh  nations,  becaufe  attended  with  more  difficulty,  has  attra<fted 
)e(3  attention.  The  want  of  tafle  too  has  been  indifcriminately 
qbjei^ed  to  ail  thofe  who  have  ventured  on  attempts  of  this 
kind  »  and  the  dread  of  this'  illiberal  reproach  has  not  unfre- 
<)juently  difcouragcd  men  of  talents  and  capacity  from  the  ex- 
semination  of  fubjedls  of  antiquity.  Pedantry  and  erudition 
have  been  thought  infeparable ;  and  yet  Montefquieu  b«s  un- 
folded the  obfcurities  of  the  feudal  jurifprudence,  and  Dubos 
and  BoulainviUiers  have  treated  of  the  foundation  of  the  French 
monarchy. 

Our  Author,  though  fenftble  of  the  prejudic.e  entertained 
againft  refearches  into  ancient  times,  and  q\  the  little  reputa- 
tion or  advantage  that  can  be  derived  from  them,  has  yet  been 
careful  to  ilJuilrate  and  adorn  his  fubjcd ;  and  though  uninvited 
by  the  ordinary  rewards  of  literary  labour,  hi^  performance  muft 
excite  curiofity  and  refpe(^„  from  the  ability  it  difcoverst  and 
the  mafterly  obfervations  it  communicates. 
,  It  commences  with  a  fhort  but  comprehenfiye  view  of  the 
ftate  and  revoiutions  of. ancient  EM^ope;  suid.iaxhe  preliminary 

reflcdlioiu 


I 


•  Macfbcr  fon^  IntroduB.  to  tie  Hiji.  of  Great  Britain^  'i/c.  40^ 

refledions  with  which  our  ingenious  Hiftorian  and  Antiquary 
Hicroduces  this  divifion  of  his  work,  he  has  given  the  foHowing 
modeft  account  of  its  defign.  *  To  difpel,  fays  he,  thefllades 
which  coyer  the  antiquities  of  the  Br itifh ^nations,  to  icHreftt- 
gate  their  origin,  to  carry  down  fome  account  of  therr  characf- 
ter,  manners,  and  government,  into  the  times  of  records^  and 
domeftic  >^riters,  is  the  deftgn  of  this  Introdudion.  The  abi- 
lities of  the  Author  are,  perhaps,  inadequate  to  fo  arduous  all 
undertaking ;  .but  as  he  travels  back  into  antiquity  with  fome 
advantages  which  others  have  not  pofllired,  he  flatters  hi mfelf 
'that  he  (halt  be  able  to  throw  a  new,  if  not  a  fatisfai^ory  light, 
on  a  fubje<fi  hitherto  little  underftood.  Though,  for  want  df 
Efficient  guides,  he  fhould  fometimes  lofe  his  way  in  a  region 
of  clouds  and  darknefs,  his  hopes  of  the  indulgence  of  the  pub« 
Ik  arc  greater  than  his  fears  o(  their  cenfure/ 

The  next  objedt  which  employs  the  attention  of  our  Author, 
ts  the  origin  of  the  ancient  Britifh  nations.  In  this  field  of 
obfcure  inquiry  he  has  carefully  colle<Sted  all  the  information 
which  is  furniflied  by  ancient  Authors ;  and  he  has  made  an 
admirable  ufe  of  the  knowledge  he  poflWle^  of  thofe  original 
languages,  which  the  Europeans  derived  from  the  difFerenc  na- 
tions to  whom  they  owed  their  defcant.  What  he  has  advanced 
concerning  the  Scottifh  and  Iriih  antiquities,  we  (hould  think, 
mvft  finally  decide  the  difputes  which  have  fo  long  fubfided  on 
Chat  fut)je£t. 

To  bis  inveftigation  of  the  origin  of  the  ancient  Britiib  nat- 
ttoits,  be  has  added  an  examination  of  the  religious  fentiments 
th<rr  entertained.  Nor  is  it  from  the  Authors  of  Greece  and 
of  Rome  only  that  he  has  endeavoured  to  trace  the  opinions  of 
Oirr  forefathers.  He  has  fought  for  them  among  thofe  of  their 
poilerity,  who  have  been  excluded  by  their  fttuation  from  any 
confiderable  commerce  with  ftrangers.  Such,  till  of  late  years, 
were  the  inhabitants  of  a  part  of  Wales ;  #nd  fuch  ftiil  are 
fome  Irifti  tribes,  and  the  natives  of  the  mountains  of  Scotland. 

But  the  divifion  of  his  work  which  will  have  the  greateft 
charms  for  the  generality  of  his  readers,  is  the  defcripiion  he  has 
given  of  the  charafter  and  cuftoms  of  the  ancient  Britifh  na- 
tions. What  he  has  obferved  concerning  their  manner  of  life, 
we  (hall  tranfcribe  as  a  fpecimcn  of  the^  merit  of  his  perform- 
ance. 

*  Our  Anceftors,  fays  he,  had  the  misfortune,  U  there  is 
any  misfortune  in  the  want  of  importance  with  poflerity,  to  be 
Teen  dffiindly  by  foreigners,  before  either  rime  or  accident  had 

Solifiied  them  out  of  their  natural  rudcnefs  and  barbarity. 
Nations,  who  have  the  advantage  of  being  the  recorders  of 
their  own  adions,  cover  the  beginnings  of  their  hiftory  wirh 
fplcndid  fictions,  or  pbce  them  in  the  ihade  10  heighten  the 

features 


4® 6  Macphcrfon'j  IntroduSi:  io  the  Hlft.  of  Gteal  ^ritain^  Hi. 

features  of  their  more  authentic  fame.  The  light  which  tb^ 
Komans  threw  upon  the  northern  nr|itions  in  their  uncultivated 
.ftate,  by  refcuing  their  manners  fr€^n  oblivion,  has  taken  awajr 
.from  their  renown.  Men  acquAotuc^  to  the  luxuries  of  ad^ 
vanced  fociety,  look  with  a  kind  of  cpn tempt  on  the  inconve- 
niencies  of  rude  life.  This  con&deratioa  has  induced  the  Au- 
thor of  the  Introdu(^ion  to  confine^  within  narrow  bounds,  his 
obfervations  on  the  manners  of  the  ancient  Britiih  nations  ;  for 
where  the  road  lies  through  a  barren  country,  the  journey 
ought  to  be  Ihort.  j 

*  When  the  Scythian  Nomades  firft  became  known  to  the 
Greeks  they  neither  fowed  nor  reaped ;  they  derived  their  fub- 
fiftence  from  the  fruits  which  the. earth  naturally  produced, 
from  the  chace,  and  the  milk  and  flefli  of  their  flocks  and 
herds.     The  Gauls  were  the  firft  branch  of  the  Celtse  who  ap- 
plied themfelves  to  agriculture  ;  and  that  earlieft  and  rudeft  of 
all  arts  had  fcarce  paiTed  the  Rhine,  when  Caefar  difplayed  in' 
Germany  the  Roman  eagle.     The  Britons  were  probably  be«  . 
fore  the  Germans,  in  point  of  time,  in  the  cultivation  of  their     ^ 
lands.     Their  vicinity  to  Gaul  enabled  them  to  import  its  arts; 
and  their  foil  and  climate  was  more  favourable  to  agriculture 
than  the  cold  regions  beyond  the  Rhine ;  yet,  in  the  days  of 
Strabo,  many  of  the  inhabitants  of  Britain  were  ftrangers  to  the 
ufe  of  the  plough.     In  the  infancy  of  agriculture,  oats  and  bar- 
ley were  the  only  grains  known  in  the  North  of  Europe.    The     I 
firft  they  parched  before  the  fire  and  ground  in  hand-mills,  as 
fome  of  the  Scots  and  Irifli  did  till  of  late  years  j  and  of  the 
latter  they  made  their  favourite  beverage,  beer. 

^  The  art  of  extracting  an  inebriating  liquor  from  corn  was  * 
known  among  all  the  branches  of  the  Celtae,  before  the  Greeks 
and  Romans  extended  their  information  to  the  regions  of  the 
Weft.  As  th^  method  of  brewing  this  intoxicating  liquid  was 
not  the  peculiar^  invention  of  any  particular  country,  it  went 
under  various  names.  The  German  appellation  is  ftill  retained 
in  the  Englifti  word  beer ;  and  the  lean,  or  leuan  of  the  Scots 
and  Iri(h  is  ftill  famous  in  the  rhimes  of  their  ancient  bards. 
JBeer  however  was  not  the  fole  beverage  of  the  ancient  Britons ; 
their  zythus,  or  water  diluted  with  honey,  was  in  much  re« 
queft  $  and  they  feem,  with  other  northern  nationS|  to  have 
known  a  method  of  extrading  a  kind  of  cyder  from  wild  ap- 
ples. When  the  Romans  extended  their  arms  to  this  fide  of 
the  Alps,  the  ufe  of  wine  was  introduced  among  the  Celtic  na- 
tions. The  Germans^  rude  as  they  were  in  the  days  of  Taci^ 
tus,  were  well  acquainted  with  the  juice  of  the  grape^;  and  we 
may  conclude,  from  a  parity  of  reafon,  that  the  Britons  were 
not  ftrangers  to  wine  at  the  firft  fettkm^nt  of  the  Romans  in 
ti^eir  country. 

•  ThQ 


Macpherfon'i  Introdu£f.  to  the  Hlft.  of  Greai  Britain^  i^c.  407 

•  The  houfehold  furniture  of  the  Britons  was  neither  fplen- 
did  nor  convenient.  The  beft  accommodated  lay  on  flack* 
beds,  or  on  the  fkins  of  wild  hearts  fpread  on'ftraw,  ruflies, 
or  heath ;  and  their  chairs  and  tables  were  fafhioned  with  the 
axe.     The  ancient'  Germans  were  not  peculiar  in  having  a  fe- 

•parate  table,  when  they  ate  in  private,  for  each  perfon  in  the 
family;  at  their  public  entertainments  they  ufed  but  one  table 
for  each  rank  of  the  people  invited.  The  old  bards  have  tranf- 
mitted  the  memory  of  tfiis,  as  a  Britifh  cuftom,  to  modern 
times.  The  veflels  ufed  by  our  anceftors  were  carved  out  of 
woody  or  made  of  earth.  Their  drinking  cups  were  originally 
either  of  (hell  or  of  horn,  though  fome,  more  magniiicentiinvi 
others,  were  pofleiTed  of  goblets  of  filver.  ^' 

•  The  Ccltae  were  better  cloathed  than  fome  learned  mcti 
,   have  fuppofed,  from  the  teftimony  of  the  ancients.     Theii^  pe« 

culiar  cuAom  of  throwing  away  their  loofe  garments  in  adtion, 

Sve  rife  to  the  opinion  that  fome  of  them  went  always  naked, 
hen  the  nations  of  antiquity  firft  appeared  in  hiftory  they 
were  but  very  flightly  covered:  the  greateft  part  of  the  body 
was  left  bare ;  and  the  Perlians  were  the  firft  who  adopted  the 
womanifh  long  ftole  of  the  Eaft.  In  the  various  regions  of 
Europe,  they  ufed  for  cloathing  the  materials  in  which  the 
country  moft  excelled  i  but  the  fafliion  of  their  garments  was 
univerfally^the  fame. 

^  In  the  northern  regions,  where  game  abounded,  their 
upper  coverings  were  made  of  the  (kins  of  beafts:  in  Germany 
,  they  ufed  linen,  efpecially  the  women,  who  fometimes  wore 
printed  garments,  and  often  long  robes  of  white.  The  Gauls, 
like  the  modern  French,  delighted  in  gaudinefs  and  ihew.  Their 
wool  was  coarfe ;  but  they  rendered  their  garments  lefs  homely 

•  with  gold  and  filver  lace.     In  Spain,  as  at  prefent,  the  wool ' 
was  extremely  fine ;  the  cloathing  of  the  Spaniards,  therefore, 
was  of  flighter  texture,  and  more  elegant  than  that  of  the  Gauls. 
The  inhabitants  of  Britain  ufed   woollen  cloathing;   neither 
were  they  ftrangers  to  the  manufa£turing  of  linen. 

•  The  party-coloured  garments  which  the  natives  of  the 
mountains  of  Scotland  have  brought  down  to  the  prefent  times, 
were  the  univerfal  iafte  among  all  the  branches  of  the  Celtic 
nation.  The  fagum  of  the  old  Gauls  and  Spaniards  was  no 
other  than  the  Scottifh  plaid  of  various  colours;  the  braccse, 
from  which  a  part  of  Gaul  took  its  name,  were  the  highland 
trowfe,  and  the  fame  with  that  worn  by  the  Germans ;  which 

•  being  ftrait  and  clofe  to  the  (kin,  exhibited  the  (hape  of  the 
lionbs.  The  ancient  Britons,  like  -the  Germans,  wore  a  clofe 
jacket  of  party-coloured  cloth,  which  generally  reached  no  far- 
ther than  the  wai(tband  of  the  trowfe.  This  jacket  had  a  half 
ikevc>  which  came  down  to  the  elbow.     The  vulgar  wore  a 

i  kind 


4ti  iiacpieribn^j  tntroJuH,  U  ds  tlift.  ifGrhxt  Britain^  (fk 

Jtind  of  half  boot  and  ihoe  in  one,  made  of  raw  hides,  and 
laced  fafl  before  with  fmall  thongs  :  the  (hoes  of  the  better 
fort  of  people  were  of  tanned  leather. 

^  Tb&drefs  of  the  women  was  fiiil  more  fitnple  than  that  of 
the  men.  It  coniifled  of  a  jacket  without  any  fleeves,  and  a 
petticoat  which  reached  down  a'  little  below  the  knee.'  Their 
•bofoms  were  expofed  to  view,  and  their  arms  v/eijt  bare;  Upon 
public  occafions  they  ufed  likewife  a  party-coloured  fagum  or 
Flaid  of  finer  texture  than  that  worn  by  the  men  ;  and  women 
of  condition  and  rank  hung  a  chain  of  gol3,  by  way  of  orna- 
ikienr^  about  the  neck.  In  fummer  their  jackets  and  petticoats 
iWdre  of  linen  ftained  with  purple :  in  winter  they  were  of  wool^ 
ftriped  with  different  coburs.  Printed  linens  fecm  to  be  of 
Celtic  invention.  The  Spanifh  ladies^  in  the  days  of  Strabo, 
wore  linen  robes  ftained  with  the  figures  of  various  flowers. 

*'  Though  the  Celtic  nations  had  a  particular  averiion  to  the 
changing  of  the  fafliion  of  their  cloaths,  they  became  early 
luxurious  and  expenfive  in  the  article  of  drefs.  The  apparel 
of  the  Gauls  and  Spaniards  efpecially  was  extremely  magnifi- 
cent. When  they  wore  linen,  it  was  ftamped  or  painted  with  a 
variety  of  figures  in  different  colours ;  and  their  woollen  cloths 
were  variegated;  according  to  Strabo,  with  gold.  The  Ger« 
mans  themfelves,  as  early  as  the  beginning  of  the  third  century, 
fireaked  their  garments  with  filver ;  and  we  may  conclude  that 
the  ancient  Britons  were  not  behind  the  Germans  in  th«ir  love 
of  finery  and  fhow. 

*  The  Celtse  wens  not  only  neat  in  their  drefs,  they  Mrere  alfo 
.cleanly  in  their  perfons.     The  charaSer  of  dirtinefs,  which  wc 
annex  to  the  barbarians  of  ancient  Europe,  came  from  the  Eaft 
with  thofe  wild  nations  who  overturned  the  empire  of  the  Weft. 
The  Sarmatae,  who  were  the  anceftors  of  the  greater  part  of 
.the  prefent  inhabitants  of  Europe,  were  dirty  to  a  proverb.  The 
Celtic  nations  were  peculiarly  fond  of  cleanlinefs:  they  bathed 
regularly  every  day  in  the  months  of  winter,  as  well  as  in  the 
heats  of  fummer  ;  and  they  carried  their  love  of  neatnefs  fo  far, 
that,  according  to  Ammianus  Marcellinus,  in  all  the  provinces 
of  ancient  Gaul,  not  one  man  or  woman,  even  the  pooreft, 
was  to  be  feen  with  patched  or  mended  cloaths.     The  fame 
<  writer  gives  a  ftriking  contraft  to  the  Celtic  neattiefs  in  the 
.naftinefs  of  the  Sarmatse,    wbofe  dirty  and  ragged    pofterity 
croud,  at  this  day,  the  ftreets  of  the  mod  opulent  cities  in  Eu- 
rope. '  The  cleanlinefs  of  modern  nations  proceeds  from  lux- 
ury, and  is  not  general ;  it  was  the  refult  of  nature  among  the 
'  Cehae,  and  was  univerfah     Beggary  and  rags  are  of  the  im- 
provements of  advanced  fociety.* 

From  the  charader  and  manners  of  the  ancient  Britifli  na- 
tions, our  Hiftoiian  paifes  to  the  confideration  of  the  mode  of 

goverament 


Macjiherfon V  InttoJuSf.  to  the  ITtft.  of  Great  Britain^  He.   469 

j^overnment  to  which  they  fubmittcd.  It  is  not  in  the  ruder 
l^eriods  of  feciety  that  we  are  to  -feek  for  the  dominion  of  a 
^efpot.  Our  ainceftors  were  fully  fcnfibic  of  th6  value  of  inde- 
pendence and  of  liberty ;  and  when  their  privileges  were  at- 
tacked by  ihofei  whom  they  hkd  raifed  to  prefidc  ov'er  themj 
they  exerted  that  right,  which  is  inherent  in  the  colkftiyc 
jnembers  of  every  coti:^.  r  v^\  an  !  dcprr'cd  them  of  ihj-r  au- 
thority. It  is  wiih  iin^ular  pleafure  that  we  prcfcnt  to  our 
Pleaders  the  remarks  of  our  Author  on  this  fubjed.  ^ 

*  The  ancient  Britifii  nations,  he  ob^eivr*;,  like  the  reft  of 
the  inhabitants  of  the  ndrth  of  Europe,  were  extiemely  fond 
itxA  very  tenacious  of  their  political  freedom.  Though,  from 
a  conviction  that  civil  fociety  cannot  mantain  itfelf  wichout 
ibbordination;  they  had  their  ja'ges,  their  princes,  and  king's  | 
the  power  of  thofe  dignified  perfonswas  very  friuch  circuo^- 
fcribed.  Id  the  midft  of  barbarity  they  formed  js  juft  notions 
of  liberty^s  other  free  nations  have  done  in  the  molf  cultivated 
Cioles.  They  were  convinced  that  they  not  only  had  a  right  tal 
ded  their  magiftrates,  but  alfo  to  prefcribe  thofe  laws  by  which 
they  chofe  to  be  gr»vcrned.  The  adiorts  of  the  individual  wer^ 
cognizable  by  the  brehon  or  judge ;  the  juHge  himfelf  was  ac- 
countable for  his  conduct  to  the  general  affembly  of  the  people^ 

*  The  Celtas  in  general  were  fuch  enthufiafts  on  the  articld 
6f  public  freedom,  that  they  afSrmed  it  was  the  natural  prp- 
perty  of  animals  as  well  as  of  men.  Their  love  of  liberty  was 
Une  of  the  reafons  they  gave  for  their  averfion  to  Induftry  and 
the  accumulaticfn  of  property  ;  *'  for  hfe  ihat  wiftiL-s  to  be  free, 
laid  the  Scythians,  ought  to  have  nothing  that  ne  is  afraid  t0 
lofc.'*  Poverty  is  certainly  the  beft  bulA'urk  againft  tyranny; 
nor  were  our  anceftors  much  miftaken  when  they  believed  that 
the  man  who  loves  riches  is  capable  of  felling  his  liberty  for 
itioney.  The  Celtic,  through  all  their  branches,  preferred 
their  freedom  to  life  itfelf.  Their  firft  maxim  in  war  was  to 
maintain  their  independence,  or  prevent  flavery  by  a  voluntary 
death. 

*  The  department  of  the  prince  was  to  lead  in  war  5  itt 
]:Jeace  he  funk  into  an  equality  with  others.  Inllead  of  confix 
dering  his  will  and  plealare  as  a  living  law,  they  paid  him  no 
obedienco  but  what  he  derived  frorrt  their  opinion  of  his  merit.  • 
They  feemed  to  confider  the  chief  magiftrate,  even  aft«.r  his 
authority  had  extended  itfelf  to  times  of  tranquility,^  to  be  only 
t4ie  guardian  of  thofe  cuftoms  which  occupied  the  place  of  laws. 
Their  kings  had  no  public  revenuef  and  they  ftpod  in  need  of 
Xione,  when  the  fubjed  attended  them  in  war  at  his  own  ex- 
pence,  if  indeed  the  equipping  of  an  ancient  Briton  for  dcpre« 
datory  expeditions  required  any  tvpence  at  ^L 

'  K^*May  1771.  E«  *  It 


410  Macpherfon'f  lntrodu£l%  to  thg  Hi/l.  of  Great  Britain^  fdu 

^  It  18  certain  that  the  ancient  Britons,  like  their  brethrea 
on  the  continent,  bad  their  general  aflemblies  of  the  people,  in 
which  all  affairs  of  public  concern  were  decided  by  tbe  plura-* 
lity  of  voices.  In  the  fmall  dates  into  which  they  were  Tub-* 
divided,  it  was  not  impoffible  for  the  majority  of  thofe  of  per- 
fe£t  age  to  convene  upon  important  occafions.  Their  refolu- 
tions  muft,  in  tbe  nature  of  things,  have  been  tumultuary  and 
precipitate.  They  met  principally  for  the  purpofe  of  making 
war  i  and  they  ruihed  with  little  deliberation  into  a  date  which 
they  naturally  loved.  Domedic  affairs  were  feldom  the  fubjeA 
of  debate ;  for  a  people  before  the  eftabli/hmcnt  of  landed  pto- 
perty,  and  a  confiderable  degree  of  commerce,  can  fcaroely  be 
laid  to  have  any  domeftic  affairs. 

^  The  greateft  improvements  in  politics  fife  from  very  fimple 
s^nd  rude  beginnings.  When  tbe  ftate  became  cxtenhve  and 
pppulous,  it  was  impoi&ble  for  d\\  ife  members  to  convene  in 
general  aflembly.  The  expedient  of  delegation  was  obvious, 
and  was  naturally  adopted ;  and  length  of  time  poliQied  into 
what  is  called  a  convention  of  the  dates  the  democracical. 
meetings  of  the  Celtic  nations.  The  delegates  being  frad  of 
the  interruptions  and  confufions  incident  to  the  aifembUes  of 
the  populace,  found  leifure  to  determine  upon  dbmeftic  as  well, 
as  foreign  matters ;  and  this  was  the  fource  of  thofe  civil  regu- 
lations, which  we  diftinguifli  by  the  name  of  laws.-— In  tha 
darknefs  which  involves  our  remoteft  anceftors,  it  is  impoffiUe 
tp  trace  their  government  through  all  its  departments  with  pre- 
cifion.  The  abfbnce  of  thofe  vices  which  exifl  only  in  po)i{hed 
fociety  was  probably  the  chief.caufe  of  the  domeftic  tranquiUty 
which  they,  enjoyed.  Crimes,  to  ufe  at  once  a  paradox  and 
a  metaphor,  are  the  parents  of  civil  regulations  ;  and  necei&ty, 
which  is  faid.to  have  no  law,  is  the  fource  of  all  law.' 

The  fedtions  in  which  our  Author  examines  into  the  lan- 
guage of  tl>e  ancient  Britifli  nations,  do  not  form  the  leafl:  ori« 
ginal  part  qf  his  work*  In  thefe  we  muft  do  him  the  juftice 
to  remark,  that  he  has  combated  and  overthrown  an  opinion^, 
very jgener^ly  received  among  the  learned,  which  fuppofes  that 
the  Romans  eftablifhed  their  own  language  in  the  regions  of 
the  Weft  and  North,  which  fubmitted  ta  their  arms.  He  has 
ihewn  that  the  connection  between  the  Latin  and  tbe  languages, 
qf  Spain,  France,  and  modern  Italy,  is  not  to  be  traced  to  the 
government  of  Rome,  but  to  another  fource ;  that  the  Celtic  was. 
once  the  univcrfal  language  in  Europe ;  and  that  the  Latin  owes» 
in  part,  its  origin  to  one  of  the  Celtic  diaJe<5h.  With  regard  to 
the  language  of  ancient  Britain,  he  has  made  it  appear,  that  it 
confided  of  three  dia!e£ls  of  that,  great  and  general  tongue  which 
pervaded  ancient.  Europe  3    a  circumftance  occafiontd  by  the 

7  colonips> 


Macpfaerfon'j  Intr9du3.  to  thi  Hijt.  of  Gnat  Britain^  &f r,  411 

colonies^  which,  at  three  difFerent  periods,  htd  been  fent  into 
Britain  from  Gaul  and  the  Lower  Germany. 

.  The  concluding  divtfion  of  the  publication  before  us,  regards 
the  origin^  the  religion,  and  the  government  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxons.  The  obfervations  of  our  Hittorian  on  the  lafl:  of  chefe 
beads  will  be  allowed  tol>e  curious  and  entertaining. 

^  The  wapt  of  information,  fays  he,  which  induced  the 
writers  of  Rome  to  remove  the  northern  limits  of  ancient  Ger- 
.  many  to  the  Pole,  was  a  fource  of  error  to  the  learned  of  mo- 
<)ern  times.  The  latter  have  extended  the  general  character  of 
the  Celtic  nations  between  the  Rhine  and  the  Elbe,  to  the  in* 
habitants  of  Scandinavia  and  the  ibores  of  the  Baltic.  In  vain 
havt  the  wild  nations  of  the  North  advanced  into  the  fouthern 
]^urape  with  pofitive  proofs  of  their  owx^  Sarm)itic  origin  \  men 
of  letters  have  chofen  to  make  them  Celtae  ;  and  Celtae,  in  fpite 
of  all  evidence  to  the  contrary,  they  mull  remain.  To  differ 
from  the  learned,  in  this  point,  is  neither  precipitate  nor  pre- 
fumpttious.  The  ancients  give  no  countenance  to  their  opi- 
oioQ';  and  the  unmixed  poiTerity  of  thofe  nations,  who  over- 
wbelhfied  the  empire  of  the  Weft,  argue  againft  them  with  all 
the  force  of  language,  manners,  and  government.  To  the 
Ofigin  of  the  latter  we  flaail  at  prefent  confine  our  inquiries. 

^  The  Scandinavians,  in  the  days  of  Tacitus,  were  fubjeft 
to  abfolute  monarchy^  They  were  a  commeiyrial  people.  Efla- 
bliflied  property  had  attached  them  to  fixed  abodes.  Wealth* 
waa  hojioured  among  them,  and  they  acquiefced  under  the  un* 
lisitted  dofpocifm  of  one.  Secured  by  their  fttuation  from  fo- 
reign, enemies,  their  domeftic  fpirit  declined.  They  fufFered 
themfelves  to  be  difarmed  by  their  princes ;  and  thus  the  ty- 
ranny of  Alia,  in  the  abfence  of  its  luxury,  prevailed  under  the 
I^ole.  The  Si  tones  of  Norway  were  even  more  abje<5l  than 
their  bi'ethren  to  the  Eaft  of  the  mountains  of  Sevo.  They  not 
only  degen^ated  from  liberty,  but  even  from  flavery  itfelf : 
they  fuboiitted  to  the  government  of  women,  and  added  dif- 
gnftce  to  fervitude.  This  attachment  to  hereditary  fucceflTon  ' 
cximioued  among  the  colonies  which  Scandinavia  eftabliChed  to 
the  South  of  the  Baltic.  The  Ruglj,  the  Lemovij,  all  the  Van- 
cbis  from  the  ifle  of  Rugen  to  the  German  Ocean,  as  well  as 
their  brethren  the  Sarmatic  Gothones  on  the  Viftula,  were  di« 
Aioguifhed  by  their  obedience  to  kings. 

*  it  is  however  certain,  that  the  monarchs  of  the  Scandinavian 
Sarmatx  loft  their  influence  in  the  progreffive  migrations  of 
&hAtr  fubjoSis  towards  the  South.  The  Goths  and  Vandals, 
^e  undoubted  anceftors  of  the  modern  Englifli,  were  remarl;- 
sibie  for  their  attachment  to  civil  liberty.  Though  the  crown 
iryas  hereditary  in  certain  families  ;  though  their  princes  vaunted 

ii  e  2  .  their 


412  Macphcrfoft*5  Inirodu£{.  to  the  Ififl*  of  Great  Britain^  f^c. 

their  dcfccnt  from  Odin,  the  firft  of  the  gods,  their  p6wer^ 
and  even  the  poffeffion  of  their  dignity,  depended  upon  the  ge- 
neral affembly  of  the  people,  whofe  refolutions  they  were  al- 
ways  obliged  to  c^rry  into  execution.  In  expedition  and  war  the 
king,  was  refpedled  ;  but  deftitute  of  the  power  of  inflitS^ing  an/ 
punifliment  upon  the  difobedient,  his  authority  was  nugatory. 
With  war  the  reverence  for  his  perfon  was  at  an  end.  Indig- 
nity was  added  to  his  want  of  confequence  and  power ;  the 
yneaneft  of  his  fubjeds  fat  with  him  at  table,  joined  in  his 
converfation,  ufed  him  with  conte(npt,  and  difgraced  him  with 
fcurrility.     The  kings  of  the;  Goths,  a  nation  defcended  from  | 

the  fame  ftock  with  the  Saxons,  enjoyed  no  honour,  and  met 
with  no  refpeft.  The  rabble  being,  by  the  ftrength  of  cfta- 
bii(hed  cuftom,  admitted  to  the  entertainments  of  the  prince, 
the  unhappy  man,  inftead  of  being  treated  widi  the  reverence 
due  to  his  rank,  was  often  obliged  to  purchafe^with  prcfents  a 
decency  of  behaviour  from  his  barbarous  guefts. 

*  This  fpecies  of  rude  liberty  degenerated  fometimes  into  li- 
cence in  the  extreme.  Barbarians  who  ufed  fgch  freedoms  with 
€heir  prince,  mud  naturally  have  a  contempt  for  his  charader 
and  authority.  They  fometimes  perfecuted  him  to  death  itfelf^ 
for  no  other  caufe  but  that  they  were  determined  to  fubmit  ta  ' 
the  commands  of    none.     He  was  expelled  from  bis  throne 

upon  every  frivolous  and  unjuft  pretcnce.-^Should  they  happen  I 

to  be  unfuccefsful  in  war  ;  (hould  th^  fruits  of  the  earth,  through  { 

the  inclemency  of  the  feafon,  fail,  the*  unhappy  monarch  was  | 

degraded  from  his  dignity,  and  became  the  vidim  of  difap-  i 

piointment  and  injuftice.  He  was  anfwerable  for  the  fate  of 
battles  in  which  he  was  not  obeyed  $  and,  though  deftitute  of 
authority  among  men,  he  was  puniihed  for  not  having  the 
power  of  a  god  over  the  weather.  ' 

*  The  northern  Germans  had  two  aflemblics  for  the  ma- 
nagement of  their  foreign  and  domeftic  affairs.  The  greater 
affembly  confifting  of  the  body  of  the  people  for  matters  of  fl^te  i 
the  l^iler  compofed  of  the  prince  and  his  aflefibrs,  for  the  ad« 
sniniftration  of  juftice.  Every  man  of  perfeA  age,  and  with- 
out any  diftindion  of  degree,  had  a  voice  at  this  general  co»* 
vention.  The  muhitude  came  completely  armed,  and  all  had 
»  right  to  deliver  their  fentiments  with  the  Qtmoft  freedom* 
Alliances  Were  made,  wars  refolved  upon,  treaties  of  peace 
concluded,  in  the  great  aflembly;  whofe  power  extended  alfo 
to  capital  punifhments  for  offences  againft  the  ftate. 

'  The  general  aiTemb-y  of  the  people  eleSed  annually  one 
hundred  out  of  their  own  number  to  attend  the  perfon  of  the 
prince,  and  to  ferve  as  his  afleiFors  when  he  fat  in  judgment.r 
Thefe  gave  weight  to  his  deciHons^  and  enforced  his  decrees.- 

They  ' 


MacpficrfonV  lntredu£f.  io  the  HiJI^  of  Great  Britain  j  i^c,  413 

They  fat  at  bis  table,  accompanied  him  in  his  progrefs  :  thef 
were  his  guard  in  peace,  his  protection  in  war.  To  fupport 
the  expence  of  entertaining  thefe  conftant  attendants  of  his 
preffpnce  he  received  from  tbe  people  a  voluntary  and  free  gift 
of  cattle  and  corn,  and  he  alfo  derived  a  kind  of  revenue  froQi 
the,  fines  impofed  upon  petty  ofFenders.  The  prince  and  his  aCi> 
feflbrs  formed  the  leflcr.aflibnibly  \  and  differences  between  in- 
dividuals were  beard  and  determined  before  them. 

•  Traitors  againft,  the  ftatc,  and  deferters  to  an  enemy,  were 
tried  among  the  old  Germans  before  the  general  aflembly  of  the 
people,  and,  upon  convi£Uon,  hanged.  Cowards  and  men  of 
infamous  lives  were  drowned  under  hurdles,  in  ftagnant  and 
muddy  pools.  The  laws  of  the  ancient  Saxons  on  the  conti* 
nent  were  particularly  fevere  againft  incontinence  and  adultery^ 
'  Should  a  virgin  in  her  father's  houfe,  or  a  married  woman;  in 
that  of  her  hufband,  be  guilty  of  incontinence,  (he  was  either 
ftrangled  by^her  relations  in  private,  and  he?  body  burnt,  or 
ihe  was  delivered  over  to  a  fpecies  of  public  punifliment  the 
moft  ignominious  and  cruel.  Cut  (hort  of  her  clothing  by  the 
waift,  ihe  was  whipped  from  vilbge  to  village  by  ancient  ma- 
trons, who^  at  the  fame  time,  piicked  her  body  with  knives 
til]  fhe  expired  under  their  hands.  Virtue,  in*  tbis  cafe,  dege- 
nerated into  unpardonable  barbarity. — They  animadverted  upon 
petty  offenders  with  flighter  punifhments  :  a  fine  in  cattle,  pro^i* 
portioned  to  the  degree  of  the  offence,  was  levied  by  the  au- 
thority of  the  king  and  his  affeffars  upon  the  delinquent;  eveti 
homicide  itfelf  was  expiated  by  a  certain  mulct  payable  to  th^ 
prince  and  the  relations  of  the  perfon  flarn.  Such  were  th(; 
rude  elements  which  time  has  improved  into  the  prefcnt  con^ 
ftitution  of  Englifb  government.* 

Throughout  the  whole  of  his  Introdu£lion,  our  Author  haf 
difcovered  no  lefs  judgment  than  erudition.  He  has  not  giveii 
into  bold  and  vague  conjedures,  but  has  grounded  his  opinions 
on  the  teAimony  of  the  ancients ;  and  the  general  remarks  he 
has  made  on  religion  antl  policy,  are  a  proof  that  he  is  well 
acquainted  with  the  hiftory  of  mankind.  The  language  in 
which  he  expreffes  himfelf  has  energy  and  elegance ;  and  w^f 
perceive  in  his  performance,  a  force  of  minrf,  which  never 
marks  the  productions  of  thofe  who  purchafe  a  temporary  re-r 
putation  by  retailing  the  difcoveries  ^nd  the  fe^timeats  of  othec 


t9%         .  MONTHI^r 


[    41+    ] 

MONTHLY    CATALOGUE, 

For      MAY,     1771, 

Medical., 
Art.  10.  Ftrtues  of  Britijh  Herbs.    With  the  Hiflory,  Defcrip- 
tion,  and  Figures  of  the  fevcra!  Kinds;  an  Account  of  the  Dife^es 
they  will  cure ;  the  Method  of  giving  them  ;  and  Management  of 
the  Patient?  in   each  Difeaie  :  Containing  Cures — OF  the  Gravel 
by  ?  Tea  o{ Golden  Rod-    of  fcorbutic  Blemipes  by  a  Dcco«5lion  of  ^ 
^Bupatorium  ;  and  of  t^f  Piles  bv  Tarroiv.     An  Account  of  the  emi- 
nent Virtues  of  ^i///^r^»rr  in /r/?r/f«//tf/ffa;fr/i  and  xh^Phgveit^ 
felf.     And  of  the  Excellence  of  Flowcs  ofTanxy  for  the  Cure  of 
Worms.     The  1  ower  q\  Confound  7ii  a  ^vulnerary  %  and.  the  original 
Kcceipt  for  Jr//ULbu/ade-fwater ;  with  an  Inftance  6f  an  inveterate 
Sfomacb-co?Jijla:nt  cured  by  a  Tea  of  the  Flowers  of/iweet  Fe^er-fenAt, 
The  VV hole  illuUrating  that  important  Truth,  that  xhe  P/aK is  of 
ou    owr,  Country  will  cure  all  its  Diftafes,     To  which  is  added, 
the   Manner  of  raifing  TarroiVj   for   incrcafing  the  Quantity  of 
'  wholefo-^'^e  Pallurage  in  Graf's  Grounds.     A  Work  intended  to  be 
uftful  to  the  Sick,  and  to  their  Friends ;  to  private  Families ;  and 
to  lue  charitable,  v^ho  would  help  their  Neighbours.     Number  H. 
•    To  :)e  continued  occafionally,  as  new  Virtues  arc  diicovcred  in 
.    Plants ;  or  ncglrdcd  or  doubtful  ones  afcertained  by  Experience* 
J    By  JohnHijl^  M.  D.     Hvo.     is,  6d.     Baldwin,  &c.     I770« 

^T^  H 1  S  loquacious  tiile-pago  has  fo  grieat  an  appearance  of  puf. 
'  X  ling  and  qoBckery,  that  it  may  prejudice  fome  Readers  againft 
^e  work  which  itdefcribes.  We  are  perluaded»  nevertbclefs,  that  the 
dcHgn  of  the  publication  is  very  commendable.  It  w^re  to  be  wiihed 
that  the  qualifies  and  cffcds  of  the  heibs  defcribed,  had  been  aU  at<* 
tcflcd  fronTi  the  Do6lor's  own  experience  and  knowledge ;  but  there  are 
fomc  inllances  in  which  he  fcems  chieily  to  depend  on  what  he  has 
learned. fropi  other  pcrfons.  Of  the  (iril  number  of  this  work  we 
look  notkc  fome  months  ago  :  this  fecond,  like  the  former,  befide  a 
particular <lefcription  of  the  difierent  herbs,  is  attended  with  a  print 
of  each.  In  defcribing  the  ktatricaria  Juaq/eelens,  or  fweet  fever-few, 
we  ar«  told  of  a  Angular  and  Uriking  inilance  he  had  of  its  virtuesr 
fome  years  ago,  when  he  was,  we  are  informed,  deftred  by  the  late 
X)uicheli>  of  Richmond  to  vifit  a  farmer's  wife,  *  who  was  penfliing 
from  mere  want  of  nourifhmcnt.'  *  An  averiion,  fays  he,  to  all 
food  had  pofl'eiled  her  for  many  months,  not  to  be  accounted  for  by 
iny  means,  or  equjillcd  by  all  that  has  been  written  in  medicine.  It 
IV^s  fca.ce  poflibje  to  get  her  to  tafte  any  thing  whatever;  and  a  few 
Biinutes  after  the  Icall  morfcl  was  down,  fhe  always  threw  k  up  again. 
I  found  her  in  the  ufe  of  a  tea  made  from  this  plant ;  and  as  her 
friends  thought  it  promifed  good,  I  recommended  the  continnance 
of  it.  The  tea  was  made  only  from  the  yellow  diiks  of  the  flowers 
clipped  into  boiling  wate;r.  A  clergyman  in  the  neighbourhood  had 
taught  her  the  method,  and  ihewcd  her  the  plant.  The  infufion 
was  the  mod  grateful  bitter  th^it  could, be  lafted.    Her  ftomjich,  that 

abhorred 


Ms  D  I  C  A  L.  415 

abhorred  gentian  and  the  like,  bore  this;  and  by  a  conflant  perfe-^ 
verance  in  it  fhe  was  cured.' 

After  dcfcribiiig  the  achillaa^  or  yarrow,  il  is  obfcrvcd,  that 
greater  care  is  nccsflary  than  men  commonly  uftf,  to  (hew  what  plants 
are  and  what  are  not  valuable;  becaufe  the  yarrow  is'^a  plant  left 
ftanding  always  in  fed  pafturcs,  therefore  it  hias  been  thought  anfer- 
viceable ;  *  but  yarrow,  fays  our*  Author,  ftill  is  ufeful.  I  fowed 
ibme  in  a  barren  patch  of  grafs  ground  ;  and  all  the  while  the  leaves 
were  tender  the  cows  and  horfes  eat  them  heartily ;  and  it  proved 
whoieforae,  and  d9u bled  the  natural  produce.  On  cutting  down  the 
flaiks  as  they  roie,  it  Hill  ke.pt  in  leaf  and  frefhnefs,  g;rowing  as  it 
was  eaten.'  He  proceeds  afterwards  to  fpeak  of  its*  medicinal  qua- 
Kties  and  uie.  '     '  \ « 

The  ftkecio  /arrtnicus,  or  faracens  confound^  is,  we  arc  told,  the; 
Jpeat  ingredient  of  the  Swifs  arquebufade-water.  Among  the  many 
receipts  for  making  this  famous  water,  the  bed,  the  Dodlor  lays, 
which  ne  has  ieen,  he  obtained  by  purchafe  from  a  perfon  of  vera- 
city and  knowledge,  and  is  '  happy  in  this  opportunity  of  giving^  it 
to  the  public,  becaufe  every  one  who  has  an  alembic  may  make  it 
with  the  greateft  eafe.'  The  recipe  follows,  but  for  the  particulars 
we  mnft  refer  our  Readers  to  the  pamphlet. 

The  utafitis  ovatus^  or  common  butterburr^  receives  great  praifes 
from  this  Author.  '  Tis,  fays  he,  one  of  thofe  innumerable  inftances- 
that  the  providence  of  God,  ever  attentive  to  the  good  of  man,  has 
placed  thofe  things  about  us  in  great  plenty,  that  can  be  of  grea^ 
ufe. — This  is  an  admirable  medicine  in  fevers  of  the  word  kind  ; 
and  taken  early  it  prevents  the  mifchtefs  that  often  rife  naturally  in 
the  difeafe ;  and  ofUmr from  ibt  errors  tiffbyfidans*  When  a  difeafe 
of  the  putrid  kind  prevailed,  it  is  faid,  in  England  about  twenty* 
years  a^o,  *  the  iame  lever  raged  at  the  fame  time  in  Gehnany ; 
and  while  we  died  by  bleedings,  and  by  chemical  medicines,  they 
lived  by  butterburr.'  He  proceeds  to  fpeak  very  ferionfly  of  a  hear 
vier  vifitation,  with  which  a  while  ago  it  was  imagined  we  were 
threatened ;  and  adds,  '  if  that  greateft  of  all  calamities  fhould 
come,  there  are  few  things  from  which  We  may  exped  fo  great  relief 
as  from  this  herb.  'Tis  ne  new  or  hafty  obfervation.  The  Greeks  • 
uled  it  with  the  gieatefl  iuccefs;  and  the  very  name  of  (Ife  plant 
among  the  Germans,  is  peiUlence-wort.' 

He  goes  on  to  acquaint  us  in  what  method  the  root  of  butterborfi 
is  to  be  ttfed,  whether  for  this  or  for  a  lefs  calamity ;  for  putrid  fe* 
▼ers,  or  for  what  is  called  the  fore  thrgat  with  ulcers,  which  is  in- 
deed, fays  he,  only  one  fymptom  of  a  putrid  fever,  however  other^c 
wife  it  has  lieen  fpbken  of.'  The  account  of  this  herb  is  clofed  by 
producing  fome  great  authorities  in  its  favour,  and  then  he  aiks^ 
*  Shall  we  go  on  ? — But  it  were  i^eedlefs  to  prove  the  fun  gives  light ; 
'lis  foarce  left  ceo^^a^n,  or-  lefs  obvious,  tha;  this  root,  beyond  al^ 
tluflgs  elfe,  cbres  pellileatial  fevers.'  > 

Under  one  article  he  laments  the  great  confufion  that  Has  arifet^ 
about  the  names  of  plants,  particularly  of  fome,  of  whofe  ufe  I)*^^-- 
corides  had  experience.  '  We  hav^e,  fays  he,  been  falling  into  the 
:(kme  mifchief  now ;  and  all  knowledge  faded  before  it.  I  hope  this 
^qblication  may  have  its  ufe  in  ilopping  the  progress  of  a  cuilom, 

6  e  ^  Vfhi^A 


4.1$  Monthly  CAT^LoeuEp 

^  which  CJuft  in  time  dcftroy  every  attempt  to  help  mankiod*  TW  • 
greatcft  forrow  is,  that  the  moft  rcfpe&cd  names  have  given  toof 
Ipuch  countenance  to  the  praflice.  Linnsus,  worthy  of  all  prai(e» 
yet  not  without  his  faults,  has  given  the  names  of  Diofcorides's  piantf 
to  new  kinds  found  lately  in  America.'  The  paragraph  is  oddly 
concluded  with  faying,  *  If  fuch  a  method  be  not  flopped,  good 
Dight  to  all,' — Good  night  to  you,  Doftor.  • 

PoVlTICAt. 

Art.  tr.    A  Refutation  of  a  Pamphlet,  called.  Thoughts  on  the 

late  ^ravfoBiom  refpeHing  Falkland's  IJlanJ,    In  a  Letter  addrefled 

to  the  Author,  and  dedicated  to  Dr.  Samuel  Johnlbn.     ?vo.     i  s. 

Evans.     1771.  ,  ^ 

This  publication  fully  refutes  the  fallacious  rcafonings  employed 
in  Dr.  j.'s  pamphlet  ♦,  and  expofes  the  difingenuity  of  its  Author. 
Art.  I  a.   The  original  Power  of  the  colU^five  BoHy  of  the  People  bf 
'  England  examined  and  cffjerted,     Addrelfed  to  the  King,  Lords»  and 

Commons.    Neceflary  to  be  read  at  this  alarming  Crifis.  8vo.  1  sJ 

Williams      i77i« 

This  appears  to  us  to  be  an  old  tra^ ;  and  it  has  evidently  been 
indebted  for  its  republication  to  its  title,  and  not  to  its  nierit. 

Dramatic. 

^rt.  1 3.    He  W3uld  if  he  could ;  or^  an  0I4  Fool  worfe  than  aiq  ; 

•  A  Burletta,  as  it  is  performe4  at  the  Theatre  Royal  in  Drury- 
lane.     The  Mafic  by  Mr.  Dibdin.     8vo.     is.     Griffin.     1771- 
Goes  an  eaiy  hand- gallop  with,  the  right  foot  fqremod:,  m  tha( 

I^ind  of  ti tupping  burleique  rhyme  which  feems  ridiculoufly  enough. 

and,  therefore,  well  enough  adfipted  to  f^bjedls  of  this  kind.— The 

did. Fool  matries  his  maid. 

Art.  14     The  Fuir  Orphan:  4  comic  Opera  of  Three  A£ls»  as 
performed  at  the  Theatre  at  Lynn,  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Stevens's  Com* 
pa  ny  of  Comedians.     Svo.      is.  6d,     l^icoU;     1771. 
The  plot  inartificial,  the  dialogue  unpatural,  the  charaflers  ill 

difliAguiOfedy  the  (ind^rplot  impertipent*  and  the  wimple  a  heap  o^ 

llbfurdities. 

PoBriCAL. 

Art.  15.    The  Triumph  of  Fafhion\    a  Vifion.     4to.     is.  6d« 

;^  Griffin.     1771, 

'  Wit  and  6enfe  are  here  reprefented  as  fooli(h  enough  to  go  to 
war  With  Falhion,  and  their  campaign  is,  of  conrfe,  unfaccdsfoK* 
l>ulnefs  is  made  one  of  Faihion's  generals,  in  which  appointment 
we  do  not  fee  much  propriety  ;  but  poiTibly  the  Author's  connexion 
tvith  the  Goddefs  might  induce  him  to  give  her  that  preferment. 
Art.  16.  *An  Elegy  written  in  Covent  Gordon.  410,  is,-  Rid<- 
•     *    •  '      ley.     1771.   ' 

•  The  progrefs  of  a  thief  to  Tyburn,  in  a  parody  on  the  Elegy  writ- 
ten in  a  Country  ChurCh  yard.  Here  and  there  the  Parodift  affords 
us  a  droll  ftanza  ;  but,  u'p6n  the  whole,  it  is  ft  dull  performance. 


f  Sec  Review  for  April,  p.  330* 


Art.  12- 


f 


'^rt  17.  Penferofi',  er^  iht  penjhi  Philofopber  in  his  S^Utudesi 
^  Poem  in  fix  Books.  By  the  Rev.  James  Foot.  Svo.  4<.  Boards. 
Bathurft.     17  71. 

Mr.  Foot»  in  this  poem,  introduces  an  imaginary  perfop  of  tlie 
name  of  Penferofo,  refleifting  upon  the  Hate  of  the  moral  and  nata* 
raU  the  religious  and  civil  world.  He  means  very  well,  bat  he  writes 
unhappily.  His  poem  affords  innumerable  inftances  of  the  Bathos  ; 
i^nd  had  it  been  publifhed  before  the  treatife  on  that  fubjed^  ^af 
lyritten/  it  would  have  faved  the  Authors  the  trouble  of  coiniiig; 
7he  Macedonian  Prince,  with  glory  Jrunk* 

An^fiooping  gods  attentive  hear  his  tale^ 

In  him  the  direful  work  was  but  begaa 

for  others  bleed  by-  drtnjts.  , 

Give  me  to  pais  within  this  facred  dome^ 

^herc  death  is  to  be  feen  in  higbefl  tafit, 
•         •         •        • 

A  warrior  frowns  in  fione^  his  legs  acrofsm 

tf  The  grinders  loll. 

Or  leffen'd,  the  digeftive  power  declines.  « 

Sach  is  the  mifery  of  being  toothlefs,  and— taftelefs ! 

^rt.  18.  lb€  Projfitutt  j  a  Pocnv  The  Author  J.  H.  VTyma^ 
4to.  2  s.  Wheble.  1 77 1 . 
The  old  idea  of^a  coontry  parfon's  daughter,  debaached  by  a  maii 
of  fortune,  revived,  and  the  ftpry  told  in  a  ^tty  unequal  manner;  in 
iTome  places  quite  below  mediocrity,  trite  and  tedious  $  in  others  {m,» 
nted  and  pidurefque. 

How  chang*d  the  fad  MelilTa  now  appears  f 
How  counts  her  fighs,  and  drinks  her  falling  tears  1 
Tears  vainly  fhed  for  many  a  fecret  crime 
That  ftains  the  rolls  of  her  departed  time! 
Her  waning  form  keen  hunger's  power  betrays, 
jind  fcorching  tbirjf,  nubicB  on  bir  entrails  preys  ; 
Deep  marks  of  grief  her  faded  vifage  plough^ 
And  gloomy  care  fits  heavy  on  her  brow. 
Sorrow,  remorfe,  and  (h^une,  a  hideous  train^ 
Sicknefs  and  want,  and  heart-diftra6Ung  pain, 
.  Wi(h  confcious  guilt  that  (harpeft  anguiih  breeds. 
And  fell  defpair,  that  prompts  to  blackeft  deeds  s 
All  thefe  within  her  tortnrM  bofom  fwell, 
kage,  and  dijiraQ  btr  nmtb  tbi  pains  tfbellp 
Baniih  fweet  fleep,  or  to  her  dofing  eye 
Ten  thoufand  dreadful  dreanu  of  woe  fupply. 

The  critical  Reader  will  perceive,  in  this  (hort  fpedmen,  the  In*  j 

aualities  we  have  mentioned ;  and  the  &ir  Keadcr  will  fee  a  tnM 
_   ^ure  of  ruined  virtue. 


¥ 


?lov«t«. 


4iB  MoNTHtY  Catalogue,. 

Novels.  -       ' 

Art.  19.  Harriet  \  or^  the  Innocent  Aduberefs.     IlmO.     2  Vols, 
5  s.    Baldwin. 

The  Audior  fteps  fortb— a  champion  for  thiK  ladies,  agsunfl  the 
principle  adopted  in  the  caufe  bet^^een  the  D.  of  C.  and  Lord  Gr — r, 
which  convide  the  Lady,  ob  prefumptive  evidence ;  and  in  the  fup* 
poied  fituations^  which  he  has  artfully  flretched  to  the  urmofl,  he 
brings  off  his  hei:oine  as  innocent,  notwithllanding  the  flrong  and 
iJmotl  irreliilable  circumflances  which  appeared  upon  the  trial.— His 
manner  is  very  fprightly ;  and  the  agreeable  ftrain  of  his  writiag 
might  entitle  him  to  approbation^  could  we,  with  propriety,  com-, 
mend  a  work  jvhich  the  jull  feverity  of  moral  criticifm  muft  certainly 
condemn,  as  having  too  much  the  air  of  an  apology  for  that  heinous 
though  fa(hionable  crime,  which  feems,  in  thefe  licentious  times, 
amd  in  the  higher  ranks  of  life,  .to  need.no  degree  of  encouragement. 
Art.  20.  Leiteri  from  Clara  ;  pr,  the  Effujtons  of  the  Heart. 
l2mo.  '  2  Vols.     5  s."  fewed.     Wilkie.     1771. 

The  Author  of  ^hefe  Letters,  unacquainted  with  real  life,  and 
pofiefTed  of  no  powers  of  imagination,  has  had  the  prefumptioa  to 
imagine  that  he  could  compoie  an  affecting  novel.  But  the  heart 
has  no  concern  in  his  EfFufions.  Cold,  infipid,  and  devoid  of  cir- 
ciimftances,  th«y  difplay  neither  intrigue  nor  paiTion,  The  morality* 
indeed*  which  they  inculcate,  is  pure  and  commendable  ;  bat  thotfgh 
they  kav%  this  advantage  ki  their  favour,  we  icruple  not  to  confign 
them  to  the  peaceful -regions  of  obfcurity. 

Art4  21.  The  Man  rf  Feeling.  12 mo*  2  s.  hi.  few^d. 
Cadell.'  I77I* 
•  This  perfbrmlhfit*  is  written  after  the  manner  of  Sterne ;  but  it 
follows  at  a  prodigious  diftance  the  (leps  of  that  ingenioas  and  fea-% 
ti mental  writer.  *  It  is  not  however  totally  defli cute  of  merit;  and 
the  Re|dcrr>^lM  weeps  not  over  fome  of  the  fcenes  it  defcribesi, 
has  no  (enlibility  of  mind*  But  it  is  to  be  obferved,  that  the  know* 
ledge  of  men  it  Contains,  appears  to  be  rather  gathered  finom  books 
than  experieace;  and  that,  with  regard  to  compof&tion,  it  1*  care- 
lefs,  and  al>0ttnds  in  provincial  and  Scottifh  idioms,  it  is  prpbabl3r 
a  firft  work  ;  <alid  from  the  fpecimen  it  affords  of  the  talents  ,of  its 
Author,  we  fbould  not  be  difpofed  to  think  that  he  will  ever  attain 
to  any  great  eminence  in  literature.  He  may  amufe  him^^lf  at  the 
foot  of  Parn^if«6  ;  but  to  afcend  the  deeps  of  the  mountain  muft  be 
the  taik  of  thofe  on  whom  their  benignant  liars  have  bellowed  the 
Tare  gifts^af  trne  genius. 
Art.  22.  Ihe  Curate  of  Coventry  :    A  Tale.     By  John   Potter^ 

Author  of  the  Hiftory  and  Advefitures  of  Arthur  O'Bradley* 

i2mo.     2  Vols,     q  s.  fewed.    Newbery.     1^71. 

The  oeconotty  of  this  piece  has  fome  degree  of  merit.  In  other 
rcfpeAs  it  is  unworthy  of  attention.  Readers  of  the  lower  cMes 
may  hnd  fomcthing  to  plcafe  them  in  it ;  but  for  thofe^  who  have 
feniibllity,  and  who  can  didinguiih  the  Urokes  of  genius,  it  wil^ 
have  fewer  charms. 


Religious  and  CovtViOYE%tiAU  419 

L   A    w. 

Art.  23.  Caf€S  argued  and  determined  in  the  High  Cwri  rfCban^  < 
«rr/»  in  the  Time  of  Lord  Chancellor  Hardwidte»  ffoxn  f he  Yew 
1746-7  to  i7S^.    With  Tables,  Notes,  and  Refereaces.    ByPran* 
cb  Vefey,  LL.  D.  Bariiller  at  Law.    Folio.     2  Vols.      3  1.  38. 
Cadell.     1771. 

For  our  thoughts  on  the  otility  of  publications  of  this  kind,  and 
on  the  inporunce  of  the  doctrine  of  prcacedents,  in  geaeml ;  aJfo  on 
the  iodicial  character  of  Lord  Hardtvieke^  and  the  great  credit  o^  his 
decihons  in  particular ;— ^we  reftr  to  the  article  in  which  we  gave  aa 
accoant  of  thtjirfl  f  volume  of  Atkins's  Reports  :  fee  Review,  voL 
xxxiii.  p.  107. 

Many  of  the  cafes  in  this  coUedibn  are  the  fatne  with  thofe  leu 
ported  by  Ackios,  and  they  are  not  \t(s  judicioafly  recited.  There 
are  others,  not  to  be  fouad  in  the  latter ;  and,  on  the  whole.  Dr.  Vefey't 
work  will,  we  doubt  not,  prove  very  acceptable  to  thofe  gentlemea 
for  whofe  ufe  it  was  intended  by  the  diligent  and  accurate  Reporter* 

Religious  and  Controvsrsial. 
Art.  24*  An  RJfay  on  the  Holy  Sacramtnt  ef  the  Lord's  Supfitm 
Addreffed  to  the  Inhabitants  of  a  populoiis  Parifh  near  Londott« 
By  a  Layman,  laving  in  the  faid  PariOi.  1  amo.  %  s.  Robfon.  1771* 
ThiB  Writer  of  this  little  treatife  appears  to  )>e  a  well-meaning 
worthy  man,  who  wifhes  to  promote  th«  welfare  of  his  migbhomrt  and 
friends^  to  whom  he  addrefles  himfelf  in  a  (hort  preface;  expre(^ 
fing  the  great  concern  it  gives  him  to  obferve  '  how  much  the  ^acra» 
meat  of  the  Lord's  Supper  is  negle^^ed,  not  only  by  the  profane  and 
irreligious,  but  by  many,  v^ry  many,  honeft  well  difpofed  Chri(V 
tians,  who  regularly  attend  the  comoion  fervice  of  the  church,  bnt 
as  commonly  turn  their  backs  on  this  ordinance,  which  he  confi- 
ders  as  being  the  moft  important  and  beneficial  of  a11.'  He  feara 
that  great  p^t  of  what  has  been  wrote  npon  the  fubjefi  is  not  ex*  * 
prefled  in  JTo  clear  and  plain  a  manner  as  it  ought,  and  therefo#e# 
with  a  very  good  defign,  he  offers  this  Efiay  to  the  public.  What  h« 
f9,y%  concerning  it  is,  however,  nearly  the  fame  with  what  may  be 
met  with  in  other  orthodox  writers,  and  therefore  will  not  require 
any  more  particular  notice  here. 

His  book  concludes  with  two  appendixes^  one  addreiTed  to  parents 
and  others  who  have  the  care  of  youth,  in  which,  among  other 
points,  he  advifes  that  children  (hould  not  be  brought  to  church 
'  till  they  are  fully  inlhudled  in  the  nature  of  prayer  and  public 
w^orihip,  and  are  capable  of  joining  in  it  with  their'  hearts  and  un- 
derftandingSy  as  well  as  their  mouths.  The  fecond  appendix  is  '  a 
^endly  admonition  to  the  Methodifls,'  exhorting  and  entreating 
them,  as  their  principles  correfpond  with  the  articles  of  the  eila* 
bliihed  church,  not  to  forfake  its  communion,  or  if  they  have  for-* 
Ikken  it,  to  return  without  delay ;  and  this  he  particularly  applies  to 
his  own  parilh,  adding,  '  I  am  certain  that  the  worthy  man,  who 
]bas  for  fo  many  years  had  the  care  of  this  parifh,  can  give  you  no 
*         ■        ■  ■  I  ■  .  ■■■.,.■■■■  ^       , 

i>  Th^  zd  and  3d  volumes  of  Atkins's  Reports  have  been  fince  pub* 
.  joft 


4M  MoKTHtY  Catalogue* 

juft  caufe  of  offence  ;  he  preaches  true  chriftianity— (band  orthodost 

do^lrine,  and,  what  is  no  lefs  neceffary,  found  moralitv." 

Art.  25.    An  Eifay  towards  a  Contraft  between  ^uakerifm  and 

Mithodi/m%  whei'e^n  the  Myftery  of  filent  Meetings  ii  confidered 
.    and  explained :   In  an  Addrefi  to  thofe- of  both  Denominations. 

By  Johannes  Catholicus.     8vo«    6d.    Briftol  printed,  and  fold 

by  Johnfon  in  London* 

The  Author  enters  upon  his  preface  with  faying,  <  In  my  neigh* 
boarhood,  when  the  good  honfewife  wants  fire  in  her  cabin,  fl)« 
takes  a  wifp  of  ftraw,  and  borrows  fire  from  her  neighbour's,  and 
by  aQd  by,  in  her  own  turn,  becomes  herfelf  capable  of  lending  a 
little  fire  to  them.  And  in  a  fimilar  fpiritual  view,  as  I  have  long 
^en  intimately  converfant  with  Chfiftians  of  the  two  denominations 
in  my  title-page,  I  here  beg  .leave  to  offer  ibme  hints,  by  an  bumble 
attention  to  which,  I  hope  and  believe  they  may  become  of  mutual 
iervice  to  each  other.'  The  honeft  man's  fimile  is  but  a  fimple  one, 
but  his  intention  we  fuppofe  to  be  vtry  good,  and  the  reierablance 
which  he  traces  between  the  people  called  Quakers,  and  the  Band 
Societies,  as  they  are  here  termed,  feems  greater  than  wonld  be  aX 
lirft  expefted.  We  fli^ll  difmifs  the  pamphlet  with  juft  taking  no- 
tice of  fome  of  the  reafons  aOigned  for  filent  meetings,  after  he  has 
obferved  that  they  agree  with  other  Chriftians  in  an  efteem  for  the 
miniflry :  tlie  firil  reafon  offered  is  an  admirable  one,  and  muft  be 
allowed  fufficient ;  it  is  this,  *  the  want  of  the  proper  qualification 
to  fpeak;*  to  this  is  added,  *  an  unfanBified  htart -^  farther,  it  is  re- 
snarked,  '  If  abfolute  filence  had  been  incompatible  with  the  Hate  of 
the  faints  in  heaven,  John  the  Divine  had  never  told  us,  that  when 
the  Lamb  of  God  had  opened  the  feventh  fisal,  there  wa^  filence  in 
beaven  for  half  an  hour,  as  he  does  in  the  8th  of  the  Revelation.* 
Befide  thefe  he  iafifis  on  fome  advantage  which  he  fuppofes  to  be- 
derived  from  this  JiUnt  thought  and  mental  prayer  when  allowed  in 
'^  public  focieties,  as'  well  as  in  private  retirements :  concerning  all 
which  ^try  perfon  muft  be  left  to  reafon,  and  determine  as  he  thinks 
to  be  mofl  for  his  own  improvement. 
X  Art.  2t.Jn  Attejiation  to  divine  Truth.    In  which  arc  pointed 

out  the  nniverfal  Love  of  the  Deity ;  the  Difpla^  of  his  Wifdom  ; 

the  moft  certain  Truth  and  high  Importance  of  the  Ground  of  the 

Myftery  of  Nature  and  Grace  opened  in  the  Teutonic  Theo/opber  ; 

the  Caufes  of  the  great  Corruption  in  the  World  ;  and  the  Defigi^ 

and  Completion  of  our  Exiftence.    4to.     is.  6  d.  Boards.    Par* 

ker.  Brown,  &e.  1770. 
'  This  trad  appears  to  be  the  produdion  of  fome  perfon  whole  bead 
is  confufed  and  bewildered  by  myftical  and  rhapfodical  notions  and 
writings;  for  though  many  ferious  and  plain  reflections  are  here 
thrown  together,  they  have  all  their  foundation  in  a  particular  and 
whimfical  fyilem  of  divinity.  We  cannot  miftake  what  kind  of  rea* 
foners  or  ChrifHans  we  are  fallen  among  when  we  read  that '  God, 
incomprehenfible  in  his  abyffal  nature  inhabiting  light  inacceflible, 
in  his  triune  manifeftation  in  nature  and  creature  of  divine  fire,  and 
light,  and  fpirit,  is  the  true  life,  and  light  and  power  of  divine  love 
in  all  intelligent  beings,  and  the  glory  of  the  univerfe :  and  tha^ 


Religious  and  CoNTftotBKsiAi*  .  0,t 

^  bjr  the  Teutonic  Theoibpher  \i  intended  the  divinely  fliaminated 

Jacob  Behmen»  and  by  that  gre;at  light  of  the  age»  who  fo  judici- 

oofly  and  joftly  recommended  Vvs  principles,  is  meant  Mr.  Law/ 

Art.  27.    A  Letter  to  the  Rev,  Mr,  Toplady^  occafumed  by  hit  lat€ 

Letter  to  Mr.  Wejley  •.     By  Thomas  Olivers,     izmo.    4  d.    Cabe. 

Mr.  Olivers  difclaims  the  ufc  of  that  rough  language  with  which, 

it  muft  be  acknowledged,  Mr,  Toplady's  Letter  too  much  abounds, 

er,  in  his  own  words,  *  to  cmbellilh  almoft'  every  page  with  fuch 

finvers  as  you,  fays  he,   feem  peculiarly  to  admire:*   which  fame 

£ower8  arc  in  this  pamphlet   twice   collefted   together,   and  prc- 

iented  in  one  view  for  the  entertainment  of  his  readers.     *  I  can* 

not,  adds  this  Writer,  prevail  with  myfelf  to  throw  off  all  good- 

'manners,  and  toexpofe  that  meafure  of  common  ienfe  I  am  pofleifed 

of,  to  the  contempt  of  every  candid  reader ;  much  lefs  to  diiclaim 

the  meeknefs  and  gentlenefs  of  Chrift ;'  and  therefore,  •  I  fhall  not 

pretend  to  treat  you — according  to  your  deferts.'    Yet  this  Writer  ir 

BOt  always  upon  his  guard ;  fo  that,  upon'  the  whole,  thefe  cham- 

paoBS  feem  to  be  well  matched. — But  is  it  not  {hamefnl  that,  inllead 

of  being  bu£ed  in  fome  honeil  and  ufeful  occupation,  any  perfons 

ikonld  employ  their  pens  in  a  manntr,  which,  among  fome  kind 

of  readers,  may  tend  to  expofe  religion  it  felf  to  ridicule  or  negled! 

MiSCELLAKBOUS. 

Art.  28.  Tbi  Trial  rf  Farmer  Cawter^s  Dog  Pwtery  far  Murder. 
8vo.     1  s.     Lowndes.     1771. 

Poor  Porter,  who,  we  arc  informed,  was  the  trufty  cur  of  a  farmer 
in  Efiex,  being  charged  with  having  kyied  a  hare,  in  the  grounds 
erf  a  neighbouring  juftice  of  the  peace,  was  arbitrarily  fentenced  to 
the  halter  for  the  fame,  to  the  great  injury  and  lofs  of  his  m  after,  to 
whom  he  had  been  a  moil  ufefiiT  and  faithful  feryant.  In  revenge  of 
this  cruelty,  ibme  friend  of  the  ^umer,  or  of  the  dog,  -has  burlefqued 
the  proceedings  of  the  profecuior  and  his  alTociates,  whSm  he  *wi/ei/j  ^ 
^  ftilcs  an  aflembly  o^juft-afes. 
'  Art.  29.    7 he  Shipwreck  and  Adventures  of  Monf  Pierre  Viaud. 

Tranllaicd  firom  the  French  by  Mrs.  Griffith,     8vo.    44.  fewed* 

Bavies.     1771* 

We  have  here  an  affedling  narrative  of  the  mod  dreadful  hard- 
Ihips  and  fuficrings  which  it  is  poffible  to  fuppofe  mankind  capable 
of  furviving.  It  is,  indeed,  fo  (hocking  a  tale,  (hat  the  humanity 
€!f£  the  Reader  will  be  glad  to  take  refuge  in  the  hope  that  fome  of 
its  circumflances  are  too  horrible  to  be  true. .  In  that  hope,  too,  he 
v^ill  be  fomewhat  encouraged  and  confirmed  by  the  improbability  of 
certain  of  the  fadks,  and  the  notorious  impoffibility  of  others : — at 
where  the  relator  (Mr.  V.  himfelf)  mentions  his  meeting  with  tygera 
and  Utm  in  the  woods  of  North  America,  near  thcBritilb  fettlements 
St  the  Apalachians. 

We  fee  no  rcafon,  however,  to  difpute  the  exiftence  of  fuch  a  per- 
Ion  as  Monf.  Viaud,  nor  the  reality  of  the  fhipwreck,  which  forms 
the  bails  of  a  work  that  feems  to  have  been  confiderably  injured  by 

*  See  R/Cview»  vol.  xUl,  p.  4^2. 

rmbel* 


40^  •  Monthly  Catalog  ue^ 

embeUifluBent ;  and  we  are  the  more  readily  indnced  t»  believe  that' 

the  Aarrative  has  its  foundation  in  fa£l,  by  the  certificate  annexed  to 

it,  which  mentions  the  deplorable  ficuation  wherein  Mr.  V.  and  an 

unhappy  gentlewoman,  his  only  forvivihg  f  companion,  were  found. 

This  certificate  is  iigned  by  lieut.  Swettenham,  late  commanding 

officer  at  Fort  St.  Mark's,  who,  we  are  a^ured,  is  a  man  of  too 

mnch  cbarader  to  countenance  an  impofition  on  the  public. 

Art.  30.    A  Litter  to  thg  Govivnors  of  the  College  of  Hew  York  \ 

refpefUng  the  Colledion  that  was  made  in  this  Kingdom  in  1762 

mnd  176},  for  the  Colleges  of  Phil^elphia  and  New  York.    To 

which  are  added,  explanatory  Notes ;  and  an  Appendix,  ix>ntaitt- 

ing  the  Letters  which  paflTed  between  Mr.  Alderman  Trecothicic 

and  the  Author.    By  Sir  Jaffi<^  Jay,  Knt.  M.  D.     8vOk     1  s. 

Kcarfley,  &c.     1771, 

We  are  here  informed,  that,  while  Dr.  Jay  was  ia  New  York, 
and  intending  to  come  to  England,  a  propofal  was  made  to  him  for 
underuking  a  colle&ion  in  this  Kingdom  for  the  benefirof  the  col- 
lege in  that  place ;  to  which  propofal  he  gave  his  confent ;  that, 
for  a  year  and  an  baJf^hcr  his  arrival  in  England,  the  greacbft  har- 
mony fubfiiled  betweuen  the  governors  and  himfelf ;  that  he  fbeaiK 
oufly  endeavoured  to  a^complifh  the  bufinefs ;  that  they  affrovedhh 
conduct,  and  rtpeatedlj  tiiirJnked  him  for  his  kiud  and  ^ithfiH  kv 
vices.  But,  in  this  ftate  of  t)i:injS9,  they  drew,,  it  is  f^id,  fbr  a  Lacger 
fum  than  he  had  authorized  them'  t^do,  or  that  then  was  in  hand, 
even  when  the  bills  arrived  :  various  fl^texts^  it  is  added,  were  if- 
figned  for  drawing  thofe  bills ;  but  the  re^  ground  of  the  proceed* 
ing.  Dr.  Jay  now  tells  the  public,  he  <  difcc^}^^  ^o  be  an  iaiinBa- 
tion,  clandefttnely  tranfmitted  to  them  by  Mr.^^^^rman  Trecothick 
of  London,  implying  that  the  money  was  not/aft  inT^X  hands.'  Such, 
we  are  told,  was  the  rife  of  ^the  dii&rence  between  th^j;^^^^^  >"^ 
J>r.  Jay.  The  Dr.  farther  recites,  that  •  they  atten^pSfd  to  juiUfy 
one  injury  by  committing  another,  and  then  endeavoun!^  ^^  naafcc 
good  the  whole  by  enforcing  it  with  violence.'  Their  yl^»»  "  " 
added,  were  at  length  protefted,  and  immediately  after  a  ^wcr  of 
attorney  fent  to  Mr.  Trecothick  to  fettle  with  Dr.  Jav,  *  undV,*  P^ 
fiti<ue  inftru6iion  to  injifi  on  hhfrfi  paying  for  the  proi^llcd  (^JJ*  ^* 
9, preliminary  to  the  fcttleraent.'  Dr.  Jay  informs  us,  that  he  o^^^^ 
to  refer  the  affair  *  to  the  Archbiihop  of  Canterbury,  or  to  any**'** 
or  three  gentlemen  his  Grace  fhould  name,  or  Mr,  Trecot/ck 
would  appoint,  nay  enten  to.  Mr.  Trecothick  him/elf,  to  fettle  aU  lif- 
ters between  him  and  the  governors.'  «  This  offer,  fays  he,  was  ?• 
fjifed,  and  a  bill  in  Chancery  was  filed  againfl  me.  It  is  now  abo* 
four  years  fince  the  fuit  wa^s  commenced ;  and  although  I  replied  *  / 
their  bill,  and  carried  on  the  proceedings  on  nty  fide  with  the  great^  /  | 
difpatch,  the  governors  have  not  yet  taken  a  fagle  ftep  to  bring  1 
to  a  conclufion.' 


+  Except  a  youth,  the  fon  of  this  gentlewoman,  who  was  left,  ia 
a  dying  condition,  on  a  neighbouring  defer t  ifland  ;  where  his  body 
is  faid  to  have  been  afterwards  fought  for,  and  found  in  a  flate  o' 
futrefa&i^n  \  and  yet  he  rewvend ! 

Vpoja 


I 


MiSCELLANSOUS*  4(2} 

CpOD  tKis  fUte  of  the  cafe  the  Letter,  which  employi  the  greater 
part  of  the  pamphlet,  is  founded.  The  Writer  prefles  the  governor* 
to  expedite  their  proceedings,  and  offers  fome  farther  obiervations 
on  the  fubjeft.  We  cannot  make  ourfelves  parties  in  the  difpute,  ov 
pretend  to  enter  into  the  meiits  of  the  affair :  one  refle^iona 
however,  is  almoft  unavoidable, — that  the  inhabitants  of  Great 
Britain  have^  on  feveral  occafions,  with  great  cheerfalnefs  and  ge- 
nerofity»  contributed  to  the  afTiIlance  of  oar  brethren  in  the  American 
plantations;  but  (hould  it  appear  that  fome  of  the  monies  thus 
raifedy  are  at  any  time  mifappliedy  or  fquandered  in  expenfive  dlC- 
patesand  litigations,  this  will  certainly  cool,  and  jafUy  check,  that 
liberality  which  might  be  hoped  for  on  ftiture  emergencies. 
Art.  31.  A  Litter  to  Sir  Robert  Ladbroke^  Knt\  fenior  Alderman* 

and  one  of  the  Reprefentatives  of  the  City  of  London  :  With  *  an 

Attempt  to  (hew  the-  good  Effefts  which  may  reafon^bly  be .  ex* 

pe^ed  from  the  Confinenvent  of  Criminals  in  feparate  A^artm^nts* 

8vo.     18*  6d.    Rivington.     1771I 

In  this  judicious  pamphlet  the  danger  which  refults  to  the  health 
and  the  morals  of  criminals  from  their  intercourfe  in  gaols,  is  fully 
iniifted  upon ;  and  a  method  is  propofed,  the  execution  of  which,  while 
it  would  tead  confiderably  to  preferve  thehd  from  difbeaipers,  woald 
recover  many  of  them  to  induftry  and  to  fociety.  When  fcheoies  of 
eeneral  utility  are  faggeiled  by  the  public  fpirit  of  iudividttgls^  it  it 
tne  duty  of  the  legiflature  to  attest  do  them. 
Art.  32.  A  Pr apical  EngliJkGrammar^  for  the  Ufc  of  Schools 

and. private  Gentlemen  and  Ladies;  with  Exercifes  of  faUe  Or» 

thography  and  Syntax  at  large.    By  the  Rev,  Mr.  Hodgfon*  Ma* 

fter  of  the  Grammar  School  in  Southampton.    lamo.    %  s.    Law. 

1771. 

This  Grammar  may  be  of  confiderable  nfe  to  yonng  beginners,  in 
their  ftudy  of  the  Eugliih  language.  What  chiefly  diftinguifhei  it 
from  other  productions  of  the  fame  kind  is,  that»  as  the  title  im<^ 
ports,  •  it  contains  great  variety  of  exerciles  on  onhpgr^pliy,  and 
large  coUeAions  of  examples  of  falfe  fycita);.. 
Art.  33.  Niw^market ;  «r,  an  EJfay  on  the  Turf.     Vary  prbpec 

to  be  had  in  all  Pockets  at  the  next  Mating.    Small  8yo«   2  Vols. 

qs.  fewed.'   Baldwin,  &c.     1771. 

^he  extravagant  attachment  of  our  people  of  fafhion  to  the  diver- 

^    fion  of  the  ho^e^courfe,  the  corruption  of  this  ancient  mode  of  pa« 

''\  flime,  by  ^ebafing  it  into  an  infamous  fyAem  of  modem  gaming^! 

^^  and  the  conumination  of  the  manners  of^our  young  naen  of  birth 

"  and  fortune,  by  their  intimacy  with  jockeys,  grooms,  and  (harpers, 

^'  —altogether  fornifh  a  juft  and  ample  fobje£t  for  fatire. 

,        Such  a  ihtire  is  here  attempted,  by  a  Writer  pofleHed  of  no  iocon- 

£derabie  talents  ;  but,  we  fear,  his  work  will  fail  of  producing  the 

full  efie£l  that  might  be  hoped  from  fuch  abilities,  exerted  in  fo 

]audable  an  undertaking;  for,  if  we  are  not  millakcn,  he  has  not 

•  One  would  fufpeft  that  there  were  here  both  a  Utter  and  an  «/- 
ientpi't  but  the  latter  is  included  in  the  former.  Inilcad  o£*witb,  the 
y^othor  Ihottld  have  faid  bii/ig  or  containing. 

been 


) 


424  S  C  R  M  O  S^i. 

Iieen  altoi^tha*  Happy  in  the  mamjur  wliith  he  Has  adopted.  While 
lie  has  aimed  at  Swift's  ironical  llrain  of  mock  panegyric,  be  hzi 
fallea  into  the  rambling  incoherence  affeded  by  the  imitators  of 
Steroe:  which,  if  not  fupponed  with  natij^e  and  inceifant  humour, 
6r  relieved  by  feaibnable  ilrokes  of  genuine  pathos,  will  tire  inilead 
of  captivating«the  Reader's  attention.  The  Author,  however,  feems 
rather  unwilling  to  be  numbered  among  the  difciples  of  Sterne,  af-' 
ferting  the  preference  due. to  the  witty  Dean  as  a  model  ;  and  dif- 
tlaiming,  particularly,  the  impurities  which  are,  indeed,  the  dif- 
grace  of  che  jocular  and  unfcrupulous  Prebendary. 

With  refpedi  to  the  plan  of  thi^  fatirical  work,  the  general  idea  of 
it  is,  that  of  a  parallel  between  the  New- market  meetings  an\l  the  pe-' 
nodical  aflemblies  of  the  ancient^ Greeks,  at  the  celebrations  of  th^ 
Olympic  games. — Among  other  objeds  of  his  feverity,  he  has  not 
overlooked  the  cruel,  unmanly  >^0r/  of  cock-fighting;  for  his  jaft  re« 
prehenfion  of  which^  he  delerves  the  thanks,  of  every  loiter  of  ha* 
inanity* 

SERMONS. 

I.  f Af  imtro*veJ  Chrifttan's  Courage  and  Comfort  in  JjfftiSion  ami 
Deafly  through  the  gracious  Pre/ence  and  Influence  of  his  heavenly  Shef^ 
A«ri/— Occafioned  by  the  Death  of  Mrs.  Sarah  Jeffer)',  ReliA  of  Mr* 
Richard  Jeflfery,  of  Mount  Sion.— Preached  alio  at.Lewes  in  Sufiex,  • 
on  the  Death  of  Mifs  Ann  Johnfton  Daughter  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Ebe- 
Bezer  johnfton,  Minifler  there.  By  William  JohoAon,  M.  A.  6  d. 
johnfton. 

n.  Before  the  Sons  of  the  Clergy,  at  their  Anniverfary  Meetings 
at  St.  Paul's,  May  17,  1770.  By  Peter  Wh alley,  LL  B.  6d.  rI- 
¥ington. 

UL  Before  the  Governors  of  the  J^ying-in  Charity,  for  deltverii^' 
poor  Married  Women  at  their  own  Habitations,  on  the  loth  of  April,- 
1771,  at  St.  Ann's,  8oho.,  By  the  Hon.  Brownlow  North,  LL  D. 
Xiean  of  Canterbury.  Publilhed  for  the  Benefit  of  the  Charity* 
Robfon,  Johnfon,  &c. 

•  1^  The  remainder  of  the  fingle  Sermons  in  our  next. 

%*  Mr.  Smith's  Sermon  at  Bury,  in  1766,  came  to  hand  thi^ 
Month ;  but  is  out  of  Time  for  particular  Notice. 

'  i«i  ^ 

Error  of  the  Prefain  our  laft  Month's  Review ;  viz. 

P.  334,  in  the  account  of  The  Dijguife,  a  Novel,  for  **  intimately 
KiiacqaaiQted>*'  n^d  iatima^eij  acquainted. 


THE 

MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For     J    U    N    E,      rm. 


E1"$?'^'S>'^© 


Art.  I.    BiffirtatioH  fur  la  Literature  Orientale.      8vo.      i  s, 
Elmfley.     177 1. 

WE  have  on  fomc  occafion  or  other  obferved,  that  it  is 
abfurd  to  feparate  the  idea  of  utility  from  poetry,  because 
whatever  is  agreeable  is  ufefulj  and  we  arc  pleafrd  to  find  the 
very  learned  Author  of  this  treatife,  in  his  apology  for  the  Belles 
Lettref  learning,  fall  into  the  fame  opinion.  After  this  apology 
he  comes  immediately  to  his  fubjcft,  which  is  to  examine  the 
worl&s  of  the  oriental  writers  in  hillory,  phllofophy,  and  poetry. 
*  It  muft  be  owned,  fays  he,  that  Afia  has  not  been  the  theatre 
of  many  memorable  events  ;  that  it  is  not  adorned  with  the 
fineft  prodiicSlions  of,  nature ;  that  it  has  not  been  honoured  by 
many  able  generals,  wife  counfellors,  or  virtuous  kings.  Per- 
fpicuity  and  impartiality  might  therefore  be  fufficient  in  the 
Afiatic  hifforians  ;  but  they  have  a  higher  merit :  they  are  els* 
£ant  and  fublime.  Narrations  naturally  dry  and  infipid,  by 
their  glowing  pens,  are  heightened  to  fplendor  and  beauty. 
We  are  not  to  judge  of  this  from  the  hiftory  of  Nader  Chah, 
which  was  publifbed  at  London  *•  Drynefs  and  identity  of  ftyli> 
were  inevitable  in  a  work  written  on  the  plan  of  a  military  jour- 
nal. It  affords,  however,  excellent  materials  for  compofing 
the  hiftory  of  the  moft  extraordinary  man  the  prefent  age  has 
produced,  Charles  XII.  and  Peter  the  Great  not  excepted. 

*  But  what  objeflion  can  be  made  to  the  hiftory  of  Tamer- 
lane, written  by  £bn  Abi  Arabchah,  which  is  in  the  hands  of 
every  fcholar,  and  of  which  the  public  muft  have  fomc  idea 
from  the  tranflation  of  Vattier  ? 

'  To  form  a  right  eftimate  of  Oriental  hiftory,  we  muft  read' 
the  works  of  Aboulfeda,  the  Xenophon,  and  of  Isfahan!,  the 

»>      ■  ■.  '  '     ■  ■  .  !■■■■■  I  III  ■ 

*  By  this  Author.     SwS  Review,  vol.  xlii.  p.  5:18,  Apptadix.  • 

VoL.XLIV.  if.  nm- 


■jfi6  Differtatlon  fur  la  Literature  Orleniale* 

Thucydidcs  of  UicEaft;  to  form  a  juft  idea  of  »hc  fcrtil'ty  of 
Eaftern  genius  we  muft  turn  over  the  immenfe  volumes  of 
Mirkhond  and  Noveiri. 

*  Of  moral  philofophy  the  Orientals  will  not  give  up  the 
palm.  Why  ihould  they  give  it  up,  whilft  Calileh'Va  Demnah, 
whofe  book  is  tranflated  into  all  the  languages  we  know,  gives 
his  fufFrage  to  their  honour  ?  The  Perfian  imitation  of  Cachefi, 
as  well  as  the  Turkish  by  AH  Tchelebi^  Is  embellifhed  with  all 
the  flowers  of  Eaftern  rhetoric. 

<  It  muft  be  confeiTed  that  the  abftra£led  fciences  in  Afia 
are  ftill  in  their  infancy.  But  for  us  it  is  unneceiTary  to  travel 
thither  for  knowledge  of  this  kind,  while  we  have  the  works 
of  Newton,  of  Leibnitz,  of  Wallia,  of  Halley,  and  many 
more,  who  eclipfe  the  names  and  honours  of  Ptolemy  and  Ar- 
chimedes. Not  but  that  the  Eafterns  have  had  their  mathema- 
ticians and  their  aftronomers,  but  their  labours  did  not  reach 
the  perfedion  of  the  Authors  abovementioned. 

^  The  Arabian  pbyficians  are  univerfally  celebrated  \  I  have 
lead,  however,  but  one  of  their  books,  and  cannot  there- 
fore properly  fpeak  of  their  merit,  but  the  celebrated  name  of 
Abou  Sina  muft  not  be  forgotten.  Afia  is  very  fruitful  in  me- 
dipnal  herbs  and  roots.  Her  falutary  drugs  are  many,  and 
their  names  and  virtues  are  recorded  in  a  variety  of  books, 
which  would  undoubtedly  contribute  to  that  moft  important  of 
all  aits,  the  art  of  preferving  the  human  ipecies. 

^  But  let  us  now  come' to  poetry,  wherein  the  fpirit  and 
genius  of  the  Orientals  are  principally  diftin^uiftied. 

•  We  (hall  not  here  give  a  detail  of  the  difFcrent  fpecies  of 
the  Afutic  poetry,  which  the  tranflator  of  Mirza  Mahadi  has 
in  fome  mcafure  done.  We  Iball  only  anfwer  fome  objediions 
which  appear  to  be  equally  groundlefs  and  unjuft* 

<  The  Europeans  in  general  treat  the  Eafterits  as  an  unpo- 
lilhed  and  uncultivated  people,  whofe  poetry  is  extravagance 
and  bombaft,  and  whofe  writings  are,  for  the  moft  part,  defti- 
tute  of  delicacy  and  of  elegance.  To  thefe  it  might  be  an- 
fwercd,  that,  as  the  paffions  of  men  are  the  fame,  they  will 
cxprefs  them  in  the  fame  manner,  and  that  the  difference  lies 
only  in  the  idiom.  But  that  anfwer  would  not  be  fuiRciently 
particular.  Suppofe  we  ftiould  fay  that  all  men  have  the  feecb 
of  the  fame  pafTions,  but  that  they  are  infinitelymodified  by  the 
influences  of  habit,  education,  and  climate.  Thofe  three  cir- 
cumftances  are  certainly  in  favour  of  the  Eaftern  poets,  and 
give  them  great  advantages  over  the  Europeans.  Accuftomed 
from  their  infancy  to  defpife  the  languages  of  other  nations, 
-the  Afiatics  apply  themfelvcs  fohly  to  the  cultivation  of  their 
own.  This  was  one  great  advantage  of  the  ancient  Greeks, 
yrh^  employed  the  principal  pare  of  their  time  in  embellifbing 

and 


DiJJirtaiimfur  la  Literature  Orienfale.  ^%y 

and  bringing  to  perfeftion  thofe  glorious  works,  in  which  the 
elegance  of  language  is  in  proportion  to  the  grandeur  of  fen- 
timent. 

*  The  contempt  which  the  Orientals  have  of  our  learning  is 
as  unjuft  as  that  which  we  affedt  of  theirs.  The  reciprocal 
prejudices  proceed  from  the  fame  caufes,  ignorance  and  felf- 
love.     Let  us  profit  by  their  follies  and  correft  our  own, 

*  The  Arabs  and  the  Perfians,  bred  in  indolence  and  leifurc, 
foHow  the  bent  of  their  genius  :  thefe,  with  unreined  imagi- 
nation, bound  over  the  works  of  Nature  j  thofe  travel  in  the 
fafer  but  more  toiifome  paths  of  philofophicai  truth.  Born  un- 
der a  ferene  ^nd  tranquil  fky,  and  furrounded  wiih  a  thoufand 
objeds  of  delight,  the  poet  exerts  his  powers  in  the  praife  of 
Nature,  and  the  philofopher  in  inveftigating  her  principles* 
The  former  bears  the  rofes  of  pleafure  in  his  hand  \  the  latter 
tells  you  whence  they  fprung.  Amralkis,  Zoulremma,  Hafiz, 
Nezami,  Mefiki,  and  Baki,  defcribe  the  power  and  operation 
of  the  paffions  :  Sadi,  Nabi,  and  Attar,  infpire  the  love  of  vir- 
tue :  Antarah,  Ferdoufi,  Aboulola,  pafs  on  the  wings  of  the 
(ublime,  through  the  regions  of  heroifm. 

^  Thofe  who  are  unacquainted  with  the  Oriental  languages 
are  incompetent  judges  of  their  poetry.  They  refemble  thofe 
profound  adepts  who  afFed  to  decide  on  the  merit  of  the  an- 
cient Greek  mufic,  without  knowing  the  mode  of  it.  Ifhail 
never  forget  what  Voltaire  fays  of  thofe  who  form  their  idea  of 
foreign  poe^try  and  foreign  manners,  from  tranflation,  and  the 
idle  evidence  of  report.  **  They  are  like  blind  men,  fays  he, 
who  aflure  you  that  the  rofe  can  have  no  lively  coluurs,  be- 
caufe  they  feel  the  thorns  with  their  hands." 

*  The  only  way  to  obviate  this  miftalcen  idea  is  experiment. 
Take  two  odes,  the  one  Arabic  or  Perfian,  the  other  Greek 
or  Latin.  Tranflate  them  literally  into  a  common  language 
without  cmbellifhment  or  variation.  Make  due  allowance  for 
idioms,  topical  circumftances,  and  manners,  on  both  fides, 
then  decide  without  prejudice  between  the  works  of  the  Eaflern 
writers  and  thofe  we  commonly  admire. 

'  Ln  us  take,  for  inftance,  the  tenth  ode  of  Hafiz.  The 
Perfian  poet  intreats  the  Zephyr  to  reproach  bis  friend  for  his 
inattention  and  indifFerence.  In  the  laft  flanza,  where  be 
fpeaks  fo  favourably  of  his  own  verfes,  he  means  to  infinuate 
that  every  obje£l  in  Nature  is  more  attentive  to  him  than  his 
friend. 

The  Persian  Odb» 

*•  Zephyr,  fay  foftly  to  that  delicate  roc,  it  is  you  who 
make  us  fond  of  the  hills  and  defarts. 

*'  Why  does  not  the  fugar  merchant  (may  his  life  be  pro- 
longed) regret  theabfcnce  of  his  fugar-billed  parroquctf 

F  f  2  ^'U 


428  Dlffirtaiton  fur  la  Literature  Orientah. 

««  Is  It  the  arrogance  of  thy  beauty,  O  rofc,  that''permi» 
thee  not  to  a(k  tidings  of  the  amorous  nightingale  ? 

<^  The  fine  qualities  of  the  mind  are  the  fnares  of  an  infirufied 
heart.     A  prudent  bird  is  not  caught  with  nets  and  fprings. 

*'  When  feated  by  your  companions  you  drink  the  moft  ex- 
quifite  wines>  remember  your  friends  who  are  traverfuig  the 
defarts, 

^*  I  know  not  the  reafon  why  a  youth,  who  has  the  fhape  of 
the  cyprefs,  black  eyes,  and  a  complexion  like  the  moon,  ihoutd 
not  have  the  colour  of  fincerity. 

<^  I'he  only  reproach  that  can  be  caft  upon  your  charms  is, 
that  your  enchanting  countenance  is  not  adorned  with  a  faith* 
ful  heart, 

<f  Is  it  aftoniihing  that  the  heavenly  bodies  are  moved  by  the 
fongs  of  Hafizy  and  that  his  melody  fliould  make  the  flairs 
dance?" 

Ode  xxxit.  lib.  I.  of  Horace. 
<<  I  intreat  thee,  my  lyre,  if  e'er  at  leifure,  beneath  the  (hack 
of  the  groves,  I  made  thee  play  fongs  that  {hall  laft  this  and 
many  more  years,  to  favour  me  at  prefent  with  a  Latin  ode. 
"  Thou,  that  wert  once  tuned  by  the  citizen  of  Lcfljos,  who, 
though  fierce  in  war,  yet  in  the  midft  of  arms  *»  or  when  be 
bound  to  the  moifl  bank  his  agitated  vefTel, 

*<  Sung  Bacchus  and  the  Mufes,  Venus  and  her  ion,  who  is 
ever  by  her  fide,  and  Lycus,  beaqteous  wi(h  black  eyes  and 
black  hair. 

**  O  lyre,  the  glory  of  Phoebus,  and  grateful  to  the  board 
of  Jove  fupreme,  fweet  folace  of  my  care,  whenever  I  addrefs 
thee  properly,  receive  my  compliments." 

*'  Put  this  ode  in  the  bands  of  a  perfon  who  does  not  under- 
ftand  Latin,  who  does  not  know  that  Aicacus  was  an  inhabi- 
tant of  Lefbos,  and  that  the  poet  calls  him  the  Lefbian  citizen 
by  way  of  eminence,  who  does  not  tafte  the  e^xihet  Latinum^ 
which  appears  fo  ufelefs  in  the  tranflation,  and  he  will  find 
neither  propriety  nor  connection  in  this  piece  of  poetry.  '  On 
the  contrary,  give  the  original  to  a  man  of  tafte^  who  undcr- 
flands  it,  and  he  will  find  beauties  in  almoft  every  line,  happj 
-  cxpreflions,  an  enchanting  vivacity,  and  the  fweet  foft  flow  of 
melodious  numbers. 

*  The  fecond  and  third  ftanzas  of  the  Perfian  ode  would  ap-« 
pear  under  the  fame  difadvantages  to  an  European,  who  might 

♦  The  learned  Author  of  the  DifTertation  before  us  has  made  a. 
mlllake  in  tranflating  qui  fcrox  hellot  tarrnn  inter  arma  by  Uquel  quoiqum 
4irdent  dans  la  gutrre^  et  au  milieu  des  armu  :  inftead  of  et  he  ihould 
have  written  nc^nmcinu 

not 


Dtfertation  fur  la  Liiertturt  OrientaU.  419 

not  underftand  that  the  poet  compares  himfelf  to  a  parroquet 
and  a  nightingale,  and  his  friend  to  a  fugar  merchant  and  a 
rofe,  the  emblems  of  fweetnefs  and  beauty*  The  fable  of  the 
nightingale  and  the  rofe  is  univerfally  known,  ,and  it  it  to  the 
fame  that  Hafiz  makes  the  elegant  allufion. 

'  The  Author  of  this  Diflercation  does  not  affe6l  to  make  any 
comparifon  between  thefe  two  odes.  He  pretends  not  to  pre- 
fcribc  to  the  tafle  of  the  Reader.  He  would  only  aflc  which 
of  them  has  a  claim  to  that  charming  fimplicity  which  is  the 
firft  ornament  of  poetry  and  the  fine  arts  ?  He  aflures  the 
Reader,  that  the  greateft  part  of  the  Perfian  odes  are  compofed 
with  the  fame  delicacy  and  cafe.^ 

'  Here  let  us  flop  a  moment  to  aflc  the  Author  of  this  Difler- 
tation  what  he  means  by  fimplicity  in  poetry,  and  how  low  he 
allows  his  idea  of  it  to  defcend  ?  if  he  praifes  the  Perfian  ode  for 
its  fuperior  fimplicity,  furely  he  betrays  a  want  of  tafte  to  de« 
termine  between  what  is  fimple  and  what  is  low.  This,  indeed, 
is  a  general  error.  It  is  fomething  like  connecting  ^he  ideas 
of  poverty  aqd  nakednefs  ;  but  fimplicity,  though  naked,  is  not 
poor.  She  Jefcends  to  nothing  inelegant.  Her  air,  her  porty 
her  language,  are  true,  not  to  favage,  but  to  civilized  nature. 
She  follows  her,  not  through  rugged  defarts,  but  through 
plains  that  wear  xhe  afpe£t  of  cultivation.  The  fugar  merchant 
and  the  parroquet  1 — It  is  not  her  language.     It  is  the  language 

^of  a  nurfe,  and  therefore  iilly,  "not  JimpU, 

By  this  objection  to  tt)c  Perfian  ode,  we  would  not  mean  to 
infinuate  that  the  Eaftem  poets  are  deftitute  of  tafte  in  gene- 
r|J.  The  following  obfervations  on  poetry,  written  in  the 
Turkifli  language  by  Nabi  Efendi,  a  celebrated  poet,  who  died 
about  the  beginning  of  the  prefent  century,  and  tranflated  by 
M.  Cardonne  in  his  Melanges  de  Literature  Orientale^  are  in  fa- 
vour of  the  contrary. 

^'  My  Jfon,  before  you  attempt  to  run  the  painful  race  of 
poetry^  examine  your  ftrength.  If  you  perceive  within  yourfelf 
that  divine  fire  vi^hich  glows  in  the  bofoms  of  great  poets,  give 
yourfelf  up  to  your  genius.  Firft  enrich  your  mind  by  reading 
the  works  of  tbofe  who  have  excelled  in  verfe.  Nefi  and  Baki 
are  in  the  firk  rank  of  the  Turkifh  poets.  Pcrfia,  the  fruitful 
mother  of  genius,  has  produced  a  great  number  of  good  poets. 
What  ftrength  and  purity  in  the  works  of  Saib  and  Kelimi  ! 
Giamif  Nouri,  and  Khakaui  abound  with  beauties  innumerable 
and  inexpreflible.  Sadi,  like  the  foft  nightingale,  fills  the 
groves  with  founds  of  melody.  Chevket,  like  the  eagle,  bears 
bis  ambitious  wing  to  heaven.  Hafiz  fings  of  love  and  the 
fweet  juices  of  the  vine,  while  Atter  aids  the  caufe  of  virtue  by 
the  fublime  precepts  of  morality.  The  Arabs  have  been  no 
kfe  ardent  ia  the  cultivation  of  poetry  than  the  Perfians, 

F  f  3  Thty 


43^  Dijfirtatton  fur  h  Litiratun  OrlentaUl 

They  have  even  more  of  that  enthufiafm,  that  poetic  fitrsT 
vrhich  feixes,  inflames,  and  elevates  the  heart.  Their  ftyle  is 
impetuous:  their  ftrong  imagination  paints  every  objed  with 
force;  and  their  poetry  is  impregnated  with  all  the  warmth  of 
their  climate.  Their  works  are  like  diamonds  that  dart  a  thou« 
fand  rays  ;  but,  to  tafte  their  beauty,  it  is  neceflary  thoroughly 
to  underftand  their  language.  Whoever  would  attain  to  per- 
fection ihouid  have  a  confummate  knowledge  of  the  Arabic  and 
the  Perfian.  Thofe  two  languages  arc  the  wings  on  which  a 
poet  muft  rife  into  the  air  :  without  them  he  will  grovel  on  the 
ground, 

"  Would  you  wi(h,  my  fon,  that  your  verfe  fhoutd  not  only 
be  admired  by  your  cotemporaries,  but  pafs  to  pofterity,  never 
facrifice  fenfe  to  rhyme.  Convey  fome  ufcful  truth  under  fomc 
ingenious  emblem  or  fine  allegory.  Let  your  works  have  a  ge«r 
reral  tendency  to  promote  the  virtues  of  mankind.  The  gar- 
den of  poetry  is  dry  and  ungenial,  if  it  is  not  watered  with  the 
ilreams  of  philofophy. 

•*  The  greater  part  of  our  ordinary  poets  fpeak  only  of  lilies, 
locks  of  hair,  and  nightingales  and  'wine.  If  they  defcribe  fome 
imaginary  beauty  with  which  they  are  fmitten,  they  compare 
her  fometimes  to  the  fpring,  fometimes  to  an  enamelled  mead. 
Her  lips  are  like  the  rofe,  and  her  complexion  refembles  the 
jefTamine.  Cold  and  fervile  imitators,  their  languid  imagina- 
tion fupplies  them  with  nothing  new.  They  cannot  march 
except  in  a  beaten  path. 

**  Truth,  my  fon,  Ka's  no  need  of  feverity  to  make  us  hear 
her  voice.    Never  employ  your  mufe  in  fatire.     A  profefled  fa- 
'  tyrift  is  feared  by  all  mankind  :  ail  are  apprehenfive  of  the  ma- 
lignity of  his  pen.     He  has  hatred  and  envy  to  encounter,  and 
many  reafons  to  repent  his  cauftic  genius.'' 

Thus  we  have  feen  Nabi  Efendi  in  the  charader  of  a  fublime 
philofopher  and  a  judicious  critic,  let  us  contemplate  him  ia 
the  light  of  a  poet,  and  read  his  verfes 
On  the  Spring. 

«  Spring,  my  fon,  is  the  moft  beautiful  of  all  the  feafons. 
Nature,  that  feemed  expiring  durinjy  the  rigours  of  winter,  is 
now  re-animated,  and  aflumes  frefli  life.  The  whole  creation 
appears  to  be  put  in  motion,  and  every  thing  announces  a  gCr 
neral  revolution.  The  fap  in  the  vegetable,  and  the  blood  in 
/  the  animal  world  circulates  with  greater  rapidity.  The  trees 
put  on  their  new  apparel,  and  the  meadows  are  enamelled  with 
1  thoufand  frefli-born  flowers.  The  fireams,  whofe  captive 
waters  were  held  in  chains  by  the  wild  North  winds,  brealc 
thofe  chains  on  the  arrival  of  the  foft  zephyrs.  The  birds 
chaunt  their  pltafurcs,  and  the  woods  echo  to  their  amorous 
warbjings, 

f  Indulge 


Dijfertathnfur  la  Literaiuri.  Orientali.  431 

<  Indulge  yourfelf,  tny  fon,  in  all  the  delights  of  the  fair 
feafon.  Leave  the  pomp  of  cities,  and  live  in  the  humble  fields. 
Thefe  were  the  firft  abode  of  man.  The  plearures  you  will  tafte 
may,  poflibly,  be  Icfs  brilliant,  but  they  will  be  more  pure  than 
tfaoie  which  towns  afford.  Here  the  philofopher,  while  he  con- 
templates Nature,  muft  admire  the  magnificence  of  God  in  bis 
works. 

<  The  meadows  and  the  forefis  leave  no  heavineft  in  the 
heart  of  man.  /No  fcenes  more  favourable  to  the  lover  I  none 
where  he  may  better  enjoy  his  fweet  reveries  !  All  the  fenfes  are 
flattered  at  the  fame  time ;  the  fight  with  verdure,  the  fmell 
with  fragrance ;  and,  on  the  fufceptiblc  ear,  how  fweetly  fall 
th€  notes  of  the  nightingale  !  Let  mufic  aflcrt  )>er  empire  over 
your  foul  !  Give  yourfelf  up  to  her  enchanting  influence.  Let 
her  fnatch  you  from  yourfelf.  Mufic,  no  Jefs  than  poetry, 
paints  thesobjefls  of  the  mind.  She  exprcflcs  the  diflFerent  paf- 
iions.  She  has  the  fecret  art  of  infpiring  tendernefs  and  rage. 
Surely  the  heart  has  fome  correfpondence,  fome  intelligence 
with  the  ear.' 

This  is  really  poetry,  genuine  poetry,  heightened  and  en- 
riched by  philoibphy.  Poflibly  an  European  poet  might  expr^fs 
the  fame  fentiments  in  fomething  like  the  following  language : 

See  the  fair  feafon  of  each  fofc  defire ! 
Sec  waking  Nature  on  her  urn  rcfpire  ! 
No  more  with  winter's  icy  hand  at  Urifet 
See  motion  dart  through  all  created  life ! 
Through  all  the  human,  all  the  fylvan  rdga 
In  brifker  currents  glides  the  genial  vein. 
The  lifelefs  mead,  the  woodland's  naked  fcene 
Burft  into  flowers,  and  brighten  into  green. 
No  more  the  ftreams  the  freezing  North  obey  ; 
•    Their  captive  waters  freely  wind  away. 

With  joy,  with  love,  the  winged  worlds  are  blcft. 
And  flrain  to  melody  each  little  breaft. 

O,  yield  thy  hours,  to  this  fair  feafon  yield  f 
Leave  the  (lunn'd  city  for  the  (Irifelefs  field : 
Their  early  race  'twas  there  thy  fathers  ran, 
The  only  dwelling  Nature  meant  for  man. 
If  plcas'd  with  virtues,  genuine  though  obfcure. 
Charms  that  are  guiltlefs,  pleafures  that  are  pure. 
In  Nature's  pointed  eloauence  to  trace 
H«r  mighty  Maker's  wiidomt  and  bi»  grace  ;-^ 
If  fcenes  like  thefe  may  purer  pleafures  yield, 
XiCave  the  ftunn'd  city  for  the  ftrifelefs  field. 

No  pale  chagrin  fhall  plains  or  groves  impart, 
For  Nature  bears  no  hatred  in  her  heart : 
With  her  the  lover  fecks,  the  lonely  vale, 
Sr^^^l  his  fond  vpws,  and  trufts  bil  W»4«  »!«•     ,^^ 


43*  Earkcr  on  Bapttftiti 

While  jBvery  charm  that  every  fenfe  can  fenow^ 
The  mingled  bounties  of  her  hand  bellow. 
Health,  fifcdom,  fragrance  in  the  pregnant  fkj^ 
The  green's  mild  freftnefs  opening  on  the  eye; 
And,  oh !  the  founds  that  melt,  that  melt  away. 
When  Philomda  pours  her  liquid  lay  I 

To  music's  voice,  to  music's  foft  controuU 
Yield  the  rapt  ear,  and  render  all  the  fool : " 
Love,  grief,  and  rage,  her  various  notes"^  inipire  | 
The  poet  fpeaks  not  plainer  than  the  lyrc» 
Se'iz'd  are  his  honours,  and  excelled  his  art. 
While  the  rapt  ear  holds  comn^erce  with  the  hear^ 

We  muft  noiir  recommend  the  remainder  of  this  ingeniom 
pamphlet  to  the  attention  of  pur  learned  Readers. 

'  •  ** 

/^RT.  II-  The  Duty,  Circuwftancesj  and  Benefits  Qf  Baptifm^  de» 
termmdby  Eviiience.  L  The  TeJitTnonies  in  ihe  New  lefiament 
ranged  under  proper  Heads,  IL  Thofe  from  the  frji  Chrijiian 
Ur iters  in  Dr.  Wa'Js  Method  iynproyed,  '  ///.  ^he  Evidence  of 
ihe  whle  fummed  up.  With  an  Appendix^  Jhewing  ihf  Meaning 
cf  feveral  Greek  Words  in  the  New  TejUment, '  By  Thomas 
barker.    8vo.    36.  6d.  fcwed.     White.     1771-  ' 

WE  agree  wiih  this  Author  (and  happy  were  it  if  chrjf- 
tians  had  generally  been  of  the  fame  mind)  in  fup- 
pofing,  that  *  there  may  be  fome  matters  of  opinion,  wherein 
a  man  may  fa&ly  fufpend  his  judgment,  if  be  finds  them  no( 
clearly  revealed,  or  too  deep  for  his  upderftanding  or  leifure ; 
and  may  find  no  difficulty  in  ading  as  a  good  chriftian,  though 
he  be  not  fully  fatisfied  about  the  meaning  of  fome  fqch  pro- 
proficion^.^  But  we  perceive  that  he  will  not  join  with  us  in  a 
farther  fuppofition,  that  this  may  be  the  cafe  as  to  the  tubjet^s, 
and  the  rriode,  of'  baptifm,  upon  which  it  does  by  no  means  ap-- 
pear,  after  all  that  has  been  faid,  and  fometimes  with  fo  great 
confidence,  that  the  fcriptures  have  e^prefsly  determined  )  it  is 
probable  that  while  baptifm  is  itfelf  commanded,  thefe  particu- 
jar  points  and  circumftances  are  left  indifferent,  and  the  perfon 
who  determines  on  either  fide,  determines  fafely. 

i'his  W^riter  has  a  different  view  of  the  matter;  •  Baptifm, 
fay$  he,  is  a  point  of  practice;  it  is  a  thing  which  either  ought 
to  be  pradliild,  or  it  ougb;  not:  eitfier  infants  ihould  be  bap- 
tised, or  it  fhould  be  delayed  till  they  grow  up;  the  methoid^ 
alfo,  either  ought  to  be  by  dipping  or  not.  Many  fucb  cafes 
might  be  put,  wherein  a  man  who  is  not  fatisfied  which  is  right, 
will  be  in  a  great  Urait,  if  a  cafe  happens  wherein  he  muft  a£t 
either  one  way  or  other.  It  was  chiefly  (he  proceeds)  on  this  ac- 
count that  I  examined  the  matter  \  and  in  the  fearch  I  aimed  to 
"^    \ keen 


Barker  en  Baptifirtm  4^}. 

Iceep  elestr  of  all  prejudice,  which  like  an  ignis  fatuks  is  <b  apt 
to  miflead  men  \  alked  of  God  affiftance  in  my  enquiry,  aacf 
endeavoured  to  conform  my  opinion  to  the  evidence,  n>t  to  re- 
concile the  evidence  to  my  opinion.' 

He  writes  in  a  manner  becoming  a  worthy  man,  who  candidly 
enquires  for  truth,  and  diligently  applies  to  obtain  it :  he  likewiTe 
flifcovers  a  very  confiderable  {hare  of  that  kind  of  learning  which 
is'requifite  for  difcuiSng  fubjeds  of  this  nature  to  advantage  ; 

She  appears  to  have  recourfe  to  the  fountain  head  for  his  au« 
oritits,  and  does  not  merely  retail  them  at  fecond-hand  from 
the  writings  of  others.  In  his  extracts  from  the  ancient  fathers, 
befide  remarks  on  the  meaning  and  fitnefs  of  what  they  fay, 
]ie  farther  gives  fome  obfervations  on  the  inferences  which 
Dr.  Wall  and  Dr.  Gale  have  drawn  from  them,  to  whop  there- 
fore he  frequently  refers ;  telling  us,  that  he  has  rather  chofen 
to  remark  on  them  than  on  more  modern  writers,  becaufe  they 
principally  proceed  in  the  fame  order  with  himfelf,  and  lay  to- 
gether all  that  the  ancients  fay^  methodically,  before  the  reader. 
^  The  flrong  impreiSon,  fays  he^  the  firft  principles  received  in 
phildhood  make  on  the  mind  of  man,  greatly  hinders  the  dif« 
Govery  of  the  truth  in  this  and  many  other  cafes ;  and  but  few 
overcome  that  prejudice,  which,  like  a  coloured  glafs,  tinges  all 
objedis  feen  through  it.  By  this  falfe  light  was  Dr.  Wall,  a 
very  good  man  in  himfelf,  mifled  :  for  though  I  greatly  approv.o 
of  and  imitate  his  method,  of  quoting  the  feveral  writers  in 
order  of  time,  yet  whoever  reads  his  remarks  on  the  quotations, 
Ijvill  plainly  fee  their' aim  is  not  fo  much  to  fearch  out  the  author's 
rieal  opinion,  as  to  reconcile  it  |p  the  pradice  of  infant  baptifm, 
Vhich  be  firmly  believed  to  be  right.  By  the  fame  rudder,  on)/ 
^t  the  contrary  way,  his  oppofer.  Dr.  oale,  was  turned  afide, 
^rho,  though  he  well  dete6)s  many  falfe  colourings  in  Dr.  Wall, 
13  not  clearer  from  the  like  himfelf;  his  aim  being  not  as  a  mo- 
derator, to  (hew  where  he  had  hit  or  mifled  the  truth,  but  as  a 
gleader,  to  fay  what  he  could  for  the  caufe  he  efpoufed.  And 
i  muft  own,  though  I  am  nearer  his  opinion  as  to  the  faA,  yet 
I  like  Wall's  methodical  way  of  writing  better  than  Gale's  ir- 
regular one,  from  which  his  plan  of  feparate  letters  can  hardly 
be  kept  clear.  But  while  I  complain  of  the  power  of  prejudice 
over  others,  fome  will  perhaps  fay  to  me,  are  you  any  clearer 
ftov^  it  yourfelf  ?  It  may  be  I  am  hot  a  proper  judge  in  my  own 
cafe :  but  having  taken  all  the  proper  precautions,  of  diligent 
Icarch,  careful  examination,  and  application  to  God  for  direc- 
tion, which  either  prudence  or  religion  di£late ;  ;|nd  having  no 
intereft  to  fuppofe  the  ahurch  of  England,  whofe  fervice  I  con* 
ftantly  attend,  is  in  an  error,  unlefs  where  it  really  appears  to  me 
tQ  be  ib  ^  I  hQpe  to  be  found  for  the  moft  part  clear,  and  to 
^  ftand 


434  'BBrkcT  on  BapHfin. 

ftand  excured  before  God  and  man,  if  I  have  anyVhere  faUen 
into  ail  involontary  miflake.' 

We  apprehend  others  wiU  think  with  us,  that  the  produc- 
tions of  a  man  of  fenfe  and  learning,  who  difcovers  fuch  a  fpr« 
rir,  merit  attention  and  regard,  though  he  oppofes  /ome  pre- 
▼aHing  opinion  or  pradice,  or  even  though  he  fliould  in  any 
inftance  appear  to  be  miftakcn.     For  a  general  view  of  his  me* 
thod,  we  (haH  lay  before  our  readers^  farther  brief  account  of 
it,  which  he  has  given  in  the  preface.     *  The  plan  of  the  whole 
book  is  as  follows  :  Baptifm  is  confidered  as  a  thing  in  its  own 
nature  indifferent,  but  a  duty  on  men,  becaufe  commanded  by 
our  Saviour,  and  therefore  to  be  done  in  fudi  a  manner,  and 
fuch  only,  as  he  has  commanded.     To  find  out  which,  all  the 
texts^  relating  to  baptifm  are  here  quoted ;  not  firft  laying  down 
the  do£lrine,  and  then  picking  out  texts  to  fupport  it,  but  all 
that  relate  to  each  circumftance  of  baptifm  are  brought  toge- 
ther, and  endeavoured  to  be  placed  in  the  cleared  order ;  and 
on  viewing  the  whole,  the  meaning  is  fet  down  at  the  end  of 
the  number ;  and  before  any  other  old  writer  is  examined,  the 
fubftance  of  the  doflrine  of  the  New  Teftament  is  fummed  up  at 
the  end  of  the  firft  part.     The  other  chriftian  writers  are  quoted 
in  the  fecond  part,  in  order  of  time,  and  mentioning  alfo  the 
country  where  each  lived  ;  and  all  each  author  fays  is  ranged 
under  feveral  heads  in  the  fame  manner  as  in  the  firft  part ;  the 
author's  meaning  fet  at  the  end  of  each  number,  and  generally 
bis  whole  opinion  fummed  up  before  I  proceed  to  the  next 
tirriter.     In  the  third  part,  the  doArine  of  the  whcde  is  fum* 
med  up  in  order,  and  the  opinions  where  different  compared 
together,  to  find  what  was  the  original  pradice,  and  where  and 
how  alterations  arofe,  which  feem  to  be  thefe.    That'  original 
fin  is  not  a  fcripture  do£irine,  but  came  in  gradually  afterward, 
and  gathered  ftrength  by  time.     That  all^  chriftians  muft  be 
baptised  i^  due  time,  but  that  thofe  only  were  baptized  at  firft, 
vbo  were  old  enough  to  underftand  and  believe  the  dodrine, 
till  by  baptising  children  younger  and  younger,  baptifm  of  in- 
fants came  in,  firft  in  the  weftern  church  and  afterward  in  the 
eaftern ;   the  doSrine  of  original  fin,  and  pra&ice  of  infant 
1>aptifm  keeping  equal  pace.     The  feveral  ceremonies  ufed  in 
baptifm  are  alfo  reckoned  up  }  forgivenefs  and  divine  affiftanca 
are  the  benefits  of  baptifm ;  and  an  open  profeffion  and  perfe- 
vering  in  virtue  the  duties  of  it.' 

To  this  general  account  we  ftiait  add  a  few  extra&s,  which 
may  give  fome  farther  idea  in  what  manner  this  Writer  execucetl 
^e  plaii  he  had  formed.  ^ 

Of  the  neceffity  of  baptifm. 

I  Pet.  iii»  tu  Baptifm  doth  alio  now  f^ve  VV 

•   •  '      ^  '       Aat 


Barker  m  Bapti/m*  43^ 

Ads  xxii.  1 6.  Be  baptized  and  wa(h  away  thy  fins. 
Eph.  ▼•  26.  That  he  might  fandify,  it,  cleanfing  it  by  th^ 
vaibing  of  water  in  the  word. 

r  Cor.  vi.  11.  But  ye  are  waihed,  but  ye  are  fanflificd. 
Heb.  X.  22.  Having  our  hearts  fprinkled  from  an  evil  con- 
fcience,  and  our  bodies  wafhed  with  pure  watef. 

Tit.  ill.  5.  He  favcd  us  by  the  waOiing  of  regeneration* 
John  ill.  3,  5»  6.  Unlefs  a  perfon  (tk)  be  born  from  above» 
he  cannot  fee  the  kingdom  of  God^ — Unlefs  a  perfon  be  born  . 
of  water  and  the  fpirit,  he  cannot  enter  the  kingdom  of  God« 
That  which  is  born  of  the  flefh  is  flefli,  and  that  which  is  born 
of  the  fpirit  is  fpirit. 

'  The  method  which  Chrift  has  appointed  for  admitting  men 
into  his  churchy  and  cleanfing  their  former  fins,  is  bapttfm. 
And  notwithftanding  all  Gale's  quotations  and  arguments,  that 
rivtg  fometimes  means  a  few  perfons  out  of  a  larger  number^ 
yet  I  think  it  is  plain  that  rt;  in  John  iii.  means  a  certain  per- 
fon, any  one  who  will  become  a  chrijdian,  and  that  no  one  un- 
lefs he  be  born  of  water  and  the  fpirit  is  entered  into  Chrift*s. 
church,  nor  entitled  to  the  peculiar  rewards  promifed  to  it: 
for  as  our  Saviour  argues,  from  a  natural  birth  can  fpring  only 
a  natural  lifc^  to  ^fpiritual  one  a  renewal  by  the  fpirit  is  required. 
This  may  fuffice  in  anfwer  to  Mr.  Emlyn's  previous  queftion^ 
whether  bapiifm  is  at  all  neceflary  to  the  children  of  cbrijliansp 
or  only  to  converts  ?  which  1  look  on  as  a  good  argumintum  ad 
bmninemy  concIudin<z  againd  chofe  who  argue  from  the  fuppofed 
Jcwifli  profelyte  baptifm,   but   nothing  further.     A  child  then 
ix>rn  of  chriftian   parents,  educated  in  chriftianity,  attending 
the  fervice  and  pradifmg  the  precepts  of  it,  as  far  as  an  unbap- 
tized  perion  may,  cannot  be  called  a  compleat  chriftian  ////  hi 
is  baptized ;  and  what  reward  fuch  a  one  dying  before  baptifoi 
"will  receive,  depends  on  the  undeclared  good  pleafure  of  God« 
But  becaufe  the  kingdom  of  heaven  is  promifed  only  to  chri- 
lliians,  to  conclude  with  Auguftin  and  his  followers,  that  all 
muft  perifh,  who  without  their  own  fault  fail  of  being  baptized, 
is  without  ground  :  all  the  promifes  in  the  Gofpei  are  made  to 
the  cbers  §f  God's  work^  to  him  who  pleafeth  God^  to  him  who 
keepeth  the  commandments^  to  him  who  rejijis  the  dev'ily  and  to  him 
Vfbo  overcometh^  &c.     Again,  all  the  threaten! ngs  are  againft  the 
committers  of  wickednefsy  againft  murderers^  drunkards^  hypocritey^ 
errticcrs  to  fin^  kc.  ;  but  I  know  of  no  declaration  in  the  whole 
fiew  Teftament  what  Ihall  be  done  with  thofe  who  never  knew 
gcxxl  from  evil,  were  never  expofed  to  temptation,  were  never 
put    to  any  trial  of  their  obedience,  nor  ever  had  any  oppor- 
tunity to  do  or  refufc  their  duty.     This  therefore,  which  can  be 
Itnown  only  by  reYclation^  let  us  not  prefuine  to  determine  dur- 
**/■'■'  fclve$ 


436  Barker  $n  B^ti/m* 

felves,  but  be  coDtent  to  leave  them  to  their  merciAiI  creator, 
well  knowing  that  we  are  far  fhort,  than  that  we  (hould  love 
God*s  creature  more  than  he  who  made  it* — But  thpugh  fuch 
as  never  heard  are  not  required  to  believe,  nor  thofe  who  can- 
not know  expeded  to  pratElife,  I  fay  nothing  in  behalf  of  fuch 
as  being  grown  capable  of  both,  caufele(sly  delay  their  own  bap« 
tifm  ;  they  are  to  be  looked  on  as  negle&ers  and  defpifers  of 
what  God  has  appointed,  to  their  own  majiir  they  rnuft  Jiand  or 
fall: 

It  has  beeo  argued  with  great  appearance  of  truth,  that  in 
tl^e  laft  phargie  Concerning  baptifm  recorded  by  St.  Matthew, 
the  word  MaWtutroIc  fhould  be  rendered  profelyte  or  difcifU ; 
npr  does  it  feem  unreafonable  to  fuppofe  that  baptifm  was  to 
be,  in  refpe£i  to  children^^  the  initiating  right  or  token  of  their 
being  brought  into  the  church  of  Chrift,  that  they  might  be 
educated  in  his  doArine  and  in  obedience  to  his  laws  :  but  Mr. 
Barker  does  not  admit  of  fuch  an  interpretation.  What  he 
fays  upon  it  is  as  follows : 

<  Matth.  xxviii.  19,  20.  (M^tSfjIsutranc)  Convert  all  nations, 
baptising  them  into  the  name  of  the  Father,  and  of  the  Son, 
ajid  of  the  Holy  Ghoft ;  teaching  them  to  obferve  all  things 
l^hatfoever  1  have  commanded  you. 

^  Some  would  tranflate  jua97]ffuo-<xl£  difcipU  all  nations,  as  if 
it  referred  to  what  follows,  making  them  difciplcs  by  baptizing  ; 
but  on  comparing  the  ufe  of  the  words,  it  appears  that  fJuoJMi^m 
never  means  any  difcipling  but  what  comes  by  teaching,  yet  is 
fomething  farther  than  teaching,  that  is  to  perfuade  and  con- 
vince by  it.  lAoAi!ir,Q  alfo  whence  it  is  derived  means  one  taught, 
cither  an  immediate  follower  of  Jefus,  or  one  who  by  what  he 
heard  and  &w  was  convinced  that  he  was  the  Chrift ;  yet  men 
were  called  fo  on  lefs  belief  before  Cbrift's  refurre^ion  thaa 
afterward.* 

'    In  the  fourth  chapter,  the  Author  recites  the  qualificationa 
for  baptifm ;  from  which  we  (ball  give  the  following  extraiS : 

^  I  John  ii.  12,  13.  I  write  unto  you  children  (r^xw^)  be- 
caufe  your  fins  are  forgiven  you.<^-I  wr!(e  unio  you  children 
{vci.iiiot)  bccaufe  ye  have  known  the  Father. 

*  The  fins  of  cnildren  as  oppofed  to  fathers,  being  here  faid 
to  be  forgiven,  probably  they  were  baptized  before  manhood  ; 
and  fo  far  as  this  text  goes,  which  is  not  cxprefs,  it  is  againft 
thofe  who  delay  it  till  full  age  or  even  longer,  as  too  many  of 
the  antipaedobapttfb  do ;  but  the  age  they  were  baptized  at  aces 
not  appear^  Thofe  here  mentioned  had  underftanding,  elfe  his 
writing  to  them  were  ufelefs  ;  the  word  (rexi/ta)  alone  fixes  no 
time,  being  ufcd  of  perfons  of  whatever  age,  as  oppofed  to  their 
anceftors  whether  immediate  or  remote  s  the  perfons  in  tbefi; 

two 


Barker  en  Baptifm.  4  jy 

two  vcrfcs  are  fons  as  oppofcd  to  fathers,  and  children  to  young 
men ;  yet  all  were  of  fome  coniiderable  age^  the  children 
{woLiSiCt)  as  oppofcd  to  young  men,  being  faid  to  have  knowa 
the  father. 

^  Rom.  xi.  16.  Tf  the  iirft  fruU  be  holy  fo  is  the  lump,  and 
if  the  root  be  holy  fo  are  the  branches. 

*  I  Cor.  vii.  14.  The  unbelieving  hufband  is  fandified  by 
the  wife,  and  the  unbelieving  wife  is  fan£tified  by  the  bufband  ; 
dfe  were  your  children  unclean  but  now  are  they  hply, 

<  Mr.  Emiyn,  in  his  previous  quejlion^  quotes  thefe  texts  to 
fhew  that  chriftian  children  need  no  baptifm ;  and  they  are,  [ 
think,  the  beft  he  can  produce,  as  feeming  to  fpeak  of  a  race 
purified  by  iefceni  from  a  pure  ftock;  yet  1  think  by  no  means 
fufficient  to  fet  afide  a  pradice  conftantly  ufed  from  the  firft« 
Nor  indeed  is  that  in  Romans  fpoken  of  baptifm  at  all,  but  as 
the  context  proves,  to  ihew  that  the  Jews,  though  rejeded  for 
X  time,  were  not  utterly  caft  ofF.  Dr.  Wall,  on  the  contrary, 
quotes  that  in  Corinthians  to  prove  that  they  then  baptized  the 
in6int  children  of  chriftians  :  but  we  may  obferve,  that  the  un- 
believing party  is  faid  \Jiyict^oi,C)  to  be  made  holy,  in  the  fame 
'manner  as  it  is  faid  the  children  {iy\x  frii'}  are  holy,  which 
mud  not  therefore  be  interpreted  inconfiftently.  Now  I  think 
none  will  fay,  either  that  the  unbelieving  party  needs  no  bap* 
tjfm,  or  that  the  believing  party's  faith  (its  him  for  it ;  that 
therefore  muft  not  be  faid  of  the  child  fo  born. — ^But  the  mean* 
ing  of  the  lext  feems  to  me  to  be  this  ;  Paul,  in  this  chapter^ 
tells  the  Corinthians,  that  they  (hould  marry  only  in  the  Lord\ 
and  elfewhere.  Be  not  unefually  yoked  together  with  unbelievers  i 
but  he  here  explains  himfelf,  that  he  does  not  mean  thofe  who 
were  married  before  converfion  (hould  part ;  in  that  cafe  he  ad- 
▼ifes  the  believer  not  to  part  in  hopes  of  converting  the  other, 
for  that  there  was  nothing  unlawful  in  the  union,  nor  were 
their  children  ever  the  worfe,  but  might  probably  be  brought 
up  chriftians,  either  by  the  converfion  of  the  unbeliever,  or  at 
Icaft  by  their  own  care  and  inftruflion  ;  chriftianity  being  (b 
much  more  reafonable,  agreeable  to  unprejudiced  minds,  and 
favoured  of  God,  than  heathenifm.' 

Thus  our  Author  rejefis  thefe  texts  as  to  any  favourable  af- 
pcd  they  may  wear  refpeding  infant  baptifm  ;  but  there  is 
neverthelefs  reafon  to  think  that  they  have  (at  leaft  the  latter 
of  them)  fome  confi^erablc  importance  and  weight  in  the  argu- 
ment. It  is  well  known,  from  fevcral  paflages  of  fcripture 
which  have  been  produced  and  compared  in  this  view,  that  the 
word  holy^  as  applied  to  perfons,  fi^nifit^s  thofe  who  might  be 
admitted  to  partake  of  the  diftingiiifhing  rites  of  God's  people  : 
and  as  to  the  fuppofition  that,  becaufe  the  unbelieving  party  is 

here 


43$  Barker  on  Bapiifm* 

here  (aid  to  be  (anfiified  by  ;the  believing  wife  or  bu(band,  that 
party  continuing  in  unbelief  might  ftill  be  admitted  to  bap- 
tifm  upon  the  fame  plea  as  is  drawn  in  behalf  of  infants ;  it 
HOC  this  (training  the  meaning  of  the  text  beyond  its  evidenc 
dc&gn  i  For  does  not  the  plain  import  of  it  fcem  to  be  this; 
that  though  one  of  the  married  parties  remained  an  unbeliever 
or  a  heathen,  yet  that  party  might  be  fo  far  regarded  as  holy 
by  the  connexion  with  a  believer,  as  not  to  render  the  chil- 
dren unclean?  or  deprive  them  of  any  benefits  they  n^ight  de<- 
fivc  from  chriftian  parents  ?  This  obfervation  happened  to  prc- 
fent  itfelf  while  we  were  confidering  what  is  here  faid,  and  there- 
fore we  have  given  it  a  place,  though  vi/e  do  not  by  any  means 
take  upon  us  to  enter  much  into  the  controverfy. 

One  chapter,  in  this  part  of  the  work,  which  inveftigates  the 
fubje^  according  to  the  accounts  given  of  it  in  the  New  Tefta- 
ment,  is  entitled.  Of  thefeverel  aumonies  of  baptifm '^  and  here 
we  meet  with  fome  conclufions  which  we  mould  not  have  ex- 
peded  from  this  Writer.  From  fome  places  in  fcripture,  in 
which  chriftians  are  fpoken  of  as  being  fealed  and  anoinUd^  as 
receiving  the  Jpirit  rf  adoption  whereby  they  cry^  Abba  father^  in 
which  they  are  admonifbed  to  keep  their  garments  undefiled,  or 
faid  CO  be  cUathid  in  wbiu^^he  infers,  that  baptized  perfons  were 
anointed  with  oil  or  cintmtnt,  to  reprefent  the  gift  of  the  fpirit 
they  were  to  receive  ;  that  in  token  of  their  adoption  by  bap- 
tifm,  they  immediately,  on  receiving  it,  called  on  God  as  their 
father  by  repeatiiig  the  Lord's  prayer,  and  that  they  received 
white  garments  with  a  charge  to  keep  them  pure.  Is  not  this 
building  too  much  upon  conje3ure  ?  and  is  it  not  a  manner  of 
reafoning  from  the  fcriptures  which  has  fomething  of  a  dan- 
gerous tendency  ?  It  is  indeed  well  known  that  ceremonies  of 
this  nature  did  pretty  early  prevail  in  the  chriilian  church,  and 
at  length  degenerated  into  deep  fuperftition  :  and  fuch  practices 
they  endeavoured  to  fupport  by  fcripture,  or  rather  by  its  mif- 
interpretation :  but  there  does  not  appear  any  ground  to  be- 
lieve that  thefe,  or  other  ceremonies,  were  authorized  by  any 
precept  or  prafiice  of  Chrift  or  his  apoftlcs. 

After  having  confidered  what  the  fcriptures  oflTer  upon  this 
fubjed,  our  Author,  regarding  the  pradicc  of  the  church  in 
or  near  the  Apofiles  time,  as  a  good  comment  on  them,  proceeds- 
to  fearch  put,  in  order  of  time  and  place,  the  opinion  of  all 
the  early  chriftian  writers  :  but  for  particulars,  we  muft  refer 
our  readers  to  the  book  itfelf.  One  thing  farther  we  muft  men- 
tion, as  generally  applicable  to  thofe  writers-  who  are  unfa- 
vorable to  the  baptifm  of  infants,  which  is,  that  they  do  not 
feem  fufficiently  to  diftinguifti  between  the  converts  to  chrifli* 
anity  from  judaifm  and  heathenifm,  and  the  children  of  chri- 
ftians.     With  regard  to  the  former,  a  declaration  of  faith  and 

repentance 


Bulkley  V  Difcdurfis  in  thi  ParaiUtl  439 

repentance  was  certainly  requifite  to  baptiftn ;  as  to  the  latter, 
it  appears  natural  to  conclude  that  they  fhould  be  baptized  up- 
on the  faith  of  their  parents,  as  a  teftimony  of  their  coming 
into  the  world  under  a  merciful  and  gracious  difpenfation,  and 
being  brought  into  the  church  of  Chrift*  However  it  muft  be 
acknowledged,  as  evident  to  all  thinking  perfbns,  that  there 
are  fome  things  in  the  admtniftration  of  baptifm,  and  other 
parts  of  the  fervice  of  our  church  of  England,  which  loudly 
call  to  be  reconfidered  and  amended.  They  afford  fome  matter 
of  triumph  to  infidels  and  fcofFers,  while  ferious  and  up« 
right  perfons  regard  them  with  concern.  It  is  greatly  to  be 
wi(hed,  that  thofe  who  have  it  in  their  power  would  make  aa 
attempt  for  an  alteration,  fo  far  at  leaft  as  to  leave  fome  thinge 
indiiFerent  /  and  difcretionary,  and  not  fufFer  the  people  or  the 
clergy  to  be  forcibly  tied  down  to  any  expreffions  or  pra^ices 
which  it  is  hard  to  reconcile  with  religion  or  common  fenfe. 

Art.  III.  Difcourfes  on  thi  Parables  of  our  BUJfed  Saviour^  and 
ibo  A£racUs  of  bis  holy  Go/pel.  With  occafional  IlluflrationSm 
In  four  Volumes.  By  Charles  Bulkley.  Vol.  L  8vo«  5  $« 
fewed.    Horsfield,  &c.     1771. 

TH  E  parables  of  Chrift  form  a  very  important  and  edify** 
ing  part  of  the  facred  writings.  An  ingenious  and  leairned 
writer,  already  known  to  the  world  by  former  publications,  has 
here  undertaken  to  illuftrate  them,  and  to  apply  and  enforce 
their  pra£tical  defign. 

This  volume  contains  fourteen  fermons,  the  iirft  of  which 
conilders  the  nature  and  defign  of  parables.  The  fubje&'of 
the  others  are  as  follow: — the  parables  of  the  fower,  of  the 
tares,  of  the  muftard^feed  ;  the  forgiven  debtor,  the  two  fons, 
the  vineyard,  the  marriage  feaft,  the  ten  virgins,  and  the  talents. 
The  difcourfes  on  thefc  topics  are  very  rational,  tending  to  fix 
the  principles  of  religious  truth  and  virtue  in  the  heart,  and 
alio  to  excite  us  to  a  fuitable  praflice. 

The  firfl  fermon  is  founded  on  the  reply  which  our  Lord  gave 
to  the  eriquiry'of  his  difciples,  why  he  fpake  to  the  people  in 
parables  ?  ^  He  anfwered  and  faid  unto  them,  becaufe  it  is  given 
to  you  to  know  the  mvfleries  of  the  kingdom  of  God  :  but  to 
them  it  is  not  given.  '  For  whofoever  has,  to  him  fball  be 
given,  and  he  ihall  have  more  abundance  :  but  whofoever  hath 
not,'  from  him  ihall  be  taken  away  even  that  he  hath.'  ^  The 
meaning  6f  which  declaration,  obferves  our  Author,  I  appre-» 
hend  to  be  this ;  to  you  who  have  made  fo  much  better  im« 
provement  of  your  former  advantages,  and  retain  an  ingenuous 
candour  and  docility  of  temper,  I  can  fometimes  expreu  myfeif 
in  more  dire£l  and  explicit  terms  concerning  the  principles  of 
my  religion  and  the  defign  of  my  prophetic  miifioa :  whereas  te 

thofe 


44^  Bulkley'i  Difaurfes  $n  thi  Parahlesi 

thofe  who,  notwithflanding  their  having  enjoyed  the  fame  &<}« 
vantages  with  you,  are  moft  dreadfully  depraved  in  temper  and 
blinded  in  underftanding^,  there  is  the  higheft  poffible  neceflity 
that  I  ihould  deliver  my  inftrudions  in  fuch  a  gradbal,  infinu- 
ating  and'taiperccptible  manner,  as  may  be  moft  effe^Siual  for 
bringing  them  to  a  Icnowledge  of  the  truth : — *  Therefore  fpeak 
I  to  them  in  parables  ;  becaufe  they  feeing  fee  not,  and  hearing 
they  hear ^  not,  neither  do  they'underftand  :'  that  is,  whilft  I 
fpeak  to  them  in  this  manner,  though  they  immediately  difcernf 
and  cannot  but  acknowledge  the  propriety  of  the  parabolical 
reprefentation,  yet  they  do  not  fo  immediately  and  diredly  fee 
or  peirceive  it  to  be  intended  as  a  reprefentatioii  of  the  malig- 
nity of  their  own  charadlers,  and  of  the  abfolute  neceffity  of  a 
reformation  and  amendment  to  be  made  in  them.  Our  Saviour 
adds,  ^  and  in  tbem  is  fulfilled  the  prophecy  of  Etaias  $  which 
fays,  by  hearing  ye  (hall  hear,  and  fhall  not  underftand  :  and 
feeing  ye  fliall  fee,  and  (hall  not  perceive ;  for  this  people's 
heart  is  waxed  grofs,  their  ears  are  dull  of  hearing,  and  their 
eyes  they  have  clofed.'  In  which  words  is  more  dire£Uy  and 
immediately  exprefied  that  abfolute  neceffity  there  was  of  ad- 
dreffing  them  in  the  manner  now  hinted  at,  arifing  from  their 
long  habit  of  indifpofitiojn  to  religious  inftru^ion,  and  thofe  pre- 
judices which  would  be  inceflantly  arifing  in  their  minds  againft 
whatever  Ihould,  upon  the  firft  aflped,  appear  to  have  a  moral 
view  or  meaning  in  it :  and  the  good  effeds  which  fuch  a  me- 
thod of  Inftrudion  might  poffibly  produce  in  the  cafe  of  fuch 
perfons,  are  exprefied  in  the  laft  claufe  of  the  text;  Uft^  or,  as 
the  origii^l  word  made  ufe  of  both  by  the  evangelift  St.  Mat- 
thew, and  in  the  feptuagint  verfion  of  the  paflage  in  the  pro- 
phecy of  Ifaiah  here  referred  to,  fometimes  figniiies,  if  perad^ 
venture^  by  being  thus  infeniibly  and  unawares  led  to  a  more 
ferious  and  deli^rate  attention  to  religious  truths,  and  to  a 
fuller  and  more  ingenuous  conviction  of  the  depravity  of  their 
own  hearts,  than  could  be  expefied  from  any'.other  method  of 
inftruAion ; — ^  they  (hould  fee  with  their  eyes  and  hear  with 
their  ears,  and  be  converted,  and  I  ihould  heal  them/  Or,  ia 
other  words,  if  poffibly  they  may  at  length,  and  in  the  happy 
refult  and  iflue,  be  fo  clearly  convinced  of  the  truth,  importance 
and  excellency  of  my  dodlrine,  as  to  be  bv  it  reclaimed  from 
the  irregularities  of  their  lives, — ^and  be  nrmly  eftablifhed  ia 
the  love  and  pra<£lice  of  religion*  In  the  fecond  chapter  of  St. 
Paul's  epiftle  to  Timothy,  the  .twenty-fifth  and  twenty-fixih 
verfes,  he  gives  him  this  advice,  that  he  fliould  *  inftruA  in 
mecknefs  thofe  who  oppofe  themfelves,  if  God  peradventun  will 

five   them  repentance  to  the  acknowledgment  of  the  truth/ 
Vhere  the  particle  traoflated,  if  peradventun^  is  the  very  fame 
with  that  which  in  our  text  is  rendered  /{/?,  and  by  which  ren- 

deri^^ 


fiiilklej'x  DifcGUrfes  on  the  Parallel  441 

dcring  our  Saviour  is  made  to  fpeak  of  the  reformation  of  h\k 
audience,  as  what  ou^ht  by  all  means  to  be  avoided,  and  to 
affign  it  as  the  very  rcafon  of  his  addrefling  them  in  parables, 
that  by  fo  doing  he  might  not  run  the  hazard  of  reclaiming 
them.-  So  that  the  plain,  natural  and  eafy  meaning  of  the  tcxC 
is,  that  our  Saviour  addrefled  himfdfto  the  multitude  in  paya- 
bles, becaufe,  confidering  their  great  averfion  to  moral  inftruc-* 
tions,  this  gradual,  infinuating  method  was  moft  likely  to  an* 
fwer  the  end  aimed  at,  namely,  their  reformation  and  amend- 
ment :  and  for  the  very  fame  reafon,  fables,  parables,  and  alle- 
goiies  have  been  made  ufe'of  by  many  others  who  have  applied 
themfelves  to  the  inftruflion  and  reformation  of  mankind.'  As 
an  inftance  of  this,  we  are  referred  to  the  parable  of  the  poor 
man's  ewe  lamb  addrefled  by  the  prophet  Nathan  to  King  David  ; 
*  here  we  have,  proceeds  the  Writer,'  an  illuftration  drawn  from 
real  faft  of  the  meaning  of  thcfe  phrafes,  **  feeing  they  fee  not, 
and  hearing  they  hear  not ;"  the  meaning,  I  fay,  of  thefe  phrafes 
as  defigned  to  fignify  and  denote  the  tendency  and  ufefulnefs  of 
parabolical  reprefentations  :  how  aptly  do  thefe  terms  exprefs 
the  very  conduct  of  David  upon  this  occafion  ?  »*"  feeing  he  faw 
not,  and  hearing  he  heard  not :"  he  immediately  faw  the  ini- 
quity and  barbarity  of  the  rich  man's  proceedings ;  his  heart 
»Cas  in  a  moment  fired  with  indignation  at  the  thought  of 
it;  — he  pronounced  the  fevereft  fentence  of  condemnation 
againft  the  man;  but  he  was  not  at  firfl:  aware  that  this  was 
an  exa£i  defcripcion  of  his  own  condud : — and  for  this  very 
reafon  he  was  brought  at  length  to  perceive  it  the  more  forci- 
bly ;  without  at  all  apprehending  him felf  to  have  been  con* 
cerned  in  the  affair,  he  pronounces  a  fentence  of  condemnation, 
which  he  could  not  decently  retraS,  when  he  afterwards  found 
it  in  reality  to  be  pronounced  againft  himfelf/  He  proceeds  to 
anfwer  an  objediion  to  his  explication  of  the  text,  which  arifes 
from  the  manner  of  St.  John's  citing  the  words  of  Ifaiah,  and 
which  it  may  be  fuppofed  will  by  no  means  admit  of  fuch  an 
interpretation  ;'  but  for  this  we  muft  refer  the  reader  to  th^ 
fermon  itfelf.  In  a  note  are  produced  fome  inftances  from  an- 
cient Greek  writers  of  the  ufc  of  phrafes  equivalent  to  that  in 
the  paflage  under  confideration  :  and  in  a  farther  note  fome  in- 
ftances  are  alfo  produced  in  which  the  word  [y-yiiroW)  tranflated 
///?,  in  the  text  here  confidered,  is  ufed  for  pojftbly  or  peradven^ 
tun:  and  to  other  proofs  of  this  kind  is  added  Luke  lit.  15. 
where  *  we  read,  that  "  all  men  mufed  in  their  hearts  (hauVoIe) 
whether  he  were  the  Chrift  or  not."  "  Whether  or  not ;"  that  is, 
in  other  words,  if  pojfttly  or  peradventure  he  were  not  the  Chrift/ 

But  though  there  is  great  appearance  of  truth  and  rcafon  in 
what  is  here  faid,  it  muft  be  acknowledged  that  the  point  is 
fiill  debateable ;  and  fur«ly  it  cannot  greatly  furprize  u$  to  find. 

Rev.  June  1771.  Gg  ciih«r 


442  Bulkley'j  Vijcourfes  on  the  ParalUs. 

either  in  natural  or  reveatod  religion*  fome  difEcuIties  particu- 
larly relating  to  the  methods  of  the  divine  government,  to  which 
we  muft  be  willing  to  fubmit,  without  being  able  at  prefent 
cither  to  remove  or  explain  them. 

In  the  difcourfe  on  the  parable  of  the  tares^  among  other  ju- 
dicious and  animated   refle£lions,  after  having  confidered  the 
bleflings  imparted  to  mankind  by  Chrift  as  intended  by  the  cx- 
predion,  *  he  who  fowed  the  good  feed  is  the  fon  of  man/  we 
read  as  follows  :    *  But  muft  it  not  neverthclefs  increafe  and 
heighten  our  forrow  on  account  of  the  abounding  and  the  tri- 
umphs of  iniquiti#9  to  confider  that  it  abounds  and  triumphs, 
iiotwithdanding  all  that  has  been  done  by  this  moft  illuftrious 
meffenger  of  heaven  and  friend  of  human  kind,  in  fowiog  and 
cherifhing,  by  the  moft  excellent  principles  and  doftrines  of  his 
religion,  the  feeds  of  pietiV  and  virtue  in  our  world  ?  When  wc 
rcfled  upon  the  glorious  defign  and  happ/V  tendenc/V  of  the  chri- 
iUan  fcheme,  when  we  view  it  in  its  original  (impliciti/  and 
godlike  form,— when  we  confider  by  what  a  variet/V  of  motives 
srifing  from  the  great  truths  it  inculcates,  from  the  bright  and 
fpotlefs  example,  from  the  endearing  love  and   unparalleled 
condefccnfaon  of  our  great  redeemer,  its  moft  excellent  laws  and 
precepts  are  enforced,  and  when  we  attend  to  thofe  marks  and 
lignatures  of  divine  and  heavenly  authoritiV  which  dignify  and 
confecrate  the  whole,  we  can  fcarcely  forbear  being  elated  at 
the  thought  of  thofe  moft  benign  and  falutariV  e(Fe£bs  which  we 
cannot  but  think  muft  needs  appear  in  every  age  of  the  chri- 
ftian  world,  and  in  the  conduft  of  every  chriftian  profeflbr* 
But,  alas  !  how  foon  do  wc  find  ourfelves  checked  and  reftrain-^ 
cd,  and  all  our  pleafing  profpeds  borne  down  by  that  fwelling 
torrent  of  iniquit/V  which  fpreads  itfelf  on  every  fide  j  and  it 
will  be  no  fmall  addition  to  that  concern  which  we  muft  feel  in 
our  minds  upon  fuch  a  view,  to  confider  that  the  fpring,  fromi 
whence  this  overpowering  and  impetuous  torrent  took  its  rife 
in  the  chriftian  world,  was  no  other  than  the  early  corruptioa 
of  thofe  who  alTumed  the  charafler  of  being  the  principal  fup- 
porters  and  abettors  of  the  chriftian  faith.     "  When  men  flept," 
to  ufe  the  hncruage  of  the  parable  we  arc  now  dif(pourfing  upon, 
and  which  in  all  probabilit/V  was  in  this  particular  intended  to 
be  prophetic ;  vvi.cn  thofe,  whofe  peculiar  bufinefs  it  was   to 
inculcate  the  truths   and   doflrines  of  the  gofpcl  in   all  their 
moral  force  and  energ/V,  fell  into  a  lethargic  ftupidit/>  as  to  the 
great  intcrefts  and  purpofes  of  vital  religion,  but  at  the  fame 
time  were  extremely  a<3ive  in  purfuing  the  dreams  of  their  own 
bewildered  imaginations,  then  of  courfc  did  **  the  tares  fpring 
up  apace."     Wljcn  thofe  whofe  proper  charafter  it  was  to  be 
the  '*  helpers  of  the  joy"  of  others,  began   to  claim  "  domi- 
nion over  their  faith,"  to  cre£t  the  idol  of  church-power,*  to 
6  -make 


Bulkley'j  Difcourfes  §n  the  Parables.  443 

make  the  vain  and  abfurd  attempt  of  eftablifliing  an  unifor- 
mitie  of  opinion,  and  to  conterid  with  furious  pride  and  bitter- 
nefsy  whofe  ihould  be  the  ftandard,  purfuing  at  the  fame  time 
with  unbounded  and  unfatiable  eagernefs  worldly  emoluments^ 
riches  and  honours,  it  is  natural  to  imagine,  what  was  indeed 
the  cafe,  that  all  kind  of  fordidnefs  and  iniquit/V  in  temper  and 
behavior  (bould  gain  ground.  And  at  that  very  time,  when 
there  was  more  occaiion  than  ever  for  hearing  the  principles 
of  chriftianity  inculcated  in  their  higheft  purit//  and  with  their 
utmoft  moral  force,  did  they  adulterate  and  enfeeble  it  by  the 
introduction  of  the  moft  uriintelligible  myfteries,  an  J  the  fub- 
Aicution  either  of  abfolutely  unmeaning  founds  and  phrafes,  or 
elfe  of  djredly  immoral  and  licentious  doctrines,  in  the  room  of 
that  true  and  real  *'  dodlrine"  of  Chrift,  which  is  "  according 
to  godlineff  .'* 

In  the  fermon  on  the  parable  of  the  muftard-feed,  the  re-' 
marks  (quoted  chiefly  from  Sir  Thomas  Brown)  on  the  expref- 
fions  of  its  being  the  lead  of  all  feeds,  and  growing  up  to  a 
large  tree,  may  be  acceptable,  as  fome  may  be  at  a  lofs  how 
to  remove  the  difficulty,  and  to  others  it  may  not  be  dlfagrce- 
able  to  be  reminded  of  the  explication.  Nothing  *  could  more 
expreffively  reprefent  the — ftabilit/V,  enlargement  and  triumphs 
of  Chrifl:*s  kingdom,  than  a  fair  and  fpreading  tree  rifing  out 
of  the  very  fmalleft  of  feeds.  The  propriety  of  this  cxpref- 
fion,  with  refped  to  the  feed  of  mudard,  has  been  very  fufficiently 
juftified  by  a  learned  writer,  (Sir  Thomas  Brown)  when  he  ob- 
ferves,  that  *'  though  it  be  not  fimply  and  in  itfelf  the  fmalleft 
of  feeds,  yet  we  may  very  well  believe  it  to  be  the  fmalleft  of 
feeds  of  plants /that  are  apt  to  grow  unto  a  ligneous  fubftance, 
and  become  a  kind  of  tree."  He  obferves  likewife,  tlvat  "  the 
parable  may  not  ground  itfclf  upon  generals  or  implie  any  or 
every  grain  of  muftard,  but  point  at  fuch  a  peculiar  grain,  as, 
from  its  fertile  fpirit  and  other  concurrent  advantages,  has  the 
fuccefs  to  become  arboreous."  The  expreiTion  alfo,  as  the  fame 
author  goes  on  to  obferve,  that  it  might  grow  into  fuch  dimen- 
fions,  that  birds  might  lodge  in  the  branches  thereof,  may  be 
literally  conceived,  if  we  allow  the  luxuriance  of  plants  in 
India  above  our  northern  regions.  And  he  mentions  upon  this 
occafion  what  is  recorded  in  the  Jewilh  ftor/V,  *^  of  a  muftard 
tree,  that  was  to  be  climbed  like  a  fig-tree." 

It  would  be  eafy  to  add  further  extra£ls  from  this  and  other 
fcrmons  in  the  volume  before  us,  which  would  be  accepted,  we 
^oubt  not,  with  pleafurc,  by  many  of  our  Readers ;  but  as  our 
limits  will  not,  at  prefent,  allow  us  to  enlarge,  we  muft  here 
refer  to  the  difcourfes  thcmfelves,  of  which  oijy  ih^firjl  volume 
is  yet  publi(hed« 

G  g  2  Art.  IV, 


t    4H    3- 

Art.  IV.     Ptinciples    of   Penal    Laws.      8vo.     58,   Boards^ 
Whltfe,  &c.     1771. 

THE  neceflity  of  fuppreffing  thofe  diforders  which  arifc  in 
fociety  from  the  paffions  and  intercourfe  of  men,  gives 
birth  td  criminal  jurifprudence.  It  is  long,  however,  before 
the  right  of  revenge  is  wholly  wrefted  from  the  individual  and 
cntrurted  to  the  magiftrate,  and  before  the  magiftrate  acquires 
full  authority  to  enforce  his  dccifions.  The  point  of  honour, 
for  example,  ftill  leads  to  the  practice  of  duelling  ;  and  all  the 
efforts  of  legiflation  and  government  have  been  unable  to  abo* 
lift  it. 

If  we  would  throw  any  light  on  the  fubje£t  of  crimes  and 
punifliments,  we  muft  attend  to  the  different  appearances  they 
exhibit  in  the  dilFerent  periods  of  fociet/.  We  muft  trace  them 
from  their  infant  ftate,  in  a  rude  community,  to  the  condition 
and  afpeft  they  aflume  in  a  refined  age.  It  is  only  from  a  care- 
ful obiervatHon  of  their  progrefs,  that  we  can  arrive  at  the  prin- 
ciples of  penal  law. 

Our  Author  has  followed  a  very  different  method.  He  fcts 
out  from  an  afTumed  period  of  perfedl  civilization  5  and  while 
he  feeks  in  the  hiftory  of  mankind  for  iiz,Q.s  and  examples  by 
which  to  fupport  and  confirm  his  reafonings,  he  perceives  not 
that  he  is  led  into  miftakes,  by  applying  to  lefs  cultivated  ages 
the  ideas  of  his  own  times.  It  muft  be  improper  to  realon 
dired^ly  from  the  criminal  regulations  of  a  Saxon  monarch,  to 
thofe  which  arc  now  eftabliflied  in  England.  It  is  neceflary, 
in  this  refpedl,  that  we  examine  the  ftate  of  the  intervening 
periods  of  our  hiftory. 

The  prefent  publication  confifts,  therefore,  of  detached  ob- 
fervations,  and  contains  no  regular  chain  of  caufei  and  eSt&s. 
It  difcovers,  notwithftanding,  a  confiderable  ftiare  of  ingenuity 
and  genius,  and  may  be  read  with  profit  and  amufement. 

The  following  obfervations  on  corporal  puniQimeats,  and  on 
infamy,  will  give  our  Readers  an  idea  of  our  Author's  manner 
and  merit. 

*  We  are  told,  fays  he,  that  in  Sparta  it  was  thought  a  very 
difgraceful  fentence  to  the  crimitial,  to  lofe  the  privilege  of 
lending  his  wife  to  another  man,  or  to  be  confined  to  the  fociety 
of  virgins. 

«  The  authenticity  of  the  faft  is  immaterial,  if  the  inference 
be  admitted,  which  is,  that  m  a  moderate  andyirtuous  govemmmt^ 
the  idea  ofjhame  will  follow  the  finger  of  the  law\  and  that  what* 
ever  fpecies  of  punifliment  is  pointed  out  as  infamous,  will 
have  the  ejFeft  oPfnfamy.  Exijlimatio  ejl  dignitatis  illafa  Jlatusy 
leglhm  ac  moribus  comprohatus^  qui  ex  delidJo  nojiroy  auSoritate 
>  iegum  aut  minuitur^  aut  confumitur.    The  punifliment  of  ftrang- 

ling 
9 


Principles  of  Pmal  Laws.  445 

ling  18  deemed  honourable^by  the  Ottoman  family,  who  think 
it  infamous  that  their  blood  (Hould  be  fpilt  upon  the  ground  ; 
in  England  it  \s  thought  a  more  rcfpetSlable  death  to  be  be- 
headed. 

*  Let  legiflators  then  remember,  that  the  ftamp  of  ignominy 
is  intruded  to  their  difpofal  ;  and  Itt  them  ufe  with  ceconomy 
and  difcrction  this  bcfl:  inftrument  for  the  promotion  of  mora^ 
lity  and  the  extirpation  of  vice. 

*  Shame  lofes  its  effeft,  when  it  is  inflifled  vvithout  joft  and 
cautious  diftiniflion ;  or  when  by  the  wantonnefs  of  oppreffion 
it  is  made  familiar  to  the  eye.  The  fenfibility  of  the  people 
under  fo  extravagant  an  exertion  of  power,  degenerates  into 
defpondency,  bafenefs  and  ftupidity  :  their  virJiie  is  of  forced 
cxtraftion,  the  child  of  fear,  with  all  the  meannefu  of  ih<.'  parent 
entailed  upon  it.  The  tranquillity  of  fuch  a  ftae,  Ays  Mon- 
tefquieu,  is  the  mournful  filence  of  a  city  which  the  enemy  is 
about  to  Aorm. 

*  The  prefent  Emprefs  of  Ruffia  is  aware,  that  immoderate 
efforts  are  the  fymptoms  of  infufliciency,  and  have  always  m«)re 
fury  than  force;  that  the  fecurity  of  the  Prince  decrenfes  in 
proportion  to  the  exorbitance  of  his  defpotifm  j  and  that  the 
national  fenfibility  is  the  beft  fpring  of  national  power.  But  a 
few  years  ago,  prior  to  the  reign  of  the  late  Emprefs  Elizabeth, 
it  was  no  more  difgrace  to  a  Ruffian  nobleman   to  receive  a 

'public  flogging  from  the  hands  of  the  hangman,  than  it  is  at 
this  moment  to  a  miferable  Japonefe  to  pay  with  his  (kin  the 
coils  of  a  civil  a£tion,  thought  nugatory  by  the  juHg*?.  The 
Mufcov^jes  no  longer  wed  their  wives  with  a  whip  inftead  of  a 

'  wedding  ring ;  and  Ruffia  rifes  into  the  refpet^  of  Europe. 
The  Japonefe  ftill  fubmit  to  the  daily  difcipllrie  of  the  lafh ; 
and  Japun  continues  the  contempt  of  the  world. — The  cuJgel 
(fays  Du  HaUle)  is  the  governor  of  China  ;  the  Chinefe  (fays 
the  writer  of  Lord  Anion's  voyage)  are  eminent  for  timidity, 
hypocrify,  and  diftionefty. 

«  Corporal  punishments  immediately  afFefting  the  body,  and 
publickly  infli£ied,  ought  to  he  infamous  in  rht?  eiiimation  of  the 
people;  fo  (hould  dcgiadations  from  titk';5  of  honour,  civii  in- 
capacities, brandings,  and  pubU>:  exhibitions  of  the  offenders : 
all  which  penalties  ought  to  be  applied  with  great  caution,  and 
only  to  offences  infamous  in  their  nature. 

*  In  any  cafe,  to  affix  a  lafling,  vifible  fligma  upon  the  of- 
fender^ is  contrary  both  to  humanity  and  found  policy.  The 
wretch  finding  himfelf  fubjefted  to  continual  infult,  becomes 
habituated  to  his  difgrace,  and  lofes  all  fenfe  of  fliame.  It  is  ' 
impofTible  for  him  to  form  any  irreproachable  connedtion  ;  for 
virtue,  though  of  a  fociat  nature,  will  not  alTociate  with  in- 
famy.    Yet  this  practice  of  branding  hath  prevailed  in  every 

G  g  3  .     .known 


446  PrincipUs  of-  Penal  Laws. 

known  fyftem  of  laws ;  as  with  us  at  prefent,  in  the  punt(h« 
ment  of  many  offences ;  and  in  all  cafes  when  the  offender, 
not  being  a  clergyman,  is  admitted  to  the  benefit  of  clergy.  In 
like  manner  by  the  laws  of  France,  Ceux  ^  celUs^  qui  apres  avoir 
iti  CGtidamnes  pour  voly  ou  fietris  de  quelqiu  autre  crime ^  que  cefoit^ 
feront  convain^us  de  rkidive  en  crime  de  vol^  ne  pourront  elre  condam-- 
nis  a  moindre  peine  que,  fcavoir^  les  hommes  aux  galercs  a  terns,  ou 
a  perpetuitej  et  Us  femmes  a  etre  de  rtouveau  flctries  d^un  W,  Ji  c^eft 
pour  recidive  de  vol^  ou  d^unjimple  V,  ft  la  premiere  fletrijfure  a  He, 
en  courrue  pour  autre  crime  *.  Et  ceux  que  feront  condamnes  aux 
galeres  a  terns  ou  perpetuite  POUR  quelque  crime  que  CE 
PUISSE  V.TKZ,  feront  JUtries,  avant  d*y  etre  conduits y  dcs  trois  leitres 
G,  A,  L.  pour,  en  cas  de  recidive  en.  crime  qui  mcrite  peine  affli^ive, 
etre  punis  de  mort  f.  So  alfo  among  the  Romans  it  was  ufuaf, 
but  only  when  the  crime  was  infamous  in  its  nature,  to  affix 
fome  branding  or  ignominious  letter  on  the  forehead  of  the  cri- 
minals ;  and  perfons  fo  branded  were  afterwards  called  Infcripti, 
or  Stigmaticiy  or  by  a  more  equivocal  term,  Literati ;  an  ex- 
predion  adopted  in  Stat.  4.  Hen.  VII.  c,  13.  which  recites,  that 
diver fe  perfons  lettered  had  been  more  bold  to  commit  mif- 
chievous  deeds,  &c. 

'*'  I  fay  nothing  of  baftinadoes,  mutilations,  and  a  variety  of 
other  modes  of  punifhing  equally  inconfifttnt  with  decency  and 
humanity  :  fuch  refinements  of  cruelty  put  the  whole  fpecies, 
rather  than  the  criminal,  to  difgrace, 

*  Artaxerxes  moderated  the  feverity  of  the  laws  of  Pcrfia, 
by  enafling,  thst  the  nobility  who  debafed  themfclVes>  inftead 
of  being  lafhed,  which  had  been  the  practice,  (hould  be  ftripped, 
and  the  whipping  be  given  to  their  vedments  9  and  that  in- 
ftead  of  having  the  hair  plucked  off,  they  (hould  only  be  de- 
prived  of  their  high-crowned  tiarae. 

^  There  are  two  kinds  of  infamy,  the  one  founded  in  the 
opinions  of  the  people  refpe6ling  the  mode  of  puniihment,  the 
other  in  the  conftrudion  of  law  refpe<5ling  the  future  credibi- 
lity of  the  delinquent :  the  law  of  England  was  erroneous,  when 
it  declared  the  latter  a  confequence  of  the  punifhment  not  of 
the  crime  J. — There  ftill  exift  fome  unrepealed  (latutes,  which 
inflid  perpetual  infamy  on  ofFcnces  of  civil  inflitution  ||.  Qut^ 
in  general,  the  rigour  of  this  dodrine  is  now  reduced  to  rea- 
f6n ;  and  it  is  holden,  that,  unlefs  a  man  be  put  in  the  pll- 
Jory,  or  ftigmatized  for  crimen  falfty  as  for  perjury,  forgery,  or 
the  like,  it  infers  no  blemifh  on  his  atteilation.  It  may  be  highly 
penal  to  engrofs  corn,  or  to  publiih  a  pamphlet  ofFenfive  to 
government  i  but  mercantile  avarice,  and  political  fedition,  have 

•  Code  penal.  8vo.  A.  D.  175  c.  p.  105,  Declaration  du  Louis  XV. 
t  138.  X  Co.  Lilt-  6.  B-  II  2  &  3  Edw.'VL 

no 


Principles  rf  Penal  Laws:  j^j^y 

no  conne£lion  with  the  competence  of  teftitnony  i  the  credit  of 
an  oath  can  only  be  overbalanced  by  the  nature  and  weight  of 
the  iniquity.  Such  was  the  reafoning  of  thtiftoman  Law.  l£lus 
fuftium  ififamiam  non  importat^  Jei  caufa^  fnpier  quam  id  pad 
meruit ;  ^  ea  fmt^  qua  infamiam  damnato  irrogat. 

*  The  Englifli  conftitution,  ever  anxious  to  preferve  the 
virtuous  pride  of  the  people,  hath  ufsd  this  branch  of  the  penal 
code  with  a  referve  fo  fcrupulous,  that  it  may  almofi:  be  doubt- 
ed whether  more  attention  hath  not  been  fliewn  to  the  pro- 
teflion  of  this  principle,  than  to  the  prefervation  of  life:  for 
corporal  pains  might  certainly  with  good  cffeS  be  fubftituted, 
in  fome  cafes,  in  the  room  of  capital  judgments. 

*  Yet,  without  any  very  ftri6l  fcrutmy  into  our  ftatute  bool/i, 
one  may  point  out  many  provifions  ftill  exifting,  which  are 
difguftful  to  humanity,  and  oiFenfive  to  common  fenfe. 

*  It  is  eafy  to  conceive,  why  the  hand  which  gives  a  blow 
in  a  court  of  juftice,  (hould  be  cut  off  by  edi6^  of  Jaw  ;  though 
it  was  at  lean  a  condefcenfion  to  minuteneflcs  in  that  parlia- 
ment which,  to  give  more  folemnity  to  the  operation^  ordered  the 
mafter  cook  and  ferjeant  of  the  larder  to  attend  with  dreiling 
knives ;  the  ferjeant  of  the  woodyard  to  furnifh  a  chopping- 
block ;  the  yeoman  of  the  f'cullery  to  attend  with  a  pan  of 
coals,  and  the  ferjeaftt  farrier  to  bring  hot  irons  to  fear  the 
flump.  But  it  is  not  fo  eafy  to  acquiefce  in  the  propriety  of 
punifliing  a  ^low  given  in  a  church-yard,  wich  the  lols  of  an 
ear ;  though  we  are  told,  that  it  was  intended  (o  obviate  the 
quarrels  of  proteftants  and  papifts  at  the  firft  eftablifliment  of 
the  reformation.  Under  a  finiilar  difregard  to  relative  pro- 
priety, Henry  the  Firft  feems  to  have  enabled  quod  falfarii  «;- 
neta  oculos^  et  genitalia  amitterenty  ahfque  aliqud  redemftlone.  Lefs 
abfurd  was  the  conduct  of  Severus,  who  puniihed  a  notary  for 
the  exhibition  of  a  forged  pleadin(>;,  by  ordering  the  nerves  of 
his  fingers  to  be  cut,  that  he  might  never  be  able  to  write 
again  ;  as  was  alfo  a  law  of  Edward  the  Firft,  how  unjuftitiable 
foever  on  account  of  its  cruelty,  againft  the  thifd  offence  of 
theft  from  the  lead  mines  in  Derby fti ire.  That  a  knife  Jhould  he 

Jluck  through  the  hand  of  the  criminal  fixed  on  the  table  j  and,  in  this 
agony  and  attitude  he  was  to  continue  till  he  had  freed  bimfelf  by 
cutting  off  his  hand. 

*  The  eighth  of  Eliz.  ch.  3.  puniflics  with  imprifonment, 
and  the  lofs  of  the  left  hand,  the  (ending  of  live  fliccp  out  of 
the  kingdom,  or  the  embarkation  of  them  on  board  of  any  fhip; 
and  this  too  without  any  exceptions  of  the  neceflary  provifions 
for  the  (hip's  crew  :  the  fecond  crfFence  is  made  only  a  clergeable 
felony. — Sir  Edward  Coke  thinks,  that  the  benefit  of  tlie 
clergy  might  be  pleaded,  as  well  in  cafe  of  cutting  off  the  hand, 
as  in  cafe  of  felony;  if  fo,  and  if  the  offender  were  fortunate 

G  g  4  enough 


4^8  Young- J  experimental  jigrkukure^  fcfr, 

f  nough  ta  hava  k&rntto  read)  he  could  never  have  fufFered  unr 
der  this  ad.      '     .  • 

*  The  14th  of  £liz.  ch.  5.  dire(3ed  vagabonds  to  be  feverely 
vfhippcd  and  burned  through  the  ear  with  a  hot  iron  the  conq- 
pafs  of  an  inch.;  and  for  the  fccond  ofFenge  to  fuffier  death* 
This  was  a  temporary  a&>  and- not  continued  in  force. 

*  It  will  not  eafily  be^  credited  by  thofe  Who  do  not  poffcf? 
the  ftatute  which  I  am  about  to  mention,  yef  it  is  certainly 
true,  that  by  Stat.  10  Geo,  3.  c.  19.  A.  D,  1770,  every  perfzfi 
whaifiever  takings  killings  or  deflrcying  arty  h^re^  pheq,^ant^  partridge^ 
moor-game^  ^c.  cr  ufing  any  deg^  gun^  i^c.  for  that  purpofe\  be- 
tween  an  hour  after  fun- fettingj  and  one  hqur  before  fun  rijing^  and 
eonviSted  thereof  BEVOKE.  one  or  more  jujiue  or  ju^iccsy  upoi* 
THE  OATH  OF  ONE  or  more  wiinefs  or  witnejfes^  Jhail^  for  the 

frfi  offence^  he  imprifoned  not  lefs  than  three  months^  for  other  of- 
fences not  lefi  than  fix  months  \  and  either  for  the  firjiy  or  any  other 
offence^  BE  ONCE  publicly  whipped  in  the  town  where  the 
gaol  or  houfe  of  correction  Jhaiihe^  within  three  days  from  the  time 
of  his  commitment y  between  the  hurs  of  twelve  and  one  o'flocjt  in  the 
day.  And  this  is  enaSed  even  without  any  nferuations  or  dijiinc* 
tions  as  to  the  ranky  quality  y  or  fortune^  of  the  offender. 

<  The  tacit  difapprobaticn  of  mankind  configns  fuch  laws  to 
difregard  and  oblivion  ;  but  they  (houlJ  be  repealed,  to  prevent 
every  poflibility  of  oppreffion  on  the  one  hand,  and  to  ftifle  all 
hopes  of  impunity  on  the  other.'  , 

In  juftice  to  our  Author,  we  muft  obferve,  that  there  runs 
through  his  work  a  ftrain  of  benevolence  and  humanity,  and 
that  it  every  where  difplays  a  zeal  for  the  fupport  and  protec- 
tion of  the  natural  and  inherent  rights  of  men.  1  he  courage 
alfo  with  which,  on  fome  occafions,  he  has  propofcd  his  own 
views  and  fentiments  in  opppiition  to  thof9^  of  former  writers^ 
deferves  commendation. 

Art.  V.  Conclufton  of  our  Review  of  a  Courfe  of  Experimental 
Jlgricuhurc,  •  Containing  an  exaQ  Regifter  of  all  the  Bufinefs  tranf 
a^ed,  ditringfinji  Tears;  on  near  300  Jcres  of  <uarious  Soils ^  including 
a  Variety  of  Experiments  on  the  Cuhi'vation  of  ail  Sorts  of  Grain 
and  Pul/e,  both  in  the  old  and  new  Methods.  The  ff^hole  demon" 
Jhrated  in  near  2000  original  Experiments,  By  Arthur  Young,  Efq; 
Author  of  The  Farmer's  Letters^  and  Tours  to  the  Southern  anj 
/iorthern  Counties^  i^c. 

AGrebably  to  our  propofed  plan,  this  cpnclufive  numf>er 
of  our  review  of  Mr.  Young's  Experiments  is  to  confift 
Of  curfory  reniarks ;  but  they  (hall  be  fuch  as  appear  to  us  of 
the  grjeateA  confcquence  in  thcmfelves  of  any  which  the  fubje^ 
affords,  and  at  the  fame  time  fuch  as  ^iil  enable  the  Reader 


Young*/  txpirlminial  JgrUuUur$^  &4C  44^ 

to  form  the  jufteft  idea  of  Mr.  Y/s  merit,  and  induce  him  to 
perufe  the  whole  work. 

Book  I.  chap.  2.  fe£t.  i.  Mr.  Y.  jufily  remarks,  on  barkjr, 
that  it  is  a  chance  whether  nine  out  of  ten  of  very  extraordinar/ 
crops  are  not  loAng  onies;  and  alfo,  chat  *  more  than  10  quar* 
ters  per  acre  have  been  raifed  by  common  management  of  bar* 
ley  in  difFerent  parts  of  England.'  He  confirms  his  ailertions,  as 
to  lofing  crops,  by  Experiments  6  and  7,  in  which  the  lofs  was 
above  6 1.  per  acre.  However,  Experiment  8,  gives^  a  dear 
profit  of  8  1.  12  s.  7d,  per  acre  on  account  of  manure  to  the 
preceding  crop.  Mr.  Y.  alfo,  from  experiment,  judly  con- 
cludes, that  the  writers  who  aflert  ^^he  fuperiority  6i  tillage  to 
manure^  contradict  praftice.' 

Experiment  22  (hews  a  clear  profit  of  9K  143.  ^d.  per 
acre  by  broad- caft  barley,  in  a  bad  feafon. 

On  Experiment  27,  Mr.  Y.  remarks,  that  *  if  the  manure  had 
been  purchafed,  the  lofs  would  have  been  confideiabie.'  And 
here,  once  for  all,  we  muft  be  allowed  to  remark,  that  we 
cannot  agree  with  him  in  charging  nothing  for  one's  own 
manure,  as  this  pradice  gives  a  very  falfe  idea  of  the  profit. 
There  is  certainly  z  filling  price,  whidi  (hould  be  charged. 

On  Experiment  30,  Mr.  Y.  remarks,  and  juftly,  that  manures 
ihould  be  applied  to  ameliorating  jcropss  becaule  they  take  o£F 
the  heat  [not  heart]  of  large  quantities.  He  obferves,  that 
the  expence  of  harUy  crops,  in  impraued  hufbandry,  is  three  times 
as  great  as  that  of  like  crops  in  common  husbandry,  but  the 
pvodaSt  four  times  as  great;  confequently,  moie  than  anfwerable. 

Sedion  2,  Mr.  Y.  ihcws  that  barley  has  flalks  too  weak  to 
fupport  then^felves  in  the  drill  culture.  He  concludes,  from 
all  his  experiments  in  this  fecSlion,  that  the  drill  culture  of  bar- 
ley is  extremely  unprofitabk^  the  expences  immoderately  greats  the 
product  trifling,  and  the^  lofs  alarming. 

Sedion  3  concludes  with  obferving,  that  by  drilling  of 
barley,  inftead  of  a  vafl  profit  to  the  nation,  an  annual  lofs  of 
many  millions  would  enfue. 

Section  4  opet^s  with  Mr.  Y's  obfcrvation,  that  a  fmall  quan- 
tity of  feed,  in  the  broad  cafl  methoti,  has  been  recommended 
by  the  drillers  very  artfully.  He  concludes  with  a  dedudion 
that,  in  the  broad-cafl  method  of  fo wing  barley,  from  4  to  6 
bulbels  per  acre,  the  beil  quantity,  raifes  according  to  foils,  &c. 

In  p.  19,  he  feems  to  have  proved,  that  the  method  of  giving 
the  fame  feed  to  all  foils  is  abfurd  ;  and  that  poor  foils  require 
piore,  contrary  to  vulgar  ideas.     He  (hews,  in  the  fame  man- 
ner, that  2  bufhels  of  feed,  in  the  drill  culture  of  barley  per  . 
^cre,  or  t\  bufbels>  are  the  heft  quantity. 

SeSion 


4ga  VouhgV  esfperimaaal  Jgricultun^  i^c. 

Se£lidxi  5  ihewst  from  maoy  Experiments,  that  February  ii 
the  beft  month  for  fowing  barley,  and  March  the  next,  and 
none  later  advantageous. 

Sedion  6,  that  fteeps  have  no  efFed  as  to  quality  or  quantity 
of  grain  ;  and  that  change  of  the  foils  of  barley  from  (and  or 
clay  to  loam,  have  the  greateft  effed,  and  vicf  verfa, 

Mr.  Y.  obferves,  that,  in  Experiments  lo  and  ii,  the  ex- 
pence  is  about  40 L  and  133 1.  per  acre;  and  Experiment  12, 
produced  18  qrs.  i  bufli.  *  per  acre;  and  thinks  that  10  or  12 
quarters  per  acre  may  be  obtained  by  good  common  manage- 
ment 

Chap.  IIL  itSim  i,  culture  of  oats,  in  common  management, 
cofts  per  acre  2 1.  and  gives  fcarce  profit  to  pay  intereft ;  bi^t 
unproved  culture  gives  4 1.  per  acre:  nearly  ten  times  as  much. 

Se£lion  2,  drill  culture,  fliews  a  lofs  of  4I.  per  acre  in  oats. 

SeAion  3,  the  drill  culture  of  oats,  <  another  name  for  non- 
&nfe  and  abfuvdity.' 

Sedion  4,  feven  bufliels,  or  7  bu(hels  2  pecks,  the  moft  ad- 
vantageous quantity  of  feed-oats  per  acre. 

Sexton  5  (hews,  that  the  beft  time  of  fowing  oats  is  about 
three  weeks  from  the  eqd  of  February  to  the  beginning  of 
March  ;  and  that  white  ihould  be  fown  before  black  oats. 

Chap.  IV.  (hews,  that  buck-wbiot^  on  foils  not  in  proper 
(Condition  for  barley,  pays  better  than  that  grain,  and  pays 
well  on  the  richeft ;  that  it  (hould  not  be  fowcd  till  about  the 
middle  of  May,  and  does  not  exhauft  the  foil  like  any  other 
^ain. 

In  book  II.  chap.  I.  fed.  i,  Mr.  Y.  (hews,  that  a  crop  of 
peafe  is  fometimes  attended  with  a  lofs  of  81.  ii^*  per  acre, 
and  fometimes  with  a  dear  profit  of  61.  13  s.  3  d.  but  that  the 
average  of  peafe,  in  commm  huibapdry,  is  6  s.  of  d.  in  in- 
froved  3  1.  16  s.  5  d.  and  in  perfiQ  the  lofs  is  81.   lis. 

In  fed.  2,  he  proves  that  the  lofs  on  horfe-hoed  crops  of 
peafe  is  above  4  guineas  per  acre;  that  the  lofs  on  double 
rows  is  6  s.  5|d.  on  treble  rows  4  s.  8d.  and  profit  by  qua- 
druple rows  is  8  s.  I  d.  and  that  the  lofs  on  clay  is  1 1  s.  while 
the  profit  on  gravelly  is  i  s.  2|d. 

In  fed.  3,  Mr.  Y.  (hews,  that  drilled  peafe,  in  equidiftant 
rows  at  one  foot,  is  the  bed  for  produce,  broad-caft  next,  and 
borfe-hoed  worft ;  alfo  that  the  expenoe  of  the  drilled  exceed- 
ing that  of  the  broad-cafty  is  a  ctrcumftance  which  determines 
againft  the  former  in  point  of  profit. 

Sed.  4  aflerts,  that  the  beft  quantity  of  feed-peafe  is  firoca 
4  bu(h.  2  pecks  to  5  buQi. 

•  At  the  cxpcnce  of  26^  1.  per  acre. 

la 


Young'j  ixperimm^l  Agricuhurt^  f^<.  ^^ 

In  fed.  5,  Mf .  Y.  concludes,  that  the  new  hufbandry  is 
no  remedy  for  the  want  of  frefli  air  among  the  ftalks  and 
branches.  < 

Chap.  II.  fe&»  ty  (hewff  that  beans,  in  common  ^manage- 
nent,  leave  above  5 1.  profit  per  acre,  and  pay  well  for  ma- 
nure. But,  N.  B,  Profit  on  this  and  other  crops  is  raifed 
by  charging  only  for  manure.  Mr.  Y.  makes  the  average  of  a 
bean  crop,  in  common  management,  i  1.  12  s.  per  acre,  which, 
when  it  is  a  fallow  crop,  is  not  defpicable ;  and  that  it  is  in- 
comparably the  beft  to  make  it  fo. — But  in  fed.  2,  he  (hews 
that  by  the  new  hufbandry  in  beans,  a  profit  of  4 1.  per  acre 
may  be  made  by  drilling  double  rows  on  4  feet  ridges  j  and 
that  the  average  profit,  without  manure,  is  3 1.        ^ 

In  fed.  3,  band-hoeing  of  beans  pays  the  expence,  and 
leaves  16  s.  8d.  per  acre.  Speaking  of  the  expence  of  keep- 
ing drill  ploughs  in  order,  the  Author  fuppofes  that  fome 
perfe£t  ones  may  be  in  ufe.  But  (hould  he  not  fliew  that  fuch 
exift  as  do  not  make  this  article  of  expence  a  fad  dedudion 
from  profit  ?  He  evinces  the  drill  culture  of  beans  to  exceed 
that  of  broad'Caft  by  2 1.  3  s.  an  acre  profit,  befides  leaving  the 
land  in  fine  order.  « 

In  fed.  4,  he  maintains  that  February  is  the  beft  feafon  for 
fowing,  January  good,  March  pretty  well,  but  April  out  of 
the  quef^ion. 

Scd.  5  afTerts,  that  bean  crops,  when  hoed,  improve  by  fuc- 
ceffion  to  each  other,  and  that  lands  out  of  heart  may  thus  be 
improved  :  alfo  that  the  tick-bean  exceeds  the  common  horfe- 
bean  in  produce. 

In  chap.  III.  Mr.  Y.  (hews  that  tares,  by  hay,  give  a  dear 
profit  as  high  as  4,  5,  and  6  1.  per  acre,  and,  at  an  average, 
2I.  15  s.  td..  that  they  are  an  ameliorating  crop,  prepare  as 
well  as  a  fallow  ground  for  wheat,  &c.  and  by  feeding  of  cat- 
tle, and  producing  of  manure,  are  hi2hly  advantageous. 

In  chap.  IV.  experiments  Blew  that  lentils  are  good  for  the 
fame  purpofes  as  tares,  but  produce  lefs  quantity. 

Book  III.  chap.  I.  fed.  i,  2,  and  3,  turnips,  broad*cafl:» 
and  drilled,  give  no  great  crops  of  profit  by  the  root,  except  by 
confequences,  viz.  bringing  the  foil  by  hoeings  into  good  cul- 
ture, and  enriching  it  by  manure.  When  the  drilled  turnips 
grow  in  treble  rows,  in  5  feet  ridges,  they  are  rather  a  weightier 
crop  than  that  of  broad-caft,  which,  however,  is  fomewhat  lefs 
cxpenfive;  but  the  drilled  foil  is  in  rather  better  order,  and 
the  weightier  crop  yields  more  manure.  Yet  then  Mr.  Y.  ob- 
ferves  that  the  expence  of  repairing  the  drill  plough  may 
amount  to  2  s.  6  d.  per  acre. 

In 


45  %  Young*i  ij^ermmtal  Agriculiun^  lie. 

In  feft.  4,  Mr.  Y.  produces  a  fmgle  experiment,  to  determine 
whether  turnips  are  more  profitable  when  drawn  or  fed  offy  and 
concludes  for  the  former:  but  on  many  accounts  (which  our 
neceflary  brevity  forbids  a  difplay  of)  the  experiaient  feems  not 
to  us  decifive.  i 

In  chap.  11.  he  maintains,  that  carrots  produce  up  to  above         ' 
20  K  per  acre  profit ;  and  that  fucceeding  crops  improve  \  and 
all  this  on  a  gravelly  loam. 

Chap.  III.  compares  parfnip  with  carrots  \  and  decides  in 
favour  of  the  former. 

Chap.  IV.  fe£t.  i^  (hews  that  a  crop  of  potatoes,  in  promiC- 
cuous  culture,  amounts  on  an  average  to  above  loK  per  acre 
profit,  and  that  fome  acres  give  20  guineas, — N,  B.  This  is 
an  ameliorating  crop. 

Sed.  2,  that  horfe-hoeing  fucceeds  well  with  potatoes,  but 
fuperfede$  not  the  neceflity  of  dung ;  and  that  3  rows  on  5 
feet  ridges,  diftant  i  foot,  are  the  beft  method.  'j 

Se£l.  3,  the  old  method  far  fuperior  to  that  of  the  drill. 

Chap.  V.  red  beets  leave  fometimes  a  profit  of  10  1.  per  acre, 
or  of  8  guineas  on  an  average.*— iST.  £.  Clavey  loams  fuit  them 
beft. 

Chap.  VI.  Jeruffklem  artichokes  give,  on  an  average,  10  !• 
15  s,  5d.  per  acre  profit,  and  thrive  almoft  on  any  ground. 

Book  iV.  that  the  large  garden  cabbage  yields  a.  clear  profit 
of  nearly  7 1.  per  acre,    but  will  only  laft  through   'January  ;         ^ 
and  that  the  turnip  cabbage,  which  lafts  through  the  fpring,  i$ 
peculiarly  advantageous  for  (beep. 

Book  V.  chap.  I.  fed.  1,  fhews  that  the  produce  of  an  acre 
of  clover,  completely  manured,  is  81.  6$.  6d.  and  the  fuc- 
ceeding  crop  is  7  1.  3  s.  that  a  commonly  manured  crop  is 
5  L  15  s«  3  d.  and  the  fuccecding  is  4 1,  ahd  that  a  crop  of  do  - 
ver  unmanured  is  3 1.  9  s.  gd.  Our  Exjperimenter  juftly 
notes,  that  clover  yields  the  grcateft  but  moft  hazardous  profit 
by  feeding ;  and  recommends  feeding  it  with  hogs  as  a  moft 
profitable  pra£lice» 

Se£l.  2  (hews  that  autumnal  fowing  of  clover  is  very  expen- 
five  and  hazardous. 

Se£i.  3,  thait  from  12  to  17  1.  of  feed  is  heft  for  clover,  and 
that  good  foils  require  lefs  feed. 

Se£l.  4,  thi:t  vihlte  clover  is  much  inferior  to  rri,  and  beft  for 
iheepfeed,  or  to  mix  with  other  feeds  to  lay  down  for  grafs. 

Chap.  II.  trefoil  much  inferior  to  broad  clover,  though  on 
dry  foils  it  may  ftand  longer. 

Chap.  III.  fe£t.  i,  drilled  lucerne,  properly  managed,  yields 
10  1.  per  acre  for  many  years,  but  not  in  the  firft  three  years* 
— ^.  £•  The  profit  of  a  manured  cro;^  rifcs  nearly  to  1 7  L 

per 


Vbung  s  experimental  Agrhuliurey  (^e,  4jj 

per  acre.  Mr.  Y.  thinks  64  fquare  perches  would  keep  2  horfes 
6  months;  and  that  the  manure  created  by  this  fummer*food 
over- manures  the  ground  on  which  it  grows. 

Sc£t.  2,  broad-cait  lucerne  not  comparable  to  drilled,  in  coA« 
tinuance  and  profit,         ^ 

Sed.  3,  tranfplanted  lucerne  gives  clear  profit  61.  4s.  per 
acre  in  the  third  year>  and  is  likely  to  increafe. 

Seft.  4,  when  the  three  methods  of  cultivating  lucerne  arc 
compared  for  the  three  firft  years,  the  drilled,  tranfplantedf 
and  broad  caft,  are  nea.rly  as  179   1  U  and  7, 

Chap.  IV.  broad  caft  fainfoin  greatly  exceeds  the  drilled  for 
the  three  firft  years. 

Chap.  V.  hurnet  gives  no  confiderable  profit  in  hay,  but 
fcems  a  good  fpring  feed  for  (heep. 

Book  VI.  Mr.  Y.'s  foil  not  loofe  and  rich  enough  for  mad- 
der, fo  that  he  loft  prodigroufly  by  it;  but  errors  in  the  cul- 
ture were  cooimicted. — A^.  B»  l^he  feller  is  at  the  mercy  of  the 
buyer. 

Book  VII.  contains  an  accurate  comparifon  of  a  courfe  of 
drilled  wheat  crops,  charge  of  drilled  crops,  and  broad-caft ; 
whence  it  appears  that  the  Jaft  is  far  fuperior  to  the  other  two 
courfes. — N.  B.  The  fimilarity  is  as  perfeft  as  it  can  be  made. 
The  former  of  Mr.  Y.'s  experiments  is  printed  fo  irregularly, 
as  to  pages,  that  it  can  fcarce  be  reduced  to  order ;  and,  in  the 
latter,  2s.   id.  is  fubftituted  for  2i.  is.   id. 

Book  Vlil.  chap.  I.  fedt.  i,  fliews  that  autumnal  ploughing 
is  advantageous  to  the  foil  for  beans  and  turnips,  not  evidently 
for  oats,  &c. 

.  Sect.  2,  that  many  ploughinj^s  are  fuperior  to  few,  efpecially 
for  turnips  and  barley, — Mr.  Y.  juftly  obferves,  that  the  expe- 
diency of  numbers  of  ploughings  depends  much  on  feafon. 

Se<Sl.  3,  ploughing  for  cabbages  or  turnips  ihould  be  ro  or 
12  inches;  yet  this  deptl)  does  not  feem  to  be  advantageous  to 
corn,  but  probably  will  in  time. 

Chap.  II.  gives  the  expence  of  labour,  wear  and  tear,  ac- 
cording to  his  regiftcr. 

Book  IX.  chap.  I.  a  grafs  field,  by  being  well  manured  and 
hollow  drained,  paid  betwixt  3  and4l.  per  acre  clear  profit. 
The  average  of  Mr.  Y.'s  improved  grafs  fields,  none  very 
good,  is  1 1.  6s»  per  acre^  improvement. 

Chap.  IL  fcdt.  J,  Mr.  Y.  perceives  no  difference  betwixt' 
paftures  conftantly  mown  and  alternately  fed.     He  thinks  ma« 
nure  fo  thin,  as  it  proceeds  from  the  feed,  does  little  good,  and 
the  fliade  of  the  meadow  much  ;  and  he  judges  large  paftures* 
moft  advantageous. 

StSt.  2,  rolling  of  grafs  lands  does  harm* 

Sea. 


4S4'  Young*!  'ixpmmental  Agriculturif  if^£» 

Sed.  3  gives  Mr.  Y/s  expences  in  carting  on  grars  lands. 

Book  X.  chap.  I.  2 1.  2  s.  per  acre  expended  in  covered 
drains  brings  8  s.  per  acre,  nay  15  s.  improvement  on  arable 
gfound.  Draining  per  acre  at  1 1.  1 1  s.  improves  paftures  from 
10  s.  to  20  s. 

•  Chap.  II.  Open  drains  much  inferior  to  covered  ones^  being 
often  to  cleanfe,  and  lofing  much  ground. 

Book  XI.  contains  experiments  of  the  expence  of  bringing 
the  Suffolk  fences,  quick  hedges,  and  ditches  into  good  repair; 
alfo  the  expence  of  gate-ways  with  hollow  trees,  oak  planks, 
and  brick  arches :  but  as  thcfe  things  are  fcpicalj  we  flxall  only 
barely  mention  them.  Mr.  Y.  eftimates  the  expende  of  fencing 
a  new  inclofure  completely;  which  eftimate  muft  be  ufeful  to 
Gentlemen  who  inclofe  in  the  fort  of  country  fpecified. 

In  Book  XU*  chap.  I.  he  eftimates  the  manure  made  in  the 
fiirm-yard  at  an  average  by  7  loads  per  head  of  cattle,  which 
will  wafte  to  5. 

Chap.  II.  horfes,  from  Odober  to  Spring,  create  an  average 
of  14  loads  per  head. 

Chap.  III.  (hews  that  the  fatting-ftatl  yields  dung,  which 
cofts  only,  when'litter  is  bought,  is.  4^d*  per  load. 

In  chap.  IV.  the  fatting  hog-ftye  yields  dung  at  is.  6d. 
per  load. 

Book  XIII.  chap.  I.  fed.  i,  concerns  the  fummer-feed  of 
cows ;  from  which  little  of  general  ufe  can  be  concluded,  ex- 
cept that  clover  fuits  them  well,  and  lucerne  better. — A\  B, 
Mr.  Y.  hazards  an  opinion  which  will  be  greatly  controverted^ 
viz.  that  dry  fummers  are  as  good  for  milk  as  wet  ones. 

Sedl.  2  recommends -potatoes  for  winter  food  of  cows,  and, 
ftiU  more,  carrots. 

In  feft.  3,  Mr.  Y.  makes  the  profit  per  cow  2  I.  15  s.  5  d. 
1>ut  he  allows  nothing  for  attendance.  He  ftates  the  quantity 
of  butter  and  cheefe,  and  eftimates  the  produ^^  of  a  cow  by 
fwine,  at  about  1 1.  3  s.  6  d. 

Chap.  II.  fhews  that  a  beaft  from  30  to  50  ftone,  with  pro- 
per change  of  food,  will  feed  in  3  months,  otherwife  in  4. 

Chap.  III.  fed,  1,  that  plenty  of  any  grafs,  either  natural  or 
artificial,  may  be  depended  on  for  feeding  flieep. 

Seft.  2  recommends  turnips  for  winter  food  for  ftock  (heep. 

Sefl:.  3,  turnip* cabbage,  lucerne  and  burnet,  the  beft  for 
fpring  food  for  Ihecp. — AT.  S.  The  firft  will  pay  gs.  per  ton. 

Seft.  4  (hews  the  profit  of  Mr.  Y.'s  breeding  (heep  per  fcore 
to  be  from  12I.  to  5 1.— JV.  S.  fThis  is  not  clear  profit. 

Chap.  IV.  feft.  i,  lucerne  the  beft,  fummer  feed  for  horfes. 
For  not  depend^  read  depend  on* 

Sea. 


Young*/  ixpiri  mental  AgrictJiifti^  Vfl  455 

Sed.  2  (hews  that  carrots  are  an  excellent  winter  food  fee 
horfes;  that  2  bufliels  2  pecks  equal  i  buQiel  of  oats^  and 
that  carrots  may  be  grown  for  3  d.  per  bufheU 

Se£t.  3,  that  average  expence  of  horfes  per  year  is  full  eleveil 
guineas, 

Se£l.  4  mentions  what  work  Mr.  Y.'s  team  did. 

Se£t.  5,  Mr.  Y/«  yoke  of  oxen  coft  in  keeping  18  L  13  s.  5  d. 
and  ploughed  212  acres  of  land  ',  that  is  at  i  s.  9  d.  per  acre. 
The  Author  fays  that  oxen  plough  an  acre  for  i|d»  lefs  thaa 
horfes  do  j  but  that  they  have  many  advantages,  as  not  dimi- 
nifhing  in  value,  &c.  &c. 

Book  XIV.  is  allotted  to  defcribe  the  implement^  of  hus- 
bandry which  Mr.  Y.  ufcd. 

In  kSt.  2  he  fhews,  that  by  an  iron  plough  3  d.  per  acre  is 
faved. 

SeSt.  3  recommends  the  double  mould  oar  plough, 

Se£b.  6  fhews  many  defeds  in, Randal's  drill  plough. 

The  Appendix  gives  an  account  of  weather  during  the  years 
when  thefe  experiments  were  made. 

Wc  have  now  fini(hed  our  review  of  this  capital  work  in 
the  agricultural  walk.  Some  Readers  will  think  it,  too  long, 
and  others  too  (hort ;  and  fuch  a  difference  of  judgment  could 
not  reafonably  be  expeSed  to  be  avoided.  Thofe  who  are  not 
druoiees  of  the  rujlic  Mufes^  muft  think  our  account  too  Ipng  by 
its  whole  extent ;  and  thofe  who  are  their  admirers,  will  per- 
haps wifli  that  we  had  treated  the  fubfequent  books  of  this  work 
with  an  accuracy  equal  to  that  which  we  beftowed  on  the  iirft. 
But  we  hold  ourfelves  noways  obliged  to  anfwer  the  cxp-jda- 
tions  of  either  party.  The  former  may  pafs  over  an  article 
from  which  they  can  receive  neither  entertainment  nor  plcafure, 
and  .the  other  may  feek  a  complete  gratification  by  recourfe  to 
the  work  itfelf. 

The  principal  defign  of  a  Review,  according  to  our  apprjJ- 
henfion,  is  to  (hew,  whether  or  not  a  work  be  worth  the  pur- 
chafe  ;  and  then  the  Reader,  when  the  fubjedt  fuits,  will 
confider  whether  he  can  afFord  to  buy^  or  muft  endeavour  to 
borrow. 

With  regard  to  the  work  under  queftion,  the  price  is  confider- 
able  ;  but,  as  a  gentleman  lately  obferved,  <^  in  fuch  a  work 
'wc  may  expeft  to  meet  with  much  that  is  ufelefs,  but  one  im- 
provement in  praclice  ftiewn  to  be  confider  ably  benefdal^  reduces 
the  price  to  nothing."  We  think  with  him,  and  will  ven- 
ture to  add,  that  what  Mr.Y.  has  eiFcded  towards  afcertaining 
the  real  merit  of  the  drill  hufbandry,  both  in  general  and  particu- 
lar parts  of  that  culture,  renders  the  confideration  of  the  price  of 

hi» 


i(.56  Voung'j  experimental  Agriculture^  falV. 

his  book  not  an  objeft.  We  apprehend  that  whafevcr  imparliat 
perToR  exanfJnes  this  'point,  wtll  be  of  our  opinion.  What 
mountains  of  gold  have  been  pronr»ifed  by  the  Drillers  to  their 
^tfciples  !  yet,  after  all,  it  feems  clearly  to  appear,  that  the  prac- 
tice of  the  drill  hufbandman  is  fo  far  from  being  in  general  ad- 
vantageous to  the  individual  or  the  public^  that,  on  the  con- 
trary, it  is  highly  pernicious,  and  in  fome  parts  ruinous^  cfpe- 
cially  the  culture  of  barley,  oats,  and  peafe.  Mr.^Y.'s  candour  ^ 
cannot  be  too  much  praifed  on  this  fubjed.  •  He  feems  to  have 
centered  upon  making  experiments  in  this  path  with  an  unbiafled 
and  honeft  intention  ;  in  his  progrefs  to  have  been  not  a  little 
prejudiced  in  favour  of  the  drill  culture  ;  but,  in  the  further  pro- 
grefs, to  have  been  awakened  from  his  dream  of  golden  moun- 
tains:  he  appears,  however,  to  have  feen  the  excellency  of  the 
new  hulbandry  in  the  only  path  where  he  could  find  it,  viz.  the 
culture  of  beans  ;  and  having  all(;tted  a  part  of  his  work  to  an 
examination  of  the  comparative  merit  of  the  two  kinds,  upon 
the  whole,  he  very  judicioufly  advifes  to  make  the  moft  com- 
plete courfe  of  hufbandry,  by  joining  one  drill  crop  with  fcveral 
broad-caft  ones,  viz.  i.  drilled  beans;  2%  broad-caft  barley; 
3.  clover ;  4.  broad-caft  wheat.  His  merit  towards  the  public 
is  alfo  very  great  in  denwnjlrating^  that  a  much  greater  quantity 
of  k^^  than  the  modern  writers  ufually  prefcribe,  is,  in  moft  in- 
ftances,  advifable,  nay  neceflary.  Another  very  confiderable  me- 
rit which  he  has,  is  his  advifmg,  on  the  foundation  of  indubitable 
experiments,  that  a  jundion  of  tillage  and  manure  ihould  be 
made,  as  the  former  will  never  be  fuccefsful  without  the  latter; 
and  that  raifmg  of  large  quantities  of  manwe  (hould  be  a  prin- 
cipal objedt  with  the  farmer.  Future  farmers  will  aHb,  we  ap- 
prehend, owe  to  Mr.  Y.  a  great  deal  of  important  knowledge 
with  regarjl  to  the  time  of  fowing. 

On  iome  fubjedls  he  J^nows  little,  viz.  the  advantages  .of 
oxen  for  draught,  and  a  large  ftock  of  breeding  flieep;  but 
then  he  profeiles  to  know  little,  and  feems  to  be  in  the  right 
path  to  know  much. — In  (hort,  "  Non  omnia  poffumus  omnes  :'* 
and  of  Mr.  Y.  may  be  faid,  with  as  much  juftice  perhaps  as 
of  any  man,  **  Damna  juvantJ'*  He  not  only  profits  by  his 
own  loffes,  but  teaches  others  to  profit  by  them ;  and  as  we 
ourfelves  are  well  fatisfied  with  the  uncommon  pains  wKkh 
we  have  taken  with  this  work,  fo,  we  hope,  will  his  Readers 
be  alfo. 


Akt.  Vt^ 


[    457    ] 

Art.  VL  jf  Vindication  of  the  Sacred  Bookstand  of  Jofgphusy 
efpeaatly  the  former ^  from  various  Mtfrrprefentaiio^s  and  Cavils 
fffthe  celebraUd  M.  de  Voltaire.  By  Robert  Findlay,  A.  M. 
one  of  the  Minifters  ofGlafgow.  8vo.  5  s.  6d.  Glafgow 
printed,  and  fold  by  Cadell,  ^c.  in  London,  1770* 

IT  IS  ari  employment  fuitabJe  and  honourable  to  the  mini- 
fterial  character,  to  vindicate  the  truths  of  reJigion,  atul 
^endeavour  to  explain  or  defend  the  declararions  of  Scripture, 
againft  the  objections  of  it's  enemies  or  to  remove  the  difficul- 
ties of  fuch  honeft  and  well  difpofed  perfons  who  arc  it's  friends. 
The  writers  who  have  'devoted  ihemfelves  to  labours  of  this 
kind  are  almoft  innumerable:  fome,  it  muft  be  acknowledged,, 
with  the  beft  intentions,  have  been  but  very  indifFercntly  quali- 
fied for  an  undertaking  of  this  nature:  neverthelefs  there  have 
been  numbers  even  in  our  own  country,  exclufivc  of  the  feveral 
great  and  refpcdlable  names  which  foreign  nations  prefent,  who 
have  with  eminent  ability,  erudition,  and  piery,  appeared  to 
aflert  and  fupport  the  honour  and  truth  of  a  divine  revelation. 
it's  feveral  parts  have  been  minutely  examined,  it's  general' 
fcheme,  it's  pafticular  relations,  and  the  difHculties  arifing  from 
errors  in  copies,  tranflations,  and  other  caufes,  very  carefully 
and  cxa6Hy  attended  to  :  we  have  fcen  the  objections  which 
may  occur  to  intelligent  readers,  or  which  have  been  diligently 
fought  out  by  it's  adverfaries,  exhibited  in  their  full  force,  and 
then,  we  apprehend,  as  to  the  far  greater  and  more  important 
part,  fufliciently  anfwered  and  removed. 

It  is  not  furpriilng,  that  writings  fo  very  ancient  as  the  books 
'of  Scripture,  amidft  the  various  revolutions  in  the  world,  and 
the  different  interefts,  opinions,  cu&oms,  prejudices  and  bi- 
gotry of  men,  (by  all  of  which  we  may  fuppofc  them  to  have 
been  in  fome  degree  afFeited)  it  is  not  furprifing  that  ihefe 
writings  (hould  furnifli  out  fome,  and  even  many,  parts,  which 
it  is  difficult,  in  a  manner  perfectly  fatisfadtory,  to  explain  or 
reconcile  to  the  current  apprehenfions  of  mankind.  There 
appears  much  greater  reafon  to  wonder  that  thsy  have  reached 
our  day  in  the  Aate  in  which  we  firfd  them,  and  with  that 
ftrength  of  evidence  which  they  have  to  fupport  their  authority  % 
evidence  which,  we  imagine,  no  objections  to  fome  particular 
parts,  were  they  unanfwerable,  could  invalidate,  or  poffibly  dc- 
ftroy. 

Though  every  perfon  who  propofes  his  difficulties  with  any 
Aiitable  candour,  has  a  claim  to  fome  regard ;  yet,  perhaps  J* 
'thp  advocates  of  revelation  have,  in  many  inftances,  rather  ex- 
ceeded in  the  deference  paid  to  their  opponents,  pnrticularly  by 
repeated  anfwers  to  the  fame  arguments  or  cavils,  though  given, 
it  may  be,  under  fomewhat  of  ad  liferent  form.     Whatncccffity, 

Riiv.  June  1771*  H  h  it 


{ 


4.58  Findlay'j  Vindication,  cf  the  facreJ BooiSy  He. 

it  may  be  aflced,  is  there  for  multiplying  books  of  this  kind, 
when  the  objedlions  liarted  have  been  fo  often  refuted,  or  if  not 
abfolutely  refuted,' weakened  and  obviated  in  a  great  degree, 
and  as  far  as  the  knowledge  and  helps  to  be  obtained  at  this 
di^ancc  of  time  will  allow  ?  And  is  there  not  fome  danger,  left, 
while  fo  much  application  is  bcflowed  on  fome  brandies  of  a 
fubjcsS^,  others  may  by  this  means  be  weakened,  or  the  reafons 
«fligned  on  one  fiJe  of  the  queftion,  clafli  with  fome  that  arc 
offered  on  another  ?  Or  farther,  may  not  too  great  a  folicitude 
to  anfwer  all  objectors,, of  itfclf  rather  prejudice  a  caufe,  by 
'affording  more  importance  to  an  adverfary's  arguments,  than  thcjr 
would  otherwife  have,  or  by  leading  others  unfairly  10  fufpcft 
fome  kind  of  iritercfled  view  in  the  point  debated?  Far  be  it, 
however,  from  us,  to  fay  any  thing  which  (houlddifcourage  a 
ftudious  application  to  thefe  fubjefts,  or,  on  proper  oc- 
cafions,  the  publ idling  what  is  the  refult  of  fuch  application ; 
cfpecially  as  we  are  all  plcafcd  with  novelty,  and  it  is  rather 
more  liicdy  that  we  fhall  be  induced  to  confider  any  topic  by 
fome-  frcfli  performance  which  it  has  produced,  than  by  hav- 
ing rccourfeto  thofe  folld  and  fenfible  reflexions  upon  it  which 
may  be  found  in  publications  of  a  former  date. 

It  is  principally  in  this  view  that  Mr.  Findlay's  book  comes 
recommended  to  the  world.  The  farcafms  and  cenfures  which 
the  now  aged,  but  (till  lively  M.  dc  Voltaire,  has  freely  poured 
forth  upon" the  Scriptures,  have  been  circulated  by  various  means, 
and  have  no  doubt  fallen  into  many  hands.  It  is  therefore 
proper  to  remind  his  readers,  that  his  pleafantrics  are  not  foiid 
reasoning,  and  that  his  objeilions  may  be  anfwpred,  though 
fome  of  them  are  fo  frivolous  and  unfair  that  they  arc  not  in 
themfclves  wonhy  of  ferious  notice  :    for  what  fenfible  perfon 

•  would  think  it  requifite  formally  to  difcufs  all  the  Tallies  of 
wit  and  humour,  or  in  a  ferious  manner  to  reply  to  every  ccn- 
fure  and  mifreprefentation  which  are  the  evident  efFefls  of 
difcjuft,  or  ill-will  to  others,  or  diflatisfaftion  and  difpleafure 
with  one's  feh?  But  fincc  the  fatyrical  reflexions  (we  might 
not  improperly  Tay  concerning  fome  parts  of  his  works,  the 
ribaldry)  of  the  ingenious  Frenchman  have  fpread  far  and  wide, 
it  is  a  laudable  attempt  to  point  out  fome  antidote  againft  their 
venom  :  while  at  the  fame  lime  it  is  to  be  feared,  numbers  will 
be  amufed  by  his  humourous  vein,  who  have  not  opportunity, 
or  leifurc,  or  inclination,  to  perufe  fuch  a  work  as  that  now  be- 

•  fore  iis,  and  which  cannot  come  recommended  to  the  public 
.  notice  by  any  fprigbtlinefs  or  aaiety  like  ihat  which  fo  pleafingly 

diftingt.jflies  the  writings  of  M.  dc  Voltaire. 

We  (hall  now  proceed  to  lay  before  our  readers  fome  ac- 
count of  the  reafuns  which  this  Author  gives  for  the  prefent 
publication. 

7  .  The 


Findlay'j  Vindkatlcn  ofthefacred  Boots^  i^fd,  459 

The  preface  informs  us,  that  irt  the  year  1 765  he  wrote  a  detec- 
tion of  fevcral  *  falfehoods  which  he  perceived'  in  the  forty-ninth 
chapter  of  Mr.  Voltaire's  Philofophy  of  Hiftory,  which  was 
.cftefemed  worthy  of  a  place  in  a  periodical  mircellany,  for  the 
month  of  December  in  that  year.  In  the  fame  collection  he 
afterwards  pubii(hed  fome  remarks  upon  the  injuries  which 
Jofephus  received  from  this  celcbrateJ  writer.  But  finding,  he 
tells  us,  that  the  animadverfions  on  the  Scriptures  woulJ  be- 
come too  learned  and  critical  for  that  channel  of  conveyance, 
he  determined  to  publilh  an  account  of  Mr.  de  Voltaire's  errors 
and  mifreprcfentations  relative  to  ibe  Chriftian  fyftcm,  in' a  fe- 
parate  treat ife,— which  is  now  accordingly  here  delivered  to  the 
world.  * 

Mr.  Findlay  does  not  Teem  to  have  been  the  moft  happy  in  his 

.flyle  and  manner,     Befide  the  ScoticiCms  that  frequently  pre-* 
fent  themfelves,  he  is,  in  fome  inftances,   a  little  inaccurate, 

■  verbofc,  and  confufed  ;  nor  does  he  alwtays  convey  hib  ideas  in 
that  agreeabJe  manner  which,  with  a  farther  degree  of  attention, 
we  apprehend,  he  might  eafily  have  attained.  He,  nevcrthelefs, 
lays  before  us  a  colk(5lion  of  pertinent  and  ufcful  reflections, 
and  for  the  greater  part,  we  imagine,  folid  and  weighty  argu- 
ments, which  may  be  perufcd  to  advantage,  efpecially  by  thofe 
who  have  received  any  ill  impreflion  from  the  works  of 
M.  dc  Voltaire,  or  other  writers  of  that  (lamp.  In  regard  to  any 
deficiency  in  brilliancy  of  expreiTion  or  elegance  of  compofition. 
Ictus  receive  the  Author's  apology  for  himfclf:  '  I  have,  fays' 
he,  been  abundantly  fenfiMe,  while  employed  in  meditating 
this  criticil'm  on  Mr.  Voltaire's  works,  that  I  could  not  write 
in  his  entcnrtaining  and  fprightly  manner  ;  far  lefs  enliven  my 
fubjed^  with  his  Itrokcs  of  humour  and  raillery  ;  neverthelefs,  I 
have  not  been  difcouraged  by  the  firongelt  conicioufnefs  of  this 
inequality.  For  it  feeined  to  me,  that  it  was  a  man's  duty,  to 
ufe  fuch  talents  of  reafon  and  learning  as  GoJ  had  conferred 
Upon  him,  for  promoting  the  caufe  of  truih  and  piety,  though 
he  might  fall  fliort  of  an  adverfary  co  ir,  in  a  lively  and  animated 
way  of  cxprcffing  his  fentinients  :  the  more,  that  numbers  of 
mankind  will  hearken  and  yield  to  found  argument,  though  it 
may  not  be  recommended  by  elegance  in  it's  delivery.  It  oc- 
curred to  me,  likewife,  that  if  I  wanted  abilities  for  ridicule  and 
wit,  I  tuou/d  be  more  likely  to  efcape  the  charge  which  hath 
been  brought  againft  fome  advocates  for  Chrillianity,  of  wan- 
dering far  from  the  mark,  and  be  lefs  in  hazard  oi  irritating 
Mr.  Voltaire's  admirers  to  fuch  a  degree,  as  to  fteel  them  again^ 
the  force  of  the  evidence  I  offer,  to  evince  his  great  neglect  of 
Veracity  and  fatrnefs  where  reli gu)n  is  concerned.' 

The  preface  concludes  with  the  following  declaration  :  •  I 
hope,  it  will  be  found,  that  I  have  not  treated  Mr.  Voltaire 
with  any  undue  feverity  and  f]>arpneU  of  cxpreHion*    I  am  fure 

H  h  a  I  in- 


460  f  indlay'j  Vindication  of  the  [acred  Boohy  &c. 

1  intended  to  avoid  this,  whatever  provocation  there  might  bc^ 
to  it  on  many  occaitons^  hy  the  ftrongeft  proofi  of  a  bigotted  and 
blind  zeal  for  infidelity.  Far  from  wifhing  him  any  hurl,  I 
wiih  he  may  enjoy  all  happinefs;  and  for  this  end,  that  he 
fnzj  become  a  firm  believer  of  Chriftianity,  upon  tte/i  rational 
grounds  on.  which  it  challenges  our  aflept,  and  with  diligence 
obey  it's  holy  precepts.' 

The  work  is  divided  into  three  parts  }  the  firft^  which  confix 
ders  the  injuries  Jofephus  has  received  from  Mr.  Voltaire,  fcon- 
iifts  of  {even  fe6tions,  but  employs  only  forty- fix  pages  of  the 
volume.  The  refle£lions  here  made  upon  the  mifreprefentations 
of  his  opponent  are  very  juft,  but  generally  of  too  great  a  length 
to  admit  of  an  extrafl  confiflent  with  our  limits  ^  we  {ball  there- 
fore make  one  (hort  quotation^  alone,  from  the  beginning  of  the 
fecond  fedJion. 

— *  Let  us  proceed  to  the  dcteftion  of  a  falfchood  more  iro-« 
portant.  Says  Voltaire,  chap.  xxv.  "  Flavian  Jofephus  docs  nof 
hcfitate  faying,  that  Minos  received  his  laws  from  a  God. 
This  is  a  little  ftrange  in  a  Jew,  who,  it  (hould  fcera,  ought  tor 
allow  no  other  god  than  his  own,  unlefs  he  thought  like  the 
Romans  his  raaAers,  and  like  all  the  fird  people  ot  antiquity, 
"who  allowed  the  exiftence  of  all  the  gods  of  other  nations."' 
Wiih  the  fentiments  of  the  Romans,  and  other  idolatrous  na-^ 
tions,  on  this  point,  I  *have  at  prefent  no  concern.  My  buG- 
nefs  now  is  only  to  enquire.  Whether  Jofephus  hath  allowed 
fuch  divine  authority  to  the  lawgiver  df  Crete.  This,  I  confefs^. 
Would  appear  to  me  not  a  little  flrange,  as  Voltaite"  pronounced 
it :  but  altogether  inconfiftent  with  his  charaSer  as  a  Jew,  who 
profefl'cd  to  believe  that  Jchovaby  the  Godoflfracl,  was  the 
God  of  the  univerfe,  and  that  there  was  none  befides.  But 
there  is  no  reafon  for  imputing  fuch  an  abfurdicy  to  him.  Wbac 
he  fays  is,  **  Our  lawgiver  Mofes,  was  not  a  juggler  or  impoftor, 
as  they  fay,  reviling  us  unjuftly,  but  fuch  a  one  as  the  Greeks^ 
boaft  Minos  to  have  beeny  and  after  him  other  lawgivers;  for 
ibme  of  them  faid  their  laws  v^cn  of  divine  original :  Minos  at 
leaft  referred  his  laws  to  Apollo  and  his  Delphic  oracle,  thejr 
either  thinking  it  was  fo  in  reality,  or  fuppofing  they  tvotdd  eafily 
perfuade  the  people  of  it:  which  is  no  more  an  argument  that 
Jofephus  thought  Minos  received  his  laws  from  a  god,  than  it 
would  be  an  evidence  that  a  Chriftian  j^^dged  Mahomet  to  be 
a  divine  meflenger  and  rnftru6lor,  if  he  fliould  fay,  that  Jefus 
was  fuch  a  perfon  as  the  Turks  believed-  Mahomet  to  have 
been.' 

The  remainder  of  the  fei^ion  is  employed  in  cenfuring  fome 
fentiments  of  the  fame  kind  coricerning  Jofephus,  which  have 

•  Contra  Appion.  lib.  2.  fcft.  16.  pag..  1376.  .AM*  oMt  «ap«  mi^. 
Xx^ifie-»  avx*i^tf  TQ>  Mifu  }i7orwff»,  &;C*' 

leea 


FindlayV  Vindicatkn  ofthefacred  Booki\  i^c.  461 

been  delivered  by  Dr.  Middkjton,  a  writer  far  more  able  and 
more'diftinguiflied,  on  thefc  fubjefls,  than  even  the  witty  gc-' 
nius  whom  this  volume  is  immeiiately  intended  to  bppofe.  , 

Thefccond  part  of  this  book  contains  two  chapters,  each 
fubdivided  into  fedions  :  the  firft  chapter  treats  of  thofc  mif- 
feprefentations  of  Scripture,  for  which  Mr.  Voltaire  may  plead 
the  authority  of  the  Vulgate  verfion;  and  as  the  other  (e<9ions 
here  are  generally  too  long,  we  (hall  feledl  only  the  fourth  as  %, 
fpecimen. 

'  A  fimilar  inftance  of  mlfrcprefentation  fupportcd  by  tht 
Vulgate  verfion,  we  meet  with,  in  my  opinion,  in  this  fame 
t  chapter,  when  he  fays,  **  The  Lord,  in  the  prophecy  of 
Amos,  threatens  that  the  cows  of  Samaria  fliall  be  pi^t  into  tb^ 
caldroh,  chap,  vi.*' 

*  As  no  fuch  expreffion  occurs  in  the  fixth  chapter,  I  fuppofe 
he  intended  the  fourth,  for  it  begins  thus.  Hear  this  wor^y  y$ 
.  kini  of  Bajhariy  that  are  m  the  mountain  of  Samaria^  which  opprefi 
the  poor y  which  crujh  the  needy ^  which  fay  to  their  niaflers  (thofe 
to  whom  they  have  fold  them  for  filver)  c^me  and  let  us  drink  i 
the  grandees  of  Ifrael  being  thus  denominated,  on  account  of 
their  infolence,  by  which   they  refembled  fych  wanton  cattle^ 
fed  in  the  luxuriant  pad u res  of  Baihan,  according  to  a  figure 
ufed  elfewhere,  Ezek.  xxxix.  18.  Pf.  xxir.  30.     Then  followa 
'the  word  to  which  their  attention  was  by  this  addrefs  awaked, 
TT)e  Lord  God  hath  fworn  by  his  holinefs^  that  lo^  the  days  JhaU  corns 
Upon  youy  that  he  will  take  you  away  witb^  hooks ^  and  your  poflerity 
%vith  fjh  hooks.     In  room  of  which  the  Vulgate  hath,  *Lcva*» 
bunt  vos  in  contis,   et   reliquias  veftras   in  ollis  fervcntibus. 
They  will  lift  you  up  on  poles,  (or  perches)  and  your  poftcrity 
in  bailing  pots,"  where  every  one  fees  the  reafon  of  his  caldrons. 
But  our  tranflation  appears  far  preferable.     In  other  places  of 
Scripture  alfo,  we  find  the  jnvaders  of  a  country  compared  to 
jinglers  or  filhers,  Jer.  xvi,  16.  Habak.  I.  15.     Then  the  word 
^\^yi  Tzanoth^  by  us  turned  hooks^  in  the  former  claufe,  properly 
fignifies  thorns^  as  in  Prov.  xxii.  5.  Job.  v.   5.     From  whkrh 
fenfe  the  tranflation  was  eafy  and  natural  to  this,  as  the  fharp 
extremities  of  thorns  were  ufed  in  liflbing,  in  the  more  rude  and 
unimproved  ages  of  the  world,  inftead  of  the  inftruments  we 
call  hooks.     And   though   "I'D  /^>    is  often  turned,  a  pot  or 
caldron,  and  r!\y^^ frothy   pots  or  caldrons,  yetDn*D/««» 
is   tranflated  thorns   in    three  different  places,  Ifa.  xxxiv.   13. 
Nahum  i.  10.  Ecclef.  vii.  6.     Nor  can  there  remain  any  doubts 
but  it  Ibould  be  fo  %  rendered   here,  when   it  is  joined   with 

t  Pag.  210.  Philof.of  Hiftory. 

X  I  confefj,  however,  the  Targum  hath,  filter  boat«,  inftead  of 
thor9S  of  £fhing. 

Hh3  r\m 


J  62  Findlay'j  Vindication  of  the facred  Books^  £ffr. 

f^jm  dugab,  as  the  participle  D^JlH  dugim  is  fiJI^ers^  Ezek. 
xlvii.  10.  Jer.  xvi,  i6.  God  therefore  threatens  to  draw  the 
•  Lraelites  out  of  their  towns,  by  their  AfTyrian  enemies  Tiglath- 
Pilpfer  anc}  Shalmanezer,  as  fifti  out  of  their  watry  element,  the 
one  recnoying  thole  whom  the  other  had  left.  And  where  is 
^bere  in  this  image  of  their  captivity  any  thing  blameable,  or 
Vhich  deferves  to  be  fcofFed  at/  ?  Thtre  was  no  intention  §  here  to 
ftatc  a  likenefs  between  the  treatment  they  fliould  receive,  and 
that  of  wanton  cattle,  by  giving  them  the  appellation  oi  kine  of 
Bojhan.  ^  Though  elfewhere  indeed,  the  opprefiion  of  thq 
people  by  the  princes  is  called,  flaying  their  (kin  and  breaking 
their  bones,  and  chopping  them  in  pieces  as  for  the  pot,  and  as 
flefli  within  the  caldron,  Micah  iii.  i,  2»  3.  It  was  only  defigned 
by  that  exprelHon,  in  the  paflage  under  confideration,  to  de- 
lineate their  criminal  ch;jrader,  for  which  God  was  provoked 
to  punifn  ihcm,  in  the  manner  the  prophet  defcribes/     ^ 

Allowing  the  Vulgate  verfion  of  the  paflage  in  queftion  to 
have  been  juli,  which  it  does  not  appear  to  be,  the  meaning  is 
evident,  and  the  expielTions  fuitable  to  the  eaftern  manner  and 
the  prophetic  ftyle:  the  ludicrous  turn  which  is  given  them  by 
Mr.  Voltaire  is  hardly  worthy  of  notice,  and  with  perfons  of 
fenfe  and  judgnient  no  d'oubt  the  ridicule  will,  as  it  ought, 
|-evcrt  to  himfclf.  However,  it  is  doing  ferviceto  mankind,  to 
|hew  that  this  writer  is  no  longer  to  be  regarded  or  depende4 
upon  than  while  the  reader  himfelf  is  able  to  produce  evidence 
in  fupport  of  his  afiertions.  In  the  lad  fecSlion  of  this  chapter 
Mr.  Findlay  juftly  chaftifes  his  antagonift,  and  obferves,  thatthp 
Vulgate  tranflation  affords  no  fufficientapology  for  (as  we  fiii4 
it  in  the  title  of  that  ieQion)  hhfairmfs  and  candour  X\  but  we 
0iould  fuppofc  it  ought  to  bei  his  wnnt  of  fairnefs  andacan- 
dour;  fince  fcveral  eminent  perfons  in  the  Roman  commu- 
;nion  acknowlerige  that  it  is  not  without  it's  errors,  and  fince 
•Mr.  Vokairc  himiclf  hatH,  in  fome  inftances,  we  are  told,  *  ^ived 
Z  fenfe  yery  different  and  contrary  (to  that  vcrfion)  where  fuch 


^  $  «  Father  Houbigant's  note  ruppofes  the  women  of  Samarif 
living  in  plcafure,  to  be  fignified  by,  the  ktne  of  Baflian,  and  the 
denunciation  to, be,  that  they  Ihould  be  dealt  with  as  filhes  that  fporc 
and  frifk  in  a  pond,  which  the  fifticrs  draw  out  with  poles  and  hooks,, 
and  throw  into  ihfir  boats,  is  worthy  to  be  tranfcribcd  here. 

'*  Nee  mirum  videri  debet,  talem  fimilitudinetn  adhiberi,  poftquam 
m'llieres  iiix  ap;'cHntx  funt  vacca-  Bafan,  quia  hoc  crat  nudum  C'-^gr 
nomcn,  ut  tauri  Cafan,  Pf.  xxii.  non  autcm  fimilitudo.**  Vide 
Houbig.  Bibl.  in  locum.'    '  * 

:f  Pollibly  the  Author  might  intend  this  form  of  cxpreflion  as  fome- 
what  farcaiUcal,  if  lb,  it  feeiiis  rather  trifling,  cfpccially  ia  his  grav« 
J)erfcrmance» 

'  dcfcrtion 


FihdlayV  Vlndicaiion  oftbefncred  Booby  ^Cp  463 

dcfertiotf  of  it  was  needful  to  anfwer  his  view,  and  gratify  him 
with  thepleafure  of  deriding  the  lacrcd  writings.' 

The  fccond  chapter,  in  this  part  of  the  work,  confiders  thofa 
mifreprelentations  of  Scripture,  for  which  Mr.  Voltaire  cannot 
plead  the  authority  of  any  tranflation.  As  there  are  in  the 
preceding  chapter,  fome  articles  more  material  than  that  which 
wc  have  exhibited  as  a  fpecimen,  but  of  too  great  a  length  for 
us  to  tranfcribe  ;  this  alfo  is  commonly  the  cafe  with  the  prefent 
chapter:  we  fliali,  however,  lay  before  our  readers  part  of 
what  Mr.  Findiay  fays  in  the  fixth  fe6t ion  concerning  the  afler- 
tion,  that  the  Jewiih  law  required  human  facrifices.  The  law 
referred  to  is  found  in  Levit.  xxvii.  29.  Some  interpretations 
that  have  been  given  of  this  Hatute  are  here  confidered,  and  par«- 
ticularly  that  of  the  lare  Dr.  Sykes,  *  who  explains  J  the  mean*- 
ing  of  it  to  be  no  more  than  this,  **  That  every  perfon  who  is 
devoted  or  confecrated  to  the  fpccial  fervice  of  God  irreverfibly, 
or  for  ever,  by  one  having  a  right  to  do  fo,  inftead  of  being 
redeemed,  fliall  die  in  that  devoted  Itatc/'  The  objedions  to 
this  and  other  explications  are  mentioned,  and  our  Author 
profefTmg  himfelf  to  be  difTatisfied  with  thofe  accounts,  adds, 
•  I  will  propofe  another  interpretation  of  it,  and  fubmit  it  to 
the  candour  of  the  reader.  ' 

•  To  make  way  for  tliis  I  remark,  that  the  Jewifh  mafters 
very  generally  underftand  this  twenty-ninth  verle  to  treat  of  a 
very  different  kind  oi  hhcrem  or  devptement,  from  that  intended 
ill  the  former  verfe,  even  one  by  which  pcrfons  were  feparated, 
not  to  religious  ufcs,  but  to  excifion  or  lofs  of  life.  And  it  will 
fecm  lefs  ftrange,  that  the  meaning  of  the  term  (hould  vary  in 
fuch  manner  here,  when  we  confider  that  the  fame  exprefliori 
upon  other  occafions,  comprehends  undtr  it  both  a  reparation' 
to  facrcd  ferv ices,  and  a  reparation  to  death,  according  to  the 
different  fubjedls  to  which  it  is  applied.'  Of  this  he  propofeg 
as  inftanccs,  Jofliua  vi.  17,  18,  19,  21,  29.  and  then  thus 
proceeds  : — *  This  change  of  fen fc  moreover,  from  a  feparatioa 
uiuo  religious  ufes,  to  a  Reparation  unto  the  abfblute  lofs  of  life, 
is  fufficiently  intimated  by  the  finifliing  claufe  in  the  paflage 
under  our  confideration  (which,  if  I  am  not  miftakejj,  hath 
been  manifefted  in  the  laft  note  to  be  incapable  of  any  other 
interpretation  than^  He  ft: all  be  furely  Jlaln,  or.  Hi  ft)all  be  furely 
put  to  deaths)  fince  it  (hews  that  the  hherem  dcfcribed  in  it,  in- 
ferred an  excifion  by  violence  from  the  land  of  the  living,  while 
the  hhinm  fpoken  of  in  the  former  verfe,  only  iffued  in  a  pcrr 
petual  and  unalienable  ftate  of  holinefs  to  the  Lord. 

1'  '  ■        '    I —  - 

X  See  \iU  ConneSIion  of  Natural  and  Revealed  Religion,  chap,  xiii, 
^foecially pages  3I3>  S'S. 


'  464  FindlayV  VinJuatton  ofihefacrei  Booh^  tic. 

•  But  though  the  Jewifh  do£lots  haVc  commoDly  intecpl-et^, 
as  hath  been  faid,  the  hherem^  or  devotement  here,  of  a  (epara-^ 
tion  to  be  cut  ofF,  they  never  fuppoicd  it  was  the  intentioa  of 
the  law  to  fay/ that  a  man  with  validity  might  devote,  and  with 
acceptance  before  God  kill  another,  accoi;ding  to  bis  fa^icy  and 
humour;  No.  How  indeed  could  they  lodge  aright  of  this^ 
kind  in  any  Jew,  when,  as  was  fhewed,  they  do  not  evei^ 
allow  to  a  Hebrew  mailer  the  power  oF  life  and  death  over  his 
Gentile  flave  ?  Now,  a  devotement  is  only  made  with  binding 
force,  to  the  extent  of  a  man's  title  of  difpofal ;  and  procedure^ 
according  to  it  is  only  juft,  in  the  fame  proportion,  thefe  rights 
being  exaSly  paramount  or  equal  to  one  another.  They  there* 
fore  limited  and  reftraincd  this  (iatute  about  devoting  unto 
death,  with  a  legal  efFe<Et  of  excifion,  in  refpedl  of  the  perfon^ 
who  were  the  fubjc^ls  of  it;  and  fo  would  I,  though  with  fomQi 
little  alteration.  For  I  fuppofe  it  to  relate  to  none  but  thofe 
whofe  lives  were  appointed  by  God  tp  be  deftroyed.  Thus  thQ 
i\ma]ekites,  and  all  the  Canaanites  wbo  would  not  confent  t<]^ 
terms  of  peace,  were  to  be  put  to  death  by  God*s  cxprefs  com- 
mand, Deut.  vii.  2.  XXV.  17,  19.  \  Sam.  xv.  3.  In  the  fame 
manner,  whoever  {hould  lie  with  a  beaft,  fg^rifice  to  an  idol 
lieity,  or  commit  certain  other  attrocious  crimes,  againft  whicl^ 
capital  punifhment  was  denounced  in  the  law,  were  (o  be  cut 
oft'.  They  therefore  who  belonged  to  thefeclafies  of  men,  of 
who  perpetrated  thefe  enormities,  might  be  devoted  unto, 
death  without  any  injury  or  wrong  to  them.  And  on  account 
of  the  conformity  and  agreeablenefs  of  fuch  a  meafure  to  this. 
will  of  God,  they  might  hereon  be  faid  to  be  devoted,  or  as  the 
phrafe  is  in  the  book  of  Jofiiua  vi.  17.  about  tl^e  inhabitants  of 
Jericho,  To  be  accurfed  to  the  Lord,  And  concerning  fuch, 
when  they  had  been  devoted  to  death,  I  reckon  the  ordinance 
here  to  be  enafted,  None  devoted  who  is  devoted  of.  men^Jhall  bt 
redeemed^  hut  Jhallfurelybe  put  to  death.* 

Mr.  Findlay  endeavours  afterwatds  to  remove  an  obje£iion  o^ 
two  that  may  be  raifed  againft  this  explication,  an  explication 
which  Guffetius,  a  celebrated  critic,  appears  to  have  pointed  at 
in  his  Commentary  on  the  Hebrew  Tongue,  laying  great  ftreis 
on  tht?  omilfion  of  the  words,  which  is  hisy  in  the  29th  verfe, 
whereas  they  occur  in  the  28th  ;  part  of  his  words  on  the  place 
are  bere  quoted  in  a  note  from  Michaclis,  as  follows,  ^<  Omnt  dt 
vctuniy*  07nne  fci licet  aliud  quod  non  efl  de  propriii  viri^  ut.  erat  vcr, 
28.  quod  anathema  fit  fecundum  vocabulum  Dei,*  *  And  perhaps, 
adds  our  Author,  from  thefe  lad  words  1  may  have  taken  the' 
bint  of  my  explication.' 

This  feftion  is  concluded  with  fome  pertinent  reflections  upon 
the  differences  of  opinion  among  learned  men  about  the  mean* 
ing  of  this  law.    *  That  there   are  difficulties,   he  fays,  in 

afcertaining 


Findlay^i  FindiMm  %f  the  facai  Sochy  bfcq  46  j 

si^certainuig  the  origiaal  intention  a^nd  feofe  of  this  ftatute>  and 
ibeoce  a  variety  of  opinipns'among  divines  concerning  it,  need 
iiot  much  be  wondered  at.  In  li^e  manner^  there  are  intrica- 
cies in  fomp  of  the  laws  delivered  by  the  dc^eoivirs  to  the 
Roman  people,  aod,  on  thU  account,  a  wide  diiFerepce  betweei\ 
fhe  fentiments  of  civilians  and  critics  about  their  import/  He 
proceeds  to  mention  two  examples,  the  one  about  puniflirng 
theft,  upon  fearch  and  dilcovery  of  the  ftolen  goods,  by  the 
lanx  and  Ikiu^^  concerning  the  fenfe  of  which  words  the  learned 
bave  been  greatly  divided;  the  other  is  the  law  about  the 
treatment  of  the  infolvcnt  debtor,  which  is  alfo  preferved  to  u^ 
t>y  Aulus  Qellius,  and  has  given  rife  to  feveral  difputes.  And 
this  laft,  he  fuppofes,  *  may  be  thought  more  appofite,  as,  like 
that  of  Mofes,  it  hath  received  an  ij;iterpretatioA  very  cruel  an4 
inhuman.*-:—- 

•  Now  furely,  it  is  add^d,  if  there  are  not  wanting  perplexi- 
ties and  difficulties  in  the  laws  of  the  decemvirs  to  tl^  Romans^ 
It  is  not  furprtzing  that  fuch  fixould  be  found  to  attend  this^ 
^  well  as  fo;ne  other  ordinances  in  the  Mofaic  code,  when  we 
confider  that  the  Jewifii  lawgiver  lived  in  times  much' more 
remote,  and  that  there  arc  not  equal  afliftances  for  inijeftigat-. 
ing  the  real  def^n  of  every  ftatute  promulged  by  him,  as  thero 
are  for  difcovering  fhe  intention  of  thefe  other  legiilators,  by  the 
many  Roman  Authors,  whofe  writings  are  conveyed  down  to 
vs  I  and  who,  if  they  4ived  not  while  their  regulations  were  in 
daily  execution,  lived,  one  would  think,  when  the  remembrance 
thereof  could  not  be  altogether  loft  and  obiiterated.  I  needed 
not,  however,  to  have  gone  fo  fi^r  back  as  the  laws  of  the  decem- 
virs. There  are,  I  believe,  in  ftatute  books  far  more  modern^ 
paflages  which  are  dark  and  obfcure,  fo  that  thofe  who  are  befl: 
able  to  judge,  are  not  agreed  about  the  certain  and  determinafe 
meaning  of  them,  but  have  much  debate  concerning  it.  Nor 
\s  it  a  circumdance  peculiar  to  codes  of  laws;  but  common  to 
all  ancient  writings  whatever.  This  perplexity  therefore,  in 
itl^e  ordinance  about  devotement,  and  thefe  different  comments, 
and  expoijitions,  to  which  the  fame  hath  given  rife^  fhould  not 
9ffend  us,  far  lefs  lead  us  to  form  any  conclufion  to  the  preju- 
dice of  the  authority  of  that  body  of  laws  in  which  it  occurs. 
Of  the  divine  priginal  hereof  there  may  be  good  evidence,  what- 
ever claufes  may  be  therein  found  that  are  hard  to  be  under- 
wood ill.  thefe  latter  ages,  and  occafion  difputes  among  us  about 
their  fenfe  like  the  prefent  one,  even  as  there  may  be  fufficient 
proof  of  the  eftabltihment  of  a  ftatute  book  in  any  kingdotn  or 
^ealm,  though  there  are  obfcurities  in  it,  and  therefore  contro- 
yerfles  about  its  expofttion.  Meantime,  they  exercife  our  dili- 
gence, try  our  candour,  and  ferve  to  abate  our  pride  and 
^anity/ 

In 


466  Findlay'j  Vindication  ofthefacrei  Bo&is,  t^c* 

In  the  twenty- feventh  fcQion,  which  is  the  laft  of  the  fecond 
part,  this  Author  expreiles  himfelfthus,  *  I  fha II  only  take  no* 
tice  of  another  mifreprefentation  of  the  fenfe  of  Scripture ;  and 
it  is  in  his  Ignorant  Philofopher,  But  it  is  not  the  paflagc  where 
hcaffcrts,  **  That  the  holy  Scripture,"  where  it  introduces  God 
iayingi  He  will  require  the  blood  of  men*  s  lives  at  the  hand  of  every 
heafi^  manlfeftly  iuppofes  in  beads  a  knowledge  of,  and  acquaint- 
ance with  good  and  evil."  'For,  I  think,  1  may  fafely  leave 
his  conclufion  to  be'  judged  of  by  every  man's  own  unaOifled 
fagacity.  The  pafiage  I  would  examine,  is  in  the  article  en- 
titled. The  effeSis  of  the  fpirit  of  party  and  fanaticifm.  After  ob- 
ferving,  there  is  room  (or  mutual  reproaches  among  papifts  and 
proteftants,  on  account  of  religious  cruelties,  he  goes  on  thus, 
**  Compare  fe6ls,  compare  times,  you  will  every  where  find  for 
one  thoufand  fix  hundred  years,  nearly  an  equal  proportion  of 
abfurdity  and  hcrror  every  where  amoiigft  a  race  of  blind  men, 
who  are  deftroytng  each  other  in  the  obfcurity  which  furrotinds 
them.  What  book  of  controverfy  is  there  written  without  gall  ? 
And  what  theological  dogma  has  not  been  the  caufe  of  fpilling 
blood?"  And  then  adds,  "  This  wa$  the  neceffary  effeft  of 
thefe  fci^flble  words,  *  Whomfoever.  liftens  not  to  the  church, 
fliall  be  looked  upon  as  a  pagan  and  publican.*  Each  party 
pretended  to  be  the  church,  each  party  has  therefore  conftantly 
laid.  We  abhor  the  officers  of  the  cuftoms,  we  are  enjoined  to 
treat  whoever  differs  from  us  in  opinions,  as  the  fmugglers 
treat  the  officers  of  the  cuftoms  when  they  have  the  fuperiority. 
Thus  the  firft  dogma  every  where  eftabliflied,  was  hatred.** 

Mr.  Findlay  confiders  his  opponent  here  as  attributing  the 
pcrfecutions  that  have  been  fo  (hamef;illy  exercifed  in  the 
"Chriftian  world,  tp  the  words  of  Chrift,  Matt,  xviii.  17.  *  But 
what  can  be  more  injurious,  fays  he,  than  fuch  a  reflection 
founded  on  this  text?  Indeed,  I  am  not  able  to  recollect,  that 
it  hath  ever  been  pleaded  by  any  of  the  patron^  and  advocates  of 
feverities  for  difference  of  opinion.' 

After  (hewing,  than  which  nothing  is  indeed  more  evident, 
that  pcrfecution  is  utterly  repugnant  to  the  fpirit  of  the  gofpel, 
be  proceeds  to  prove  that  a  rule  of  this  kind  is  not  contained  m 
the  place  mentioned :  becaufe  it  is  plain  from  the  context  that 
iQbrifl  is  ^  not  fpeaking  of  errors  in  fpeculation,  or  miftakes  ia 
opinion,  but  of  injuries  betiyeen  man  and  man  as  to  fubftance, 
or  reputation,  and  good  name,  or  fome  fimilar  intereft:* 
farther  alfo  it  is  certain  that  the  treatment  to  which  the  words 
Jireft  is  very  different  from  that  which  M.  Voltaire  mentions; 
— *  When  was  it  ever  heard,  fays  Mr.  Findlay,  by  what  ancient 
writer  is  it  at  all  recorded,  that  the  Jews  were  accuftomed, 
whenever  they  were  equal  to  the  work  and  favoured  witti 
^0  Opportunity  /or  it,  to  difpatch  a  heathen  or  publican  ?v  which. 


Findlay'j  Vindication  of  the  [acred  Both^  £sfr.  467 

it  Teems,  is  the  manner  of  the  fmuggler's  dealing  with  the  officers 
pf  the  cuftoms  in  Mr,  Voltaire's  country.  What  then  is  the 
xationa)  and  likely  meaning  of  the  words  of  our  Saviour,  <*  Let 
a  brother  who  is  deaf  to  rebuke  in  all  thefe  methods,  be  to  thcc 
as  a  heathen  man,  or  a  publican  ?"  It  appears  to  be  this ;  that 
be  whom  he  had  injured,  (hould  confidcrhim  as  unworthy  of  all 
tenderer  afFeftiort,  and  more  intimate  fociety,and  carry  at  a  greater 
Sftance  from  him,  as  the  Jews  did  to  heathens  or  publicans/ 

One  fliould  have  been  almoft  tempted  to  think  that  this 
Author's  zeal  had  carried  him  too  far,  as  it  is  not  credible  that 
Voltaire  fliould  himfclf  believe  the  words  were  intended  to 
favour  perfecutiop,  though  he  mii^ht  fuppofe  thar  fome  Chriftians 
'  had  given  ihem  fych  a  turn  ;  but  his  own  expreflions  as  here 
quoted,  it  muft  be  owned,  do  appear  to  lead  to  fome  fuch 
meaning.  This,  among  .other  inftances,  muft  be  fufficient  to 
fatisfy  every  reader,  that  though  our  fprightly  foreigner  has 
been  juftiy  celebrated  fur  genius  and  wit,  he  is  greatly  defeftivc 
as  to  fidelity  and  veracity;  and  in  regard  to  points  of  hiftorr 
and  £a6i,  arid  not  unfrequcntly  as  to  other  fubjeSs,  is  to  be  read 
with  great  fufpicion,  if  not  with  utter  diftruft. 

The  third  part  of  this  work  confifts  of  remarks  upon,  anJ 
anfwers  to  fome  injurious  aifertiohs  which  its  Author  finds 
'advanced  by  his  opponent,  with  regard  to  feveral  of  the  books 
of  Scripture.  The  whole  is  concluded  by  an  appendix,  con^ 
fifting  of  obfervations  on  thofe  remarks  which  Mr.  Voltaire  has 
made  on  the  filence  of  cotemporary  writers  Concerning  Ac 
miracles  of  Chnft,  and  feveral  other  extraordinary  events  whick  ' 
the  Scriptures  relate.  Among  a  variety  of  obfervations,  agree- 
able to  what  learned  men  have  offered  at  different  times  with 
great  propriety  and  ftreneth  on  thefe  fubjedts,  we  may  tran- 
Icribe  a  few  lines,  which  are  likely  to  afford  a  little  alfiftance 
to  fuch  of  our  readers  as  have  found  difficulties  on  this  queftioQ^ 
land  whu  have  not  had  much  opportunity  for  removing  them't 
they  are  taken  from  that  part  of  the  work  which  confiders 
the  omillion  pf  tj^e  Jlanght^ir  of  the  infants  by  other  hiftorians* 
*  Bethlehem,  fays  our  Author,  was  but  a  fqiall  towq,  of  little 
note  or  fame  : — it  could  not  be  of  great  extent,  for  the  hill  on 
"which'  it  ftood,  and  of  which  it  occupied  only  a  part,  accordii^ 
to  travellers,  does  not  exceed  in  its  "whole  circumference  a 
thoufand  paces,  that'is,  afinglc  mile, — ^The  children,  then,  ia 
this  pl^ce  and  it's  confines,  from  two  years  of  age  and  under, 
who  were  cut  olF  by  Herod's  decree,  muft  have  been  but  a 
handful  in  comparifon.  Why  then  fhould  it  be  thought  ftrange, 
that  thefe  Gentile  writers,  who  had  fo  large  a  field  before 
them,  and  who  meded  to  treat  of  fo  great  a  variety  of  events 
intcrefting  to  the  Roman  government,  fliould  have  been  filent 
^bout  this  flaughter  of  fome  babes  in  a  fmall  corner  of  the  Roman 


468  An  hijlariuil  EJfay  on  ihi  EngUJh  Conflitutimf 

empire,  for  the  fake  of  tbe  intereft  of  a  petty  prince  ?  And  how 
ridiculous  is  it  to  raake  their  omijfton  to  mention  it^  a  ground  of 
unbelief,  efpecially  when  it  is  confidered,  that  they  either, 
through  ftudy  of  brevity,  pafs  Herod's  ftory  nhogether  j  or  if 
they  do  not,  they  comprize  all  they  tell  us  about  his  elevation 
to  the  throne,  his  behaviour  in  It,  his  death,  and  the  divlfion 
of  his  kingdom  among  his  fons,  whofe  very  names  withal 
they  omit,  in  three  or  four  lines."— .-In  another  place,  on  the 
fame  fubjed^,  he  proceeds, — *  As  we  believe,  on  Jofephus*a 
authority  alone,  many  things  about  Herod  which  none  befide 
him  atteft ;  fo  we  credit  many  things  about  the  Csefars  upon 
Tacitus's  relation,  which  Suetonius,  who  was  his  cotemporary^ 
pafles;  and  many  things  upon  Die's  aiTertion,  though  he  lived 
about  100  years  later,  which  neither  of  them  mentions  in 
their  hiftories  c\  their  lives  and  reigns.  Is  it  not  then  very 
equitable  to  rejy  npon  Matthew's  account  of  this  adion, 
though  omitted  by  Jofephus  ?' 

Towards  the  clofe  of  the  appendix  it  is  added,  *  The  fpeedy 
alteration  in  the  world  itfclf,  of  which  there  are  moft  authentic 
monuments  in  the  relations  of  heathen  hiftorians,  and  in  the 
refcripts  of  heathen  princes  and  governors,  is  a  ftrong  proof 
of  the  truth  of  the  miracles  and  prodigies,  notwithftanding  the 
jilence  of  Jewifh  and  Gentile  writers,  ftill  remaining  enemies 
to  our  religion,  about  them  ;  which  is  only  a  difficulty  eafy  to 
be  folved  from  a  knowledge  of  human  nature,  without  faying^ 
as  Mr.  Voltaire  does  In  his  ironicial  fcoffing  manner,  ^<  I  fup- 
pofe  God  would  not  allow  fuch  divine  things  (hould  be  com* 
mittedto  writing  by  profane  hands.'* 

We  Ihall  only  obferve,  in  the  conclufion,  that  we  have  trufled 
to  Mr.  Findlay  as  to  the  fidelity  of  the  quotations  which  be  has 
made  from  the  works  of  Mr.  Voltaire. 

Art.  VII.  Jn  htji.yical  EJfay  on  the  Englifl)  ConJlitutUn  5  cr,  an 

impartial  Enquiry  into  the  ele^ive  Power  of  the  People^  from  the 
frfl  EJiahliJhmcnt  of  the  Saxons  in  this  Kingdom,     tVherein  th^ 

Right  ofParliammt  to  tax  our  d'lftant  Provinces  it  explained  and 
juftifiedy  upon  fuch  CmjUtutional  Principles  as  will  afford  an  equal 

Security  to  the  CcloniJIs  as  to  thtir  Brethren  at  home.     8vo, 

4s.  Boards.     Dilly.     1771* 

THE  inftitutlons,  laws,  and  cuftoms  of  the  Northern  na- 
tions have  often  been  the  pleafmg  fubjedis  of  enquiry  ta 
the  learned  and  curious,  and  we  cannot  be  uninformed  how 
much  a  fpirit  of  liberty  prevailed  among  the  Teutonic  tribes 
in  general.  This  is  finely  rcprefented  -in  Tacitus's  admirable 
Treatife  on  the  Manners  of  the  ancient  Germans ;  in  which 
treatife,  as  hath  frequently  been  obfervcd,  we  may  plainly  dif- 
cern  how  early  the  foundations  were  laid  of  thofe  free  prin- 

ciplei»' 


An  hi/lorUal  £jjay  on  tte  Englijh  ConJlUuUon.  465 

ciples.and  modes  of  government  which  afterwards  extendei 
through  the  greateft  part  of  Europe,  and  produced  fuch  extra* 
ordinary  efle^s  with  regard  to  its  fituauon  and  a  :^  a  iff. 

Of  all  the  people  of  Germany,  none  feehi  to  have  had  a 
mort  independent  fpirit,  or  to  have  more  fteadily  preferved, 
and  more  wifely  improved,  the  fyftem  which  they  broughC  with 
them  from  the  continent,  than  our  Anglo-Saxon  anceftors.  It 
cannot  juftly  be  denied  that,  from  their  inftitutions  have  been 
derived  feveral  of  the  moft  valuable  cuftoms,  and  of  the  moft 
important  privileges,  which  fubfill  among  us  at  prefent.  It  t« 
no  wonder^  therefore,  that  the  Sa:fon  conditution  ihould  btf 
deemed  a  noble  obje^  of  ftudy,  by  Englifh  lawyers,  politi- 
cians, and  fcholars  \  and  we  believe  that  it  will  be  found,  upon 
•nquiry,  to  have  been  the  completL^ft  model  of  government 
which  hath  ever  been  carried  into  practice.  Such,  at  leaft,  W 
the  opinion  of  our  moft  judicious  and  enlightened  antiquarians  ; 
and^  among  the  reft,  of  the  fenfitje  Writer  of  the  work  before 
us. 

It  is  to  be  lamented  that  we  have  fo  great  a  fcarcity  of  hifto^- 
rical  evidence,  with  refpe£l  to  many  things  which  relate  to  this 
admirable  form  of  pdicy.  Our  Author  ofoferves,  however, 
that  there  are  four  fources  from  whence  we  may  draw  our  in- 
telligence concerning  the  principles  and  manner  of  condu£ltng 
the  firft  eftablifliment  of  our  mode  of  government  in  this  king- 
dom: firft,  from  the  great  remains  of  it  we  have,  in  our  ge- 
Irernment,  now  in  ufe ;  fecondly,  from  the  feveral  Saxon  efta- 
blifliments  that  ai^e  ftill  in  being,  but  of  no  ufe,  with  refped): 
to  the  end  of  their  firft  eftablifhment ;  thirdly,  from  the  glim* 
mering  lights  of  ancient  hiftory ;  and;  laftly,  from  the  known 
alterations  that  have  taken  place  at  and  fince  the  conqueft. 
'Inhere  are  alfo,  he  fays,  many  cuftoms,  forms,  principles,  and 
doidrines,  that  have  been  handed  down  to  us  by  tradirion, 
l¥bi€h  will  {z^^^  us  as  fo  many  land- marks  to  guide  our  fteps 
to  the  foondation-of  this  ancient  ftrudiure,  which  is  only  bu« 
ried  under  the  rubbilh  coUeSed  by  time,  and  new  cftablifh- 
fnents.  Our  Efiayift,  availing  himfelf  of  thefe  advantages^ 
hath  given  a  curious  and  entertaining  account  of  the  firft  fet* 
tlement  of  our  comftitution  by  the  Saxons,  to  what  is  con- 
inonly  called  the  Norman  conqueft  ;  Which  account  we  (hall 
lay  fomtwhat  largely  before  our  Readers. 

Having  premifed^  that  the  principle  of  annual  election  is  the 
firft  principle  of  a  government  that  is  founded  on  the  natu^l 
rights  of  mankind,  he  describes  the  eftabliihment  made  by  our 
anceftors,  under  the  heptarchy,  in  the  following  manner : 

'  They  firft  divided  the  laod  into  fmall  parts,  and  that  divided 
the  inhabitants  upon  that  Und,  and  made  them  a  diftind  and  fepa« 
rate  people  from  any  other.    This  diviiioa  they  called  a  tithing. 

Here 


470  ^  htjtbrical  EJJay  on  the  Englljb  Couftitidiott. 

Here  they  eilabiiltied  a  government,  which  was,  no  doabt,  the  fame 
mt  that  under  which  they  lived  in  their  mother-country  ;  and,  witR 
as  little  dottbt,  we  may  fay,  it  was  the  fame  which  is  ufcd  in  our 
corporations  at  this  day  ;  as  will  hereafter  more  folly  appear.  They 
had  two  forts  of  tithings,  one  called  a  town- tithing,  and  the  other 
«  rural  tithing.  Thcfe  were  governed  upon  the  lame  principles^ 
only  thus  diilinguiflied  ;  as  one  is  exprefTive  of  a  town,  having  fuch 
a  number  of  inhabitants  as  to  make  a  tithing  of  .itfclf ;  and  the 
other  of  a  tithing  fltuated  in  the  rural  part  of  the  kingdom.  Thus 
they  went  on,  aJ  they  conquered  the  country,  to  divide  the  land, 
dll  they  had  cut  the  whole  kingdom  into  tithings,  and  e^blilhed 
the  fame  form  of  government  in  each. 

*  In  this  manner  they  provided  for  the  internal  police  of  th^ 
whole  country,  which  they  veded  in  the  inhabitants  of  the  rffpec- 
^  tive  tithings,  who  annually  eleded  the  magidrates  that  were  to  ad* 
miaifler  jullice  to  them,  agreeable  to  the  laws  a\id  cuftoms  they  had  . 
brought  with  them  from  tkeir  mother- country.  And  this  internal 
police  was  fo  excellent  in  its  nature,  that  it  hath  had  the  enccw 
miumsof  moft  Authors  of  our  hillory,  who  obferve,  that,  in  the  reign 
of  Alfred,  it  was  in  fo  great  perfedlon,  that,  if  a  golden  bracelet 
had  been  expofed  upon  the  high  road,  no  man  durA  have  touched 

'  The  principal  officer  of  a  tithing  was  vefted  with  the  executive 
authority  of  the  ti tiling.  They  had,  likewife,  a  legiflative  autho- 
rity in  every  tithing,  which  made  laws  and  regulations  for  the  good 
government  of  the  tithing,  Beiides  thefe  they  had  a  court  of  law, 
whofe  jurifdidion  was  confined  within  the  fame  limits:  all  which 
were  created  by  the  eleclive  power  of  the  people  who  were  refident 
inhabitants  of  the  tithing  ;  and  the  right  of  eleftion  was  placed  in 
every  man  that  paid  his  (hot  and  bore  his  lot.  From  hence  we  may 
eafily  perceive,  that,  under  the  eliablifhment  of  thefe  tithings,  by 

•  reafon  of  their  fmaHncfs,  the  natural  rights  of  mankind  might  very 
well  be  preferved  in  the  fulled  extent,  as  they  could  delegate  their 
power  by  ele^Uon,  without  any  confu(^on  or  inconvenience  to  the 
inhabitants. 

*  Having  advanced  thus  far,  I  would  make  one  obfervation ;  which 
is,  that  all  eledive  poweir  in  the  people  at  large,  after  it  had  ellabliihed 
the  executive  and  legiflative  authority  in  the  tithing  for  one  year» 
and  duly  veiled  the  officers  in  their  leipcdive  departments,  then 
flopped,  and  proceeded  no  farther  than  the  tithings.  But  the  prin- 
cipal officer  of  each  tithmg  (whom  for  diftindlion's  fake  we  (hall  call 

•  mayor)  had  afterwards  the  whole  care  of  the  intereft  of  the  people 
of  the  tithing  veiled  in  himfelf  alone,  in  tvtrj  matter  that  refpcfted 
their  connexion  with  the  higher  orders  of  the  Hate  :  for  thefe  tithings 
were  the  root  from  whence  all  authority  in  the  higher  orders  of  the 
ftatefprung. 

*  The  firll  connexion  the  tithings  had  with  one  another,  was  to 
form  an  edabliihment  for  the  military  defence  of  the  country.  For 
this  end,  a  number  of  thefe  tithings  were  united  together,  fo  far  as 
related  to  their  military  concerns.  This  union  neceffarily  created 
a  larger  divifjon  of  the  land,  equal  to  the  number  of  tithings  that 
were  thus  united ;  and  this  they  called  a  wapentake,  or  weapontakc. 

Here 


An  hiftorical  EJfay  on  the  EngUJh  Conjlitution.  471 

Here,  likcwire,  they  eftablilh^d  a  court  of  council,  and  a  court  of 
law,  which  laft  was  called  a  wapentake- court.  In  the  court  of  coan- 
,  cil,  the  chief  magiftrates  of  every  tithing  afTeoibled  to  elcd  the  offi* 
cers  oPthe  militia  to  their  refpeflive  command,  and  regulate  all 
matters  relating  to  the  militia ;  in  which  every  individual  tithing 
was  concerned.  The  court  of  law  was  to  enforce  thefc  regulations 
within  that  jurifdidion. 

*  Let  us  now  confidcr  the  third  and  lad  divifion  which  they  made 
in  the  land.  This  was  compofed  of  a  certain  number  of  wapentakes 
united  together,  which  they  called  a  fhire,  or  one  complete  ihare 
or  part,  into  which  they  divided  the  land.  This  divifion  completed 
their  fyftem  of  internal  police,  by  uniting  all  the  tithings  within  the 
(hire  into  one  body,  fubjefl  to  fuch  laws  and  regulations  as  (hould 
be  made  in  their  fhirogemots,  or  Ihireparliaments,  for  the  benefit 
and  good  government  of  the  (hire. 

*  The  members  that  compofed  the  fhiregemot  were  ftill  the 
chief  officers  of  the  tithings  ;  who  always  reprefented  the  tithings  in 
every  thing  in  which  they  were  concerned.  It  was  in  this  ihiregemoc 
where  the  great  officers  of  the  (hire  were  elefted  to  their  office  ;  who, 
conftquently,  were  eledled  by  the  immediate  reprefcntatives  of  the 
people,  but  not  by  the  people  at  large.  This  feems  to  fatisfy  what 
hiflorians  obfcrve,  that  the  great  oHicers  of  the  Ihires  were  eleded  by 
their  peers.  What  I  underftand  by  this  is,  that  they  were  elefled  by 
men  who  were  members  of  the  wittenagcmot,  or  parliament,  and 
confequently  peers  or  equal?,  at  that  day,  to  any  men  in  England. 
There  were  many  titles  that  Teem  to  have  belonged  to  their  fuperior 
orders  of  men  ;  but  they  were  only  titles  of  ofHce,  and  not  perfonal 
titles  of  honour.  And  we  (hall,  hereafter,  have  occafion  to  obferve, 
that,  when  the  office  by  which  they  held  their  titles  was  abolifhed, 
from  that  time  the  title  vaniihed  with  it, 

*  As  this  divifion  comprehended  many  tithings,  and  many  people, 
fo  it  had  the  greateft  court  of  council  in  England,  except  the  high 
court  of  parliament ;  and  the  chief  officer  was  vcfted  with  as  high 
a  jurifdiaion  in  the  fhire,  as  the  king  in  the  kingdom.  He  was 
vefted  with  the  executive  authority,  and  was  commander  in  chief  of 
all  the  militia;  in  fhort,  he  was  the  fame  in  the  fhire,  as  the  king 
was  in  the  kingdom.  They  had,  likewife,  a  court  of  law,  called  the 
/hire-court;  to  which,  I  make  no  doubt,  every  man  might  appeal 
who  thought  himfelf  injured  by  the  inferior  courts  in  the  (hire.  Thefe 
divifions  in  the  land  are  what  I  call  the  (kelcton  of  the  conftitution, 
which  was  animated  and  put  in  motion  by  all  thefe  ellablifhments. 

*  We  may  confider  each  (hire  as  a  complete  government,  furnifhed 
with  both  a  civil  and  a  military  power  within  its  own  jurifdiaion. 
The  expence  attenJing  each  government  of  a  (hire  was  merely  local, 
and  confined  to  the  ihire,  which  was  fopported  by  taxes  charged 
upon  the  people  by  the  fhiregemot,  with  the  affiilance  of  certain 
lands,  appropriated  to  that  purpofe,  which  was  a  clear  and  diftinft 
thing  from  a  national  expence,  and  never  brought  to  the  national 
account  at  all.  And,  indeed,  it  is  the  fame  at  this  day,  though- 
conduced  in  a  different  manner;  for  the  internal  government  of 
this  kingdom  is'no  expence  to  the  (late,  and  is  founded  upon  this 
equitable  principle,  that  whatever  expence  concerns  only  a  part, 

,  ought 


^7  2  An  hijiorical  EJfay  on  the  EngUJh  Con/lhution. 

«ught  to  be  paid  by  tbat  part  only ;  bat  what  concerns  the  wboM 
<oaimunity  ought  to  be  paid  by  the  whole  community.    I  would  here 
jnft  beg  leave  to  obferve,  that  che  governnient  eAablifhed  for  the  in- 
ternal police  of  ^r  American  provinces,  is  founded  upon  the  fame 
principles  as  that  which  our  Saxon  forefathers  eftablilhed  for  the  go- 
vernment of  a  (hire.     And  their  connexion  with,  and  duty  to  the 
•  legislative  authority  of  the  whole  United  kingdom,  i«,  conlUtutionally 
confidered,  the  fame  in  each.  ,       ^ 

*  Let  us  now  fee  by  what  mode  of  union  thefe  (hires  became 
Bnited  together  into  a  kingdom.    And  it  will  be  found,  I  apprehend, 

•that  they  purfued  the  fame  principles  which  they  had  ufed  in  every 
t)thcr  eitablifhment ;  that  is  to  fay,  wherever  a  combined  intereft 
was  concerned,  and  the  people  at  large  were  afFcdcd  by  it,  the  im- 
mediate deputies  of  the  people,  who  were  always  the  chief  officer* 
of  the  tithings  for  the  time  being,  met  together  to  attend  to  the  re- 
fpcdive  interefls  of  their  conllitucnts ;  and  a  majority  of  voices  al- 
ways bound  the  whole,  and  lictcrioined  for  any  meafure  that  was 
lupp'^i'cd  to  operate  for  tlie  go^\\  of  the  whole  combined  body.  This 
meeting  of  the  deputies  of  the  people  was  called,  by  the  Saxons, 
the  wktcna-gemot,  or  an  affcmbly  of  the  wife  men  of  the  natiooi 
which  compofed  this  natioiial  council  and  kgillative  authority. 

*  Let  us  fuppofe,  for  inltance,  that  one  of  thefe  fmall  kingdoms 
uas  composed  of  £ve  fliires ;  then  a  deputy  from  every  tithing  within 

.  the  five  (hires,  meeting  together,  would  compofe  the  conflitaenC 
parts  of  the  parliament  of  the  little  kingdom  to  which  they  belonged* 
This  a;^rees  with  what  St.  Ammon  *  fays,  in  his  Klfay  on  the  Legifla- 
xive  authority  of  England,  that  the  judges,  or  chief  oiiicers  of  the 
ti'^hings,  reprefentcd  the  tithings  in  the  Saxon  wittena-gemot,  or 
parliament. 

*  We  know  very  well  what  town  tithings,  or  boroughs  are^  be- 
caufe  they  arc  now  in  ufe,  in  fome  refpefts,  for  the  fame  parpofe  as 
formerly  ;  but  we  are  not  fo  well  acquainted  with  the  dimendons  of 
the  rural  tithings,  according  to  their  ancient  cftabliihment.  But  it 
is  very  probable  that  the  divifion  in  the  land,  which  we  now  call  th6 
high  conltablc's  divifion,  was  the  bounds  of  the  ancient  rural  tithings  r 
and  what  makes  this  the  more  probable  is,  that  the  high  conftable* 
in  his  divifion,  is  a  man  of  a  very  high  authority,  even  at  this  day» 
and  as  ancient  a  peace  officer  as  any  in  the  kingdom.  However,  be 
that  as  it  will,  from  what  has  been  faid  we  may  conclude,  that  thJt 
conflituent  parts  of  the  legiflative  authority,  during  the  heptarchy^ 
confided  of  two  bodies  of  men,  which  were  both  fcle£^ive ;  and  re- 

.  fpefiiveiy  reprefented  the  inhabitants  of  the  towns,  and  the  inhabi- 

.  cants  of  the  rural  p;u-ts  of  the  kiagdom. 

'  But  as  a  condderable  alteration  was  made,  in  this  rcfpe^,  at 
the  union  of  the  feven  kingdoms  into  one,  by  Alfred  the  Great,  it 
will  be  proper  here  to  remark  the  conilituent  parts  of  the  parliaments^ 
and  the  rights  of  ele^ion  of  the  people,  during  the  heptarchy.  Fir0» 
the  Feprefentatives  of  the  town  tithings,  or  boroughs,  were  always 
their  chief  magidrates  for  the  time  beings  by  virtue  of  their  o£ce  i 
to  which  they  were  annually  eleilcd,  by  Vftry  man  that  was  a  rcfi- 

.  dent  inhabitant  of  the  town,  and  that  paid  his  (hot  and  bore  his  lot. 

f  The  Author  Ihould  have  (kid,  St.  Amaud.  » 

*  Secondly, 


An  hlfhriad  kjfay  in  iU  kfiglifi>  Confiiit^oH.  4?^ 

*  Secondlji  thpreprefenudves  of  the  rar;|I  tithings  were,  likewifei 
tkeir  chief  magifbrates  for  .the  time  being*  by  vinuc  ..of  their  dffice; 
to  which  they  were  annually  ele£led»  by. every  man  .that  was  a  reQ- 
dent  inhabitaat  of  a  riiral  tithing*  and  that  paid  his  Oiot  and  bor« 

^«  ^o'«  .    . ..   J  •   .        .).... 

<  Hence  it  is  evidenti  that  the  pe^le  never  delegated  their  power 
to  their  members  of  pfu-liamept  for  a  longer  time  than  one  year  i 
becaofe  the  powers*  veiled  in  them*  maft  of  coorfe  expire  witk  their 
office ;  they  being  mayors*  or  chief  magiftrates,  in  their  refpefdv^r 
divifions  :  and  before  fuch  a  member  was  out.of  his  office^  as  njayor 
he  was  obliged  by  law  (ix  ^cioj  to  afiemblf  the  people  of  the 
town*  for  theeledion  ofo£icers*  to  ferve  for  the  enfuingyear;  the 
princijpal  of  whom  was  their  mayor  eied*  who*  confequently,  was 
their  member  tied  :  and*  for  the  fame  reafon*  it  was  not  in  the  power 
of  the  king  to  continue  the  fame  parliament  iongtx  than  one /ear,. 
Thus  we  tee  that  the  conftitution  hath  doubly  armed  itfell'  againft 
long  parliaments*  by  confining  the  power  of  the  members  witkin  the 
duty  of  an  annual  office/  •  .    •     . 

From  the  ftate  of  things  under  the  heptarchy^  our  Author 
proceeds  to  the  ftate  of  things  under  the  monarchy  ;  and  intro^ 
tluces  this  part  of  his  fubjedt  with  fome  obfervations  coiicern^ 
ing  the  origin  of  our  boufe  of  Lords^  and  the  exceUcht  charac^ 
tcr  of  Alfir^  the  Great.  When,  under  the  heptarchy^  it  wai 
neceflary  for  the  Saxon  nations  to  unite  together  for  their  mur 
tiial  protection  and  defence,  one  of  the  feven  kings  was  always 
cbofen  generaliffimo  over  the  whole  body ;  and  they  appdinted 
liim  a  ftanding  council,  of  a. certain  number  of  deputies,  froq 
each  ftate,  without  whofe  advice  and  concurrertce  it  is  probable 
be  could  not  ^St*  The  deputies,  who  compofed  this  great 
ibuiding  council,  Were  raifed  to  their  truft  by  the  joint  confent 
of  the  king  and  parliament  of  the  little  kingdom  from  whence 
*  they  were  fent.  When  Alfred  united  the  fevtfn  kingdoms  intd 
one,  *  he,  undoubtedly,  (fays  our  ingenious  Writer)  With  the 
approbation  of  the  people,  incorporated  this  great  council,  zi 
a  feparate  branch  of  the  wittcna-gemot,  of  parliamcht  j  fo  that 
they  ftill  continued  to  be  the  king's  great  council*  and  a  brancll 
of  the  legi/Iative  authority,  which  they  are  at  this  day.  Ini 
confirmation  of  which  it  is  obfervable,  that  the  confent  of  th  j 
parliament  continued  necefiary  for  creating  ^  baron  of  the  realmi 
about  as  low  down  as  Henry  the  Seventh/ 

When  one  parliament  was  to  be  eftabliihed  in  the  robhf  of 
feven,  for  the  fervice  of  the  whole  united  kingdbm,  thd^qbaftiori 
muft  have  been  how  to  reduce  the  reprefcntatives  to  fUch  i 
liumb^r  as  would  be  converlidnt  fdt  tfanfa(9ing  the  bufinefs  of 
the  nation,  and  yet  preferve  the  elcflive  power  of  the  people 
unhurt.  .  Our  Saxon  anceftor^,  according  to  the  account  giveii 
^y  our  Authdl:,  were  exceedingly  happy  m  their  removal  of  thii 
difficulty. 
^  Rjir.  June  l^^U  I  i  *  The/ 


474  ^n  hifiorical  Effaj  on  the  EngU/h  Cenftituti^ 

*  They  excluded,  fays  he,  from  this  parliament,  all  the  reprefen* 
tatives  of  the  rural  tithings,  as  being  a  body  of  men  the  moft  na* 
meroas  of  any,  confidered  coUeflivelyy  and  yet  eleted  by  th^  fewci 
people,  in  proportion  ;  which  maft  be  vtry  evident,  fince  the  i oral 
part  of  the  kingdom  muft,  of  courfe,  be  more  thinly  inhabited  than 
the  towns ;  befides,  the  town  tithings,  or  boronghs,  where  a  great 
iinmher  of  inhabitants  are  colteded  together  upon  a  fmall  compais 
of  groand,  were  undoubtedly  the  moft  conveniently  fitoated  fat  die 
commodious  exercife  of  the  eledlive  power  of  the  people.  And  the 
towns  being  few,  in  comparifon  to  the  rural  ti^n^,  and  at  the 
iame  time  difperfed  over  the  whole  country,  were  the  beft  adapted 
to  receive  the  regulations  they  intended  to  make  in  their  plan  of 
forming  the  conftitoent  parts  of  the  new  parliament. 

'  In  faftsfaAion  fox'  aboli(hing  the  reprefenutives  of  the  mnd 
tithings,  they  fubftitnted  two  new  bodies  of  men.  The  firft,  as  hath 
Hen  hinted  before,  were  the  members  of  the  ereat  council  of  th^ 
nation,  which  attended  the  generaliCimo  under  uie  heptarchy';  wh* 
were,  upon  this  Qccafion,  incorporated  as  a  diftin£l  branch  of  di^  pai^ 
fiament,  under  the  monarchy/  And  whatever  their  power  might  be, 
^as  the  king's  great  council,  they  were  now  incorporated  as  a  diftind 
Ibranch  of  our  parliament ;  as  a  body  of  great  freeholders,  e^rcifiog 
Aeir  kgiftative  power  in  pcrfen ;  and  for  that  reaibn  have  fince,  fa^ 
way  of  eminence,  been  (Hied  barons  of  the  realm.  It  is  upon  thia 
jrround  that  oar  hou(e  of  commons  are  of  opinion  that  a  lord  of  par* 
fiament  hath  no  right  to  interfere  in  matters  of  ekdiion. 

*  Though  the  barons  of  the  realm  carried  into  parliament  the 
greateft  concern  for  the  interefl  of  the  rural  ^art  of  the  kingdooi, 
bf  whichr  perhaps,  they  were  the  greatefi  proprietors ;  yet,  not 
Being  eledive,  they  were  not  fuch  a  body  of  men  as  the  conftitutioii 
and  the  fafety  of  the  inhabiuata  of  the  rural  tithings  required  i  and 
therefore  they  conftitvted  (hire  eiedions,  for  two  members  to  rtpre- 
ftnt  the  fhire  in  parliament ;  and  thofe  leprtfentativaa  were  the  on?^ 
gin  of  our  knighu  of  the  fhire. 

'  The  barons  of  the  realm,  and  the  knights  of  the  ihires,  I  confi- 
^r  as  two  bodies  of  men  that  were  fubftituted,  at  the  eftablifhment 
of  the  monarchy  under  Alfred  the  Great,  in  the  place  of  thofe  re- 
prefentatives  that  ufed  to  ferve,  under  the  heptarchy,  for  the  rural 
tithings.  The  alteration  that  was  made,  with  refpedl  to  the  towns, 
tf  boroughs,  was  (imply  this ;  that  all  boroughs  that  nied  to  fend 
•ne  member  to  the  litde  parliament,  to  which  they  belonged  under 
the  heptarchy,  fhonld,  for  the  future,  fend  two  to  the  great  pariU- 
jnent  of  England. 

*  Thus  the  feven  kingdoms  of  the  heptarchy  became  finally  vnited 
under  one  king,  or  chief  magiftrate,  and  one  parliament :  by  which 
means  the  members  were  properly  reduced  to  a  convenient  number^ 
to  hear  and  to  be  heard,  to  inform  and  to  be  informed,  by  argif^ 
ment  and  debate  j  which  is  no  fmall  dilEculty  in  a  government 
founded  upon  the  common  ric;hts  of  mankind,  where  the  elediva 
power  of  the  people  is  difiufea  through  a  whole  kingdom  ^ke  that 
•f  England/ 

Thr 


Jn  hijloricai  tffay  on  the  Englijh  ConflttutidHi  4f  ^ 

The  Author  now  concludes  this  part  of  his  fubjeft,  by  enameratinflp 
the  conftitaent  parts  of  the  parliament*  as  it  was  thus  liew  modelled 
tinder  the  infpedion  of  Alfred  the  Great : 

'  FIrfl»  it  confided  of  the  barons  of  the  realm,  created  by  ihe  mu« 
tual  confent  of  the  king  and  parliament. 

*  Secondly,  of  the  knights  of  the  (hires,  cledled  by  the  rural  in# 
liabitants  of  the  (biresi  paying  their  (hot  and  bearing  their  lot* 

*  Thirdly,  of  the  bargeffes,  who  reprefented  the  people  of  th^ 
towns,  and  were  eleded  by  every  refident  inhabiunt  that  paid  hit 
ihot  and  bore  his  lot. 

*  I  have  thus  endeavonred  to  give  the  hiftory  of  the  mode  of  go- 
Ternment  introduced  into  this  kingdom,  by  our  Saxon  forefathers^ 
aboot  the  year  4^0,  to  the  onion  of  the  feven  lungdoms  into  one, 
when  the  conftitution  of  this  country  became  finally  eUablifhed  as  a 
great  nation,  ^nd  whoever  attentively  con(ider8  this  matter  will 
lee  that  bur  Saxon  forefathers  had  only  one  mode  of  government^ 
which  they  made  ufe  of  on  all  occafions,  both  to  eovern  a  town,  « 
citv,  a  wapentake,  a  (hire,  or  a  kingdom :  and  that  the  power 
▼efted  in  our  Saxop  kings  was  circamfcribed  by  the  fame  role,  was 
of  the  fame  genius,  fpirit,  and  temper,  as  that  veded  in  the  chief 
jnagiftrate  of  a  city.  The  only  difference  between  them  was  in  the 
circle  and  duration  of  their  authority ;  the  care  of  the  one  bein^  an-x 
nQal,  and  confined  within  the  walls  of  his  city,  and  the  care  of  thc^ 
other  being  for  life,  and  extended  over  the  whole  kingdom. 

*  There  were  three  things  e(rentially  nece(rary  to  form  a  Saxon 
government,  which  they  applied  to  evefy  cafe  where  a  combined  in^ 
tereft  was  concerned ;  and  thefe  were  a  court  of  council,  a  court  of' 
law,  and  a  chief  magiftrate.  A  court  of  council^  to  confider  what 
was  for  the  benefit  of  the  whole  fociety ;  and  to  make  laws,  orders^ 
and rqrolatiQns,  for  the, good  government  of  the  people  within  that 
jurifdidion.  A  court  of  law,  to  enforce  due  obedience  to  the  adls 
and  orders  of  the;  court  of  council.  One  chief  magiib-ate,  who  waa 
veiled  with  the  executive  authority  to  admi oilier  the  conilitution  to 
the  people,  and  whofe  duty  it  was  to  take  care  that  every  man 
within  his  juri(di£lion  paid  a  due  obedience  to  the  la\^. 

'  hi  this  manner  every  borough  was  fornHlted  with  a  cotrrt  of 
..cooncil,  a  court  of  law,  afnd  a  chief  magiftrate.  Evefy  wapentate 
and  rujal  rithing  had  the  fame.  Every  ihire  bad  likewife  a  court  of 
coancili  called  die  ihire-gemot,  and  a  court  of  law.  called  the  ^ire- 
court,  and  a  chief  magi&ate.  .  The  fame  eftablilhment  held  good 
ia  the  adminillration  of  the  government  of  the  whole  kingdom  :  for 
tbe  court  of  council  was  the  high  court  of  parliament ;  the  king*9 
tourt  was  the  court  of  law;  and  the  king  himfelf  was  the  chief  ma* 
^firate.  As  it  was  impoflible  for  the  chief  magi/lrate,  in  great 
towns,  'to  execute  the  bu'finefs  without  emrroaching  too  much  upon 
his  time,  and  hindering  his  attendance  upon  the  higher  ordei*s  of 
the  (bite,  where  his  preience  was  more  particularly  nece(rary,  ihey 
€le6led  a  number  of  men,  whofe  bufioefs  was  to  afitft  the  chief  magi- 
ftrate »  the  exectttioa  of  his  doty  at  home.  The  principal  of  thefe 
were  what  we  now  call  the  alderman  of  a  town  ',  and  there  were  be- 
Jfides  many  other  inferior  ofiicers. 

li  a  'Thm 


47^  At  UJimcal  Effay  m  the  Englijh  ConftUution. 

*  The  fird:  duty  thac  the  chief  magiRrates  of  the  tithings  had  oat 
of  their  own  diviiion,  was  to  attend  at  the  wapentake  meetings 
where  they  formed  the  wapentake  court  of  council.  Their  fecond 
duty  was  to  attend  at  the  fhire-gemots,  where  they  again  formed 
the  court  council.  And»  laflly,  they  attended  in  the  wittena-gemot» 
where  they,, formed  the  common  council  in  the  high  court  of  par- 
liament. 

..  *  It  is  very  evident  from  hiftory,  and  I  think  it  is  generally  agreed, 
that  our  Saxon  kings,  afler  their  eflablifhment  in  England,  enjoyed 
the  crown  during  their  natural  lives  ;  and  that,  at  their  death,  their 
fucce/Tor  was  elected  to  bis  ofHce  by  the  parliament :  however,  they 
generally  gave  the  preference  to  fome  one  of  the  fame  family,  who 
was  capable  of  executing  his  ofHce  in  perfon  :  for  our  Saxon  fore- 
fathers had  no  principle  in  their  mode  of  eovernment,  by  which 
powei-f  or  office,  could  be  obtained  peaceably  by  any  other  means 
than  by  receiving  it  from  fome  body  of  men  who  had  a  right  to 
give  it. 

*  Were  an  old  Saxon  to  rife  out  of  his  grave,  and  be  told,  that 
there  was  an  hereditary  right  to  power  in  sings,  and  that  England 
was  fometimes  governed  by  a  child,  he  would  be  greatly  furpnzed, 
and  tell  you  it  was  the  oddefl  conception  that  ever  entered  the  mind 
of  man.  And  yet,  as  things  are  now  fituated,  wife  men  are  of  opi« 
nion  that  chance,  in  this  cafe,  is  better  than  chooiing/ 

We  have  chiefly  confined  our  extrads  to  this  part  of  the 
biftorical  Eflay,  not  only  becaufe  they  afford  an  entertaining 
account  of  the  political  wifdom  of  our  anceftors,  but  becaufe 
they  exhibit  likewife  the  grounds  on  which  our  Author  builds 
his  reafonings  in  the  remainder  of  his  performance.  The  an* 
nual  exercife,  in  particular,  of  elc&ive  power,  he  juftlj  iniifh 
upon  as  the  quinteflence,  the  life,  and  foul  of  the  Saxon  con- 
ftitution;  and  upon  this  principle  he  flri&ly  examines,  and 
feverely  Condemns,  the  alterations  that  have  taken  place  in  fuc« 
ceeding  periods  of  the  Englifh  government.  We  could  with 
pleafure  tranfcribe  many  of  his  obfervatlons,  if  it  would  not 
extend  the  prefent  article  to  an  improper  length.  In  moft 
things  we  entirely  agree  with  him,  and  efpecially  in  his  con- 
demnation of  the  members  of  the  long  parliament  of  1640, 
for  procuring  an  zSt  that  thi  parlianunt  Jhould  not  bi  dijjilved 
without  the  confent  of  bath  houfes.  This  memoAble  event,  he 
fays,  will  be  marked,  in  our  future  annals,  like  that  of  Ma-- 
rius  and  Sylla,  in  theHoman  Hiftory,  who  taught  future  ad- 
venturers the  way^to  deftroy  the  Roman  conftitution,  and 
make  flaves  of  the  people :  for  it  is  the  firfl  Inftance,  in  the 
Engliih  hiftoryt  wherein  the  Houfe  of  Commons  impioufly' 
violated  the  rights  of  the  people,  and  gained  an  eftablimment 
by  zGt  of  parliament,  by  confenting  to  a  law  for  their  own  du* 
ration  ;  whence  the  ele6tive  power  of  the  people  was  deftroyed, 
and  our  free  ftate  cgnvertcd  into  a  fiased  aiid  ftanding  ariftocracy^ 


DoffieV  Memoirs  of  AgricuUun^  tic.  4yj 

We  equally  concur  with  our  Author  in  his  cenfures  of  the 
«  ariftocratical  meafurcs  that  have  fince  been  purfued,  and  par- 
ticularly the  feptennial  aft,  which  has  fettered  down  the  elec- 
tive power  of  the  Engliih  in  fuch  a  manner  that  it  is  only  fuf- 
fcrcd  to  go  abroad)  ence  In  fevtn  years^  for  an  airing. 

But  though,  in  general,  we  greatly  approve  of  the  perform- 
ance before  us,  we  by  no  means  conuder  it  as  free  from  errors. 
Fa£is  are  not,  in  every  inftance,  accurately,  flared,  nor  are  the 
remarks  always  judicious.  It  is  a  capital  defc£l  in  this  hifto- 
rical  hflay,  that  the  authorities  on  which  it  is  grounded  are 
wholly  omitted.  Thefe  were  the  more  neceflary  and  defirable 
10  thb  account  of  the  Saxon  government,  as  many  things  re- 
lating to  it  are  involved  in  much  controverfy  and  difficulty. 
Indeed,  the  infertion  of  the  proper  authorities  would  have 
raifed  what,  at  prefenr,  can  be  confidered  as  little  more  than  * 
a  temporary  political  pamphlet,  into  the  charaSer  of  a  folid 
and  Ming  treatife  on  the  true  nature  of  the  Engliih  confti- 
tution. 

The  Author's  vindication  of  the  right  of  parliament  to  tax 
our  diftant  colonies,  is  worthy  of  attention. 

Art.  VIII.  Memoirs  of  Agriculture  and  other  (economical  Arts. 
By  Robert  Doffie,  Efquire.  Vol.  11/  8vo.  5  s.  Boards. 
Nourfe.     177J. 

WE  introduced  our  Review  of  the  former  volume  ♦  of  this 
worlc,  by  offering  our  congratulations  to  the  public, 
that  thefludy  of  agriculture^  and  other  oeconomical  arts  (always 
of  confeflcdly  great  advantage,  and  peculiarly  fo  under  the  cir- 
cumflances  of  high  price  of  labour,  &c.)  was  purfued  by  men 
of  fortune^  the  moft  proper  perfons  to  rifquc  the  expence  of  un- 
tried experiments ;  and  we  obferved,  that  as  a  channel  was  ne- 
ceflary to  communicate  improvements,  fo  the  London  Society  for 
Encouragement  of  Arts,  &c.  had,  by  unforefeen  accidents,  been 
hindered  from  opening  one  for  improvements  addreifed  to  them, 
but  had  now  encouraged  Mr.  Doffie  to  publifli,  from  time  to 
time,  fuch  pieces  on  the  fubjcds  of  arts,  manufadures,  and 
commerce,  as  they  think  proper  to  lay  before  the  public. 

After  the  Tpace  of  about  three  years,  we  are  prefented  with 
the  fecond  volume,  which  we  fliall  treat  with  that  rejpta  which 
the  patronage  of  the  Publifher  deierves,  and  with  the  freedom 
which  our  duty  requires. 

The  preface  informs  us,  that  an  earlier  publication  of  this 
volume,  promifed  at  the  time  when  the  former  was  completed, 
—  -  ■        ■■■  ■  .1 

•  Rev.  Pebroary,  1769. 

I i  3  had 


4jl^  patios  Udmoks  of  J^riadturt^  ifii 

liad  been  hindered  by  unforefeen  accidents  $  and  thjit  an  omif'- 
ficn  of  the  continuation  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Society^  19 
to  be  afcribed  to  certain  alterations  in  thofe  proceedings.  Mr. 
Doffie  promifes,  however,  this  continuation  in  his  third  volume  ; 
and  recommends  the  contents  of  this  fecond  volume  as  cbm-r 
penfsiting  for  that  delay.  He  apologias  folr  the  republication  of 
feveral  pieces,  by  obferving  that  moft  of  them  had  been  fur- 
reptitioufly  obtained  *,  and  faultily  printed,  fo  as  to  be  un- 
ivorthy  of  the  Society.  He  recommends  the  pieces  not  com- 
munipated  by  the  Society >  as  of  apparent  importance^  and  mo-> 
deftly  defends  the  laft  article  of  this  collection,  viz.  his  owe| 
diilertation  on  the  murrain.  We  think,  indeed,  the  obje£lioa 
to  it,  as  being  treated  too  fcientijically^  \]\  grounded*  In  ihort,  we 
ho^efily  deem  it  of  more  value  than  all  the  reft  of  the  article3 
Jxere  collctaed. 

The  firft  article  gives  Mr.  Baldwin*^  *  improve^!  method  of 
cultivating  lucerne,' — This  Gendeman  propofes  to  fliew  that 
bis  diftanpe  oJF  rows  in  drilling  lucerne,  viz.  20  inches,  is  fu- 
perior  to  that  of  MeflTrs.  Tull,  LuUin,  Du  Hamel,  &c.  &c« 
viz.  40  inches.  But  he  ftates  his  experiments  in  fo  confufed 
^  manner,  that  he  muft  be  an  Oedipus  who  difcovers  his  con* 
cliifion  froni  his  premifes,  viz.  that  the  produce  of  a  rod  of  hi) 
is  2  cwt.  and  x  lb.  whereas  Mr.  Baker^s  produce  is  only  1  cwt. 
and  12  lb.  But,  on  fuppofition  that  the  produce,  as  afcertained 
by  Mr,  Baldwin^  be  exad,  it  is  fo  indecifive  a?  to  be  of  np  va- 
lue ;  for  Mr.  Baker's  produce  was  only  the  fecond  year's  growth^ 
and  Mr.  Baldwin's  the  third.  Who  fees  not  t))e  inadequatenef^ 
of  the  par(s  of  the  comparifon  ? 

♦  By  this  is  meant  the  publication  whofe  titfc  is  "  Pe  ReRufiica,** 
which  we  did  not  properly  re^ie<w^  but  gave  a  flight  account  of,  as  to 
the  titles  of  the  main  pieces,  and  the  names  of  their  Authors,  in 
our  number  for  February  laft.  The  Editor  of  the  Mempirs  of  Agri- 
culture aflcrts,  that  the  pieces  for  which  the  Society  give  pre- 
miums, become  their  property,  and  that  they  have  configned  tfaem  to 
the  ptiblicatioD  of  Mr.  U^ffie ;  fo  that  every  other  publicationi  wh<;tbcf 
with  or  without  the  leave  of  the  Authors,  muft  be  furr^titioosp 
This  feems  reafonable.  Fame  adds,  that  the  Editor  of  them,  in  the 
publicacioD  ftiled  '<  De  Re  RuJHcd^*  is  above  pecuniary  emoluments, 
and  pqblifhed  them  out  of  pique  to  Mr.  I^fSe^  whofe  publication  he 
boafted  hereby  to  foreftall ;  but  that  the  luccefs  has  not  anfwered 
his  expedtation,  either  as  to  renu^cion  or  profit.  Fame  is  often  a 
taftling  goflip ;  but  if  (he  (^eaks  truth  in  all  this,  we  rejoice  that 
fuch  a  defign  was  thus  fruftrated. — So  far  as  the  public  is  concerned, 
.It  is  our  duty  to  obferve,  that  it  is  much  more  their  intereft  to  be 
ferved  with  a  regular  publication  of  the  pieces  which  the  Society 
approve,  by  a  channel  which  they  point  out,  than  to  be  deceived^ 
into  a  double  purchafe  of  the  fame  work  by  furreptitious  editions. 

|1« 


Doffie^j  Memoirs  9f  Agricukuni'liu  479 

Hit  calculatioii  that  an  acre  will  keep  five  horfei  three 
vceksy  or  one  horfe  fifteen  weeks,  is  not  at  all  to  the  honour 
oF  lucerne,  notwithftaoding  his  encomiums.  Who  can  guefs 
what  is  meant  by  iif  and  12  lb.  olfat  of  Welch  wethers  ?  la 
the  weight  of  the  quarters  meant  ?  What  proof  of  the  goodneft 
of  lucerne  is  this? 

This  Gentleman  now  expatiates  on  his  own  new-invenied 
bnfe-boe  and  hoe  plough^  and  recommends  the  man  who  makes 
them  (under  hL  dire£fion)  to  the  Society.  We  (hould  be  forry 
to  check  a  fpirit  of  recompenfiag  the  labours  of  any  ingenious^ 
bonejl  man ;  but,  from  Mr.  Baldwin's  defcription,  tbefe  inftru^ 
ments  feem  liable  to  the  inconvefliences  found  in  their  prede* 
ceflbrs,  though  extolled  beyond  meafure. 

Art.  II.  conuins  a  receipt  of  the  late  excellent  P.  Wy^^  Efqj 
for  a  cheap  f,  durable,  and  handfome  coping  of  walls : 

R  Of  fuch  plafter  as  is  commonly  burnt  for  floors  about 
Nottingham,  4  or  5  buihels ;  beat  it  to  fine  powder,  then  fife 
and  put  it  into  a  trough,  and  mix  therewith  i  buOlel.of  pure 
aflies  of  coals,  well  calcined.  Pour  on  water  till  the  whole 
becomes  good  mortar.  Lay  this  in  wooden  frames  of  12  feet  in 
length  on  your  walls,  well  fmoothed  with  common  mortar  and 
dry,  the  thicknefs  of  2  inches  at  each  fide,  and  3  inches  in  the 
middle.  When  the  frame  is  moved,  to  proceed  with  the  work, 
leave  an  interval  of  2  inches  for  this  coping  to  extend  itfelf,  fo 
jas  to  meet  the  laft  frame-work. — This  is  the  fum  of  a  much 
more  difFufive  narrative. — Mr.  Dejfte  well  obferves,  that  any 
iarras^  plafter^  or  calcined  gypfum^  may  be  applied  with  as  much 
.  fucce&  as  the  fpecies  here  particularized  :  alfo,  that  though 
Mr.  Wych  ufes  old  plafter  new  calcined^  yet  frejh  is  much  bet- 
ter \  and  we  fuppofe  it  ufed. 

Art.  III.  is  Mr.  DoffieU  account  of  a  recipe  for  making  mor- 
tar impenetrable  to  moitture,  and  of  great  hardnefs  and  durability, 
fuppofed  to  be  that  of  the  ancients. — Communicated  by  him  to 

the  Society,  &c.  in  1760. — N.  fl.  Lord  M- — 1  had  it 

from  a  gentleman  of  Neufcbately  and  faw  the  mortar,  and  gave 
the  following  recipe  to  Mr.  Dcffie  : 

R  *  Mix  thoroughly  one-fourth  of  freih  unflaked  lime  with 
three-fourths  of  fand,  and  let  five  labourers  make  mortar  of 
thefe  ingredients  by  pouring  on  water,  with  trowels,  to  fupply 
one  mafoo,  who  muft,  when  the  materials  are  fufficiently 
mixed,  apply  it  inftantly  as  cement  or  plajler^  and  it  will  become 
hard  as  ftone.'    This  is  the  fummary  of  the  reci|ie. 

I  ■  p'  ■  I.     ■■  I      ■  111       J 

t  M  B.  Mr.  Wych  rates  the  fqaare-foot  of  this  coping  enly  \\  d^ 
and  fays  it  has  lailtd  ao  years. 

Ii4  ^x: 


4*« 


Doffie^i  Memoirs  of  JgrUuhuri^  bfci 


Mr.  DfiJ/u  well  notes,  that  the  lime  ufcd  Ihpuld  htJlone-Kme^ 
that  befoi'e  ufc  it  &ould  be  prcferved  from  accefs  of  air  or  wet, 
jj'nd  the  pfafter  fprc^ned  for  lomc  time  from  fun  j^nd  wind.  He 
fcmarks  well,  that  the  excellence  of  it  arifes  from  the  particu- 
lar attraction  betwixt  lime  ^nifandy  which  Is  ^eftfoyed  by  fla- 
king of.the  limp.  He  advifes  the  yxk  oi  fkimmed  milk  inftead  of 
water*  For  the  fimilarity  of  this  mortar  to  that  of  the  ancients, 
ftdr.  Po£t€  refers  us  ti)  PJiny,  Vitruvius,  &c. 

Art.iV.  gives  the  Rev.  Mr.  Howmarfs  obfcrvations  on  the 
Utiltiy  of  the  driji  hufbi,ndry,  and  on  the  turnip-cs^bbage,  and 
faifmg  of  white  clover  by  manure. 

"  This  very  fenfible  but  modeft  clergypiaq  will  allow  the  drill 
mcthf)d  vcfy  profitable  in  fwe  gafticulars,  but  moft  juftly  en- 
tertains *  rriiiny  doubts  whether  the  public  would  receive  any  ad- 
vantage frOip  the  unive^fal  prevalence  of  it.'  Here  Mr.  Doffig 
has  a  note,  *  that  the  warmejl  of  the  rational  advocates  for  the 
^^r/// W3tf<7£/ry  have  never  pretended  that  the  univerfarpraAice 
of  it  in  the  culture  of  wheat  would  afford  either  public  or  pri- 
vate benefit.'  We  arc  glad  to  hear  this;  but  we  cannot  agree 
^ith  Mr.  Doffie  in  the  fequel  of  his  note,  that  there  are  any 
accounts  yet  ^  laid  Sefore  the  public  which  provide  any  founda- 
tion towards  deciding  that  there  is  even  one  particular  cafe  in 
i^hich  the  drill  culture  of  wheat  can  be  profitable,  either  to  the 
farmer  or  public-  \Ve  fhall  confirm  our  opinion,  in  our  review 
pf  Sir  p.  Lcgard's  acpunt.        ' ' 

The  aci|te  apd  judicious  Mr.  Howman  pbfervcs,  iii  this  ac- 
jcountj  that  according  to  Sir  D.  Legard-s  conceffiohs,  ift,  the  • 
cbmparifon  is  to  be  made  between  the  ufe  of  the  drill  and  the 
hroad-caji  hufbandryy  according  to  the  moidern  improvements  of 
introducing  turnips  and  dpver  inftead  of  fallow;  and,  2dly, 
the  advantage  of  one  method  over  the  other  is  not  to  be  deter- 
mined in  a  particular  crop,  but  by  many  fuceeflive  ones.  Mr. 
tioiicman  is  fo  genteel  a$  to  allow  pir  D.  Legard,  that  in  a  com-^ 
parifon  oi  fever al  crops  the  drill  method  was  fuperior;  but  we 
cannot  pay  SirDigby  that  complinient,  as  we  (faall  (hew,  in  our 
review  of  .bis  latter  account.  Mr.  Howman,  however,  denies  the 
general  propofition,  that  ^  the  drill  method  h  fuperior.'  Here 
Mr.  Doj^  has  another  note,  viz.  that '  this  word^ yi^wr,  when 
applied  to  drill  culture  of  wheat  compared  with  broad'Caft^  muft  be 
taken  in  a  limited  not  abfolute  fenfe.'  We  have  a  proper efteem  for 
iVlr.  b'cfjte  (efpecially  a?  a  writer  on  the  murrain)  but  be  muft  for- 
give pur  broad  fmih  on  this  occafion.  Sir  D.  Legard  minifeftljjr 
contends^^tliaf  the  drill  cultilre  6f  Wheat  iS  on  the  whole  the 
fuperior,  jnqde. '  Mf.  BpiRp  coptends  that  this  fuperior ity  is  not 
"abjcluie  but  limited,     Lopk  to  the  fequel  o(  his  note,  and  yon 

Isp  fha^,  in  bis  opinion)  it  is  not  even  true  \t\  a  limited  fenfe. 

'^'   * '    ^  ^  ■    '^  '•    -  '   ^'  / ♦ J  ^^ 


DoffieV  Memoirs  of  Jgricu'hurej  tf^J    '  481 

*  As  far  as  any  improvements  in  the  drill  culture  have  beta 
hitherto  laid  open  to  the  world  (that  is,  including  Sir  D.  Le- 
yard's)  there  are  more  cafes  where  the  broad-caft  would  be  morl 
advantageous  than  the  drill.' — Is  not  this  pleafant.  Reader  ? — * 
Let  us  hear  the  equally  acute  and  candid  Mr.  Hov)man:^-—^ 
«  For  the  public  it  certainly  cannot  be  nioft  profitable,  whilft 
it  produces  a  lefs  quantity  of  grain  upon  a  given  quantity  of 
land  ;  for  then,  in  order  to  raife  the  fame  quantity  of  grain, 
we  muft  take  more  land  ;  and  if  fo,  what  becomes  of  our  clover 
and  turnips,  the  neceflary  provifion  for  our  live  ftock  ?  If,  on 
the  contrary,  weftiould  in  the  drill  way  cultivate  the  fame  quan« 
tity  of  land  for  each  refpeftivc  crop,  as  we  do  now,  then  there 
would  be  a  deficiency  in  every  crop.  I  think,  therefore,  that 
the  drill  never  can  be  pronounced  to  be  tht  fuperior  method, 
til^it  can  be  demon/hated  that  it  produces  an  equal  quantity  of 
grain,  acre  for  acre.*  A  fcnfible  Reader  will,  on  this  occauon, 
exclaim  to  Mr.  Howman,  as  our  Harry  the  Eighth  did  to  Cran^ 
mer^  *'  You  have  got  the  right  fow  by  the  ear  !**  The  can- 
did Mr.  Howman  proceeds :  *  Then,  indeed,  I  vAW  acknow- 
ledge it  to  be  va/HyJvperiori  as  there  will  be  a  faving  of  feed 
(a  great  national  conlideration)  and  a  great  quantity  of  ma- 
nure may  be  applied  to  pafture  land,  with  much  profit.'  But 
here  we  ipuft  beg  leave  to  diflent  from  Mr.  Howman. 

In  our  review  of  the  former  volume  of  thefe  Memoirs  we  ob- 
ferved,  '*  the  manifeft  faving  of  manure  and  feed  feems  to  be  the 
main  fupports  of  its  alledged  fuperiority,"  p.  151  of  our  Re- 
view above  referred  to.  But  wc  have  fince  been  convinced,  by 
the  experiments  of  Mr.  Toung^-thzt  there  is  no  fuch  faving  of 
feed  as  has  been  pretended,  and  that  manure  is  wanted  to  drill 
^rops  as  much  as  to  broad-caft ;  nay,  that  drill  crops  often  pay 
for  a  full  fallow.  On  the  fuppofition  that  one  bufliel  of  feed 
was  quite  fufficient  for  an  acre  (as  aflerted  in  p.  354  of  the 
Memoirs)  we  juftly  exclaimed  againft  fowing  three,  as  little 
fliort  of  wilful  wafte.  But  we  are  now  fully  convinced  that 
Ae  drillers  have  done  all  they  could  to  ruin  broad-caft  crops, 
by  perfuading  men  to  fow  far  too  little  feed  ;  and  the  public 
are  much  obliged  to  Mr.  Young  for  undeceiving  them  in  fo 
material  a  point.  As  we  advifed  the  common  farmers  to  try 
that  delufive  advice  of  the  drillers,  they  have  a  right  to  this 
our  retraftation.  Befide,  we  muft  remind  Mr.  Ho>yman, 
that  if  the  quantity  of  produd  by  the  drill  were  equal  to  that 
by  the  broad-caft,  the  faved  feed  would  be  a  trifle  in  com- 
parifon  of  the  fuperiority  of  expcnce  in  the  drill  method. — Gn 
%As.  Howman's  honeft  exhortation  of  S»r  D.  Legard  to  try  to  pro- 
duce an  equal  qutiitity  of  com  by  the  drill  as  by  broad-caft^  Mr. 
Doffic  obfervcs*  in  a  note,  that  *  it  fcem»  not  very  probabU  that 
"^ ^  .  • .       aquanr 


48s  Doffie'i  AUtmoifs  tf  Agriadtunf^  CsTr. 

a  quantity  of  ground,  much  lefs  thixn  half,  (hould  be  made  to 
produce  [without  manure  too]  as  much  as  the  whole*  This 
would  be  xXfoy  d/aiov  wAvloq  with^a  wttnefs.— rHe  talks  of  this 
equality  of  crops  as  founded  on  form  ixptriments^  but  owns  that 
neither  the  ir^rununts^  nor  manner  of  ufing  them,  are  known* 
He  promifes,  however^  in  a  fubfequent  article,  to  fpecify  ia 
what  particular  cafes  the  drill  method  feems  advantageous.— 
Mr.  Howman  gives  an  account  of  a  crop  of  8|  quarters  of  oats 
as  a  proof  of  the  great  effeds  of  pulverifation,  and  thinks  it  an 
hint  that  the  principles  of  the  new  bufbandry  may  be  advanta- 
geoufly  applied  to  the  old. 

Mr.  Howman  has  difcovered  a  notorious  fallacy  in  Sir  D. 
Legard*8  reafoning,  which  we  had  marked  for  cenfure ;  but  as 
be  has  anticipated  us,  let  him  enjoy  the  honour.  *  The  profit^ 
fays  he,  in  a  great  meafure  arifes  from  cultivating  the  fum  total 
with  grain  in  the  drill  inftance;  whereas  the  broad-caft  muft 
be  divided  into  four  equal  parts,  fo  that  the  value  of  the  grain 
produced  by  the  drill  exceeds  the  value  of  the  grain,  turnips, 
and  clover,  produced  by  the  broad-caft.  But  this  would  be  an 
impoffibility  in  univerfal  pradice ;  fome  part  of  the  land  muft 
be  appropriated  to  cbver  and  turnips,*  &c.  p.  35.  The  fallacy 
is  fo  apparent,  that  we  blufh  for  its  author's  fuffering  it  to 
efcape  his  pen. 

Mr«  Howman  juftly  obferves,  that  the  prices  of  labour,  ma- 
nure, produ£l,  &c.  are  fo  different  in  diflFerent  parts  of  England, 
that  nothing  gimral^czn  be  concluded  from  particular  inftances, 
and  would  have  quantities  only  exprefled,  and  value  left  to  every 
Reader  to  fubftitute.  But  we  think  with  Mr.  Doffie,  in  a  note 
on  the  place,  that  money  (hould  be  exprefled,  and  Readers  left 
to  make  the  feveral  charges  agreeable  to  their  fituation* 

Mr.  Howman  mentions  two  inftances  (in  confirmation  of  Sir 
D.  Lcgard*s  aflertion)  of  white  clover's  being  raifed  by  manure, 
and  adds,  that  his  was  pond-mud ;  and  remarks,  that  dung 
rotted  to  black  mould  has  the  fame  effeA*  Mr.  Doffie,  in  a 
note,  mentions  other  infiances,  and  concludes  the  efFed  to  arifi» 
from  the  quantity  not  quatiiy  of  the  manure.  But  what  is  this 
obfervation?  The  effeA  evidently  arifes  from  the  manure's 
warming  and  opening  the  foil.  Muft  not  a  larger  quantity  of 
'  %ueaker  manurg  equal  a  fmoller  quaatity  oijirmger  f  This  is  no 
new  diftovery. 

This  obferving,  ingenious  clergyman  remarks,  that  his  turmp^ 
cabbages  fufFered  in  the  froft  of  1768,  fooner  than  his  tutpips. 
Mr.  Doffie  remarks,  \m  a  note,  that  the  local  bar£nefs  of  plants 
fliould  be  attended  to.  The  agricultural  philofopher,  however, 
will  not  ftop  here  at  tfajt  fad>  but  proctod  |o  enquire  into  the 
caufe. 

Art, 


Doffie'f  JMdmnrs  of  JgrUnltun^  lfic>  483 

ArtV.  contains  Mn  Reynolds's  obfervations  on  thctern/^* 
rooud^cobtagi^  or  cabbage-tumipy  and  on  fmjmg  mgkns  in  bark  akne. 

In  our  coRclufion  of  the  review  of  the  tbrmcr  volume  of  this 
work,  we  exprefled  a  fear  left  Mr.  Doffie  (hould  be  tempted  by 
the  Society's  patronage,  to  pradife  fomething  like  jlutbor*craft^ 
by  fwelling,  &c.  See  p.  153. — We  have  fo  much  refped  for  the 
work  and  for  Mr.  Doffie,  that  we  are  neceffitated,  by  our  duty, 
to  inftance  the  continual  repetition  of  Dr.  TempUman's  letters, 
which  are  neither  enitrtaining  nor  inJiruSfivt^  as  an  afterifm 
would  fufficiently  denote  the  pieces  which  came  rec^unmended^ 
by  the  Society. 

Mr,  Reynolds's  letter  to  Dr,  7^m^i!rmtfir,  prefixed  to  this  ar- 
ticle (or  a  part  of  it)  inform^  the  Reader  that  the  tops  of  the 
cabbage- turnip,  when  boiled,  exceed  all  greens  in  colour>  and 
the  roots  diced  improve  foops  for  a  prince.  He  yet  knows  not 
whether  the  root  is  biennial^  triennial^  or  pirnmiaL  We  appre- 
hend that  the  late  fevere  winter  will  determine  this  point. 

We  have»  in  our  review  of  the  former  volume  of  this  work, 
given  a  general  account  of  this  plant  from  Mr.  Reynolds,  and 
mall  therefore  only  add  here  what  feems  new  and  confiderable. 
Mr*  Reynolds's  firfl:  remark  is,  that  half  an  acre  of  cabbage* 
turnip  produced  17  tons-  of  ribh  fyod  \  and  Mr.  Doffie  calcu- 
lates from  Mr.  Reynolds's  account  of  the  ftuck  kept,  that  the 
value  is  nine  pcundt  eighteen  JhiUings  per  acre,  or  7L  los,  ckac 
profit.  This  is  certainly  v^xy  coniiderable*  Mr.  Reyn6lds't 
iecond  remark  is,  that  thefe  plants  may  be  propagated  through 
all  fummer,  and  gives  an  inftance  of  propagating  them  fuccef^* 
fvilj  by  fowing  them  as  late  as  Auguft  the  24th.  ^  Mr.  Reynolds'^ 
thjrd  remark  is,  that  this  root  promifes  plenty  of  winter-food 
for  cattle.  He  propofes  to  plant  this  root  after  rye,  peafe,  and 
white  oats  are  reaped,  and  affirms  that  an  acre  may  be  planted 
for.js. 

Mr.  Doffie,  in  a  note,  candidly  owns,  that  perfons  who  have 
.  piiopagaced  this  root  from  Mr.  Reynolds's  feed,  complain  that 
jt^amounta  not  to  Mr.  Reynolds's  boafted  magnitude  $  and  as 
candidly  anfwers,  that  their  foil  may  occafion  Ais  failure  $ 
that  Mr,  Reynolds's  foil  was  n9t  ricb^  and  that  this  root  ap- 
pears to  have  many  advantages  over  turnips^  Mr.  Doffie  alfo 
in  another  note  obferves,  that  from  Mr.  Reynolds^s  further  ver« 
bal  account,  tranfplantatioAof  this  ropt  feems  preferable  to  fow« 
{ne  and  hoeing. 

!Mr.  Reynolds  fteeps  bis  melon  feeds  in  warm  milk,  fets  them 
iiKpaviJered  bari^  in  a  bed  of  common  bark,  co¥ere4  with  gla£i 
^aoies,  ice. 

1X9  ^^  C9nclu4idin  0ur  mfct*] 

Art.  IX. 


[    484    ] 

Art.  IX.  Martini  Lifter^  M.  D.  Hijlorla  five  SynopSs  Conchy* 
liorum  it  Tabularum  Anatomicarum.  Edith  altera^  i^c. 
Oxon.  1770.  Folio.  31.  13s.  6cl.  in  Sheets,  Prince  at 
Oxfojd.     Payne  and  White,  London. 

THIS  work  was  publiihed  by  Dr.  Lifter  in  detached  and 
feparate  parcels,  and  at  different  times.  Some  of  thefc 
were  printed  off  without  any  name^  or  defcriptions  of  the  ihells ; 
others  had  both :  then  a  new  impreflion  was  made  of  the  for- 
mer, and  defcriptions,  &c.  added.  Thefe  detached  pieces  the 
Do£lor  prefented  to  his  friends,  or  let  a  few  of  them  go  into 
public  fale.  But  it  is  plain  that  no  regutar  method  was  ob- 
ferved  in  this  affair :  for  of  numberlefs  copies  which  were  ex- 
tant, very  few  were  perfeft  in  every  part.  The  plates  of 
fliells  were  depofited  in  the  Mufeum  at  Oxford.  Mr.  White- 
fide,  keeper  of  that  Mufeum^  did,  about  the  year  (as  I  con- 
jcdure)  1721,  take  off  a  few  impre/licns  of  the  work,  which 
arc  the  moft  perfcdl  of  any  before  this  new  edition }  but  they 
had  ftill  many  faults* 

In  1769  the  book  became  fo  very  fcarce,  that  a  copy,  tolera- 
bly perfedi,  fold  for  12 1.  The  curators  of  the  Oxford  prefs  de- 
termined to  print  a  new  edition  of  it,  and  committed  the  care 
of  it  to  the  prefent  keeper  of  the  Mufeum. 

In  this  new  edition  the  literal  errors,  which  were  numerous 
in  the  defcriptive  part,  are  correftcd. 

The  references  to  the  anatomical  tables  are  alfo  accurately  ad- 
jufted. 

As  it  was  impoffible  to  alter  the  difpofttion  of  the  (hells  to 
correfpond  with  the  more  improved  fyftcms  of  natural  hiftory^ 
the  Editor*  has  endeavoured  to  obviate  that  difficulty  by  add- 
ing two  indexes. 

The  firfl  is  a  kind  of  fyllabus  of  Dr.  Lifler's  method  of  claf« 
the  (hells. 

The  other  is  takm  from  the  laft  difpofition  of  Dr.  Linnaeus, 
with  references  to  the  plates  of  this  work,  as  exa&  as  it  was  in 
the  power  of  the  Editor  to  make  them. 

By  thefe  indexes  he  Reader  is  enabled  to  find  inftantly  any 
fpecimrn  he  is  in  Icarch  of,  which  was  almoft  impoffible  in  any 
former  edition. 

The  laft  incjex  alio,  being  printed  on  a  flrong  paper  capable 
of  bearing  ink,  and  hsving  large  margins  and  fpaces  left,  will 
be  of  great  ufe  to  the  colle£ifors  of  thefe  natural  bodies  towards 
arranging  their  own  cabinets,  fupplying  the  Englifli  names^ 
and  correding  thofe  miftakes  which  the  fituation  of  the  Editor 
inade  it  impoffible  for  him  to  avoid. 

Some  few  obfervations  of  Dr.  Lifter's  are  inferted  in  the  work^ 

f  William  Huddesford,  B.D.  Fellow  of  Trinity  College. 

5  The 


fin^ 


Aikin  if!  the  external  Ufg  of  Preparations  of  Lead.        485 

The  ae«r  edition  confifts  of  1059  plates,  exclufive  of  the  ana- 
tomical ones.  It  has  the  two  plates  mentioned  in  Gaignat*s 
catalogue.     Paris,  1769. 

(From  a  Correfpondint.)   ' 

Art.  X.  Ohfervations  on  the  external  Ufe  of  Preparations  of  Lead^ 
with  fame  general  Rtmaris  on  topual  Medicines.  By  John 
Aikin,  Surgeon.     8vo.     is.  6d.    Johnfon.     1771. 

IT  would  tend  greatfy  to  the  advancement  of  medical  know« 
ledge,  and  to  the  advantage  of  the  public,  if  the  real  merits 
of  newly-difcovered  or  propofed  medicines  were  always  difcufled 
with  the  fame  philofophical  fpirit  and  intelligence,  and  with  the. 
fame  temper  and  impartiality  which  are  manifefted  in  this  very 
fenfible  and  well-written  pamphlet.  The  difcoverers  or  patro- 
nifers  of  new  medicines,  by  their  indifcriminate  and  too  exten- 
five  recommendations  of  them,  frequently  indifpofe  the  fober  and 
rational  part  of  the  faculty  againfLthe  reception  of  theni.  The 
various  preparations  of  lead,  in  particular,  which  have  lately  been 
fo  ilrongly  recommended  by  M.  Goulard,  as  topical  medicin^^ 
adapted  to  anfwer  the  moft  various  and  even  contrary  indica- 
tions, and  as  poITeiled  of  a  kind  of  eledive  power  of  penetrating 
fo  far  into  the  habit,  as  to  do^ood,  while  they  refrain  from  en* 
tering  deeper  to  do  mifcbief,  however  valuable  they  may  really 
be  for  fome  purpofes,  run  fome  hazard  of  a  total  reje£tion,  on 
account  of  this  mode  of  indifcriminate  and  univerfal  recommen-  . 
dation.  The  Author,  however,  fenfible  that  M.  Goulard  has 
faid  many  things  in  their  favour,  which  well  deferve  attention^ 
and  defirous  to  feparate  and  difiinguifli  their  real  virtues  from 
the  fanguine  additions  of  a  prejudiced  admirer,  attempts  to  place 
thefe  medicines  upon  the  rational  footing  of  others  in  common 
pradice,  and  to  (hew  what  may,  and  what  may  not  be  exped^ed 
from  them  $  afligning  to  them  their  proper  rank  among  chirMr- 

iMcal  topics,  not  merely  upon  the  confidence  of  theoretical  rea- 
oning,  but  ^  on  a  very  extenfive  and  accurate  obferyation  of 
their  effefis  in  real  praflice.' 

After  fome  (hort  preliminary  ohfervations  on  the  different  me- 
dicinal prdparations  of  lead,  Mr.  Aikin  treats  of  the  penetrabili- 
ty and  primary  effects  ofYaturnine  preparations.  On  the  firft  of 
tnefe  fubjeds  the  Author  juftly  reprehends  M.  Goulard  for  that 
«  licentious  fpirit  of  conjeflure'  which  he  indulges,  when,  iji 
accounting  for  the  efFedts  of  thefe  topics,  he  represents  tl^ejr  mi- 
nute and  iubtle  particles  entering  the  pores,  forcing  themfelves 
through,  grinding  down,  and  dividing  the  obftru^ing  matter, 
and  then,  after  having  performed  thebufinefs,  retreating  through 

the  fame  paflages and  this,  with  all  the  confidence  of  a  fpec- 

tator,  who  bad  a£tually  feen  theip  employed  in  this  work  tbroygh 


486        Aikin  Mr  ihi  external  Ufe  of  Preparations  in  Lead. 

s  microfcope.  The  Author,  with  a  commendable  degree  of 
fcepttcifm,  appears  rsrtiher  ittclined  to  doubt  of  the  penetration  of 
the  faturnine  particles  to  any  conliderable  depth,  on  a  confidet* 
ation  of  their  remarkable  JUipticity  arid  evident  aftringency  ;  and 
liecaufe  TTone  of  thofe  pernicious  effeSs  Nvhich  attend  the  inter- 
nal exhibition  of  this  metal,  have  oeen  obferved,  even  in  the 
fmalleft  degree,  to  follow  the^moft  liberal  extemai  adminiftra- 
lion  of  it.  M.  Goulard's  own  tefiimony  on  this  head  is  fully 
'  corroborated  by  that  of  the  Author,  who,  after  an  attentive  ob- 
fervation  of  its  effeds,  in  numerous  inftances^  where  M,  Gou- 
lard's faturnine  preparations  were  ufed  during  a  confiderabte 
time,  in  large  quantities,  and  in  all  the  circumftances  which 
could  be  fuppofed  to  favour  its  abforption,  declares,  that  none 
cf  the  fymptoms  ever  appeared  which  invariably  attend  its  ad- 
miflion  into  the  ftomach  or  lungs. 

Thefe,  and  other  obfervations  of  the  Author,  Inconteftably 
overturn  M.  Goulard's  theory  of  the  a6lion  of  this  metal^  fo  fa^ 
as  he  founds  it  on  its  analogy  with  the  well-known  abforption  of 
mercurialprcparations  ;  which  evidently  produce  the  fame  good 
or  bad  effects,  whether  externally  or  internally  adminiftered* 
On  this  occafion  Mr,  Aikin  juftly  obferves,  that  M.  Goulard 
has  no  right  to  avail  himfelf  of  tije  af^ivity  or  intimate  penetra- 
tion of  a  medicine  in  a  favourable  confideration  of  it,  while  none 
of  the  noxious  effe£ls  appear,  by  which  its  prefence  and  zBtWitf 
fliould  be  afcertained.  We  take  this  opportunity  of  acknow- 
ledging, that  the  apprehenflons  which  we  formerly  exprefl!^ 
concerning  the  liberal  ufe  of  faturnine  applications  *,  founded  on  a 
very  natural  fufpicion  that  the  abforbcd  particles  might  prove 
injurious  to  the  nerves,  appear  from  this  additional  teftimony  o^ 
Mr.  Aikin's  on  their  behalf,  to  have  been  rather  premature. 
The  Author,  however,  afterwards  treating  of  the  ufe  of  this 
remedy  in  the  itch,  juftly  obferves,  that  it  would  be  inconve- 
nient, and  might  be  even  dangerous,  on  account  of  its  repellent 
quality,  to  apply  it  to  fo  large  a  furface  as  that  of  the  whole 
body ;  as  thereby  perfpiration  might  be  checked,  and  other  con- 
comitant eruptions,  which  it  would  perhaps  be  unfafe  to  repel, 
might  be  ftruck  in. 

As  the  fedative  virtues  of  faturnine  applications  appear  to  be 
fatisfadorily  eftabliflied  by  the  obfervations  of  M.  Goulard,  and 
as  the  moft  liberal  ufe  of  them  has  never  been  obferved  either  by 
him  or  Mr.  Aikin  to  be  produ£tive  of  tremors,  cotiftipations,  or 
other  paralytic  afFeSions  attending  the  internal  exhibition  o£ 
this  metal,  the  Author  concludes,  that  the  adion  ojf  thefe  to-' 
pics  is  limited  to  the  parts  near  the  furface  of  the  body ;  and 
iiippofes,  that  by  diminifhing  the  fenfibility  of  the  nerves  of  the 

*  Monthly  Rev«  vol.  xU,  O&obcr  1769.  p.  312. 

a  ficin,^ 


Aikin  on  the  ixtemci  Vfi  rf  Preparations  in  Lead*        4S7 

flekiy  thej  may  appeafe  pains  feated  there;  while,  not  being; 
able  to  penetrate  to  thofe  which  are  more  deeply  iituated,  and 
particularly  to  the  nerves  fubfervient  to  the  mufcles,  they  caa* 
not  zStGt  the  moving  powers  of  the  body* 

In  oppofition  to  M.  Goulard,  the  Author  contends  for  and 
eftabliines  the  repellent  quality  of  faturnine  topics,  and  juftljr 
criticifes  his  paradoxical  aflertion^  concerning  their  power  in  di^- 
cuffing  tumours  of  every  kind,  and  even  abfceiles  conuining 
matter  already  formed^  by  cauilng  an  aiSual  tranfudation  of  the 
fus  through  the  pores  of  the  (kin.  As  many  of  the  diforders  for 
which  M.  Goulard  recommends  his  medicines,  are  fuch  as  have 
ufually  been  treated  with  emollient  applications,  the  ufe  of 
which  he  ftrongly  condemns,  the  Author  next  enters  into  an 
examination  of  the  nature  and  properties  of  emollients,  with  a 
Tiew  of  (hewing  the  great  diiFerence  between  their  qualities  and 
thpfe  of  faturnine  topics.  The  refult  is,  that  the  former  are 
relaxant,  fuppurative,  and  feptk  i  wb^eas  the  latter  are  aftrin«- 
gent,  dilcutient,  and  antifeptic.  They  both  however  appear  to 
be  fedative,  though  by  difierent  modes  of  operation  :  the  former 
by  counterading  the  caufes  produdive  of  irritation,  but  without 
aneding  the  fuiceptibility  of  the  nerves  to  receive  impreffions-; 
and  the  latter^  by  fome  unknown  fpecific  quality,  tending  to 
diminiih  or  deftroy  their  fenfibitity  and  influence. 

After  this  general  examination  of  the  properties  of  (aturnine 
topics,  our  Aufhor  attends  M.  Goulard  in  the  difcui&on  of  the 
virtues  which  he  afcribes  to  them  \n  particular  csifesy  and  with 
great  judgment  and  precifion  compares  their  efie<^s  with  thofe  of 
other  applications  in  common  ufe.  The  diforders  of  which  he 
particularly  treats,  are  inflammations  and  their  confequences^ 
ulcers,  anchyLoAs,  the  herpes  and  itch,  herniae,  and  diforders 
of  the  urethra,  '  In  the  difcuflion  of  thefe  fubje^,  we  find  Mr* 
Aikin  frequently  confirming  the  obfervations  of  bis  Author,  aqd 
often,  but  with  great  candour,  diflenting  from  him.  He  doea 
not,  however,  confine  himfelf  to  the  office  of  a  mere  commen-  « 
tator  on  M.  Goulard,  but  on  all  thefe  fubjeAs  makes  many 
judicious  and  general  obfervations,  which  induce  us  to  wifh  that 
he  may  execute  the  more  comprehenfive  work,  which,  in  a  poft- 
fcript  to  this  pamphlet,  he  exprefTes  fome  inclination  to  under- 
take ;  if  the  public  (hould  approve  of  ttie  defign  on  which  this 
piece  is  executed  :  we  mean  a  general  and  methodical  treatife  on 
the  topical  rem^ies  ufed  in  furgery,  founded  oa  fcientific  prin« 
ciplcs.  la  this  wifl],  we  imagine,  thofe  who  have  perufed  this 
fpecimen  of  his  abilities  for  fuch  a  taik,  will  very  readily  concur 
with  us. 


MONTHLY 


[,488    ] 

MONTHLY. CATALOGUE, 

For     J    U    N    E,     1771. 

Poetical. 

Arf.  11.  7i&^  Funeral  of  AraherU  Monk  of  LaTrappe  ;  a  Poem. 

By  Mr.  Jerningham.     410.  *  1  s.     Robfon.     1771. 

MR.  Jerningham  has  once  more  paid  his  court  to  his  favouHttf 
roafe  Melpomene,  and  foliciced  her  aafpxces  in  another  ten* 
der  tale.  We  have  had  fo  many  occafions  to  fpeak  of  this  gentleman's 
poetical  merit,  that  we  ihall  now  reft  fatisfied  with  letting  his  works 
ipeaic  for  themfelves. 

Arabert,  previoufly  to  his  monaftic  engagement,  had  a  love-affidr 
svith  Leonora;  but  being  feized  with  illnefs,  and.having  made  a  vow, 
in  cafe  of  his  recovery,  to  retire  into  the  convent  of  La  Trappc,  he 
was  under  the  neceility  of  fulfilling  his  vow,  and  he,  retired.  Leonora 
followed  her  lover,  and,  by  difguiflng  herfelf  in  man's  habit,  ob^ 
tained  admiifion  into  the  monallery ;  where,  a  few  days  after,  (he 
nflifted  at  the  funeral  of  Arabert.  On  the  fatal  news  of  his  death, 
ihe  difcovers  herfelf  to  Anfelm,  a  venerable  monk,  who  had  attended 
Arabert  in  his  laft  moments,  and  naturally  in  treats  him  to  inform  her 
whether  her  lover  had  totally  caft  her  off  from  his  thoughts.  The 
monk  aofwers. 

As  at  bis  fide  I  took  my  mournful  fland. 

With  feeble  grafp  be  feiz'd  my  o^r'd  hand. 

And  thus  began— ^"  The  fatal  dart  is  fped^ 

Soon,  foon  ihall  Arabert  increafe  the  dead. 

nris  well ;  for  what  can  added  life  bellow 

But  days  returning  ftill  with  added  woe  ; 

Say,  have  I  not  fecluded  from  my  fight 

The  lovely  objedl  of  my  pafl  delight  ? 

Ah,  had  I  too  dethron'd  ner  from  my  mind. 

When,  here,  the  holy  brotherhood  I  join'd, 

Remorfe  would  not,  increaiing  my  difeafe, 

prey  on  my  foul,  and  rob  it  of  its  eafe : 

And  yet  I  ftrove,  unequal  to  the  part. 

Weak,  to  perform  the  facrifice  or  heart : 

And  now,  ev'n  now,  too  feeble  to  controul* 

I  feel  her  clinging  to  my  parting  foul :" 

He  fpoke,  my  fympathetic  bofbm  bled. 

And  to  the  realms  of  death  his  ipirit  fled.  ^ 

The  Fair  rejoin'd ;  «'  Mifled  by  foul  diftruS, 
To  him  whofe  heart  was  mine,  am  I  unjuft  f 
Ah,  Arabert,  th'  unwilling  fault  forgive,^ 
Dead  to  th'  alluring  world,  in  thee  I  live* 
My  thoughts,  my  deep  regret,  my  forrowt  owny 
No  view,  no  objed  fbill  biu  thee  alone^ 
At  all  the  vengeance  burfting  from  above^ 
Alarm'd,  I  weep— 1  ftiudder— yet  I  love.'* 

As  thus  (he  fpoke,  the  death  bell  fmote  her  ear, 
Wiiile  to  the  porch  the  faneral-train  drew  neaf • 

Al&# 


PoitibAU  489 

Ah»  iiteikett«  I  in  thit  treoMSodoas  Miir^ 

Didft  dmii  JM)t  feel  aU  heaven's  avenging  power  ? 

tVben^oviog  through  the  ifle^  the  choral  band- 
,  And'veAe4  prieds^  with  torches  in  their  handy 

Gave  to  thy  view,  unfortunately  dear, 
*  Thy  lover  flccping  on  th*  untimely  bier  ?— 

With  trembling  hand  Ihe  now  the  veil  withdrew. 
When,  Id !  the  well-known  featnres  ftrock  her  view : 
Abforb*d  in  grief,  flie  Caft  a  fond  furvey — 
At  length  her  thoughts  in  ri^urmnrs  broke  away : 
**  That  eye  Which  fhed  on  mine  voluptuous  lioht^ 
.  Alas !  how  funk  in  everlafling  night ! 
See  from  iHpfe  lips  tie  living  colour  fled  ! 
Where  love  redded,  and  where  pleafure  fed ! 
And  where  bright  elojjuence  had  pour'd  her  Aore^ 
Dumb  horror  fits — and  wifjpom  is  no  more. 
Yet  ere  the  worm,  firce  this  is  doom'd  its  prey. 
Shall' fteal  the  lingering  Kkehefs  quite  away; 
On  that  ecld  lip^ — ^ — 

Th^n,  Who  art  ey'n  at  this  ditad  mom^t  deaf^ 
Oh,  Ihade  of  Arabert,  ftill  hover  near. 
I  cdm©^'-*^- '      ■     ■  ■ 


And  now,  emerging  from  her  woes^' 


(*Twas  lovers  laft  effort)  from  the  earth  flie  rofe  j 
And,  ftrahge  to  tell,  with  ftrong  afFcdion  fraught/ 
She  headlong  plungM  into  the  gloomy  vault ; 
And  there,  what  her  impaflionM  wifti  requir*d, 
On  the  loVd  brcaft  of  Arabert  expired. 

We  mufk  do  Mr.  Jerningham  the  juflice  to  obfcrve  that  tlicre  aft 
£ner  lines,  and  more  beautiful  paflages  in  his  poem,  than  thofc  we 
have  quoted. 

Art.  12.  j/n  original EJay  on  Woman  i  in  foxir  Epiftlea.  Written 
by  a  Lady.  4to.  2  8»  6  d.  Swaft. 
We  pay  the  greateft  deference  to  the  noble  Author  of  this  poem^, 
the  right  honourable  Lady  Mary  Seymour  Montague  * ;  and  we  moft 
lumbly  impore  her  Ladyfliip's  pardon,  if  we  prefume  to  prefcnt  our 
Kdiders  with  one  precious  nofegay  from  her  dele^lable  garden  2 

What  if  the  farmer's  wife,  to  fliew  her  taflc. 
Should  ^H  her  lime  with  prating  parrots  wafte; 
Ncj^leA  her  poaltry  and  her  dairy's  care 
To  hear  the  fcathcr'd  mimics  fing  and  Iwear  | 
Or  ihottld  her  joya  upon  a  monkey  fi:t. 
Admire  hi«  j^rin,  and  doat  upon  his  tricks  $ 
Wonld  not  fiich  fooleries  as  much  furprize^ 
As  if  you  faw  a  duchefs  making  pies ; 
I        ■  ■         ■     ■      ,  '  •  > 

•  The  Author's  preface  fo  figned ;  a  ftale  trick  of  prefixing  names 
of  quality  to  works  of  traih« 

"    Rfiv.  June  1771.  K  fe  Or 


490  MONTMLV  CATAtOG0E, 

Or  fome  fine  conntefs  in  the  Uandiy's  floodf^ 
Invol^'d  in  fteam,  and  fpatter'd  o'er  wich  fwds, 

Woald  the  Reader  know  more  concerning  this  mripnal  perfimH 
ailce  I'-it  is  Pope's  Eflay  on  Man»  turned  into  am  E£ky  on  Woman. 

Art.  13.  Cautions  to  a  Lady  \  a  Poem.  By  the  Author  of  Scar- 
borough. 410.  IS.  Dodiley.  177U 
The  precepts  in  this  poem  are  ffioiiy  and  the  language  Is  not 
bad.  Infh-naions  for  guarding  aeainft  the  common  dangers.^ 
which  youth  and  beauty  are  expofed,  and  which  await  the  ytry  im- 
portant decifion  of  the  matrimonial  choice,  fill  ten  thoufand  volomest 
and  cry  aloud  from  the  ihelves  of  every  drculating  library*  The 
ftilly  iinall  voice  in  which  they  fpeak,  from  this  little  pamphlet,  may 
not  be  difagreeable  to  our  fair  Readers,  and  we  (hall  therefore  Ten- 
ture  to  recommend  it  to  them  $  as  they  will  here  and  there  meet 
with  a  verfe  that  is  new»  and  a  thoaght  that  is  not  old :  foch,  for 
inflance^  is  the  following  couplet : 

Coxcombs,  like  chancers,,  on  the  vitals  prey  ; 
Coxcombs^  like  cancers,  kill*  wben  cnt  away* 

Art.  14.  Tht  Merchant^  a  naval  Lyric,  written  in  Imitation  of 
Pindar's  Spirit,  on  the  Britifli  Trade  and  Navigation.  Ey  £• 
Young,  LL. D.     410.     as.  6d.    Swan. 

The  late  Dr.  Young  was  unfortnnate  in  his  idea  of  the  (bblune  in 
lyric  poetry*  He  imagined  it  beft  exprefifed  by  the  gijg;-like  air  of 
ihort  quick  rhymes,  and  thought  it  loft  nothing  of  its  <bgnity  by  the 
admiiUon  of  familiar  exprefiions,  vernacular  terms,  and,  m  fhort,  all 
the  damnantia  nomina  nrum^  Hence  his  odes  are  the  idleft  of  all 
his  compofitions.  In  fa£l,  he  was  not  fufficiently  (killed  in  numbert 
to  fuftain  the  variety  of  the  ode.  There  is  a  monotony  in  his  fUnzas, 
in  the  laft  degree  mortifying  and  tirefomt .  His  mule  was  too  anti* 
thetical^  his  tafle  too  low»  for  the  dignity  of  the  lyre» 

Stanza  EI. 

By  George  and  Jpve  it  is  decreed 

The  mighty  months  in  pomp  proceed. 
Fair  daughters  of  the  fun  ! — O  uiou  drvine, 

BleU  Induilry  I  a  fmiling  earth 

From  thee  alone  derives  its  birth  ; 

By  thee  the  ploughihare  and  its  mafter  ihine. 
This  is  quite  in  the  fly le  of  Sir  William  Browne* 

George  thus  addrefTd  his  brother  godt* 
George  and  Jove  thus  aiTociated  make  a  ridicolons  figOre.    In  the 
above  ftanza  |he  earth  is  called  the  daughter  of  Indii£ry ;  and  the 
conceit  in  the  lad  line  is  infuflerably  low. 

From  thee,  mafl,  cable,  anchor,  oar ; 
From  thee,  the  cannon  and  his  roar  I 

]^ot  the  cannon  only,  but  his  roar.    Let  as  add  ; 

So  Noah  of  old,  to  his  good  ark, 
Preferv'd  the  dog  and  thc.dcg's  barki 

W&en 


P  O  B  T  I  C  A  t;  491 

^611 J  be  woaU  xoafe  the  langusfluiig  {pint  of  Tnifi,  lie  has  the 

lur  and  ^tanner  of  a  waterman  who  caiis  oh  his  wile  to  wake  hia 
fleeping 'prentice,  ^      .  , 

Wake,  fibg  her  lipi    Tr^Ji! 
Anothei^  Inftance  of  Idw  contelt  ii  the  fdllowili^  libe : 

Her  pilot  into  fervice  lifts  the  ftars. 

Notwithftattdbg  thefe  fttan^  ftiilts,  the  poem  is  not  witiiout 
marks  of  genias ;  but  it  is  eemiis  mti^mploxed,  exertio^  itfelf  on  a 
-  fabjeA  to  which  it  is  onequal ;  in  meafores  ill  varied  and  ill  fuibdned; 
and  in  language  fometimcs  low^  and  fivqpently  obfcure.    Upon  the 
whole,  we  cannot  hot  condemn  the  motives  from  which  the  poem 
was  reprinted,  and  brought  out  of  that  obfcurity  where  it  ought  t0 
have  remained.   We  have^  however,  no  doubt  that  this  *  noble  pin« 
daric,'  as  the  Editor  ftyles  it,  is  really  the  prododion  of  the  ju^/ 
admired  Author  of  the  Night  Thoughts* 
Art.  15.  Poemsy  from  a  Manufcript*  written  in  the  Time  of 
Oliver  Cromwell.    4to.     is.  6d*    Murray.     1771. 
Thefe  poems  bear  not  only  certain  marks  of  originali^,  but  fome 
narks  of  genius.   There  is  fomething  uncommon  in  the  idea  of  the 
extortioner*s  epitaph : 

Who,  without  horror  can  that  honfe  behold; 

Though  ne'er  fo  fair,  that  is  with  tombftones  made, 
Whofe  walls,  fraught  with  infcrijptions  writ  of  old, 

*  '       Say  ftill  HERB  UNDERNEATH  lome  body's  laid* 

Though  fuch  tranflated  church- yards  fhiae  with  gold. 

Yet  they  the  builder's  facriiege  upbraid, 
And  the  wrong'd  ghofls,  there  haunting  uncontroul'd^ 

Follow  each  one  his  monumental  fhade. 

But  they  that  by  the  poor  man's  downfall  riie,  f 

Have  fadder  epitaphs  carv'd  on  their  chelb. 

As  here  the  widow,  here  the  orphan  lies. 
Who  fees  their  wealth  their  avarice  detefts  ! 

The  laft  verfe  but  one  of  the  lad  (lanza  is  pointed  with  extraordi- 
nary force,  and  we  do  not  remember  to  have  feen  any  thing  like 
either  that  or  indeed  the  whole  epitaph.    The  pamphlet  contains 
fome  other  curious  pieces. 
Art.  1 6.   The  Inundamn ;    or^  the  Life  of  a  Fenman  ;  a  I^oeni  : 

With  Notes  critical  and  explanatory.    By  a  Fen  Parfon.    410* 

1  s.    Baldwin. 

In  thofe  melancholy  tra^s  of  this  ifland,  where,  fecluded  from 
the  ibciety  of  mankind,  in  miferable  huts  conftruifted  of  clay  and 
ruflies,  expofed  to  the  impetuofity  of  winds  and  waters,  obliged  to 
delve  their  wretched  way  from  place  to  place  with  toil  and  difficulty^ 
like  a  man  who  tempers  clay  for  bricks  with  his  feet,  chilled  through 

•  The  previous  advertifement  afcribes  thefe  poems  to  '  one  Ca- 
rey, a  man  of  whom  we  know  nothing,  and  whofe  reputation,  pof- 
iibly  in  his  own  time,  never  w^nt  bcyjud  the  circle  of  private 
friendihip.' 

Kk  2  ihf 


^gi  MoNTHtY   CaTALO^UEJ 

the  whole  current  of  life  with  damp  abforbing  air,  with  faHow  febrHk 
countenances,  unknown  to  cheerfulncfs,  and  unvifited  by  charity— 
In  thofe  regions,  where  people  thus  circumflanced  fpend  their  pi-* 
tlable  days,  is  it  not  ilrange  that  any  thing  like  the  voice  of  poetry 
fliould  be  heard  ?  Fair  befal  thse,  thoa  kind  and  adventurous,  maa 
of  G:>d  !  Right  wife  and  learned  clerk  fair  befall  tbee  and  thy  chil* 
dren  nine  1  Seeing  thou,  like  another  OWd  in  Pontus,  like  another 
Orpheus  in  the  infernal  regions,  or,  rather,  like  Arion  on  the  back 
6f  a  dolphin,  farrounded  by  the  inhofpitable  main,  hail  introduced 
ibunds  of  humanity  to  an  amphibioue  race  of  men!  For  thia  coar« 
teous  deed,  when,  in  the  depth  of  winter,  thy  palfrey  plunges 
deeper  than  his  tail, — may'il  thou,  may  he  emerge  to  dayrlight! 
Mty  thy  geefe,  if  geefs  thou  hafl,  when  di veiled  of  their  plumage 
to  fwell  the  couch  of  luxury,  what  time  the  general  fcream  rans 
from  fen  to  fen,  and  thp  adoniHied  traveller  apprehends  that  the  race 
pf  geek  have  rebelled  a^ainil  the  race  of  men,  and  ifaripped  them* 
^Ives  for  battle,  may  thmc  at  that  critical  junfture^  when  *  iike  9 
rat  without  a  tail,'  they  fwim  in  ragged  deformity,  and  fliew  their 
nakednefs  to  hide  thy  own,  efcape  the  peililent  haiKftorm  that 
would  quickly  lay  them  low !  For  thou,  though  not  the  fweeieft 
finger  of  Ifrael,  hail  fung  one  of  the  fongs  of  Sion  in  a  flrange  land^ 
yf  t  hadft  thou .  not  one  hofpitable  willow  whereon  to  hang  thy 
harp.  . 
An.  17.  J poitical  EJfay  on  the  Attributes  of  God.     Part  II.    By 

the  Rev.  W.  H.  Roberta*  Fellow  of  Eton  College.    4to.     i  s* 

Wilkie.     1771- 

In  our  Review  for  March  •,  we  took  notice  of  the  firft  part  of 
this  poetical  work,  and  obferved  that  though  the  Author's  fenti* 
ments  were  common,  his  poetry  did  him  no  difcredit.     The  fame 
may  be  faid  of  the  prefent  performance,  with  this  additional  obferva- 
tion,  that  it  conuins  more  poetry  than  philofophy,  and  more  ortho- 
doxy than  either.  Whether  Mr.  Roberts  has  rightly  thonght  it  would 
contribute  to  the  honour  of  the  attributes,  to  reprefent  the  Supreme 
Being  piinxihing  the  breach  of  one  focial  duty  with  an 
■   ■         horrid  dungeon,  drear,  and  dark« 
Whence  peililential  vapours  taint  the  air. 
And  livid  flame$  afcend    ■ 
and  to  defcribe  the  wretch  condemned  to  this  abode. 

Writhing  with  agonies  and  parched  with  fire,— • 
we  fliall  leave  our  Readers  to  determine. 

Pol  1  t  I  c  a  l. 
Art.  18.  Freedom  of  thePnfs^  and  Privileges  of  the  Commons^  con^ 

ftdered:  In  a  Letter  tP  a  Country  Friend.     Svo.     is.  6d.     Bell* 
1771. 

In  this  very  contemptible  performance,  the  Author  would  fupport 
the  condud  of  the  Houfe  of  Commons  in  their  late  tranfadlions 
again ii  the  prinpers ;  but  he  feems  to  be  equally  a  ilrangcr  to,  the 
nature  of  the  Englilh  government,  and  to  the  rules  of  good  compo* 

•  Pfcge  %fiu 

Arr^ 


P  o  I J  T  I  c  A  t;  493 

Art*  19.  TwJ  Speeches  of  an  Honour ab!e  Genthmm  on  tie  late  Ne^ 
9  ^ociathn  and  Coiivention  lotth  ^pain.     8vo.      is.  (>  d.      AlaiOtt, 
1771. 

The  fubjeft  of  the  fpeeches  before  us  is  canvafTid  in  them  at  con- 
fiderable  length,  and  with  eqv^l  candour  and  abiiity.  They  prove, 
in  the  m oft  irrefragable  naanne'f,  thkt'S'pain,  in  the  aifair  of  Falk- 
land s  Ifland,  ofkTcA  a  wanton* ^nd  ignominious  infult  to  nhe  Britifli 
flag;  and  that  the  condu^l  of  our  hegociators,  with  regard  to  it, 
jaftified  fafBciently  the  difeontetit  and  cJamottr  which  atieoded  it. 
To  fpread  among  all  ranks  of  men  a  high  fenfe  of  our  natidnal  dig- 
nity and  importance,  has  been  efteemed  no  impolitic  meafure  under 
feme  adminiftrations  ;  and  to  tarnifli  our  nadonal  glory  by  tame  and 
daftardly  fubmifHons  muft  lead  tcrtainly  to  the  mt)il  dangerous  con* 
^quences.  How  far,  in  tranfadii>as  of  this  kfnd,  our.miers  have 
folly  diicharged  the  duties  of  their  offices,  or  whether  they  have  di^ 
reded  tfaem&lves  by  motives  pernicious  to  the  freedom,  the  bo?)anr» 
and  the  fecority  of  their  fellow-citizens,  may  hereafter  be.  more 
clearly  fcen  than  at  present.  *      * 

Art.  20.  The  Debate  in  the  Houfe  ef  Commons y  February  27^ 
1771,  on  the  Bill  to  repeal  aCIaofe'in  the  A\a 'for 'quieting  tht 
PofTcffion  of  the  Subjeft,  cominoniycalled  the  Nnfttim^ttmpus  AfK 
8vo.     IS.  6d.     Almon.  •i//  *       '       .    . 

On  the  principle  that  nullum  tempus  occurrii  regit,'  m  eftaie,  whick 
had  been  above  feviehty  years  irt  the  poffctfiort  of  the  bake  of  Port^ 
land**  family,  was  given  to  Sir^ James  Lowthen  The  purpofe  of 
this  grant  feems  to  have  been  to  carry  an  ele(^ion)  and  to  fupport 
the  crown  :  a  proceeding  which  has-becii  cenfured  as*  Violent,  tyran- 
nical, and  unjuft.  It  is  cunoiis  to  obferve,  in  'the*  publication  be* 
fore  us,  what  arguments'  the  fricnds'of  government  employed  to  de^ 
fend  it. 

Art.  ar.  A  Defence  of  fame  Proceedingi  lately  defending  in  Partial 
ment^  to  render  more  effeftual  the  Ad  for 'quieting  me  Pofleffion 
of  the  Subjedl,  commonly  called  i\ie  Nullum  Ti/npui  ASt,  Witn^an 
Appendix,  containing  an  Affidavit  in  the  Court  of  Exchequer, 
concerning  a  Spoliation  which  has  happened  among,  the  public 
Records  relative  to  the  Title  of  certain  Eftates  belonging  to  the 
Duke  of  Portland,  lately  granted  h'f  the  Lords  oi  the  Treaiury  to 
Sir  James  Lowther.     8vo.     I'-s.     Almon. 

Stronely  fupports  the  Duke  of  Purciand's  claim  to. the  eftates  of 
which  Sir  James  Lowther  obtained  the  grant.  The  above-meittioned 
affidavit  is  annexed  to  it,  in  order  to  prove  that  a  fpoliation  had  been 
committed  tn  the  record  reUting  to  t^iefe  eftates,  and  that  men  of 
rank,  and  of  office,  are  capable  of  committing  a€b  Of  ihe  utmoit 
injufticc  and  oppreflion*  *        •  . 

Art.  22.  The  Philofopher\  m  three  Coverfatioits,  PartIL  Wifh 
a  fecond  Dedication  to  Lord  Mansfield,  izmo.  is.bd^^  fiecketk 
1771. 

That  becaU^  a  man  has  once  done  well  he.moft  alvoaysdo  §iXt  ia 
by  no  means  an  eftablLftied  maxim.  4n.Authorifm;  p^ticulariy,  it 
rgrely  holds  good ;  and  of  febortd  parts,  in  general,  we  mayiayias 
Cafar  faid  of  theXecond  fegion,  Aat  they  follaw  the  -firft  onlv  nc- 

Kk  y  ....:i  .  ..  '  afffijicaBy% 


49J'  Monthly  Catalogue, 

VMnaiiy.  But  thoagh  we  can  fay  bat  little  in  favour  of  the  dia- 
logue, there  i$  the  fame  peculiar  fpirit  in  the  dedication  to  Lord 
Ikflansiield  which  diftinguiihed  the  fernter  publication.  See  Review 
foj*  January  lad,  page  35. 

Art.  23.  Tie  poUtUal  and  c^nmfrnal  Work  aftbat  celebrated  WrU 
ter  Charles  Davemixtf  LL.  D.  relating  to  the  Trade  and  Revenue 
of  England,  the  Plantation  Trade,  the  ^a(i>India  Trade,  and  the 
African  Trade.    CoHefted  and  revifed  by  $ir  Charles  Whitworth, 
Member  of  Parliament*    To  whi^h  is  annexed,  a  copious  Index. 
8vo«     5  Vols.     1 1.  ^s.  Boards.    Uorsifield,  &c«     1771. 
The  public-fpirited  Editor  juftly  obferves  that  the  fi|bjeds  treated 
of,  in  this  colie6Uon,  are  fvch  as  every  nobleman  and  gentleman  in 
this  country  oqght  to  be  weU  ac^nainted  with ;  tl;at  the  times  in 
which  Davenant  wrote  the  principal  part  of  thefe  valuable  tra£(s 
were  foon  after  chat  happy  zra  of  Qur  Cngliih  cp^tution,  by  the 
acceffion  of  King  William  and  Queen  Mary  i.  ^ni  that  his  difcourfes 
may  properly  be  called  the  fbandatton  of  oar  political  eliabli(hmenc« 
as  Kverjil  public  jreguUtioni  have  taken  p|acp  from  thp  hints  which 
)ie  threw  out.    It  is  certain  tbat  the  poHucal  and  commerpi'al  pieces 
of  this  able  and  eminent  WH^^r  have  long  been  held  in  the  higheft 
cfteem,  and  deemed  as  valuable  as  they  were  fcarce.    He  pnbliflied 
fbeni  a(  4ifti«9t  ^eiii^  fron»  the  yau*  169^  to  1712  ;  and;  in  fo 
many  detached  ueatifes,  that  to  colledl  them  m  ah  entire  and  an}-> 
form  edition,  yvas,  upidpubte^lyy  a  vf ry  defirable  work* — ^The  ac- 
count of  the  life  a|id  writings  of  t)ie  Author,  here  prefixed,  is  ex* 
traded  from  the  Biographia  Brit^innipa. 

T  E  A  p  a  s^nd  Commerce* 
Art.  24.  Confideratiwu  on^the  prefmt  State  eftbe  Trade  tq  Africa  ; 
with  fome  Account  of  the  Briti(n  Settlements  in  that  Country,  and 
:  the  Intrigues  of  the  Natives  fince  the  Peace :  In  a  ^tter  addreffed 
to  the  People  in  Power,  &c.  By  a  Gentleman  who  refided  op- 
wards  of  fifteen  Years  in  that  Country.  8yo.  is.  6 d.  Robin* 
fon  and  Roberts.     1771. 

Recites  the  feveral  inconveniences  and  grofs  abufes  which  have 
crept  into  our  Afi^ican  trade.  The  Author  feenii  to  have  written 
irom  onqaeiUonable  experience,  and  bis  obfervations  appear  to  be 
ib  important  as  to  merit  the  ferious  r^ard  of  all  who  are  intereAed 
inthefubjea. 

Art.  25.  An  Angh  LufttanU  Difccyrfe^  concerning  the  Ccmplaiaif 
if  the  Britijh  FaAors^  refideat  iw  tht  CUjofLiJbou.  By  a  Serious 
and  Impartial  Wellwiflier  to  the  Profperity  of  both  ^aoons.  8vo« 
is«6d.     Wjlkie.     I77i«  ^ 

In  the  Review,  vol.  xxxvi.  p.  68,  we  nve  an  account  of  a  pam- 
phlet containing  Memorials  of  the  Briti/b  ComfiJ  and  FaUorj  at  Lifiom^ 
H^^ng  to  pommer/nal  grievances  therein  complained  of.  The  pre- 
ient  Difcourfe  is  a  difcu&on  of  thofe  complaints ;  the  origin  of  which 
is  aftribed  0  ^i  noachinationY  of  t}ie  Jefuits,  whp  are  reprefenced 
as  havinff,  by  varioos  arts,  endeavoored  to  catumnlate  his  Porta- 
goefe  m^iOiy  ever  ip/o^  4»e  commencement  of  his  mgn  ;  and  nolels 

&  irritate  tne  Pqrtiigpcfe  nation  againft  the  Englifh,  than  the  Ep^- 
I  ugaiift  thp  Portngncle.    ^e  afe  now  told  that  onr  commMe 


M  c  t>  I  c  A  t;  495 

lias  fnibined  no  inraiy  hy  any  internal  regoIatiaBS  of  his  Poitogneie 
najeftf ;  and  the  Wnier  gives  the  amount  of  die  fpecie  remitted 
from  POTtDgal  fav  various  conveyances  to  Britain  for  fear  years,  fob- 
fcqnent  to  the  aoove-nentiBBcd  Memorials ;  as  under : 
Years, 


1766 
1767 

1769 


1 


reaittted 


Sum  total 


1. 

t. 

d. 

.  '906,286 

9 

Si 

.    8«3»370 

8 

4i 

93C.46I 

4 

5" 

r902.«S 

»9 

3.SS«»574 

I 

jj 

The  names  fobferibed  to  thofe  Memorials  this  Writer  affirms  to 
confift  of  book-keepers,  clerks,  and  even  of  individuals  of  a  lower 
dafs;  the  merchants  of  any  confeqnence  refuiing  all  concurrence 
Ihereia.  Such  oppofite  allegations  mnft  be  left  to  the  reviewal  of 
l^entlemen  engaged  in  the  Portuguefe  trade,  who  only  know  the  par- 
ticcilar  fiifb  1  and  of  which  we  can  fay  nothing  pofitively.  We  fhall 
therefbce  only  remark,  that  what  he  advances  feems  plaufible  ;  and 
that,  H  the  king  of  Portugal  iabonrs  to  introduce  indnftry  among  his 
people,  this  alone  may  render  fome  of  the  mercantile  profeflion  there 
oifcontented ;  though  fi>  far,  there  can  be  no  jnftiftal^k  complaint 
atgainft  him  by  foreigners. 

M.E  D  I.C  A  t. 
Art.  26«  ThiFemaU  Phjifician  j  ^,  iv^ry  IVoman  her  own  Doifrefs* 

Wherein   is  fummarily  comprized,   all  that  is  neceflary  to  be 

known  in  the  Cure  of  the  feveral  Diforders  to  which  the  Fair  Sex 
'  are  liable ;  together  with  Prefcriptions  in  £ngU(h  of  the  refpedive 

Medicines  proper  to  be  given  in  each  Cafe.    By  John  Ball»  M.  D; 

Anthor.  of  the  Modern  Pradite  of  Phyfic,   &c.     izmo.     as. 

L.  Davis.     1770. 

Dr.  Ball,  or  his  bookfeller,  will  probably  be  more  benefited  by 
this  publication  tlum  the  good  ladies  of  Great  Briuin. 

We  fliould  be  extremely  fbrry  to  fee  thofe  females,  who  are  not 
fe  happy  as  to  be  mothers,  making  free  with  Dr.  Ball's  prolific  tine* 
l«r/.-<-Here  it  is  : 

<  Take  of  Pernvian  bark  in  powder,  an  ounce  and  a  half;  cinna* 
mon,  gum  guaiacunm  rhubarb,  each  half  an  ounce ;  Virginia 
fnakerooty  uiree  drams ;  Peruvian  balfam,  two  drams ;  faifron, 
one  dram  $  bed  French  brandy,  two  pints* 

'  Infufe  them  together  in  a  bottle  or  decanter  well  ilopt,  for  a 
fortnight,  often  ihaking  the  vefiiel,  then  ftrain  off*  the  clear  tindure 
for  ufe. 

*  Of  this  beautiful  cordial  tin£^ure  the  patient  may  take  four 
large  fpoonfuls,  or  a  wine  glafs  two  or  three  times  a  day.' 

Twelve  large  fpoonfuls  of  French  brandy,  independent  of  the  fiery 
ingredients  with  which  they  are  loaded,  are  much^ too  large  a  daily 
allowance  for  any  fair  lady,  be  her  conilitution  ever  (b  pUegmacic* 
Whatever  Dr.  Bali  may  think,  this  is  downright  draM'Jrinking. 

5  k  4  Art. 


49^  MoNTVKbV   CATAtOGOBy 

Art.  27.  Pfif^fals  far  Publijhing  by  Suhfcripti(fn^  a  Synaffis  (f  ihi 

Gtneral  France  rf  Pbyfic  :  Explaining,  In  a  full  and  coacife  Man* 

mu  tlve  Nature  of  Difeafes,  internal  and  external,  wjjth  tbe  pro* 

per  Method; of  treating  them*     Tranflated  from,  t^e  Lapn  of  Jo* 

feph  Lieutaud,  Chief  Phyfician  to  the  Royal  Family  of  France. 

By  T.  Tomlinfon*    8vo.     6  dr    Birmingl^arn  primed,  by  Baiker- 

ville,  and  fold  in  London  by  Nicoll.  . 

T'hefe  Propofab  are  accompanif  d  with  a  fpec^mcn  of  the  tranila- 
tion ;  from  which  it  appears  that  Mr.  TomlinfoA  is  well  qaalified  for 
the  work  which  he  has  undertaken,  and  we  widr  i^im  fuccefs  in  his 
labours.  -    : 

It  feems  however  that^ '  Mapy.  difficulties  occur  to  the  Editor  of  Lieu- 
^u4Ps  SyMoffo  either  in  carrying  on,  or  difcontinoing  this  tranflation. 
To  the  former  a  more  numeroiisiubfcripdon  than  what  ^t  preient  i^ 
raifed,  is  n^efTary  :  and  ifi  refpeA  to'  the  latter,  ihcr  the  pains  and 
cxpence  already  beilowe4»  and  die  trouble  given  to  the  fubfcribers, 
he  feels  himfelf  at  a  lofs  how  to  make  an  apology/— He  adds,  *  As 
to  the  prefect  attempt  the  Editor  can  only  fay,  that  he  (lands  ac- 
quitted to  himfelf  in  his  intentioiis,  and  humbly  hopes  that  the  fub- 
fcribers  will  excufe  him  from  prolecuting  it  to  his  own  lofs,  as  the  pro-| 
pofa)s  have  been. in  the  particular  mode  in  which  th^y  were  difperfed, 
^nfuccefsfuL  |n  refpe£l  to  the  public,  he  fubmits  with  tHat  defer- 
ence due  to  it,  the  propofals  and  fpecimen  nere  annexed,  being  flil| 
defirous  either  of  continuing  the  work  by  fubfcnption,-  or  of  refigii- 
ing  the  property  into  the  hands  ^f  aAy  bobkfellers  who  choofe  to  en- 
gage in  it.-r^ 

^  A^.  B,  Gentlemen  who  choofe  to  encourage  this  undertaking  are 
fequefied  to  give  in   their  panies  to  the  Editor  in  Birmii'gha^D. 
(Letters  poft-^paid)  or  to  William  Nicoll,  Not  51,  St.  Paul's  Church* 
yard,  London/ 
Art.  28.  Jk  EJfhy  oniheVJe  9/  tU  Ganglions  nf  the  Ngrves.     By 

James  Johnllone,   M   D.     8vo.     2  s.      Shrewibury  printed,  and 

fold  in  London  by  Becket  and  Co.     1771. 

The  fubilance  of  this  EfTay  has  already  appeared  in  the  PJiilofdt 
phkal  Tranfa6lions  *•  , 

The  dodrine  advanced  by  oqr  ingenioas  Authoc,  and  which  Iw 
here  furthpr  illuftrates  and  fupports,  is  briefly  this  j — that  the  gaogn 
Hons  are  the  immediate  fources  of  all  the  iuk^tlimtary  motions  ;  the 
jndraments  by  which  the  n^otious  of  the  heart  and  inteiUnes  are, 
from  the  earlieft  to  the  lateft  periods  of  animal  life^  uniformly  kept 
up. — f  The  ganglions,  refpe^ng  their  flrudlure,  mayjuflly  be  con- 
£dered  as  lictTe  brains,  or  germes,  of  the  nerves  detach«l  from  thtfm, 
eonfilling  of  a  mixture  of  cortical,  and  nervous  medullary  fabiVance; 
nourifhcd  by  feveral  fmall  blood  va^els,  in  which  variolas  nervoua 
lilameDts  are  colledied,  and  in  them  lofe  their  reflilinear  f^allej 
diredliqn,  fo  that  a  new  tiervous  organization  probably  takes  place 
in  th^m. 

*  Rcfpefling  their  ufes,  ganglions  feem  the  foarces,  or  immediata 
€>ngins  of  the  nerves,  fent  to  organs  m6ved  involontarily ;  andt 
r '-' '-  ""*"^  '  '   ■■■''«■■■-'■■■  ■  ■      I  ■  n  I     ■  ^     1^        ,     IMP    I  ■■   % 

t  Volume  liv.  and  Ivii. 

»   .  probably^ 


Nov  ML  Mf  49y 

^^robably,  tlie  check  or  c^iife  which  hin4ers  our  vplitloiui  fiom  ck«' 
tending  to  them. 

,  *  Ganglions  (eexM.  analogous  to  the  braia  in  thdr  office:  fnbor- 
jdinate  fprings,  and  refervoirs  of  nervous  power,  they  fcem  capable 
jo(  diipenfing  it,  long  after  all  eommaoication  with  the  brain  is  cut 
fiff»,  .And  though  they  ultimately  depend  upon  the  Main  for.  its 
.em^ations,  it  appeal's  from  fails,  that  tJ^at  dependj^nce  is  far  froqi 
being  immediate  and  inftantaneous. 

,  *  .£rom  the  ganylioR;  ferving  as  fubordinate  br»ins,  it  is,  that  the 
vital  organs  derive  their  nervous  power,  and  continue  tb  move  du-* 
dn^  fle«p :  and  te'  the  fame  caqfe,  as  well  as  to  its  greater  irrita- 
Jbility,  we  may  rpfer  the.  continuance  of  the  motion  of  the  heart  fo 
nucii  loqger  than  that  of  the  VoluDtary  mufcles,  in  perfcd  apo^ 
jilexles.  From  then<;e  too  the  motions  of  the  heart  receive  fbr  fomp 
time  fupport,  -even  after  the  fpinal  marrow  and  the  intercoflals  ii| 
^heir  delcent  along  the  neck,  arc  cut  through :  fo  that  animals  far- 
viye  this  cxperjiqient  fometimes  tfiiity  houn,  which  however  proves  at 
length  certainly  fatal,  by  cutting  o^  all  communication  with  the 
prime  fountain  of  nervous  emanation/' 

The  ganglions  coniidered  in  this  point  of  view,  have  a  very  fin* 
gular  and  ufefuf  office ;  they  contronl  the  powers  of  the  (bul,  an4 
jUmk  its  authority  in  the  animal  machine  ;-r-hence  we  caiginof,  whea 
under  the  unhappy  influence  of  feme  moody  dr  froward  fit,  aneft  the 
modons'of  the  heart  by*  a  fneer  volition  i  and  thus,  in*  onecapticious 
moment,  for  ever  lock  up  the  fprings  of  life.  -      '  ^ 

Novels.  * 

Art  aQ.  The  FavQurtte ;  a  moral  Tale.  Written  by  a  Lady  of 
Quality,  jamo.  2  Vols.  5  s.  fewed.  Baldwin. 
The  favourite  here  exhibited,  is  not  the  favourite  of  a  king,  as 
In  thefe  times  many  perfons  might  fuppofe,  from  the  title ;  but  the 
favourite  daughter  of  a  termagant  mother,  who  leads  an  eafy  huC* 
band,  and  another  daughter,  a  good  tempered  fenfible  girl,  moil  un* 
cafy  lives,  while  fh&cberiihes  the  bad-  qualities  of  her  darling  child'. 
The  event  is  anfwerable ;  and  fimilar  to  what  we  meet  with  in  many 
pther  novels  : — unhappinefs  and  difgrace  on  the  one  fide,  and  per^- 
jBaoent  felicity  qn  the  other.  There  is  another  flory  interwoven, 
which,  in  feveral  particulars,  is  fomcwhat  exceptionable ;  but  thoagb 
xhe  whole  has  a  moral  tendency,  and  is  written  with  eafe  and  irtcr 
4om,  we  cannot  think  it  merits  a  more  particular  examination.  IJT  * 
one  of  thefe  compofitions  will  afford  an  :afternoon'd  amui'ement  to  a 
Aovel-reader,  and  do  her  no  barm^  it  is  as  much  good  as  can  be  ex* 
peded  from  it. 

Art.  30.  Thi  Divorce,  In  a  Series  of  Letters  to  and  from  Per«- 
ions  of  high  Rank.  lamo.  2  Vols.  9  s.  fewed*  Baldwin.. 
Frocn  the  title  of  this  performancci  and  the  dedication  prefixed  to 
^,  the  Writer  means  to  have  it  underftood  as  founded  on  a  late  ad- 
venture in  high  life.  He  reprefents  the  huiband  in  an  amiable  point 
pf  view;  but  if  the  manners  of  our  great  people  are  fo  abandoned 
ZB  they  are  here  reprefented,  if  high  life  confiits  in  being  fuperior 
to  all  the  reihraints  of  virtue,  honour,  and  honeHy,  no  good  can  be 
|lone  by  recording  atfd  embelliihing  their  proHtgate  tranfadions» 
irbi^h  fan  only  t^nd  to  contaminate  tl^  bulk  of  the  people  in  lo^^er 

'  lla^ionfii 


'49^  MofTTRLr  CXTALOGUKf 

ftadons,  where  the  fmall  remains  of  thefe  virtues  are  pnacipalty  tn' 
be  found* 

Whatever  may  be  faid  in  favour  of  fome  charafters  here  intro- 
ducedy  or  of  the  cataftrophe  of  the  flory,  we  are  firmly  convinced 
©f  the  bad  tendency  of  putting  fuch  decorated  pidares  of  ^icc  into 
the  hands  of  young  perfons^  whofe  paflions  «re  more  mature  that 
their  powers  of  reflexion,  and  whofe  difpolitions  are  pliable  to  the 
moft  ailurine  bias. 

Aft.  31.  Jvf  Generous  InconJiant\  a  Novel.   By  a  Lady.    iimo. 
2  Vols.     5  8.  fewed.    Nicojl. 

SophifEcal  reafonings  put  into  the  month  of  ^  ^vowed  libertine^ 
may  but  too  readily  be  adopted  by  limilar  difpofitions  ;  and  where 
the  other  parts  of  a  licentious  charafter  are  favoorab}y  rp|)refentedp 
vice  is  but  too  much  recommended  to  thofe  light  minds  which  refort 
to  novels,  in  order  to  fill  up  the  vacancies  of  time.  We  are,  there« 
fore,  perfuaded  that  fuch  produfUons  are  rather  calculated  to  confirm 
bad  difpofitions  than  to  reform  them ;  as  the  proper  inferences  will 
feldom  be  drawn  or  fubfcribed  to  but  by  thofe  who  ftand  in  no  need 
of  thefe  equivocal  monitors.  This  obfervation,  applied  to  the  pro. 
ftnt  perfbrm^ance,  wi)l  C9mprehepd  all  the  praife  we  can  be$ow 
|ipo9  it. 
Art.  M.  Rofarc ;  pr^  thi  Adveniures  of  an  JUrefs  :  A  Story  from 

real  Life.    Tranflated  from  the  Italian  of  Pietro  Ckiari.'   lij^io* 

jVols.    7  s.  6d.  fewed.    Baldwin. 

This  work,  though  we  have  inferted  it  in  the  clafs  of  novels,  ii 
given  to  the  pi^blic,  not  as  a  matter  of  fiflion,  but  matter  of  hSt. 
It  pretends  to  recite  the  real  adventures  of  a  young  Italian  damfel» 
faid  to  have  been  well  known  at  Naples,  Palermo,  &c.  firft  as  a 
rope-dancer,  and  afterwards  as  an  a£trefs.  Laflly,  fhe'  here  intro- 
duces herfelf  (for  (he  is  her  own  biographer)  to  her  readers,  in  the 

charader  of  Lady  B— ,  wife  to  the  Count  of  B ;,  an  Itaiiai^ 

nobleman.  / 

If  the  narrative  be  true,  it  is  curious,  from  that  circumftance ;  if 
it  be  a^mere  fidlion,  it  has  little  merit,  although  it  appears  to  be  not 
ill  written,  in  the  original:  for  it  wants  that  power  of  invention,  as 
well  as  variety  and  importance  of  incident,  which  are  neceflary  tm 
render  it  acceptable  as  a  work  of  imagination.  It  abounds,  how- 
.ever,  with  fenfible  reflexions ;  but  the  tranflatioi^  is  not  cxtreroely 
elegant,  as  will  appear  from  the  following,  out  of  many,  inilances 
of  vulgarity,  which  might  be  produced  : 

•*  I  revealed  my  fufpicion  to  the  Count  and  Don  Cirillo : — they 
were  fit  to  die  of  laughing  :*'  vol.  ii.  p.  203. — "  It  would  [fays  the 

Lady]  be  a  tickiifh  matter  to  truft  Lady  A with  my  fecret:^' 

ib*  p.  209. — **  I  know,'^  fays  a  Gentleman  (Major-domo  to  the 
Marchionefs  of  B— »)  ''  that  I  am  hurting  the  apple  of  my  mafler's 
eye:"  vol.  iii.  p.  31.—**  But  a  tickliih  doubt  flill  remained  :'*  ib. 
p.  loo. — Signora's  affairs  are,  indeed,  of  fo  tickUJh  a  nature,  that 
we  defire  to  have  nothing  more  to  fay  to  them. 
Art.  33.  Memmn  rf  Lady  IVoodfird*    Writtca.  by  herfelf,  and 

addreifed  to  a  Friend.     1  amo.     2  Vols,     c  s.  fewed.    Noble. 

Tendemefs  and  fimplicity  arc  (he  principal  chara^eriftics  of  thia 
innocent  novel.  '    * 

Art^ 


RcLioious  and  CoiPritOTfiRsi al.  4)f 

Art  34.  The  Fatal  Compliance  ;  «r,  the  Hi/lary  9/ Mifs  Congmttia 
Pimiroie.  iimo.  2  Vob«  5  s.  fewcd.  Jones. 
Mifs  Pembroke  is  jull  fuch  another  Mtfs  as  the  rett  of  the  MIflet 
who  top  their  parts  in  the  charaders  of  novel- heroines.  Her  ftor/ 
is  told  in  natural,  My  language ;  fome  of  the  htfers  (for  the  epifto- 
lary  form  is  become  tie  hi|;h  mode  of  modem  romance)  are  fpright- 
]y  ;  and  none  of  them  are  ill  written. 

Art.  35.  ^he  Brittjb  Moralift  \  or,  Toung  Gentleman  and  Ladft 
PoUti  Infiru&or,  Being  a  n«w  ColledUon  of  Novels,  Tales,  Fables, 
Vifions,  Dreams,  Allegories;  feleftcd  from  the  xnoft  celebrated 
Moderns  that  have  been  publifhed  during  the  lall  ten  Years.  To 
which  are  added,  I.  Rules  for  acquiring  true  Politencfs.  II.  Pa- 
rallels between  ancient  and  modern  Chara^ers.  III.  A  conci/e 
View  of  the  Britilh  Conllitution.  izmo/  z  Vols.  6  s.  Robin- 
fon  and  Roberts,      i??'*. 

The  Editor  intends  this  compilation  as  a  fupplcment  to  the  icve- 
ral  collcfkions  which  have  been  made,  for  the  profitable  amufement 
of  the  Britifli  youth.  The  pieces  which  it  contains  are  detached 
from  the  moral  and  entertaining  produftions  of  John  fon,  HawkeC> 
worth,  Sterne,  Langhorne,  Shenllonc,  Goldfmith,  Brooke,"  &c. 
The  articles  are  not  ill  chofen ;  and  there  is  a  great  variety  of  them  ; 
fo  that  the  book  cannot  fail  of  being  agreeab'le  as  well  as  ufcful  xm 
young  Readers, 

Religious  and  Controve,rsial« 
Art.  36.  The  Chri/lian  Minijier^s  Rtafons  for  baptizing  Infants^ 
and  for  adminillering  the  Ordinance  by  iprinkling  or  pouring  of 
Water.  By  Stephen  Addington.  izmo.  2s.  Buckland.  1771. 
The  fubjed  of  this  little  tra.t  has  been  long  the  caufe  of  great  dif- 
fttte  in  the  Chriliian  world;  happy,  could  we  add,  that  it  had  not 
peen  the  occafion  of  much  rancour  and  ill-will  1  The  champions  oa 
the  oppoiite  fide  of  the  queftion  to  our  Author  have,  fometimes  at 
leafl,  defended  their  arguments  with  fuch  warmth  and  confidence* 
we  had  almoft  faid  pre/umption^  that,  judging  alone  from  thence^  it 
mnft  have  been  concluded  that  their  opinion  was  moft  clear  and  cer- 
lain,  and  that  of  their  opponents  utterly  indefeniible.  But  the  fair 
and  unbiased  mind  muft. perceive,  that  this  is  very  far  from  being  the 
true  ftate  of  the  cafe  ;  ilnce,  though  an  ingenious  peHbn  may  offer 
fomethiog  plaufible  on  almofl  any  Tubje(^,  it  would  then  be  impoffible. 
10  {diW  fo  much  as  is  faid,  with  the  force  of  found  truth  and  reaibn,  ia 
pppofitlon  to  the  Antipado-baptifls^  who,  notwithftanding  all,  fre* 
qnently  continue  to  contend  fpr  th^ir  own  favourite  fcheme,  with  that 
pertinacious  zeal  which  might  lead  one  to  fup|>ofe,  that  the  whole  of 
religion  coniiiled  in  or  depended  upon  thisj  after  all,  stT^  qneftion- 
ablc  point. 

The  performance  before  us  is  written  with  candoar:  it  confidert 
jnoft  of  the  principal  arguments  which  are  ufed  by  the  Pado-haptifts^ 
both  as  to  the  mode  and  the  fubje6ls  of  baptifm,  attended  alfo  with 
a  few  fuitable  criticifms  on  fome  parts  of  fcripture.  If  there  are  an/ 
parts  of  the  work  which  are  not  fully  concfufive,  or  to  be  regarded 
.chiefly  as  an  argument  ad  homiMfm,  or  probable  reafons,  there  are 
Others  which  appear  on  the  whole  ycry  fatisfadlory,  and  at  lead  en- 


j^OO  MoMTHtY  Catalogue^ 

fireiy  fufficient  tt>  (hew,  that  the  pradice  of  InBuit-baptirm  is  proper^ 
allowable,  and  juftiiiable;  we  apprehend,  therefore,  that  we  may  ven- 
ture to  recommend  this^fmall  Treatife,  among  others,  particularly 
one  pttbliihed  fome  years  ago  by  Mr.  Towgood  of  Exeter,  to  the  pe^ 
rufal  of  tkofe  who  wi(h  to  be  more  entirely  fettled  on  this  point. 

The  following  obfervation,  though  not  new,  may  be  laid  before 
oar  Readers,  '  Of  all  the  different  fedls,'  fays  this  Author,  *  into 
which  the  church  was  divided  in  the  third  and  fourth  cg'nturies,  and 
which  were  always  ready  to  dete£l  and  oppole  every  thing  in  each 
odier,  that  did  not  appear  authorifed  by  die  word  of  God,  not  one 
ever  upbraided  the  other  with  bapdfing  infants  as  an  innovation ; 
bat,  though  of  very  different  fentiments  on  many  other  dodlrines  of 
the  gofpel,  in  this  they  all  agreed ;  and  thofe  whofe  other  principles 
would  have  inclined  them  to  oppofe  the  practice  in  their  day,  and  to 
have  difputed  the  divin<^  original  of  it,  if 'its  divine  original  could 
have  been  quellioned,  even  thev  declared,  that  they  never  heard  nor 
read  of  any,  whether  true  Chnftian,  hereuc,  or  fchifmadc,  who  de* 
nied  bapdfm  to  infants/ 

The  controverfial  part  of  the  book  is  concluded  with  thefe  obferva- 
tions,  *  We  have  not  met  with  one  text  in  the  whole  Bible,  that  re- 
quires the  immerfion  of  the  whole  body  in  Chriftian  baptifm. — Not 
one  in  which  ChriH  commanded  his  minifters  to  baptize  believers, 
much  le(s  believers  only.—- No  command,  either  from  him  or  his 
apoftles,  to  baptize  fuch  again  in  adult  years,  who  were  baptized  in 
their  infancy,  nor  any  word  that  authorises  to  call  a  fecond  wafliing 
baptifm. — Nor  have  we  met  with  a  fingle  inflance  recorded  in  the 
New  Tellament,  in  which  the  defcendants  of  Chriflian  parents  were 
bapdzed  in  adult  years/ 

In  what  particular  fenfe  the  Author  anderftands  the  word  (biUcoer) 
in  the  above  paffage,  we  know  not ;   bat  fhould  this,  or  any  other 
part  of  his  performance  be  liable  to  any  juft  objedion,  we  muft  leave 
It  to  him  to  vindicate  himfelf. 
Art.  37.  A  Litter  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Cr*     ■    many  ecca/wmd  by  his 

Sermon  preached  at  Sud^^y^  May  25,   1769.      Publiftied  at  the  Re- 

queft  of  fome  of  the  Clergy.    4to.     6  d.    Evans.     1 7  70. 

This  Letter-writer  is  very  angry  with  Mr.  Cr man  *,  and  -at 

the  fame  time  profeffes  himfelf  very  forry  for  that  gentleman's  miftake 
in  *  fancying  himfelf  a  reformer.*  when  he  is  *  what  the  devil 
is  faid  to  be,  an  accufer  of  his  brethren.*  This  Mr.  Cr man  is  in- 
formed how  little  he  underftands  his  duty  when  called  upon  to  preach 
at  a  ^ifitaiion ;  that  an  attempt  in  one  of  his  rank  to  inftra£l  thd 
clergy  at  that  time  is  *  impertinence,  prefumption,  and  impudence/ 
Surely  this  Writer  is  here  under  fome  litde  midake  himfelf;  we  have 
ourfelve's  heal'd;  what  we  thought  very  ufefiil  and  proper  admonitions 
addreffed  to  the  clergy  on  fuch  occafions,  nor  can  we  fuppofe  this  to 
l)e  unfuitable  or  unbecoming,  if  performed  with  modeHy  and  decent 
cy.  But  the  preacher  who  is  here  attacked  feems  to  haVe  failed  id 
thefe  lain  e/Tential  requifites,  having,  we  are  told,  loaded  his  brethren 
*  with  the  blackeft  accujations^  and  mojf  undefert^ed calumnies »*  The 
publication  of  his  fermon,  notwithftanding,  is  faid  to  have  been  re- 

♦  See  Rev.  vol,  xli.  p.  Sor  The  firft  Sermon  in  the. lift. 

quefted 


Relioious  and  CpKTiLoimtsiAU  501 

^Qefted  ^y  fht-Mrcbdeacom^  and  fime  of  tbt  tUrgj.    The  Aatl^or  of  the 
Letter  is  defirous  it  fhould  be  known,    that  though  he  thought  the 
preacher  deferved  fuch  a  puoiftiment,  he  was  not  one  of  the  number 
who  folicited  the  favour ;  and  he  has  been  informed,  he  fays,  -that  the 
reqaeft  was  '  a  piece  of  pleafantry*  iii  fome  of  the  clergy,  and  '  ow ' 
ing  to  a  (lory  they  had  heard  of  Charles  the  Second,  who,  when  any 
of  his  chaplains  preached  a  fermon  more  than  ordinary  fooliih,  com-^ 
manded  him  to  print  it,*     *  I  acknowledge,'  {ays  he,  *  this  was  carry- 
ing the  joke  too  far,  but  even  animis  ccekftibus  ir^^^^hy  their  rafh  rc- 
quefl,  and  your  not  having  the  fear  of  ink  before  your  eyes,  they  have 
told  their  own  fhame,  or  yours  ^  to  formidable  po/terity^  and  publijbed  it 
in  the  annals  of  Grubftreet*    But,    however  impertinent  or  impudent^ 
jgroundlefs  or  undefer'ved  may  be  the  charges  alledged  in  Mr.  Cr — man's 
&rmon,  this  Letter-writer  does  not  greatly  attempt  to  exculpate  the 
clergy,  or  the  patrons  of  livings,  but  chiefly  aims  (if  that  be  any  vin- 
dication) to  ihew,  that  Mr.  Cr — man  is  culpable  equally  with  others, 
or  in  a  greater  degree,  in  the  very  in  (lances  he  has  condemned. 
Art.  38.  The  j£is  of  the  Days  of  the  Son  of  Man ^  or  the  Hijiory  of 
our  Lord  and  Sa*viour  Jefus  Chrift.     Comprehending  all  that  the 
lour  Evangelifts  have  recorded  concerning  him.  All  their  Relations 
being  brought  together  in  one  Narration,  fo  that  no  Circumftance 
is  omitted,  but  that  incftimable  Hillory  is  continued  in  one  Series^ 
in  the  s^rf  Words  of  our  EngUjb  Veriion.     1 2mo.     2  i •    Lewis* 

1771. 

This  work  appeared  firft  in  the  German  language.  The  Author, 
we  find,  is  Samuel  Lieberkiihn,  M.  A.  who  ^  made  ufe  of  Luther^s 
verfion  of  the  New  Teftament,  altering  here  and  there  a  word  agree- 
ably to  the  original,  or  to  render  the  fenfe  of  the  paiTage  more  clear.' 
The  Tranflator  '  adheres  flridly,'  he  tells  us,  *  to  the  Englifh  veriion 
in  \^fe,  inicrting  in  fome  places  a  few  words  for  the  fake  of  connedlion. 
Of  by  way  of  illuftration.'  There  is  no  doubt  but  thoufands  have  read 
the  deuched  hillory  of  each  EvangeliU  in  the  facred  writings  with 
great  iidvantage,  neverthelefs,  though  it  is  not  poiUble  to  obtain  per- 
feA  cxa^tnefs  as  to  the  order  of  time  and  place,  it  mull  be  acknow- 
ledged that  fuch  a  harmony  as  can  be  gained  in  this  refped  is  of  real 
utility.  *  It  might  be  wifhcd,'  obfervcs  this  Writer,  *  that  we  could 
arrive  to  a  ceruinty  touching  the  order  of  time  in  v/hich  the  matters 
followed  upon  each  other.  But  as  the  Evangelills  have  not  obferved 
the  fame  order  of  time  in  their  relations,  it  has  proved  a  fubje^t  for 
.  many  controverfies  among  the  learned.  Some  affert,  that  all  the  four 
Evangeliib  have  ^xote  according  to  the  true  order  of  time,  which  ob^-. 
iiges  them  to  repeat  the  very  fame  tranfadion  two  or  three  times^ 
Others  ate  of  opinion,  that  Mark  and  Luke;  and  others,  that  Matthew 
lias  kept  clofefl  to  the  order  of  time.  But  we  will  not  enter  here  inta 
this  controverfy,  for  this  obvious  reafon,  we  cannot  determine  any 
thing  pofitively.  In  this  harmony  we  have  made  the  EvangeliU  Mat- 
thew our  rule,  as  to  the  order  of  time,  and  we  have  herein  chiefly 
followed  the  lace  Dr.  Bengelius,  and  his  harmony  of  the  four  Evan* 
gelills ;  and  he  had  many  learned  men  who  were  his  fore-runners  in 
this  method.  In  this  arrangement  it  is  laid  down  as  a  rule,  that  we 
reckon  nx)  more  than  rhret:  Eaflers  from  the  baptifm  to  the  death  of 
our  Saviour,  which  John  plainly  (hews  in  his  gofpel.  Secondly,  thnt 
we  tranfpofe  the  r<elations  of  Mark  and  Luke  in  ibme  places,  and 

range 


5oi  Mont HiY  CATALodufi,* 

range  tliem  according  to  the  order  of  Matthew.  All  this  lias  fclid 
ttzTon  for  its  fupport,  and  on  this  account  is  more  followed  at  pre* 
fcnt.' 

In  this  manner  the  Aathor  fpcaks  of  his  performance,  which  we 
think  may  be  read  with  fatisfadtion  and  advantage  by  thoTe  who  can- 
not eafily  confult  larger  or  more  elaborate  works  of  this  nature. 
Art.  3^().  J  Letter  to  the  Monthly  Reviewers^  containing  Ccnfurcs 
and  Refcntment,  for  many  Inflanccs  of  their  ftrangc  Mi/behavionry 
cfpecially  their  Title-page  Renjarks  on  the  Exemplar,  or  an  Ex- 
pofition  of  the  Prophecies  now  folfiHing.    With  a  brief  Recital  or 
Plan  of  the  Work,  and  fome  Additions.     8vo.     i  s.     Printed  for 
the  Author,  and  fold  by  Stevens  in  London,     1771. 
In  our  Catalogue  for  January  1769,  in  mentioning  the  Exemplar^ 
zxi  huge,  cxpofitory  quarto,  on  the  vifions  of  Daniel,  and  the  Reve* 
lation  of  John,    &c.   &c.    we  gave  the  very  uncouth  and  verbofe 
titte-page,  as  a  fufficient  fpecimen  of  what  every  Reader  of  difcem- 
ment  and  tafte  had  to  expe^  from  the  Author.     Such  brevity  of  no- 
tice, however,  feems  to  have  given  no  fmall  oiFonce  to  the  Gentle>^ 
man  who  had  been  at  the  pains  of  writing,  and  perhaps  the  expence 
of  printing  this  great  volume ;   but  it  is  natnral  that  every  author 
whofe  work  (ineftimable  in  his  fond  eye !)  a  Reviewer  does  not  approve, 
ihould  conceive  himfclf  and  his  learned  laboart  to  be  ill-treated,  and 
that  he  ihould  complain  of  the  envy  of  critics,  and  the  malignity  of 
criticifm.     This  Letter  writer,   accordingly,   in  the  fulneft  of  his 
zvowcd  rejentment^  confiders  the  Monthly  Reviewers  as  a  fetofvery 
bad  people,  enemies  to  religion,  infidels,  &c.     fiut  we  hope  it  does 
.  not  follow,  that  every  man  who  diflikes  the  plan,  or  diffents  from  the 
principles  of  any  pioofly  intended  book  (among  the  thoufandsof 
wrangling  and  contradictory  ones  with  which  the  Chriftian  world  hatb 
been  troubled),  is  therefore  irreligioos^  or  an  infidel  !~-In  brief,  we 
ftin  think  of  the  txempUr  as  we  thought  before  ;  and  this  Letterfrom. 
our  difobliged  Ffiend  and  Correfoondent,  has  only  ferved  to  con£na 
~QS  in  the  Idea,  that  he  is  a  good  Man,  but  not  a  good  Writer. 
Art.  40.  The  Methodtfti  vindicatid  from  the  Afperiions  caft  up- 
on tbem  by  the  Rev«  Mr.  Haddon  Smith,    'by  PbiUdetbet.     8vo« 
I  s.    Bladon.' 

It  is  currently  fuppoled  that  theMethodifts  are  an  ignofant  and  il« 
literate  fet  of  people,  who  are  incapable  of  oiFering  any  argaments 
worthy  of  attention,  in  fupport  of  their  religions  principles  or  prac- 
tice. But  the  prefent  Writer's  manner  of  repelling  the  attack  made 
upon  the  Methodidical  party  by  Mr.  Smith  '*,  is  far  from  contempt- 
ible, and  we  much  qneflion  if  the  kev.  Curate  of  Bethnal  Green  will 
be  able  to  Hand  his  ground  againft  the  efibrts  of  an  antagonift,  who  is 
well  furniflied  with  weapons,  ofFenfive  and  defenfive,  and  who  knows 
how  to  employ  them,  either  in  his  own  caufe,  or  in  that  of  others: 
for  he  declares,  that  he  is  not,  himfelf,  a  Methodift. 

Miscellaneous* 

Art.  41.  Ten  Dialsgues  on  the  Conduft  of  Human  Life.     To 

which  is  added,  Zara,  a  moral  Tale.     Small  8ro.     2  s.     Camaa. 

Thefe  Dialogues  are  held  between  a  young^  lady  and  a  gsntle- 

man,  and  ticat  of  ambition,  love,   avarice  and  prodigality,    anger 

♦  See  Review  for  O^ober  laft,  p.  j.!;, 

tnd 


;  MirCBtLANKOUS.  50} 

fend  rage,  hatred  and  revenge,  cnry,  jealoafy,  compaflion/ ibdetx* 
coiApaBy,  Sec.   With  refpedl  to  the  tale  of  Zara,  if  yoan?  perfoai, 
for  ^ofe  afe  this  publication  is  calculated,  do  not  read  uie  narra* 
five  and  overlook  the  preceptive  parts  of  it,  which  may  too  often  b« 
the  cafe,  they  may  colled  varie^  of  good  fentiments  from  it. 
Art.  42.  Tbt  KnowUdge  of  the  frorld^  and  thi  Aitaintnifits  ttfifid  in 
fbi  Condua  tfLife.    Tranflated  from  the  French  of  Monfieor  Col* 
lures;  Secretary  of  the  Cabinet  to  Lewis  XIV.  one  of  the  Forty 
Members  of  the  Academy,  and  Minifter  Plenipotentiary  at  the 
Peace  of  Ryfwick.     i2mo.     2  s.  6d.  fewed.    Baldwin,  Ac. 
The  knowledge  here  difplayed',  is  that  of  the  French  world  at  it 
fiood  more  than  half  a  century  fince.    M.  Callieres  was  a  ibftfible 
aian,  bat  his  rules. for  pleafing  in  converfation  will  only  enable  per- 
fons  to  talk  all  d^^  long  without  frying  one  word  to  any  profitable 
porpofe ;  and  many  of  our  countrymen  are  not  fo  far  behind  their 
neighbours,  bat  that  they  can  perform  this  already  without  any  tn- 
ftru£^ions  from  them.    The  Tranflator  indeed  anticipates  this  objec- 
I ''  tion  without  obviatinc;  it  fatisfadorily  ;  for  it  is  difficult  to  conceive 

how  a  company,  who  let  out  with  a  principle  of  yielding  to,  and  com- 
plying withf  each  other's  foibles,  can  ever  afleft  opinions  of  their 
own,  or  talk  like  men  of  fenfe. 

Art.  43*  Tbt  Cwdu^  of  the  Royal  Academicians^  while  Membert 

of  .the  Incorporated  Society  of  Artifts  of  Great  Britain>  vis.  from 

the  Year  1760,  to  their  Expulfion  in  the  Year  1769.    Withibme 

part  of  their  TranfadUons  iince.     8vo.     is.    Dixwell.     177U 

ft  appears,  from  this  publication,  that  the  Royal  Academicians, 

while  a  part  of  the  Incorporated  Society  of  ArtiAs-  of  Great  Britain, 

obfintfked  the  order  of  that  Aflbciation,  and  ufurped,  by  their  address, 

the  fupreme  dire£Hon  of  it ;  that  the  arbitrary  meafures  they  profecu- 

ted,  gave  rife  to  a  powerful  oppofition  againil  them  ;   and  th^t  the 

check,  viihich.  was  thvis  given  to  their  ambition,  induced  them  to  tttCt 

a  Separate  inftitution,  to  which  they  had  the  influence  to  procore  th« 

Royal  Sandion.     We  would  not»  however,  adviie  the  Readers  of 

this  pamphlet  to  adopt  all  its  conduflons,  before  they  know  what  th^ 

Koyal  Academicians  have  to  urge  in  their  defence* 

Art.  44*  The  Aferchant*s  Complaint  to  the  Lawyers  ai  the  DiviL 

Shewing  the  Hardfhips,  Inconvenienciesi  and  Injnftice,  to  which 

«v«ry  honeft  Man  of  Property  is  expofed,  from  Jew  Bail,  (ham  Pleas, 

.Demurrers,   Writs  of  Error,  and  Injunction  Bills.     With  fome 

Hints  for  redreffing  thofe  Grievances.    By  a  Merchant  of  London. 

8vo.     I  s.    Wilkie.     1771. 

We  sat  kerepieiented  with  fome  fbi^ures  on  the  difadvantages  at- 
tending  the  forms  of  procedure  in  our  courts  of  law.  They  are  judi- 
cioas,  and  worthy  of  an  attentive  perufal :  and  we  wifli  they  may  give 
occafion  to  any  remedy  of  the  abufes  enumerated  in  this  complaint. 
Art«  45.  A  Vocabulary  adapted  to  the  new  Latin  Accidence  \  defign* 
cd  to  exerciie  Children  in  the  Application  of  the  Grammar  Rules, 
while  they  aie  actjuiring  a  Copia  of  Words,    i  smo.  i  s.  Lowndes. 

.     1771^ 

The  Author  of  this  fmall  performance  feem^  to  fuppofe  it  nnqoo- 
^Aaonabiy  certain,  that  the  public  muft  be  well  ac<)aainted  with  the 
Mi'Vf  Latin  Accidence^  ol  u  hich  fome  account  was  given  in  the  Review 

for 


for  O&tfhoT  laft*    We  are  herd  inibrinqdy  duufr;'  iiikis'CoUefiioii  u-pftt^ 

lifbi^d  as  a  iketch  oniy,  whtch»'  the  Cooipiler  thinkg^  *  may  be  nCeM 
jtk  its  preicnt  form,  bat  means  to  make  it  as  perfed  hereafter  at  the 
plan  requires.'    The  book  confiils  of  liSts  of  fubftaotives  to  ejiercife 
the  rules,  of  dec! enfioni  and  §;emlers  ;  of  adjeiSliveS}  adverbs*  cofljiuiC'« 
tiona  and  interjeflxons  i   of  verbs  with  their  compounds^  to  ej^ercifti 
the  rules  for  the  perf(^£ks  and  fttpines^  and,  fartKer,  a  a  cumber  of  ex- 
amples to  exerciie  t^e  S/nuuc  rules:    after -^Ich  the  vocabulary. b 
Snglilheijj   and  alfo  the  Syntax  examples.     This  publication  may 
prove  an  ufeful  apl^ant,  particularly  to  fuch  who  h^ve  rec^urfeto 
l^ammart  which  it  is  defigned  to  accompany. 
Art.  46.  ^  New  Fremh  Di&iQnary^  in  twa  Parts:   The  firfl^ 
Freiich  and  Engliih  ;  the  fecond,  £ngli(h  and  French:  containiag 
feverai  Hundred  Words  not  to  be  found  in  any  of  the  Di&ionarice 
liithecto  publifhed  :  the  various  Meanings  of  Words^  often  explained 
by  French  or  Engliih  Sentences  :  the  Genders  of  Nouns,  Adje£dves/ 
and  Pronouns,  and  the  Conjugations  of  Verbs:  the  Irregolaritiea 
of  the  Parts  of  Speech.  To  whi(ii  is  priefixed,  A  French  Grammar^ 
ibewing  how  to  form  the  regular  Parts  of  Speech.    By  Thomaa 
Dc|etanville.     Bvo*     /s.    London.     Nonrfe  and  Vaillant.     1771* 
This  Di£lionary' feems  to  be  more  copious  and  perfedin  every  re-» 
tpt&,  than  the  abridgment  of  Boyer.     We  muft  beg  kate,  however^ 
to  fttfpend  oar  judgment  with  refped  to  Mr.  I>eletaitvilie's  a0ertionf 
that  it  contains  feveral  hundred  words  not  to  be  found  in  aoy  of  ihe 
dictionaries  hitherto  public ed. 

Art*  47.  A  Memorial  and  Petition  t9  thi  King^s  M(^  ExceUtnt 
Majefiji^  <m  tl^  Frincfples  of  public  Faith ^  commom  Jmfiicey  and  bis 
mum  R^al  Pr»mi/e.  By  Saouiel  Lee,  Surgeon -generai  to  the  Army* 
and  to  the  Hofpital  for  Relief  of  indigent  flck  Perfona  affli^cd  witk 
Kaptares.     8vo.     i  s.    Williams* 

It  appears  from  this  Memorial,  that  Mr.  Lee  has  beea'  fingulariy 
fiiccefsfttl  in  his  management  of  ruptures. 

As  to  his  pecuniary  claim  upbi^  the  Crown,  k  has  already  had  a 
bearing  in  fome  of  the  courts  of  jndieature,  and  is  moil  certainly  noiF 
determinable  in  the.eourt  of  criticifin. 

■«H    III      >l»   1^      maiwM—— ***  l>         ■  '■-' ■        ■        'I  ■  ■      1.  ■>■■■■■!    I  ■  JN      ■  »     W  ■■■» 

.,  .     ;     .  S    E    R    M    O    N    S. 

L  ThtQruteifwr.UrdJeffuCMji,  the  Lorn  fif  G&d^  emdaM^AnS  - 
CommwtiffWf  recommended  and  enforced  in  a  Sermiob  at  a  Meeting  of 
l^e  People  called  Quakers,  in  Leeds,  the  26th  of  tke.  5th  Moath, 
commonly  called  June,  1769.     Carefully  taken  doviKo  in  Chs^raQera* 
at  the  fame  Time.    By  James  Blakes,  jun.    8vo.    19.    NicoU,  Ac 

n*  TbePoIfy  and  Danger  of  cottfermittg  to  the  fforld^-^t  a  Monthly 
Exerctfe,  at  the  Rev.  Mr.  Reynolds's  Meetiug*place.  near  Cripple^ 
gate,  Mkrcb  i,  1771*  By  Samuel  Scennet,  D*  P.  8vo«  '6d& 
Beckland.  ... 

HI.  Two  Sermons  occafioned  by  the  Death  of  the  Rev.  Robert     ' 
Lawfon,  A.iyi.  at  tl^e  Scotch  Church,  London  Wall,  May  9,  I77i« 
By  Thomas  Ofwald,  MiniHer  of  the  Scotch  Church,  RBiTeUStreet*' 
Covent-Garden.    Svo*     1  s.    Bucl|land; 

•^'  Mr.  Farmer's  Difertation  o^Mirackit  and  Dr.  HentyV  H^hff 
"Of  Great  Britain^  in  oitr  next^^  -     * 


APPENDIX 

T  O    T  HE 

MONTHLY     REVIEW, 

"  Volume  the  Forty-fourth. 

FOREIGN    LITERATURE. 

A   R   T.      I. 

Voyogi  Literain  de  la  Grecty  iffc, — A  Literary  Journey  through 
Greece^  or  Letters  on  the  ancient  and  modern  Greeks,  with 
a  Parallel  of  their  Manners.  By  M.  Guys,  Merchant,  of 
the  Academy  of  Marfeilles.    izmo.    2  Vols.    Paris,    ijyi. 

THESE  volumes  contain  a  variety  of  mifcellaneous  obfer- 
vations  on  the  national  chara^^er,  arts,  manners,  cuftums, 
and  commperce  of  the  Greeks. «  The  Writer  feems  to  be  a  maa 
of  fpirit  and  fentiment ;  but  he  frequently  indulges  his  vivacity, 
or  his  turn  for  fpeculation,  till  his  fubjed  is  out  of  fight.  He 
writes  without  much  order  or  connediion ;  but  his  matter  is 
various ;  and  as  he  is  by  no  means  a  dull  Writer,  there  are 
many  to  whom  his  book  may  afford  an  acceptable  amufement.' 

From  this  Literary  Journey  we  fhall,  in  the  firft  place,  give 
our  Readers  the  3Qth  letter  of  the  fecond  volume,  as  it  is  on 
a  fubjed  for  which  the  Greeks  have  ever  been  famous,  the  firft 
and  befl  of  focial  virtues,  the  love  of  our  country. 

*  You  afk  me  if  the  Greeks  ftill  love  their  country?  That 
Virtue  is  flill  theirs ;  and  notwithRanding  the  prefcnt  ftate  of 
Athens,  Sparta,  Mytilene,  and  Corinth,  the  inhabitants  re- 
tain the  moft  ardent  afFe£lion  for  their  refpeclive  cities.  That 
fentiment,  which  Nature  has  written  on  the  hearts  of  mankind 
in  general,  the  Greeks  have  cultivated  with  peculiar  care  ;  and 
it  has  even  furvi\^ed  the  fair  monuments  of  their  former  glory. 

I  fpeak  not  here  of  that  blind   attachment,  tbat  coi  ncdtion 

formed  by  habit,  flrcngthened  by  ignorance,  and  ponfiimed  by 

the  lies  of  property.     Barbarians  ar.d  favages  love  nothing,  bc- 

,    ^aufe  they  know  nothing  more  than  rh^ir  huts  and  hearths.   Even 

.  Vol.  XLIV.  L  1  among 


5o6  Guys*j  Literary  Jourtuy  through  Grace, 

among  civilized  nations  the  cooimon  people  blindly  follow 
one  inftin£live  fentiment  ^  but  men  of  enlightened  minds,  who 
have  diftindt  ideas  of  their  inclinations  and  their  duty,  are  at- 
tached to  their  country  upon  different  principles. 

I  never  felt  more  ftrongly  the  force  of  natural  eloquence, 
than  when  I  heard  two  Greeks  difputing  on  the  pre-eminence 
of  their  refpcdive  countries* 

I  travelled  with  a  Tiniot  *,  who  had  carried  on  a  maritime 
commerce  more  than  twenty  years.  He  left  his  ifland  to  go  to 
Smyrna,  where  he  laid  out  his  money  in  mqrchandice,  which 
he  carried  to  Marfeilles.  From  the  laft  place  he  embarked  {qs 
our  American  iAands,  and  returned,  in  a  regular  courfe  •f  ex- 
change, to  the  port  from  whence  he  fet  out,  and  where  he 
ihould  again  renew  the  fame  fyftem  of  commerce. 

I  was  with  him  and  M.  PeyiTonel  f  in  1748,  daring  the 
,  war  between  England  and  France,  in  a  fmall  Swedifh  bottom, 
which  was  wrecked  off  the  ifle  of  Andros.  This. Greek  fpoke 
many  bandfome  things  of  Marfeilles,  and  of  our  colonies; 
but  no  country,  he  (aid,  was  comparable  to  his  own.  His 
utmoft  ambition  was  to  end  his  days  in  his  ifland,  and  to 
carry  thither  the  fruits  of  his  toil  and  travels. 

Such  were  all  the  Greeks  I  have  known.  One  cannot  but 
be  interefted  in  that  pleafure  and  admiration  with  which  they 
fpeak  of  their  native  country.  The  very  name  of  it  awakens 
their  paffions  and  their  powers ;  excites  thejr  tendernefs^  their 
eloquence,  their  ardour.  I  have  made  fome  reflexions  on  the 
patriotifm  of  the  modern  Greeks  in  comparing  it,  as  is  my 
ufual  method,  wifh  that  of  their  anceftors,  and  even  with  that 
of  the  Romans.  Suffer  me  to  fubmit  thefe  reflexions  to  your 
judgment. 

The  patriotic  aiFeXion  was  fo  univerfally  embraced  by  the 
tncients  that  it  could  hardly  become  a  queilion  \  but  for  us  it 
may  not  be  ufelefs^to  expatiate  upon  it  from  time  to  time.  We 
have  in  reality  no  attachment  except  to  our  capitals,'  whither 
the  aflemblage  of  arts,  talents,  and  pleafures  draws  us  almoft 
irrefiftibly,  and  where  we  frequently  forget  the  places  of  our 
^nativity. 

The  patriotifm  of  the  ancient  Greeks  was  founded  on  the 
moft  powerful  motives : 

1.  Natural  inclination,  the  firft  feed  of  the  pafiion,  in  pro- 
ce(s  of  time,  became  an  hereditary  virtue,  and  was  often  earned 
to  extremes. 

2.  The  principles  of  education. 


•  A  native  of  Tine,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  Archijpelago* 
^  Now  the  French  Conful  at  Soiyjfia# 


3.  The 


GuysV  Literary  yourney  through  Greece.    '         507 

3.  The  beauty  of  the  country  and  tKe  tlimitfe.  For  local 
pliyfic  is  dot  the  feebleft  tie  that  binds  us  to  our  comoion  mo- 
ther. 

.  4*  Theledui'es  bf  the  ancient  orators^  always  eloquent  on 
dlis  point. 

5.  The  preference  which  the  Greeks  give  to  their  own  laws 
ind  cuftoms  above  thofe  oi  other  nation^. 

6.  The  examples  of  thofe  who  had  fignalized  themfelves  by 
the  zeal  they  had  teftified,  or  tb^  fervice  they  had  done^  for  their 
country. 

7.  The  religion  of  their  country,  which  ever  leads  men  to 
the  local  worihip  of  their  fathers  ;  and  under  this  head  I  corn-* 
prehend  feftivals  and  dances,  to  which  the  modern  Greeks  are , 
not  lefs  attached  than  wdrc  their  remoteft  ariceftors. 

The  people  of  Candia  called  their  country  rf«V  mothtr  ♦* 
**  Though  older/*  fays  Plutarch,  "  than  our  immediate  pa* 
rents,  fbe  has  a  ftronger  right  to  our  afFe(£lion  and  duty  f ." 

Nature  and  Maw,  according  to  Lucian,  place  the  patriotic 
.  before  the  filial  duty.  We  learn  arts  and  fciences,  fays  be^ 
for  no  other  purpofe  than  to  be  ufeful  to  our  country.  We  en« 
"joy  lie  property  but  to  fupport  her  intereft  and  fecurity.  What* 
ever  (he  may  be,  ihe  is  fiiil  the  object  of  our  affedion,  and 
ve  are  afraid  of  being  baniihed  from  her,  even  after  deaths 

The  body  of  Palinurus  thrown  by  the  waves  upon  a  foreigtt 
fliore,  is  what  the  Trojans  confidered  as  the  moft  deplorable  'cir-  • 
cumftance  attending  their  pilot  J.  For,  independently  of  the 
religious  rijtes  of  burial,  the  ancients  thought  highly  of  the  pri* 
vilege  of  dying  in  their  own  families,  and  amongll  their  friends. 
Oreftes,  before  he  is  facrificed  in  Tauris,  takes  meafures  to  fe-* 
cure  his  interment ;  and  Iphigenia,  who  does  not  then  know 
him,  proroifes  to  fuppiy  the  place  of  a  filler. 

The  Greeks  were  not  lefs  attached  to  their  laws  than  to 
their  country.  Bufiris  and  Spertis,  Lacedemonians,  went  cou« 
rageoufly  to  Xerxes,  and  offered  him  their  lives  to  difcharge  the 
puniihment  their  fellow-citizens  had  merited  for  mafTacring  his 
heralds.  The  king,  ftruck  with  their  i^cncrofity,  offered  them 
the  pardon  they  demanded  for  the  Spartans,  on  this  condicion, 
that  they  fhould  remain  upon  honourable  terms  at  his  courts 
'Xhe  two  Spartans  refufed  this  advantageous  offer,  faying,  that 
■ I         »         *  I       ■  I  •  I  |M 

*  Pindar,  in  like  manner,  calls  Thebes  his  mother^  Matc^  l^a«— 

f  Teletnachus  fays  to  Idomcne\is,  who prcfTcs him  to  flay,  "What! 
ihail  1  renounce  my  father,  my  mother,  my  eountry,  which  ought 
to  be  dearer  to  me  than  both  ?"    Odyff.  lib.  23. 
%  Nttdas  in  ignou,  Palinore,  jacebis  Arena. 

Virg,  iEii.  6* 
^  Ha  thejr 


5o8  GuysV  Literary  Jcutney  tJjrougb  Greece, 

they  could  not  poffibly  live  at  a  diftance  from  their  country,  and 
under  foreign  laws.     Death  feemed  preferable  to  this. 

A  ftranger  faid  one  day  to  Tbeopom^us  the  Lstcedaenionian, 
without  doubt  from  a  defign  to  pay  his  court  to  him,  •'  My 
name  is  PHilolacon,"  that  is,  a  lover  of  Sparta ;  "  I  wifli,*' 
faid  the  Spartan,  "  the  love  of  your  own  country  bad  induced 
yoii  to  take  your  furname  from  it.  It  would  have  done  you 
more  honour  than  that  which  you  affeft.'* 

It  is  obfervable,  that  the  antient,  like  the  modern  Greeks, 
aflumed  their  Patronymics^  not  froin  fclfilh  motives,  as  Theo- 
critus did  to  diilmguiih  himfelf  from  another  poet,  to  whom  be 
.was  much  fuperior,  but  that  they  might  bear  a  name  which  to 
them  was  dearer  than  any  other.  *'  I  am  Thyrfis  of  ^tna," 
fays  one .  of  the  paftoral  poet's  (hepherds,  with  great  compla- 
cency, as  another  Greek  would  have  faid,  I  am  Dionyfius  of 
Halicafnaffus,  or  I  am  Thales  of  Miletum.'* 

While  the  Greeks  thus  afTomed  the  name  6f  their  country, 
they  found  motives  to  do  honour  to  it  by  their  virtues  or  their 
talents,  and  confequently  an  emulation  to  exert  both.  "I  yWd 
to  no  man,"  fays  Ajax,  "  my  birth  and  my  education  at  Salamis 
have  Aifficiently  formed  me  to  valour." 

Thefe  brave  people  looked  upon  it  as  a  thing  impoffibic  to 
furvivc  the  ruin  of  their  country.  In  Homer,  to  whom  we 
niuft  neceflarily  refer,  when  we  fpeak  of  the  manners  and  cuf- 
toms  of  the  Greeks,  Priam  is  able  to  fupport  his  grief  for  the 
]o{$  of  Heftor,  but  cannot  furvive  the  deftru£tton  of  Troy. 
V«  May  the  gods,"  faid  he,  **  fend  me  down  to  the  (hades,  bc^ 
fore  I  fee  my  city  deftroyed  by  the  Greeks  *." 

Ariftotle  dies  content  with  having  obtained  from  Alexander 
the  re-eftabli{hment  of  Stagyra,  his  native  place,  which  the  con- 
.  queror  had  given  up  to  the  ravages  of  his  troops. 

This  tender  attachment  to  the  place  of  our  nativity  f  •»  the 
portion  of  thofe  virt^ious  and  fenfible  hearts  which   Nature  has 

formed 


^  This  noble  fentlment  is  in  the  24th  Book  of  the  Iliad.  Ic  was 
one  of  the  great  charafterillics  of  antiquity.  In  the  infant-ftatc 
of  fociety,  man  was  in  love  with  Nature,  and  with  the  fcene  of  his 
criflence.  When  Mr.  Guys  obferved,  that  the  antiencs  held  the 
love  of  their  country  prior  to  all  other  duties,  he  might  have  confirm- 
ed His  obfervation  by  a  remarkable  pafTage  in  Valerius  Maximus. 
Pietas,  /cilicetf  erga  patriam,  ctijus  tmtjeftaiiy  etiam  iUa  qutse  Dc&'sttm 
•,tftiminiijtf  aquatur,  auSorilas  parentum  'Vires/uas  Juhjecit ,  VaL  Mas* 
1.  V.  c.  6, 

t  When  Ulyflcs,  in  the  ifland  of  Calypfo,  is  defirous  ofonce  more 

beholding  his  native  country,  the  poet  reprefents  him  as  luting  on  Lttc 

^bc(aks  of  (he  fea,  his  heart  oppreil'ed,  and,  as  he  looks  over  the  id- 

xnexiio 


Guys'j  Literary  yournej  through  Graa.  jop 

formed  for  the  impreffions  of  paternal  love,  filial  piety,  faithful 
friendlhip;  in  order  to  fulfil  the  feveral  duties  connected  with 
thofe  fcntiments,  to  animate  indifFerence,.  and  to  fliame  ingra- 
titude.  ^ 

Let  us  now  confidcr  the  conduft  of  the  Romans  in  this  re- 
fped.  Zealous  republicans,  fond  of  glory,  jealous  of  liberty 
and  independence,  but  ambitious  of  place  knd  povirer,  accuftom- 
cd  to  look  upon  their  citizens  as  fuperior  to  kings  (of  whom  they 
(hewed  their  contempt  by  dragging  them  behind  their  triumphal 
cars),  and  to  confider  Rome  as  the  miftrefs  of  the  world,  the 
Komana,  in  their  attachment  to  their  haughty  country,  had 
more  of  often tation  and  vanity,  than  of  fentiment. 

The  patriotifm  of  the  Romans  refcmbled  that  of  the  Lacedae- 
monians. It  was  a  fublime  but  fevere  virtue,  an  imperious  pal^ 
fion,  impatient  of  controul,  and  carried  almoft  to  the  delirium 
of  fanaticifm.     This  does  not  carry  with  it  the   idea  of  thof^ 

fentler  fentiments,  thofe  natural  attradions,  we  find  in  our 
earts,  and  that  alFeition  we  experience  for  the  place  of  our  na- 
tivity *.  The  rage  of  patriotifm  with  them  ftifled  all  other  fen- 
timents. At  the  fame  time  it  made  them  capable  of  fuch  prodi- 
gies of  valour  as  aftonifbed  their  enemies,  and  of  fuch  barbarous 
faci:ifices  as  were  (hocking  to  humanity.  The  ancient  Romans 
were  devoted  to  the  commonwealth,  and  made  themftrlves  vic- 
tims-to  its  aggrandifement,  TheXacedxmonians  were  of  the 
fame  principles.  They  would  live  in  hardOiip^:,  and  die  with 
joy,  to  render  Sparta  the  miftrefs  of  Greece  +. 

Cicero  preached  this  do£trine  to  his  fellow-citi7ens,  at  a  time 
when  they  were  incapable  of  receiving  it.  Cart  funt  Parcntcs^ 
can  liberiy  propinqui^  familiar es ;  fed  cmnes  omnium  caritates  pa- 
ilia  una  comph^itur^  fro  qua  quis  bonus  dubitet  mortem  cppetere^  ft 
eifit  prcfuturus.  Nothing  was  more  commonly  adopted  than  the 
Decorum  pro  patria  mori.  It  was  the  motto  of  that  military  race 
of  men  which  gave  the  world  fo  magnificent  an  idea  of  Rome. 
The  folc  idea  of  the  happincfs  of  their  co.untry,  their  common 
mother,  gave  the  Greeks  more  temperate,  more  pleafing,  and 
confequently  more  durable  fenriments. 

snenfe  plain  of  waters,  tears  rifing  in  his  eyes.  Surely  he  only  could 
Ihed  fuch  tears  who  could  iraaginc  them, — the  great  difciple,  not  of 
human  fcicnce,  but  of  Nature,  rhc  immortal  Homer! 

•  Oppian  obferves,  that  Nature  has  given  the  fame  attachment  to 
animals.     De  V  enat.  \.  2    v.  ;i3. 

-f  M.  Duclos,  fpeakin^^of  this  kind  of  patriotifm,  adds,  fuch  are 
onr  Rel'oious,  whom  the  zeal  of  the  houfe  of  God  hath  eaten  up. 
Their  families  become  flran ere rs  to  them.  They  kno>v  no  family  but 
that  which  they  have  adopted.  The  monallic  virtues  give  way  to  the 
genius  of  monkery, 

L  1  3  The 


510  Quys*j  Liter ar J  yourntf  through  Grticii 

The  Greek  orators  exp^efs  a  fenfibility  by  no  means  Inferior 
to  that  of  tht  Romans,  when  the  love  of  their  country  is  the 
fubje£^.  To  be  fatibfied  of  this,  we  need  onJy  confult  the.culo« 
gium  of  Athens  by  Ifocratcs  *. 

They,  moreover,  confirmed  iheir  do£(rine  ))y  their  own  ex* 
amplcs.  Demofthencs,  when  exiled,  feeks  no  other  revcng^ 
of  his  fellow- citizens,  than  that  of  doing  them  frefli  fervices. 
When  befieged  \n  the  temple  of  Hercules,  where  he  had  taken 
xefug' ,  he  chufes  rather  to  end  his  days  by.poifon^  than  to  at- 
tach himfelf  to  the  tyrant  of  Athens. 

Pion  Chryfoftom,  who  by  his  government  had  einbelli(he<} 
and  improved  his  country,  notwithitanding  the  oppofitions,  the 
difguds,  the  infults  he  had  encountered,  and  the  dangers  tQ 
which  he  had  been  expofed  f,  Dion,  though  long  in  exile,  a 
fugitive,  wandering  from  one  retreat  to  another  to  efcape  tbc 
hatred  of  Domitian,  aiked  no  other  favour  of  his  friend  Nerva, 
when  he  fucceeded  to  the  empire,  than  that  he  might  be  permit* 
ted  to  return  to  Prufa  j,  his  couptry,  and  make  fomc  improve- 
ments there  at  his  expence.  On  his  return  to  Bithynia,  he  made 
a  public  fpeech,  wherein  his  afFediion  for  his  country  and  his 
fellow-citizens  is  cxprefTed  with  great  energy  and  fenfibility. 

Nothing  can  be  more  ftriking  than  a  view  of  the  Greeks  rc- 
tilrning  to  their  country  after  a  fliort  abfcnce.  They  invok^ 
their  gods  ;  they  faluteit  with  all  dhe  eagernefs  of  joy.  Imagine 
to  yourfelf  the  tranfports  of  thofe  brave  foldiers  of  Xenophoii 
^in  the  retreat  of  the  ten  thoufandj  on  the  fight  of  the  fea  whicli 
opened  their  way  to  Greece.  They  crefl  trophies  in  memory  of 
their  atchicvcments  and  their  return  ;  they  congratulate  each 
other  J  they  embrace,  and,  in  the  firft  emotions  of  their  gene* 
ral  joy,  there  is  no  diftin£lion  between  officer  and  foldier  \. 
This  retreat,  fo  famous  in  hiftory,  is  the  rood  glorious  monu- 
ment, not  only  of  the  courage  and  firmnels'  of  the  Greeks, 
but  of  their  aft'ecSlion  for  their  country. 

Every  other  fcntiment  fcems  to  have  been  abfoi'bcd  in  this. 
VVhen  Athens  had  the  ingratitude  to  banifti  Lycurgus,  Arif- 
tidcs,  Miltiadts,  Phocion,  and  Themiftocles,  thofe  virtuous 
titizens  flill  loved  their  country,  as  the  puet  loved  his  mtftrefs, 

•  Mr.  Guys  here  alludes  to  the  following  pafTagc,  **  Our  origin  is 
fo  pure  and  unmixedy  one  city  having  produced  us  all,  and  been  Hill 
poffcfl'ed  by  us,  that  we  are  the  only  Greeks  who  can  give  our  native 
place  the  dcared  and  tenderefl  of  all  r>ames,  who  can  call  it  at  once 
our  nurfe,  our  country,  and  our  mother.'^ 

f  in  an  infurrc6ion  occafioncd  by  a  fcardty  of  com,  when  the 
people  attempted  to  burn  his  houfe.  ' 

i    J  A  city  in  Bithynia,  fometimes  called  Prnfias, 

I  Xcnoph.  Dc  Cyri  Exptd.  Hill.  lib.  iv.  c  7.* 


GuysV  Uterary  Joumey  through  Greicu  51  x 

though  he  knew  her  to  be  falfe  ♦.  If  they  had  divifioAs  among 
th^felves,  they  ftill  united  to  defend  their  country.  Impreca- 
tions were  publicly  pronounced  againft  him  who  introduced  a 
foreign  army  into  his  country  f .  In  time  of  peace  they  employed 
then^elves  in  cmbellifliing  and  adornring  their  native  cities.  The 
'  decoration  of  their  towns  and  temples  announced  the  progrefs 
0f  arts,  and  th^  zeal  of  the  citizens.  It  is  observable,  that  the 
genius  of  the  fine  arts  has  always  been  ambitious  of  doing  honour 
to  the  country  where  they  flourlfhed. 

The  Romans,  at  the  expence  of  the  Greeks,  whom  they 
ftripped  of  their  ornaments,  had  the  fame  ambition  to  enrich 
their  country,  to  tranfport  the  arts  thither,  and  make  them  fub-» 
mit  to  the  mafters  of  the  world. 

One  cannot  cor^fider  the  patriotic  affection  of  the  Greeks 
and  Romans,  different,  indeed,  in  itscharader  and  jiature,  with- 
out finding  among  the  modern  Greeks  the  fame  features  which 
that  Virtue  wore  with  their  forefathers.  It  is  that  natural  l«ve 
of  the  native  place,  which  Virgil  expreffes  fo  well  in  the  perfoa 
of  Meliboeus,  whofe  principal  regret  feems  to  arife  from  his 
forced  defertion  of  his  belqved  country, 

Nos  patria  fines ^  IS  dulcia  linquimus  arva  j 
Nos  patriatn  fugimus^  bfc. 

The  fame  poet,  when  he  paints  the  patriotic  afFei^ion  of  a 
irtrtuous  citizen,  reprefents  a  young  Greek,  who  followed  the 
'fortunes  of  Evander,  dying  in  a  foreign  country,  and  at  the 
point  of  death  wholly  taken  up  with  the  remembrance  of  his 
dear  Avgos  : 

Dulcesy  morienSj  reminlfcitur  Argos, 

Thus  Ajax,  in  Sophocles,  jufl:  before  his  death,  '^  Fair  Sun, 
I  behold  thee  for  the  la(^  time.  Salamis,  palace  of  my  fathers, 
Athens,  friends,  rivers,  fountains^  thap  bpfe  witnefs  to  my 
birth,  receive  the  laft  adieus  of  Ajax." 

*  The  poet  here  alluded  to  by  Mr.  Gays  is  Tiballns,  who  fays  of 
his  miftrefs, 

— — Quamvis  perHda,  cara  tamen ! 

The  patriotic  affedlion  did  not,  however,  always  meet  with  fo.un« 
gratefiil  a  return.  The  city  of  Mytilene  caufed  a  medal  to  be  flruck 
sn  honour  of  Fotamop,  the  fon  of  Lefbonax  the  philofopher,  who  was 
reprefented  on  the  rcvcrfe  returning  from  Rome,  where  the  Emperor 
Tiberius  had  loaded  him  with  favours :  but  he  chofe  rather  to  fix  his 
rcfidence  in  his,  native  city,  and  to  give  his  leiTons  to  his  fallow- citi- 
9tens»  than  to  reap  the  greatefl  advantages  in  the  capital  of  the  world* 
The  pafTport  Tiberius  gave  him  op  leaving  Rome  is  cnrioos.  **  If  any 
one  dares  to  infult  Potamon,  the  fon  of  Lefbonax,  let  him  firfl  con^v 
dpr  whether  he  is  able  to  refift 

TlBEKIUS;^" 

+  Efch,  Sept,  ap.  Thcb. 
.  t^U       .  Th« 


5iX  GuysV  Library  Journey  ihraugb  Gnta. 

The  Abbe  De  Chaiilieu  has  exprcfled  the  fame  fentiments, 
inu.  .  the  fame  manner,  Jn  his  tender  adieu  toFpncenay»  the 
.pJaje  of  *.is  nativity. 

FonUnaiy  lieu  delicieux^ 
Ou  je  VIS  Xahard  la  lumiire  ; 
BieniQt  au  bout  de  ma  carriire^ 
y*irai  rejoinr^re  mes  ay  tux.       x 
Muftis  qui  dans  ce  lieu  champitrt 
Jvecfoin  me  fites  nourriry 
Beaux  Arbres  qui  niavez  vu  naitre^ 
Bientot  vous  me  verrez  mourir. 
In  Englifh: 
Farewell  field?  of  Fonteoay, 
Where  I  firft  beheld  the  day  ! 
Soon  to  clofc  my  aged  eye. 
Soon  to  join  my  anccftry. 
When  I  feek  their  lowly  cell, 
Fields  of  Fontenay,  farewell! 
When  the  mufc  that  wak'd  my  lyre. 
Sees  the  breath  the  tun'd  expire; 
When  the  groves  that  wont  to  wave 
O  cr  my  ilumbcrs,  (hade  my  grave; 
V  here  1  once  enjoy 'd  the  day. 
Farewell  fieldh  of  i  ontenay  ? 
Let  u?  read  the  Jphigenia  in  Tauris  of  Euripides,  the  moft 
interclling  tragedy  perhaps  of  the  whole  Greek  theatre,  as  well 
on  accour.t  of  iis  fituations  and  fentiments,  as  of  that  peculiar 
air  of  truth   and  probability  which  the  poet  has  had  the  art  to 
give  it.     Let  us  hear  thechorus  of  Greek  women  tenderly  be- 
wailing the  lo;s  of  ^heir  country  in  the  fecond  and  fourth  zStSm 
I  ihall  quote  only  the  following  ftrophe  : 

'  «*  Fttr  fiom  my  dear  country,  I  figh  for  the  fociety  of  the 
Greeks.  Who  will  lend  me  wings  to^fly  to  Diana,  the  Cyn- 
thian  goddefs  i  When  fliall  I  behold  the  palms  of  Delos,  the 
groves  of  laurel  for  ever  green  :  the  fliades  of  Olive  confecrated 
by  the  genial  bed  of  Latona  f  O  lakes,  whofe  waters  are  co- 
vered with  fv\  ans  !  O  fwans,  friends  of  the  mufes,  when  (hall 
1  beh-ld  you  again  f" 

When  Jphigenia  would  bind  Pilades  by  the  ftrongeft  oath^ 
Ihe  fays,  *'  If  you  prove  falfe,  what  (hall  be  the  punifhment  of 
your  infidelity  ?*'     Pilades  anfwers,  "  May  I  never  more  return 

to  my  country  P' And  your  punifliment,  Iphigenia,  in  the 

Ilk-  cafe?*     **  May  I  never  more,"  flie  replies,    "fee  Ar— 

i:uch  was  the  influence  which  this  patriotic  affe£kion,  la-- 
fpired  by  NiJturc,  had  in  ancient  Greece ;  and  though  in  mo— 
deni  CJrcece  it  aprenrs  not  with  equal  eclat,  it  is  fl ill  deeply  iir^— 
prcfl'ed  upon  the  hearts  of  the  people. 

The 
8 


QuysV  Litirarf  Jaurnty  through  Greece.  513 

The  Greeks,  enamoured  of  their  own  country,,  travel  not 
but  for  the  advantages  of  learnTng  or  conuiierce,  which  they  al- 
ways return  to  enjoy  in  the  place  of  their  nativity.  Under 
the  yoke  of  the  'furks,  their  very  chains  fecm  only  to  bind 
them  more  firnoly  to  ihe  count ly  of  their  anceftors.  Mo- 
dern Greece,  covered  with  the  lon;^  veil  of  flaves  *,  is  a  captive 
mother  in  afflidion,  whom  her  children  embrace  with  tender- 
nefs,^and  afFedionatcly  promife  that  they  will  never  forfakc 

herf.' 

Mr.  Guys's  Letters  have  one  kind  of  merit  which  mufl  re- 
commend them  to  men  of  learning  in  general.     The  intelligent 
Writer,  in  nioft  of  them,  illuftrates  and  explains  the  ancient 
vfages  on  record  by  the  modern  manners  and  cuftoms  of  Greece, 
^  Of  this  we  fhall  give  a  fpecimen  from  his  fifth  letter. 

*  I  obferve  that  jiow,  as  in  former  times,  in  the  principal 
families  of  Greece,  the  nurfe  of  tie  mafter  or  the  miftrefs  makes 
a, part  of  the  family.  Among  the  ancients,  the  womai[i  who  had 
nurfcd  a  young  lady  never  forfook  her,  even  after  her  marriage  J. 

.  She  was  her  governefs,  her  confidant,  her  counfcUor.  Hence  \t 
is,  that  in  the  ancient. Greek  tragedies,  and  in  thofe  of  the  La- 
t'm  wjritten  upon  the  fame  plan,  no  woman  of  rapk  ever  ap- 
pears upon  the  ftage  without  being  accompanirrf  by  her  nurlc. 
This  ufage  is  fo  attentively  prefcrved,  that  the  modern  name,  of 
a  nurfe  is  Pafamanay  a  word  of  great  tcndernefs,^  and  even  mor^ 
cxpreffivc  than  the  ancient,  as  it  ixgwxtit^  feccnd mother.  I'he 
nurfe  is  always  lodged  in  the  houfe  where  (he  brought'  up  her 
child,  and  from  that  time  Ihe  is  adopted  into  the  family. 

The  Greek  ladies  ftill  rcfufe  to  nurfe  their  children,  that 
they  may  preferve  their  beauty,  the  elegance  of  their  bofoms, 
arid  even  their  health,  to  which  they  fuppofe  that  this  contri^ 
butes.  In  this,  however,  they  have  been  often  told  that  they 
are  niiflaken,  and  that,  by  giving  up  their  children  to  the  nu- 
trition of  ftrangcrs,  they  make  themfelves  mere  ftepmothefs. 
But  the  force  of  cuftom  fuperfedcs  all  arguments.  Of  all  that 
has  been  written  in  our  times  on  this  intc*refting  fubje£l,  nothing 
is  more  to  the  purpofe  than  the  difcourfe  of  a  great  philofopher, 

*  The  ilave'6  veil  was  made  longer  fbr  the  (;ike  of  didindion,  par- 
ticularly when  the  feoiale  flaves  were  offered  to  fale. 

t  This  fine  image  naturally  reminds  us.of  the  medals  of  VeTpafian 
and  Titus,  ftruck  upon  Jerufalem's  being  taken  by  the  Romans— r- A 
woman  fittinj;  at  the  foot  of  a  palm-tree,  covered  with  a  long  veil, 
her  head  reclined  and  fupportcd  by  her  hand,  with  this  infcription, 
Judaa  captiva, 

X  1  his  cullom  is  6f  high  antiquity.  When  Rebecca  left  her  coan- 
try  and  her  father's  houic  to  marry  Ifaac,  fiie  was  accc^panied  by  her 
nui  fe, 

preferved 


514  GuysV  Lttirary  ^ourktf  through  Oreia. 

prefcrvcd  entire  by  Aulus  Gcllius.  This  philofophcr  went  to 
pny  the  wife  of  one  of  his  fcholars,  who  was  a  woman  of  diftin- 
guifhed  rank  J  a  Iving  in-vifit.  After  the  firft  compliments,  he 
took  upon  bim  to  afk  the  mother  of  the  lady,  if  her  daughter  in- 
tended to  nurfe  her  chjld  herfelf.  *<  God  forbid  f"  anfwered 
the  mother,  **  after  my  daughter  has  fuffered  fo  much,  would 

Su  have  her  charged  with  further  cares  or  troubles  ?**  *'  Ah  ! 
adam,"  replied  the  philofopher,  *'  let  not  your  daughter  con- 
tent herfelf  with  being  half  a  mother,  and,  after -having  borne 
nine  months  in  her  belly,  and  nourifhed  with  her  own  blood,  a 
being  (he  neither  faw  nor  knew,  refufe  the  milk  which  Nature 
has  given  her  to  a  creature  that  (he  fees,  that  looks  upon  her  x 
with  its  eyes,  and  implores  her  fuccour  with  the  moft  pathetic 
cries  •/' 

Next  in  rank  to  the  nurfe  are  the  (laves  and  maid-fervants. 
Pbedria,  in  one  of  Terence's  comedies,  ffiys  to  Thais  his  mi(^ 
trefs,  ^^  Did  not  I,  when  you  told  me  that  you  wanted  an 
Ethiopian  girl,  neglei^  every  other  bufmefs  to  hunt  for  one  ? 
Then  you  wi(hed  for  a  Eunuch,  becaufe  none  but  prince(res 
have  eunuchs.     I  procured  you  a  eunuch  f ." 

Thus  the  Greek  ladies  of  antiquity,  we  fee,  had  not  only 
Haves,  but  eunuchs,  a  fpecies  of  creatures  now  referved  for  Che 
fcrvicc  of  the  Turks. 

The  female  (laves  among  the  Greeks  arc  now  treated,  as 
they  were  of  old,  with  great  lenity,  and  kindnefs,  and,  after  a 
certain  time,  are  indulged  with  their  freedom. 

The  Greeks  too  have  what  they  call  the  girl  of  their  foul^ 
(Pfychopedi,  pficopela)  whom  they  adopt  very  young.  •'  Such 
was  the  fair  Melantho,  whom  Penelope,*'  fays  Homer,  **  had 
taken  very  young,  and  brought  up  as  her  own  daughter,  in- 
dulging her  in  every  pleafure  fuited  to  her  age.*' 

The  maid-fervanrs  or  (laves  work  at  embroidery  with  their 
ini(trefies,  as  they  did  antiently,  and  do  all  the  interior  bufinefs 
of  the  houfe.  Ariadne,  when  abandoned  by  Thefeus,  cries,  in 
her  diilrefs,  that  (he  was  willing  to  fubmit  to  the  condition  of 
her  maid-fervants*  She  confents,  like  a  (lave,  to  make  the 
f    -  -     ■ 

♦  This  paflage  is  rtry  beautiful  in  Gellius.  JIuife  in  uterojan- 
fmme/u»  ne/cU  qui^y  quod  non  'videret  j  ncn  alen  nunc fuo  laQe  quod  *vi^ 
deatt  jion  ffin^Mtem,  jam  Ifominem,  jam  matris  ojjUia  impkranteii^. 
Aul.  Gell.  Noa.  Att.  1.  12.  c.  I. 

f  Nonne,  mihi  uti  dixti  cupere  tc  ex  ^Ethiopia 
Ancill^,  reli^is  rebus  omnibus,    ' 
Qnsfivi  ?     Eunucbum  porro  dixti  vellejc^ 
Quia  fols  utuntur  his  regin^ :  repperi. 

Eun.  Aa.  z.  Sc.  3(* 


r 


Guys^  Literary  Journey  through  Graci.  515 

l^s^  to  carry  the  heayieft  pitchers,  and  to  bring  her  dear  X^c* 
jfeu^  water  to  wa(h  before  he  (its  dowq  to  table  *. 

Sometimes  2^  female  flave  is  not  only  a  confidant,  lilce  the 
nurfe,  but  even  confulted  and  advifed  with  po  occafions  of  con- 
fequence.  Agreeably  to  this,  Phocylides  fay^,  **  Rcfufe  noL  to 
hear  and  confult  your  flave,  if  you  know  him  to  be  capable  of 
giving  ypu  good  cpunfel." 

^  The  f<^male  fervancs  never  flay  at  home,  whei)  their  miftrefi 
goes  abroad.  They  are  obliged  to  follow  her,  and  this  cuAqoei 
Jikewife  is  very  ancient  among  the  Greeks,  In  one  of  Te- 
rence's comedies,  a  flave,  informing  his  mafter  what  ladies  were 
arrived,  aiks,  whether  he  does  not  know  them  by  their  train  of 
0iaid-(trrvants«     Jnciliarum  gngem  ducunt  fecum. 

la  PlaiUus,  a  woman  vf\\o  is  going  no  farther  than  her 
next  neighbour's,  bids  her  fervants  follow  her.  And  it  is  ob- 
vious, from  other  paOages  of  antiquity,  that  this  was  aot  only 
meant  as  a  ri)ark  of  confequence  and  confiJeration,  but  that  it 
was  alfo  prescribed  by  decency  and  a  regard  for  reputation,  an4 
^iflinguiflied  the  woman  of  honour  from  the  courtef^n  f . 

One  cannot  here  omit  a  curious  circumfiance  relative  to 
female  trains,  recorded  by  Plutarch  in  the  life  of  Phocion. 
}^  When  the  Athenians  were  afTembled  at  the  theatre  to  fee  a 
|i^w  tragedy,  onie  of  the  principal  adors,  who  was  to  play  the 
part  of  a  princefs,  juft  as  he  fhould  have  come  upon  the  ftage^ 
demanded  a  royal  maflc  and  a  magnificent  train*  As  Melanthius, 
who  defrayed  the  expences  of  the  evening,  had  not  provided 
thefe,  he  gave  himfelf  airs,  and  made  the  people  wait,  for  with- 
out his  retinue  the  player  would  not  appear.  Melanthius,  tired 
with  his  ^mpertinen.t  difficulties,  forcibly  puihed  him  on  the 
jftage,  crying,  Tou  fee  the  wife  of  Phociorij  attended  only  by  om 
maidy  and  do  you  want  to  make  a  parade^  to  corrupt  the  manners  of 
the  women  S  This,  which  was  heard  all  over  the  theatre,  was 
received  with  univerfal  applaufe." 

Zaleucus,  the  difciple  of  Pythagoras,  and  the  famous  law- 
giver of  Locris,  to  reprefs  the  vanity  and  the  luxury  of  hu  times, 
ordered  that  no  freewoman  fliould  be  attended  by  more  than  one 
maid— — 2/ff/r/i^^  were  drunk  %  / 

The  retinue  of  flaves  and  followers  that  attends  a  Greek 
woman  in  the  flreets  is  the  fame  mark  of  diflintSion  that  a  fine 
equipage  is  with  us;  but  with  thi^  difference,  that,  among  the 

*  Adferre  aquam  fupercoenalem. 

Nonn.  1.  xxvii,  v,  ^qo* 
f  Adflat  ea  in  via  fola  ?    Proflibulum  fane  e(l. 

Plant.  Amph, 
J.  3ee  Diod.  1.  12.    It  is  remarkable,  that  the  celebrated  legiflator 
•f  Bath  wrote  his  roles  nuicein  the  tafte  of  the  Locrian  philofophtr. 
^'" ^'  Greeks, 


5i6  Guys'j  Literary  Journey  through  Greece. 

Greeks,  no  woman  of  charafter  can  go  out  of  her  houfe  with- 
out having  at  leafl:  one  fervant  with  her.  Tbo(e  of  fuperior 
rank,  who  have  a  mind  to  (hew  their  opulence  or  their  vanity, 
arc  followed  by  numbers. 

The  young  Greek  women  rardy  ufed  to  go  out,  never  to 
church,  till  they  were  married.  The  latter  cuftom,  though  of 
great  antiquity,  is  not  nbw  observed  with  ^hc  fame  fevcrity. 
Neverthelefs,  they  are  as  much  confined  as  they  were  anciently* 
They  never  venture  to  (hew  themfelves  in  the  company  of  men, 
Yinlefs  the  father  or  the  mother  be  prefent,  or  it  be  with  their 
approbation. 

Young  Nauflcaa  fays  to  Ulyflcs,  "  Which  of  us  would  ap- 
pear in  public  with  a  man,  without  the  permiffion  of  our  fa- 
thers and  mothers,  before  we  are  married  *.*'  Such  wifdom 
and  (implicity  had  the  manners  of  ancient  times  !  How  far  are 
we  from  them ! 

Tho^reek  ladies  have  always  been  fond  of  covering  them* 
felves  with  precious  ftones.  The  buckles  of  their  girdles,  their 
necklaces,  their  bracelets,  are  all  fet  off  with  them ;  and  tho' 
they  delight  in  Ampler  ornaments,  and  adorn  their  hair  with 
the  fair  flowers  of  the  Spring,  ftill  the  diamond  muft  (htne  in 
the  midft  of  jafmine  arid  rofes.  They  often  drcfs  without  going 
from  home,  without  any  intention  to  be  fecn,  merely  to  pleafe 
themfelves.  They  never  lay  afide  their  ornaments,  except  oo 
fomeoccafion  of  fevere  forrow  or  mourning. 

One  cannot  pofHbly  fpeak  of  the  ornaments  of  the  Greek 
*  ladies,  without  recollefling  an  anecdote  recorded  by  Plutarch  f. 
An  Ionian  lady,  a  friend  of  Phocion's  fecond  wife,  took  a  plea- 
fure  in  Ihewing  her  her  jewels,  which  confided  of  bracelets  and 
necklaces,  adorned  with  gold  and  precious  ftones;  *' for  my 
part,"  faid  her  friend,  **  my  only  ornament  is  Phocion,  who 
>)as  for  twenty  years  been  general  of  the  Athenians."  One 
might  dill  iind  the  fame  fentiments  among  the  modern  Greeks, 
could  one  find  Phocions. 

To  form  an  idea  of  the  excefs  to  which  the  Greek  women 
carried  their  luxury,  we  need  only  attend  to  St.  John  Chryfo- 
il-om,  when  he  delalms  againft  its  progrefs  in  his  time.  •*  Be- 
fide  ear-rings,  fays  he,  they  have  other  ornaments  for  the  ex- 
tremities of  their  cheeks.  Their  eyelids  and  the  whole  coun- 
tenance is  painted  :  their  petticoats  are  interwoven  with  thread 
of  gold  :  their  necklaces  arc  gold  :  they  wear  plates  of  gold 
upon  their  fleeves :  their  flioes  are  black  and  fhinlng,  and  ter* 
minate  in  a  point :  they  ride  in  chariots  drawn  bjr  white  mules, 

•  OdyiT,  1.6. 

f  Plut.  in  Vit.  Phoc. 

with 


Gnj$*s  Literary  Journey  through  Greeds  517 

With  a  numerous  retinue  of  chambermaids  and  other  maid-fer^ 
vants  t." 

The  modern  Greek  women,  when  they  go  to  any  great 
diftance,  never  fhew  their  jewels  by  the  way  :  they  are  carried 
along  with  them :  they  put  them  on  before  they  enter  the 
houfc  whither  they  arc  going  ;  and,  when  their  vifit  is  ended^^ 
put  them  off  before  they  return.  This  llkewife  is  an  ancient 
cuftom.  The  maid-fervant  of  Thais,  ;n  Terence,  fays  of  her 
miftrefs,  **  She  has  privately  taken  oft  her  jewels  and  given 
me  them  to  carry  :  this,  I  know,  is  a  fign  that  (he  will  go  a3 
foop  as  fhe  can  t«" 

Madam  Dacier  remarks  on  this  pafTage,  that  courtezans 
were  not  allowed  to  wear  gold  or  jewels  in  the  ftreets.  But 
the  truth  is,  and  the  prefent  cuftom  confirms  it,  that  Thais, 
like  other  Greek  ladies,  had  her  jewels  carried  backward  and 
forward^  only  that  they  might  appear  with  greater  fplendor  at 
the  place  of  entertainment  §/ 

The  origin  of  the  veil  is  of  remote  antiquity  ;  for  we  have^it 
as  high  as  Abraham,  but  the  Greeks  afcribe  it  to  the  natural 
cffeft  of  modeftyA.       _  ^  . 

Paufanias  has  recorded  a  delicate  little  ftory  on  this  fubje<£l:. 
^At  the  diftance  of  tht^rty  fiirlong^  from  the  city  of  Sparta, 
fays  he,  is  a  ftatue  of  Modefty,  which  was  erected  there  by 
Icarius  for  the  folldwirig  feafons  : 

Icarius,  having  married  his  daughter  to  Ulyfles,  endea- 
voured to  prevail  on  his  fon- in-law  to  fix  his  refidence  at  Spar- 
ta; but  his  endeavours  were  vain.  As  thefe  hopes  proved  in- 
effeffual^  he  applied  to  his  daughter,  and  conjured  her  not  to 
abandon  her  father.  At  the  moment  (he  was  about  to  depart 
for  Ithaca  he  redoubled  hi^  intieaties  ;  and,  when  (be  a^^u.ally 
fct  off,  followed  her  carriage.  Ulyfles  ac  length,  tired  of  his 
importunities,  told  his  wife,  that  ihe  might  make  her  choice  be- 
tween her  father  and  her  hufband,  and  that  he  left  it  to  her 
own  pleafure,  whether  (he  would  go  with  him  to  Ithaca,  or 
return  to  Sparta  with  her  father.  Then,  it  is  faid,  the 
fair  Penelope  bluflied,  and  made  no  other  ^anfwer  than  by 
throwing  a  veil   over   her  countenance.      Icarius  underftood 

t  See  Montiaacon's  extraft  from  the  works  of  St.  John  Chrylb- 
ftom. 

J  Intcrea  aurum  fibi  clam  mulier 
Demit,  dat  mihi  uc  auferam. 
Hoc  ell  figni ;  obi  primum  poterit, 
.     .  Scl'e  iilinc  lubducet,  Rio.  Eunuch   A£l.  4.  Sc.  i. 

.J  This  fliews  to  wh«it  unwiirran:able  afTertions  the  indulgence  of 
conjedarc  will  frequently  lead  commentators.  For  our  parts  we  be- 
lieve with  Mr.Giiys,  that  this  was  thecuRom  thcxij  as  it  is  now. 

'  what 


5l8  fbi  Hiftory  of  ihi  Royal  Academy  of  Sclenui 

what  this  anfwer  meant,  and  left  her  at  liberty  to  go  with  her 
hufband  ;  but»  affeded  with  the  embarraflment  in  which  he  bad 
fcen  his  daughter,  he  eredled  a  ftatue  to  Modesty,  in  the 
place  where  Penelope  had  thrown  a  veil  over  her  bluQies,  that^ 
in  imitation  of  her,  all  women  might  wear  a  veil.*' 

Agreeably  to  this  tradition,  Homer  reprefents  Penelope 
followed  by  two  of  her  women,  and  her  vifage  covered  with  a 
magnificent  veil. 

The  veil  ftill  worn  by  the  Greek  ladies  is  of  muflin,  with 
gold  tifiue  at  the  extremities.  That  of  their  wotnen  is  all  of 
a  piece,  and  without  gold.  It  is  always  white,  fuch  as  Homer 
and  the  ancient  monuments  reprefent  the  veils  of  Helena  and 
Hermione.* 

From  the  above  quotations  the  Reader  will  perceive  in  what 
manner  M.  Guys* has  made  the  ancient  and  modern  euftoms 
mutually  illuftrate  each  other,  and  at  the  fame  time  will  ac- 
knowledge the  utility  of  this  kind  of  writing.  AH  we  have  t6 
obferve  further,  is,  that  thofe  who  read  for  fentiment  and  eru- 
dition will  be  better  fatisfied*  with  thefe  volumes,  than  thofe 
who  open  them  in  purfuit  of  curiofities. 

■  ■Ill  '  '    '  I  ■     ■  II  ■    !■  I       ^— — ^— — ^a^—  n  I  ■■  ■     I  ^^— 1^—— ^^ 

Art.    II. 
Hijoin  ie  r  Acadimie  Royale  de  Sciences^  fcff. — ^The  Hiftory  of 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris,  for  the  Year  1766, 
Continued  frOm  the  Appendix  to  the  xliii<^  Volume,  Page 
505,  and  concluded. 

Hydrostatics  and  Hydraulics. 

Memoir  I.  ReJU£iions  on  fome  new  hydrojiatical  Fbmomena.     By 

the  Abbe  NoUet- 

THE  paradoxical  air  of  this  article,  and  the  fingular  manner 
in  which  the  phenomena  related  in  ic  were  firft  produced, 
induce  us  to  give  a  fomewhat  particular  account  of  it. 

In  the  courfe  of  this  year,  the  Abbe  Nollct  had  been  inform- 
ed that,  in  Spain,  water  had  lately  been  raifed  to  the  height  of  50 
or  60  feet,  apparently  in  diredt  violation  of  the  eftabliuied  laws 
of  hydroftarics,  by  means  only  of  a  fimplc  fucking- pump. 
He  paid,  however,  little  attention  to  this  marvellous  and 
uncircumftantial  relation,  till  he  read,  in  one  of  the  Dutch 
prints,  that  the  late  M.  Le  Cat  had  afcertainednhe  poflibility  of 
the  fad  by  a£lual  experiments  at  Rouen.  On  his  enquiring  of 
that  gentleman,  bv  letter,  whether  it  was  really  true  that  the 
laws  of  nature  had  of  late  undergone  fome  remarkable  change^ 
M.  Le  Cat  fet  the  Abbe  at  eafe  with  regard  to  their  immutabi- 
lity; but  at  the  fame  time  aflured  him  of  the  truth  of  the  fa£l  in 
genera],  and  fenthim  a  relation  of  the  fingular  manner  in  which 
0ie  difcovery  was  originally  made. 

A  Tift- 


m  Puris^f^r  tbi  Ytur  I766»  '         519 

A  Tinman. at  Seville^  ignorant  of  the  general  principles  of 
hydroilatics^  and  equally  ignorant  of  the  bounds  which  nature 
has  fee  to  the  afcent  of  water  in  vacuo^  as  of  the  caufe  of  its  ele* 
vation,  confidently  undertook^  to  convey  it  up  to  a  terrace  60  feet 
high,  by  means  of  a  fimple  fucking- pump.  Having  completed 
bis  apparatus,  he  falls  to  work  upon  the  top  of  the  terrace  ^  but 
the  wat^r  refufes  to  obey  his  repeated  fu£tions'.  Irritated  at  this 
difappointment  of  his  hopes,  he  runs  down  in  hade,  and  in  a  (it 
of  rage  and  defperation  throws  a  hammer,  which  he  held  ia  hia 
hand,  at  the  pipe,  with  fuch  good-will,  and  in  fuch  a  diredion, 
as  to  make  a  hole  in  it,  at  the  height  of  about  i  o  feet  above  the 
refbrvoir;  and,  in  confequence  of  this  lucky  hit,  the  water  in- 
ftantly  rufhes  up  to  the  place  of  its  deftination.  Thus  chance 
produced  what  genius  had  never  yet  efFedled,  and  a  paffionate 
blockhead,  by  adafh  of  a  hammer^v  drove  water  up  through  Aie 
pipe  of  a  iimple  fucking-pump  to  the  height  of  60  feet,  which 
before,  and  ever  fince  the  days  of  Torricelli,  would  never  pro- 
ceed much  farther  than  30.— In  a  fomewhat  fimilar  manner,  a 
painter,  we  have  fome where  read,  after  many  fruitlefs  attempts 
to  paint  the  foam  about  the  mouth  of  Bucephalus,  dafhed  his 
pencil  in  a  rage  againft  the  picture,  where  iniiantly  an  excellent 
foam  appeared,  when  he  lead  expe£led  it. 

But  it  is  incumbent  on  us  to  explain,  if  thephilofophical  Reader 
has  not  already  anticipated  us,  the  caufe  of  this  efFe(3«  Ic  ap- 
pears evidently,  from  the  Abbe  Nollet's  experiments,  that  the 
preflure  of  the  atmofphere  does  not,  in  this  cafe,  raife  a  folid  or 
continuous  column  of  water  50  or  60  feet  in  height,  or,  in  other 
words,  a  weight  greater  than  its  own  ;  but  that  i^t  only  elevates 
a  compound  column  of  water  and  air  intermixed,  which  is  con- 
fiderably  lighter.  In  fad,  the  water  having  been  (irft  raifed  to 
its  ufual  height,  by  the  rarefa(3ion  of  the  air  within  the  tube,  the 
external  air  ruflies  In  through  the  fmall  artificial  aperture  ;  and 
-while  it  depreflcs  the  water  below  the  orifice,  which  confequently 
falls  into  the  bafon,  having  now  only  the  weight  of  a  column  of 
water  20  feet  high  above  it,  that  is,  f  ds  only  of  the  weight  it  is 
;ible  to  fudain,  it  elevates  it,  but  at  the  fame  time  however  in 
its  pafiage  upwards  becomes  intermixed  with  it;  and  the  whole 
compound  mafs  of  air  and  water  is,  by  the  continued  prefTureof 
the  atmofphere,  carried  up  to  the  height  of  50  feet  above  the 
aperture. 

Chance,  as  we  have  already  mentioned,  gave  rife  to  this  ob« 
fervation  \  though  the  tStSt  might  undoubtedly,  we  think,  have 
been  conjectured  a  priors.  It  is  well  known,  that  on  lifting  up 
the  tube  of  a  barometer  out  of  ihe  bafon,  fo  as  to  permit  a  part 
of  the  mercury  to  fall  out,  and  of  air  to  enter,  the  remaining  co« 
lumn,  now  become  lighter  than  the  atmofphere,  is  fuddenly  ele« 
^aied  ^nd  dafiicd  againft  the  top  of  the  tube:  fo  that  the  moft 

remarkable 


520  The  Hljtory  ef  fhg  Rvyal  Academy  of  Sciences 

remarkable  circumftarKe  in  the  Seville  experiment  is,  that  the 
water,  inftead  of  being  elevated  to  fo  confiderable  a  height,  docs 
not  rather  defcend  through  the  air^  a  fluid  fo  much  lighter 
than  itfelf  J  while  the  latter  might  naturally  be  expefted  to 
rufti  through  it  to  the  top  6f  the  tube.  This  evertt  how- 
ever does  not  take  place,  when  the  tube  is  of  a  proper  bore,  and 
the  aperture  is  made  at  a  certain  determinate  height  above  the 
furface  of  the  rcfervoir.  It  may  be  proper  to  obferve,  that  in  the 
Seville  pump,  as  welt  as  in  M.  Le  Cat's  imitation  of  it,  the 
ftrcam  at  the  top  is  intermittent ;  and  that  it  is  neceffary,  after 
the  firft  difcharge  of  water,  to  flop  the  hole  fot  a  fhort  time,  irt 
order  to  procUre  a  fecond ;  or,  in  other  \<rdrds',  that  the  hole 
itiuft  be  alternately  ftopped  and  opened  by  an  ifllftaht,  of  other- 
wife,  during  the  working  of  the  pump. 

Soon  after  the  Abbe  had  cleared  up  this  hydroftatical  paradox, 
the  truth  of  his  explication  of  which  he  afterwards  confirmed  by 
experiments  made  with  glafs  tubes,  in  the  ptefcnce  of  the  Aca-» 
demy,  he  was  informed  of  anoher  Angular  machine  of  the  fam^ 
kind,  which  excited  more  furprize  than  the  fofmer.  He  was  told 
that  the  Sieur  Bellange  at  Paris  had  aftually  conftrtiSed  a  fimple 
fucking-pump,  which  not  only  raifed  wai(?r  to  ttie  height  of  55 
k^t^  but  delivered  it  in  an  uninterrupted  Aream,  as  long  as  it 
was  worked,  without  requiring  any  attendance  at  the  little  ap- 
perture.  He  made  a  vifit  to  that  artift,  and  found  that  the  per- 
formance of  his  pump  was  fuch  as  it  had  been  repreferited  to  him; 
The  bore  of  the  pipe  of  this  machine  was  10  lines  in  diameter, 
and  that  of  the  little  aperture,  which  is  by  no  means  a  matter  of 
indifference,  half  a  line.  The  latter  was  pierced  at  the  diftance 
of  a  foot  from  the  furface  of  the  water,  and  had  a  flender  valve, 
which  was  fixed  on  the  infide  ;  although  the  machine  would 
work,  if  the  aperture  remained  always  open.  On  applying  his 
car  to  this  opening,  the  air  was  heard  rufhing  In  through  it  with 
a  hilling  noife;  and  from  this,  and  other  circumftanccs,  he  was 
convinced  that  the  pump  did  not  raife  a  continuous  body  of  water 
55  feet  in  height,  but  an  interrupted  column,  confiding  of  al- 
ternate mafics  of  water  and  air.  On  this  account,  the  quantity 
of  water  delivered  by  it  fallivery  much  fhort  of  what  might  other- 
wife  be  cxpefted,  ahd  renders  it,  at  lead  in  its  prefent  flate,  ra- 
ther a  matter  of  curiofity  than  6f  much  ufe.  Neverthclefs,  there 
may  be  fome  circumftances  in  which  this  coiiftru£lion  may  be 
employed  to  advantage  ;  particularly  where  the  fource  is  inac- 
ceffible,  or  fo  fituated  as  to  render  the  fixing  of  any  of  the  coal- 
ition pumps  difficult  or  impra£iicable. 

Memoir  II.   On  the  Motion  ofVluidi  running  throvgh  given  Afer* 
tures  in  the  Bottom  of  a  VeJfeL    By  M.  Le  Lhevilier  De  Borda. 

In  queftions  of  pure  geometry,  the  fciencc  of  ccrtaiiuy,  no 
difference  caxvarife  in -the  folutions  of  gccmetricians :  but  wh-  n 

tijcjr 


they  are  tompllcated  with  phyfical  confiderations,  the  niinuteft 
circumftancc  added,  overlooked,  or  ncgleftcd,  is  fufficicnt  to 
produce  error  in  the  refults.  The  problem  which  ?s  the  AibjeA 
of  this  Memoir  has  been  profoundly  inveftigated  by  feveral  great 

feomctricians ;  particularly  by  Meflrs.  Daniel  Bernoulli,  and 
)'AIembert.  M.  Dc  Borda,  however,  thinks  their  folutlons 
in  fome  refpefls  erroneous,  and  here  endeavours  to  fubftitute 
others  more  juft  and  accurate,  founded  on  a  different  hypothefls^ 
and  on  actual  experiments. 

We  (hall  only"  give  the  titles  of  the  two  remaining  Memoirs 
of  this  clafs.  The.  firft  treats  of  the  different  methods  of  laying 
the  foundations  of  bridges  and  othef  works  under  water  :  the  fe- 
cond  contains  an  account  of  the  fcheme  of  bringing  the  waters 
of  the  river  D'Yvette  to  Paris,  together  with  proofs  of  their  fa* 
lubrity. 

Astronomy. 

Memoir  L  and  II.  On  the  Theory  of  the  Planet  Mercury^     fiy 

M.  De  la  Lande. 

Thefe  Memoirs  are  curious,  not  only  as  aftronomtcal  articles^ 
but  likewife  on  account  of  the  critical  difcuflions,  relative  to  a 
curious  and  interefting  part  of  ancient  literature,  contained  in 
them.  We  (hall  accordingly  give  a  fliort  and  general  abftradl 
of  their  contents. 

The  theory  of  the  planet  Mercury,  it  is  well  known^  is  far 
from  having  been  carried  to  that  degree  of  perfeftion,  which  hat 
been  attained  to  with  regard  to  that  of  the  other  planets.  This 
impcrfctStion  has  evidently  arifen  from  the  great  rarity  at^d  infuf- 
ficiency  of  obfervations  ;  and  thefe  have  been  caufcd  by  the  ex- 
treme fmallnefs  of  ths&t  planet,  and  his  vicinity  to  the  fun  even 
at  his  greated  elongations,  w^ich  render  him  frequently  indif- 
cernible  even  by  modern  aftronomers,  provided  with  the  beft  in« 
flruments;  efpecially  in  his  paflagjc  over  the  meridian,  whera 
M.  De  la  Lande  has  frequently  not  been  able  to  obferve  him^ 
with  the  afliftance  of  a  large  reflector  moving  in  the  plane  of  that 
circle.  We  are  not  to  wonder,  therefore,  that  the  ant^ent  ob- 
fervations of  this  planet  amount  only  to  fixteen,  which  are  all 
contained  in  the  only  monument  of  the  antient  aftronomy  which 
is  come  down  to  us,  the  Almageft  of  Ptolemy  5  and  thefe  wc 
owe  to  the  favourable  fituatiou  as  well  as  induftry  of  the  obfcr- 
vers.  Copernicus,  fituated  in  a  more  northern  climate,  and 
confequently  in  a  more  oblique  fphere,  and  incommoded  by  the 
fogs  arifing  from  the  Viftula,  lamented  tha|  he  could  never  once 
obtain  an  obfervation  of  this  planet.  Tycho  Brah^,  Hevelius 
Riccioli,  and  other  more  modern  aftronomers,  were,  however, 
more  fortunate.  After  difcufling  the  refpeftive  merits  and  dc* 
fedis  of  their  obfervations,  M.  De  la  LanJc  produces  a  few 
lately  made  by  himfelf,  under  favourable  circumftances  and  li- 
'     App.  Rev.  vol.  xli/«  M  m  tuatlpna 


5  24  7S'  Hiftory  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences 

fuppofing  the  horizontal  reffa6tion  to  be  32  minutes^  the  arch 
of  the  horizon  between  thefe  two  points  will  be  diminiibed  by 
the  faid  refra&ion  3**  •  58'  .  2";  but  if  the  refraifUpn  be  fuppo-. 
fed  equal  to  33  minutes,  the  fame  arch  will  be  diminifhed  4<». 
27' '  6'  :  that  is j  a  variation  of  a  fingle  minute  in  the  horizontal 
refra^iioi^,  "Aill  produce  no  lefs  than  a  difference  of  29^  4''Mn  the 
ip^afure  of  that  arch  :  fo  that  an  error  even  of  a  mintJte»  in  ob- 
ferving  thk  horizontal  angle,  will  produce  an  error  of  2  feconds 
only,  in  che  quantity  of  the  horizontal  refradion; 
.  A  very  (hort  account  of  the  remaining  articles  of  this  clafs 
will  be  fufEcient.  Thefe  are,  i.  Inquiries  with  regard  to  the 
longitude  of  feveral  places^  by  Mr.  Pingre ;  undertaken  principally 
with  a  view  to  determine  the  quantity  of  the  folar  parallax  in. 
which  it  is  a  nccefl'ary  element,  and  which  M.  Pingre  fttll  per* 
fifls  in. fixing  at  10  feconds;  attributing  the  different  determina- 
tions of  other  aflronomers,  m  paity  to  the  errors  committed  in 
^  %tling  the  longitude  of  the  places  of  obfervation.  2.  An  attempt 
\  to  determine  the  principal  elements  of  the  theory  of  Jupiter^  by  M, 
Jeaurat.  3.  A  Continuation  of  M.  Du  Sejour's  new  analytical  mo^ 
thods  of  calculating  eclipfes  of  the  fun^  dnd  occultattons  of  the  planets, 
and  fixed flars  by  the  moon.  In  .this  fourth  Memoir,  the  Author 
applies  the  equations  demonftrated  in  the  three  preceding  Me* 
mbirs,  to  the,  folutjom  of  feveral  aftronomical  problems.  4.  On 
thefirji  ComePofthe  Year  1766,  by  M.  Pingre.  While  the  Au* 
tbor  and  M.  Meffier  were  both  employed,  but  without  tSt€t^ 
during  the  month  of  March,  in  endeavouring  to  difcover  the  fa- 
tellite,  which  has  fo  often  been  fuppofed,  and  of  late  confidently 
affirmed,  to  attend  the  planet  Venus,  which  was  then  in  the 
moft  favourable  fituation  for  fucji  a  difcovery ;  the. latter,  whofc 
vigilance  and  fuccefs  in  the  dete£lion  of  comets  is  well  known 
to  the  public,  catched  this  in  the  very  fa£l  of  ft^aling  out  of  the 
folar  fyflem,  as  eight  days  afterwards  it  became  totally  iovifible 
M.  Pingre  here  gives  its  eleiBentfi  deduced  frotQ  the  ohfervations 
of  M.  Meflier,  and  confirmed  by  thofe  of  the  Abbe  Chappe. — 
We  think  it  unnecefTary  to  enumerate  the  feveral  obfervations  of 
particular  eclipfes,  &c.  given  in  this  volume* 

Geography  and  Hydrography. 
Under  the  firft  of  thefe  two  clafTcs  is  given  an  account  of  fomc 
maps  of  the  late  M.  Delifle,  publiflied  this  year  by  his  brother* 
The  firft  is  a  general  map  of  Georgia  and  Armenia,  deflgned 
when  he  reftded.at  Peterfburgh,  and  conftru£ted  on  fome  curi- 
ous and  very  particular  maps  of  thefe  countries,  furnifiied  him 
by  a  Georgian  prince,  who  was  then  in  that  capital.  The  fe- 
cond  is  a  map  of  Babylonia,  or  that  part  of  Afia  formerly  called 
^ennaar  and  Chaldea  $  principally  founded  on  the  relation  of 
the  expedition  of  the  emperor  Julian  into  this  country)  the  iti- 

'  jierary 


^ufflions  conarmm  jhi  Ertcychpedii*  5  25 

nerary  of  ttie.  celebrated  Jew,  Bchjamiii  de  Tudella,  who  tra- 
velled through  it  in  the  lath  ceptury ;  and  laftly  that  of  Tex- 
eira,  the  learned  Portugucze  geographer.  On  the  data  furnilh- 
ed  by  their  diilerent  routs,  which  remarlcably  correfpond  with 
each  other,  the  Author  has  fatisfadiorily  determined  xhe  courfes 
of  rivers,  and  the  poiition  of  places  which  have  been  rendered 
interefiing  to.  the  readers  of  antient  hiftory,  by  the  great  events 
that  have  formerly  pafTed  in  this  part  of  the  world^. 

Under  the  fecond  of  thefe  clalfcs  we  meet  with  an  account  of  , 
the  prefent  ftate  of  the  ufeful  e^terprife  undertaken  by  the  orders 
of  the  French  court,  and  executed  by  M.  Chabert,  of  refilfying 
the  fea-charts  of  the  Mediterranean,-  by  geometrical  pperation^ 
combined  with  aftronomical  obfcrvations.  The  partiicija^s-ofji 
pew  and  ingenious  method  are  here  given,  propofed  bv  M|. 
Chabert,  of  determining  the  longitude  of  places,  in  expeditioi^ 
of  this  kind>  which  confiflsin  facilitating  the  means  of  obferv- 
ing  the  moon's  paflage  over  the  meridian,  together  with  thofc  of 
fudi  of  the  fixed  ftars  as  have  the  fame  declination :  thefe  abferva- 
tions  being  afterwards  compared  withcorrefpondentobfervations 
made  elfewhere.  The  nature  of  the  fubjeft  prevents  us  from  en- 
tering into  any  particular  detail  of  this  method.  We  fliail  only 
obfervc,  that  the  Author  defctibes  a  very  fimple  and  expedhious 
procefs,  by  which  a  quadrant  or  tranfit  inftrument  may,  in  the 
fpace  of  five  or  fix  hours,  be  fixed  exactly  in  the  plane  of  the 
meridian,  under  the  ihelter  of  a  temporary  obfervatory  or  tent;  v 
and  the  proper  obfervations  be  taken  with  the  utmoft  prompti- 
tude and  precifion. 

The  only  articles  remaining  to  be  noticed  are,  an  account  of 
various  machines  or  inventions  produced  before  the  Academy,  of 
the  different  arts  and  manufadtures,  the  hiftory  of  which  is  an- 
nually publifhed  3  and  the  Elogc  of  that  excellent  chemift,  M. 
Hcllot. 

Art,     m. 

^eftions  fur  L'Eficyclopedie.-^QucikionSy  or  Doubts,  fuggefted 

from  a  Perufal  of  the  Encyclopedie,     8vo.     3  vols.     .1770. 

THIS  performance  bears  evident  marks  of  the  pen  of  Vof- 
taire.  It  has  all  the  engaging  vivacity  of  that  celiebraicd 
writer,  and  contains  many  of  thofe  exceptionable  opinions,  for 
which  he  has  fo  frequently  and  fo  ftrenuoufly  contended.  As 
his  Attention,  however,  has  here  been  chiefly  employed  on  fub- 
jefts  of  tafte  and  criticifm,  he  has  furniftied  a  number  of  articles 
which  are  truly  valuable  and  intcreftmg.  It  was  his  intention 
to  fupply  fome  omiifions,  which  had  been  made  by  the  a^irhors 
of  the  Emyclopedie^  and  to  make  fome  additions  to  that  judly 
admired  work.     In 'both  thefe  refped^s  he  has  fucceeded  in  a 

M  m  3  great 


5l6  ^ifiions  concermng  the  Encjehpidiii 

great  meafure;  and  his  obfervations  and  reafonings,  txcept 
where  they  attack  religion  and  morality*  are  entitled  to  appro- 
bation. 

Under  the  title  Augufte  OSIave^  he  has  made  the  following 
remarks,  which  will  not  be  unacceptable  to  our  Readers : 

<  It  has  often  been  aiked,  under  what  defignation,  or  under 
what  title,  did  Odavius,  furnamed  Auguftus,  a  citizen  of  the 
fmalltown  of  Vcletri,  exercife  dominion  over  an  empire,  which 
extended  from  Mount  Taurus  to  Mount  Atlas,  and  from  the 
Euphrates  to  the  Seine  ?  It  was  not  as  perpetual  di£lator» 
That  title  iiad  been  fatal  to  Julius  Czfar ;  and  Auguffus  bore 
it  only  for  eleven  days.  The  dread  of  pertfliing  like  his  prede- 
CCilbi',  and  the  advice  of  Agrippa,  determined  btm  to  renoxince 
it*  He  had  recourfe  to  other  meafures  ;  he  infenfibly  vefted  in 
his  perfon  all  the  places  of  truft  and  of  dignity  in  the  republic. 
Thirteen  confulates,  the  tribunefbip  renewed  in  his. favour 
every  ten  years,  the  appellation  of  Prince  of  the  Senate,  and 
that  of  Emperor,  which  originally  exprefled.  nothing  more  than 
commander  of  the  army,  but  which  afterwards  came  to  be  taken 
in  a  mpre  extended  fenfe  ;  thefe  titles  feemed  to  legitimate  his 
power.  In  the  mean  time,  the  honours  of  the  fenate  were  not 
tarnifhed  ;  and  it  always  prefer ved  very  confiderable  privileges. 
Auguftus  divided  with  it  all  the  provinces  of  the  empire  ;  but 
thofe  which  he  retained  to  himfelf  were  the  mod  powerful  and 
important :  and  his  command  of  money  and  troops  made  hint 
abfolute. 

What  is  ftrange,  Julius  Caefar  was  not  made  a  god  till  after 
his  death  ;  but  Odavius  was  deified  during  his  life.  It  is  true, 
that,  at  Rome,  he  was  not  abfolutcly  confidered  as  a  deity; 
but  he  was  viewed  in  this  light  in  the  provinces,  and  had  his 
temples  and  his  priefts.  The  Ai have  cT  Eni)»y  at  Lyons,  was 
one  of  the  places  v/hcre  he  was  worfliipped.  Horace  has  faid 
of  him, 

^urandafqui  iuum  per  n9men  ponimus  aras^ 
We  may  hence  colle(a,  that,  even  among  the  Romans  them^ 
felves,  there  were  courtiers,  polite  enough  to  raife  altars  to  him 
in  their  houfes.  He  was,  therefore,  in  effetl,  canonized  dur- 
ing his  life ;  and  the  appellation  of  Deity  became  the  title  or 
furname  of  his  fucceiTora. 

Caligula  found  no  difficulty  ia  making  himfelf  a  deity.  He 
required  that  the  people  fhould  pay  him  adoration  in  the  temple 
of  Caftor  and  Pollux  ;  and  his  ftatue  was  placed  between  the 
ftatue  of  thefc  divinities.  Nero  enjoyed  the  title  of  Deity  till 
he  was  condemned  to  die  by  the  fenate. 

^     Wc  muft  not  imagine,  that  the  term  .Deity  had  the  fame  fig- 
lii&cation  in  thofe  times  as  at  prcfent.     Blaiphemy  could  not  he 

carried 


^^iflicm  cBnaming'thi  EwyeUpfiSs:  50^ 

tarried  to  fo  daring  a  length,    Divus  had  precifely  the  fame 
meaning  with  fan£tu$* 

We  ought  to  judge  of  the  manners  of  AuguAus  only  from 
the  fads  recorded  of  him  \  and  the  fa£ls  on  which  we  found 
our  conclufions  ought  to  be  inconteftable.  It  has  been  aflerted^ 
that  this  man,  who  is  fo  extravagantly  extolled  as  the  i^ftorer 
of  the  Roman  manners  and  laws,  was,  for  a  long  time,  a  moft 
infamous  libertine.  His  epigram  on  Fulvia^  coimpofed  aftor  the 
horrors  of  the  profcriptions,  is  a  demonftration^  that  hts  con- 
tempt of  decency  in  expreffion  was  equal  to  the  barbarity  of  his 
pond u A : 

^  ^odfutuit  glaphyram  Anttmim^  ham  m\bi  fmtmn 

Fulvia  conftituh^  fe  guogue  utifutuam. 

jftafutue  at  pugnemusy  alt  j   quid  ^uod  mhi  vitd     ^ ' 

Charhr  efl  ipfa  mfnttfla  ?    Signa  canant,*' 

This  abominable  epigram  is  a  ftrong  teftimony  of  (he  re^ 
proachable  manners  of  Au^uftus,  Se:i^tus  Pompey  objeded  to 
him  bis  infamous  wealcncfles  :  Effeminatum  injeSlatus  i/I.  An^ 
tony  affirmed,  before  the  triumvirate,  tha(  Czfar,  the  grand- 
uncle  of  Auguftus,  had  adopted  htm»  becaufe  he  had  been  fub« 
fervient  to  his  pleafures  :  Ad^pttontm  avuneulijiupro  meritum. 

The  fame  reproach  was  thrown  upon  him  by  Lucius  Casfar, 
who  affirmed  alfo',  that  he  bad  carried  his  meannefs  fo  far  as  tp 
fell  his  modefty  to  Hirtius  for  a  condderable  fum.  His  impui 
dence  made  him  take  a  woman  of  the  higheft  quality  from  her 
bufband  while  at  fupper.  He  retired  with  her  to  a  iieighbour-* 
ing  apartment,  and  having  gratified  his  defires,  he  conducted 
her  to  the  table,  while  neither  he  himfelf,  notthd  lady,  nor 
her  hufband,-  were  feen  to  bluOi  at  this  indeccney« 

There  ftill  remains  a  letter  from  Antony  to  Augul^us^  coitr 
ceived  in  thefc  terms  :  Jta  valtas  ui  kanc^ipt/hhttLavTriegesi  nok 
iniiris  TeftidUtm^  out  iPenntHhm^  nut  Rkffilamr  '<w^  Salviam^ 
out  omnes*  '  Aknt  rtferi  ubu '  ^  in  quam  arrigas.  We  muft  not 
tranflate  this  licentious  cpiftle* :...  - 

The  feandalouf  iieaft,.  wht^  ho  colebrated  with  five  of  the 
companion9-of  his  debauchery^  ^d4  fix  of  the  principal  ladies  of 
Rome;  is  well  known.     Tl^  oepitefented  fo  many  gods  and 
goddeiles,  and  praAifed  the  gfofS^  obfcenities ; . 
Dum  nova  dimirum  caiiiHd^iidteria* 

He  was,  at  length,  publlcfy  mar.kccl  out  on  xHfit  theatre  11^ 
tlie  ifolIoWing  famoOs  verfe, 

yid$s  n$  ut  cin^dus  orJi^m  digito  impua^' 
Atttloft^all  the  Latin  autbon,  who  havetpokeii  of  Ovid,  have 
pb(er»^d,   that  Auguftus  was  ioduced'to  fend  this  celebrated 
flom^n  iifco  exile  from,  no  cnher  reafon^  Intt  fo$caufe  l)e  had 

M  «»  4  f«rprif?4 


iurprtfed  him  in  moeft  with  his  dabght^r  Julia  ;'  aifd  they  hare 
alfo  afTerted,  that  it  was  a  motive  of  jealoufy  which  made  him 
banifh  Julia*  This  appeacs-the-iDore  probabje,  as  Caligula 
boafted  publicly,  that  jxis  mother  .was  the  fruit  of  the  inceftuou^ 
commerce  of  Auguftus  with  his. daughter. .        > 

It  h  not-difputed,  that  AjigUftus  repudiated  the  mother  of 

Julia,  on  the  very  day  that  h^  j>^d  celebrated  hJiS  marriage  with 

her  ;.  and  that  on  that-day.be  carried  ofFLivia,  who  was  with 

\  child  by  herb ufhand. Tiberius^  another  moniler,  who  fucceeded 

'him.    <^acfa'MCas  the  man, -^of  whom  Hor^e  h8«  laid, . 

Res  Italas  arm's  iuteriSj  moribus  omesy 
Le^ib^s  emendes^  ^c.  * 

It  is  with'the  utmoft'indignation,  that  we  read  in  the  Geor- 
gics,  that  Auguftus  is  one  of  the  gfeateft  deities,  and  chat  we 
find  tjie^  poet  at  a  lofs  what'  cJffice  ihall  be  afligned  him  as  a 
god  j' whetftei"  he.  will  hold  dqmrnion  in  the  air,  whether  he 
•will  be  thd  ()rbteftor  of  cities,  or  whether  he ^11  accept  thie 
empire  of  the  fea  ?  • 

jln,deu5  immenji  venias  niarisy  ac  iua  nauta 
J>^umina  fola,(iolanty  tibifirviat  fdtima  Thuk.     ..    ' 

•  Aribft<>has^e9cprefled  himfelf  with  more  propriety  as  well  as 
'grace,  when  he  fays,  in  his  admirable  thirty-fifth  canto, 

^        Hon  fu  fi  Janto  ne  hinignQ  ^ugufto^ 
Come  la  tr»mba  di  Virgilio  fuona'\ 
\X!^a^er  awto  info'efia  huon  gujlo^ 
^        J^  prefer iptione  iniquagli  perdona^  tffc» 

In  proportion  to  the  excefs  of  debauchery  in  which  he  in<- 
•du]ged,tbe^cruehv  of  Auguftus  was •  atrocious  and  deliberate, 
it  was  irr  the  midft  of  jollity  and  mirth  that  ht  gave  orders  for 
the  profcrip«ioo8.  In  confequentc  of  thelfe,  300  fenators,  were 
put  to  deatb'^  2000  knights,;  and^  a  number  of  individuals  of  oil- 
fcure  families,  but  whofe  riches  We^e  confiderable.  The  great 
t)bjea  wjhich  OA'avius  and  Aritony  had. fn  View,  'in  the  murders 
they  committed,  was  thO'W«4lth  of  the  •  profcribed;  In  this 
rdpe<£^,  they:  differ  qftOt,-^ay^  {4.  Voltaire,  from,  thofe  high- 
waymen whom  we  break  up<iA*tWwht6L    ^  .     ^  ».  . 

Immediately  before  the  Pefufi^n  war,  Odaviu&  gave  a  dona* 
}:k)Q  to  bis  veteran  foldiers  pf  .fh^  lands,  which  belonged  to  the 
citizens  of  Mantua  and  Ciremoha:  thus  recompencing*  their 
murders  by  depredation.      ...'..  • 

It  is  but  too  cfVtSin,  that  the  Vtrorfd  was  ravaged,  from  the 
£uphrat^jt{bl)mi''b^ai:t  .Qfo£pain>  by  a  man,  who  had.  aeither 
>nodefty,-hgfis^^Urs  :jjor  pnobity  ?•  whofe  avarice,  ingratitude,  and 
Cfuelty,'Vt«i!^  €7HJ^i)^i.whtr.tDuld:naauitaixi  Uanquillity  in 
I         !  "  t  r.  '  \  the 


^uijikni  concerning  the  EncychpecRe^  529 

the  midft  of  crimes ;  and  who,  jo  a  welUconftituted  republic^ 
xajght  to  havc>died  by  the  hands  of  the  executioner. 
-  The  government^  or  adminiftratioh,  of  Auguftusi  nptwith* 
ftanding,  is  a  fubjeft  of  admiration  j  becaufe  Rome  enjoyed 
jindia-'itj^hc  advantages  of  peace,  pleafure,  and  abundance. 
5ene,c^  fay^  of  him,  Clementiam  non  voco  lajfam  crudelitatem.  I 
do  not  give  the  name  6i  clemency  to  a  laf&tude  produced  by 
cruelty-  ,  .  .     . 

It. has  been  thought,  that  he  became  mild  In  his  dirpofitioc^ 
when  his  ambition  rendered  it  no  longer  neccflary  tp  him  to 
commit  crimes...  When  he  was  abfolute  matter  of  the  ftate,  it 
Vas  his  intercity,  it  is  faid,  to  be  jull.  But  I  mud  be  of  opi*- 
liion,  .that  there,  was  more  of  cruelty  than  of  clemency  in  his 
iiatjai;e ;  for,  after  the  battle  of  Adium',  he  ordered  the  fon  of 
Afltony  to  be  put  to  death  at  the^fpgt  of  Caefar's  ftatue ;  and  he 
had  the  barbarity  to  caufe  Caefafio, .  the  fon  of  Casfar  and  of 
Cleopatra,  to  be  beheaded,  though  he  himfelf  had  acknow- 
Jcdged  him  as  the  king  of  Egypt,  , 

He  one  day  fufpeSed  that  the  praetor,  Gallius  Quintug^ 
hjul.come  Into  his  prefence  with  -a  dagger  concealed  under  his 
^own,  and  ho  ordered  him  immediately  to  be  put  to  .the  torture. 
Being  called  a  tyrant  by  this  fuffcrer,  he,  in  the  heat  of  his 
jage^  with  his  own  hands  tore  out  the  eyes  of  the  unhappy  fe- 
xiator:  for  this  fa 6^,  we  have  the  authority  of  Suetonius. 

It  is  well  known,  that  Caefar,  Ks  adoptive  father,  ha^  the 
jgreatnefs  of  mind  to  pardon  almoft  all  bis  enemies.  But  it  does 
not  appear  to  me,  that  hiftory  has  recorded,  of  Auguftus,  one 
example  of  fuch  generofity.  I  doubt  extremely  of  what  is  faid 
concerning  his  clemency  toward  Cinna.  The  ftory  is  neither 
mentioned  by  Suetonius,  nor  by  Tacitus ;  and  the  former, 
who  profefles  to  give  an  account  of  all  the  confpiracies  which 
were  formed  againft  him,  would  jiot,  probably,  have  omitted 
to  take  notice  of  the  moft  atrocious  of  them.  The  fingularity 
of  his  giving  the  confulate  to  Cinna^  s^s  a  reward  for  the  btackeft 
perfidy,  could  not  have  efcaped  all  the  contemporary  hiftorians. 
I^io  Caflius  fpeaks  of  it  after  Seneca  \  but  (he  pafiage,  in  Se- 
neca, which  bears  relation  to  it,  has  more  the  air  of  declamation 
than  of  hiftory.  Befide,  Seneca  lays  the  fcene  in  Gaul,  and 
Dio  in  Rome ;  from  which  contradiction,  we  muft  infer,  that 
the  fa£t  is  falfe.  The  modern  Roman  hiftories,  being  com- 
piled in  a  hurry,  and  without  tafte,  have  not  examined  into 
this  mater.  That  of  Laurence  Echard,  in  particular,  is  lame 
and  defective.  Authors,  in  general,  are  feldom  guided  by  the 
fpirit  of  inquiry  and  refearch. 

Perhaps  Cinna,  having  been  fuQ)c£ted  or  convicted  of  fome 
trefpafa  againft  Auguftus,  was  promoted  by  him,  after  fatisfac<- 
iioa  had  been  given^  to  lbs  empty  honour  of  the  confulihip : 

but 


532  ^ueflionf  comtming  tbf  Encydope£e. 

It  is  probable^  that  Numa  cohcefrted  his  meafures  with  gre:it 
prudence,  and  deceived  thp  ELopi^.n$,  ^vith  a  view  to  their  advan- 
tage, with  an  addrefs,fuited  to  ^the  ttime,  the  place,  and  tbe 
genius  of  that  people,    u 

Mahomet  was  tjwenty.  ^ipfjf s  on  the  pojnt  of  mifcarrying; 
but,  at  length,  he  fucceed^d .  wkh  the  inhabitants  of  Medina, 
and  was  believed  to  be  thi^Jntiifiate  friend. of  the  angel  Gabriel. 
At  prcfent,  ihould  any  one  annavnce  himfeJf  atConftantinopJe 
to.bc  the  favourite  of  thtj;fni^cl  .Raphael,  who  i»  fuperior  in 
dignity  to  Gabriel,  and  inftil  that  they  muit  believe  in  hitn 
alone,  be  would  be  impaled. alive*  Quacks  ibould  know  how 
to  tin:>^  their  iny;>ofture&,  t.  .,  . 

VV^^thiere  not  fpoi4iwha.t.()f*  deceit  irvSocrates^- with  his  ft- 
roUiar  demon^  and  .the  pr-eeife  deciarat^n  of  th&  oracle,  which 
proclaimed  him  the  .wifeft.  of. men?  It  h  tidiclil/)u8.in  Rollia 
t^o  inAft,  in  his.  hiftory,  .oq  tbeffincerky  of  this  dracle«  Why 
does  he  not  in^orm^  his  r«^ders,>  that  it  was  purely  a  piece  of 
quackejy  i  Socrat^  was'  Unfortunate  ^s.  ta  the  time  of  his  ap- 
pearance* An  hundred  years  fq^ner  he  might  .iutye  governed 
Athens*  .      ...  ^  .    ..  ,.  r. 

The  leaders  of  phllofophical  fe£ls  have  all  of  them  been 
tin£lui;eid  with  quackery.  But  the  greateiflrof^ all. quacks  are 
thofe  »{ho.hay€iafpiredjQ  power.  How  fofmidablf,a  quack  vras 
Crop^well  !  He  appeared  precifelyat  the  time  when  he  couU 
•have  iucceeded.  Under  Elizabeth,  he  would,  have,  been  hanged; 
under  Charles  II.  tie  would  have  been  an:i.obj^'of  ridicule. 
.He  came-  at -^a- period  wh^ntbe  £ngli(h  vwre  difgufted  with 
kings r|  and  his  fon,  at  a  time,  when  they  were  difgufted  with 
protcftors/  .      . 

In  th^  course  of  the  rejiiarks  which  our  Author  has  made 
upon  ditamatic  poetry,  he  takes  occafion-  tO  give  the  following 
iUidure  on  a  hte  edition  .of  Sbakefpear.  We  ihalLprefent  it 
to  our  Readers  in  his  own  wordsu 

«  J*ai  jette  les  yeux,  fays  he,  fur  une  edition  de  Sbakefpear, 
donnee  par  lefieur  Saniuel.  JoHnfon.  J'y  ai  Vu  qu'on  y  traite 
de  petits  efpriis  les  etrangers  qui  font  etonnes,  que  dans  les 
pieces  de  ce  grand  Shakerpear,'f/»y^;}^i/<'ur  Remain  fojfe  U  bouffbm^ 
U  qhun  rot  paraijje  Jur  U  theatre  comme  un  yvrogne, 

*  Je.  nc  veux  point  foup^onner  le  fieur  Johnfon  d'etre  un 
mauvais  plaifant,  &  d'aimer  trop  le  vin ;  mab  je  trouve  un 
peu  extraordinaire  qu'il  compte  la  bouiFonnerie  &  I'yvrog- 
nerie  parmi  le  beautes  du  theatre  tragique ;  la  raifon  qu'il  en 
donne  n'eft  pas  moins  (inguliere.  Le  poete^  dit-il,  dedatgne  ces 
diflin^ior^s  accidentelles  de  condiiiom  ^  de  paySy  (onime  un  peintrt 
qu\^  content  d* avoir  peint  h  figure ^  neglige  la  draper ie.  La  com- 
paraifon  ferait  plus  jude.s'il  parlait  d'un  peintre  qui,  dans  un 
fujet  noble,  introduirait  des  grotefques  ridicules,  peindrait  dans 

la 


An  EJfay  concerning  Prejudices^  tic.  5^3 

la  bataille  d' Arbelles  Alexandre  U  Grand  monte  fur  un  ane ;  & 
la  fcmme  de  Darius  buvant  avec  des'gougeats  dans  un  cabaret/ 
^  From  the  foregoing  fpecimens,  our  Readers  may  judge  for 
t^emfelyca  of  the  merit  of  the  work  before  us.  It  appears  to 
u«  in  the  highcft  degree  entertaining,  and  fuperior  to  many  of 
the  ot}ier  productions  of  its  Author. 

Art.     IV* 

EJfai  fur  les  Prejuges^  (sfc.    An  Eflay  concerning  Prejudices,  or^ 
-  the  Infla^nce  of  Opmions  upon  the  Manners  and  Happinefs 
of  Mankind.     12090*     Paris.     1770. 

TH  £  late  truly  ingenious  M.  du  M^rfais  is  generally  fup* 
pofed  to  be  the  Author  of  this  eflay.  It  is  written  in  a 
lively  and  fpfrited  manner,  and  contains  many  noble  fenti<« 
ments,  exprefled  wfth  great  energy.  The  Author^s  prejudices 
againft  religion,  indeed,  are  apparent  in  almoft  every  page  of 
his'^Ork;  but  while  we  lament  this,  juIHce  obliges  us  to  ap-* 
plaud  that  love  of  truth  and  virtue,  that  abhorrence  of  prieft- 
craft,  and  of  every  fpecies  of  civil  and  ecclefiaftical  granny,  which 
are  fo  ftrongly  marked  through  the  whole  of  his*  performance. 

The  principal  points  which  he  is  defirouidf  eftablifhing  are# 
that  ignorance,  error,  and  prejudice  are  the  grand  fources  of 
all  the  evils  and  calamities  to  which  mankind  are  fubjed,  and 
that  truth  and  philolbphy  stte  thc'onb^  remedies  far  thefe  evils* 
He  (he.ws  the  great  advantage  of  philofophy,  both  in  regard  to 
tnorals  and  politics  j  and  points  out,  in  a  variety  of  inftances^ 
the  unhappy  influence  of  religious  and  political  prejudices  on 
the  minds  both  of  princes  and  fubjefts. .  In  treating  thele  feve*^ 
ral  points,  the  fame  ideas  oftert  recur,  and  the  Author's  man- 
ner is  too  diff\ifive  and  declamatory.  Every  friend  to  truth,  vir- 
tue, and  humanity,  however,  while  he  pities  the  Author's  un- 
happy prejudices  on  religious  fubjeiJs,  will,  by  an  attentive 
perufal  of  his  performance,  find  hi$  love  of  mankind,  and  his 
detedation  of  tyranny,  in  all  its  various  ihapes  and  modifica- 
tions, flirengthened  and  confirmed. 

In  regard  to  religion,  thofe  who  are  converfant  with  French 
literature  need  not  be  told,  that  infidelity  is,  at  prefent,  the  hon 
Un  in  France.  There  is  fcarce  a  book  publiflied  that  has  not* 
evident  marks  of  it.  The  troops  that  have  enlifled  in  this 
goodly  >yarfarc,  though  neither  ftrong  noV  formWable,  are  yec 
very  numerous.  At  the  head  of  them  is  Monf.  Voltaire,  who, 
though  a  veteran  in  infidelity,  and  very  brifk  and  alert  in  hi* 
fnana^uvrcs^  has  given  few,  if  any,  proofs  of  general(bip.  He 
is  very  fond  of  (kirmiflies,  but  carefully  avoids  comirrg  td 
a  pitched  battle.  At  times,  indeed,  he  talks  very  big;  isJni 
mighty  fighting  humour  j  and  mentions  your  Lockes,  New- 

6  TONS) 


TONS,  Bacons,  and  CjLarkes  in  very  contempeuous  ftrains  ; . 
he  never  ventures,  however,  oH  a  regukr  attack^   and  takes 
i^cial  care  not  to  encounter  therii  face  td  face. 

The  fame  conduft  is  obferved  by  alf  his  officer's,  who  fwell, 
aod  ftrut,  and  look  mighty  fierce ;  but,  in  the  day  of  adron, 
hav^  nothing  of  the  fteadinefs^  weight,  and  firmnefs  of  regiiilar 
and  well-difciplined  troops.  The  juftdefs  of  this  charafter  wttt 
not  be  called  in  queftionrby  thofe  who  are  acquainted  with  the 
writings  of  D^AUmbert^  MarmotUily  du  Marfais^  ice.  &c.  But 
to  the  prefent  performance : 

We  (hall  give  our  Readers  part  of  what  the  Author  fays  con* 
cerning  the  chara£^er  of  a  real  philofopher,  and  the  great  end 
which  he  ought  to  have  in  view. 

*  There  is  no  prejudice  more  common  than  that  of  confound^ 
iog  iingularity  and  the  love  of  diftindion,  with  philofophy. 
Nor  is  this  at  all  furprifmg*  The  vulgar,  who  never  carry 
their  thoughts  beyond  appearances^  are  always  ftruck  with  a 
man  who  deviates  from  the  common  path»  who  purfues  a  fyf-' 
tfm  of  conduct  dire£t]y  oppofite  to  that  of  the  generality  of 
mankind,  who  defpifes  what  others  covet,  who  renounces. 
riches,  grandeur,  and  all  the  fweets  and  allurements  of  life. 
The  whimfical  Angularity  of  his  condu£i,  after  dazzling  the 
eyes  of  the  vulgar,  fometimes  creates  a  prejudice  in  favour  of. 
his  opinions ;  nay  it  happens,  not  unfrequencly,  that  from  being 
an  object  of  pity  or  of  ridicule,  he  obtains  applaufe  and  admi- 
ration. 

'/  But  let  us  diflinguifb  philofophy  from  what  has  only  the  ap- 
pearance of  it ;  let  us  confider  the  man  who  profeflcs  it  without 
prejudice ;  and  let  us  not  proftitute  the  name  of  wifdom  to  pride 
6r  peeviflinels.  Under  the  Cynic's  mantle,  or  that  of  the  Stoic; 
under  the  appearance  of  diuntereftednefs,  and  a  contempt  of 
honours,  fame,  and  pleafure,  it  is  no  uncommon  thing  to  find 
perfons  abfolutely  enflaved  by  envy,  fpleen,  and  ambition. 

If  philofophy  is  the  fearch  after  truth,  fincerrty  muft  be  the 
firft  and  the  moft  efTential  quality  of  a  philofopher.  Great 
talents  and  the  art  of  thinking  are  not  exclufive  privileges 
granted  to  perfons  of  cool,  difpaiTionate,  and  virtuous  difpofi- 
tions.  The  man  who  thinks,  is  not  always  a  philofopher  ;  he 
may  have  a  wretched  temper,  be  tormented  with  fpleen,  and 
a  flave  to  paffion  ;  he  may  be  envious,  haughty,  deceitful,  dif- 
fatisfied  with  •thers  and  with  himfeif.  When  this  is  the  cafe, 
he  is  incapable  of  making  juft  obfervations ;  his  reafonings  be- 
come fufpicious ;  he  can  fcarcc  fee  himfcif  in  his  genuine,  na- 
tive colours;  or  if  he  does,  he  ftrives  to  conceal  from  himfeif 
the  obliquity  and  irregularity  of  his  temper  and  difpofition : 
his  philofophy,  or  rather  the  motley  fyftcnis  of  his  brain,  arc 

7  '  f ttll 


An  Mjfaj  concerning.  Pre^uJucSf  6f<.  5jf 

(uU  of  confuiion ;  there  is  no  conne£lion  In  his  principles  ;  all 
IS  fophiflry  and  contradiction  ;  iniincerity,  pride,  envy,  ca« 
price,  mifanthropy  appeal  throi^gbout ;  and  if  the  vulgar, 
dazzled  with  his  talents  and  the  novelty  of  his  principles,  look 
upon  him  as  a  profound  and  fublime  philofopher,  perfons  ot 
nicer  dircerhraent  fee  nothing  but  fpleeh,  difcontehted  vanity, 
and  fometimes  malignity  under  the  guile  of  virtue. 

The  philofopher  has  ho  right  to  efteem  or  value  himfelf 
but  when  he  contributes  to  the  welfare  of  his  fellow-creatures  $ 
the  applaufes  of  his  confcience  are  then  only  lawful  and  necef- 
fary  when  he  knows  he  deferves  them.  In  a  world  blinded  by 
prejudice,  and  fo  often  ungrateful,  this  ideal  recompenoe  is, 
alas  !  almoft  the  only  one  that  is  left  to  yirtue.  Let  the  phi- 
lofopher, therefore,  efteenl  hinifelf  when  he  has  done  good  | 
let  him  congratulate  himfelf  upon  being  free  from  thofe  vaia 
defires,  thofe  vices,  thofe  fhameful  paffions,  thofe  imaginary 
wants  with  which  others  are  tormented  i  but  let  him  not  com- 
pare himfelf  with  his  fellow-creatures  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to 
fhock  their  felf-love.  If  he  thinks  himfelf  happier  than  they, 
let  him  not  infult  their  wretchednefs  ;  above  all,  let  him  not 
plunge  them  in  defpair.  The  friend  of  wifdom  ought  to  b^  the  > 
*  friend  of  men  ;  he  ought  never  to  defpife  them  i  he  ought  to 
fympathize  with  them  in  their  afflictions  ;  he  ought  to  comfort 
and  encourage  them.  A  love  of  mankind,  an  enthuGafm  for 
public  good,  fenfibility,  humanity,— —thefe  are  the  motives 
which  ought  to  animate  the  man  of  virtue ;  thefe  the  motives 
Which  he  may  acknowledge  without  a  blufh. — Without  this, 
philofophy  is  only  an  idle  and  ufelefs  declamation  againft  the 
human  fpecies,  which  proves  nothing  but  the  pride  or  peevifh- 
nefs  of  the  declaimer,  and  convinces  nobody. 

What  title,  indeed,  has  the  philofopher  to  defpife  or  in-; 
fuh  his  fellow-creatures  ?  Is  it  becaufe  he  imagines  he  has  fupe* 
rior  knowledge.  But  his  knowledge  is  ufelefs,  if  fociety  derives 
no  advantage  from  it.  Why  fhould  he  hate  his  fpecies,  or 
what  glory  can  arife  from  mifanthropy  ?  True  and  folid  glory 
can  only  be  founded  upon  humanity,  the  love  of  mankind',  fen- 
fibility  and  gentlenefs  of  manners. — Are  men  ignorant  and  full 
of  prejudices  P  Alas!  education,  example,  habit,  and  autho- 
rity oblige  them  to  be  to.  Are  they  flaves  to  vice,  paflion,  and 
frivolous  defires  ?  Thofe  who  regulate  their  deftiny,  the  im- 
poflors  who  fcduce  them,  the  modtls  which  they  have  before 
their  eyes,  produce  in  their  hearts  all  the  vices  that  torment 
them.  To  hate  or  defpife  men  for  their  errors  and  follies,  is 
to  infult  thofe  whom  we  ought  to  pity,  and  to  reproach  them 
with  neceflary  and  unavoidable  infirmities. 

Let  u»  comfort  man,  therefore,  but  let  us  never  infult  or 
4efpife  him  i  on  the  contrary,   let  us  ijifpirc  him  yvith  confi- 
dence; 


s^ 


Ah  Bjjay  cdmtrning  Prsjudices^  y r. 


dence ;  let  us  teach  him  to  fet  a  juft  value  upon  himfelf,  and  to 
feel  his  own  dignity  and  importance  ;  let  us  exalt  his  views,  and 
give  him,  if  poffible,  thif  Vigour  and  force,  which  fo  many 
caufes  combine  to  break  and  deftroy.  True  wifdom  is  bold 
and  manly  ;  it  never  aiTumes  the  haughty  and  imperious  air 
of  fuperftition,  which  feems  to  have  nothing  elfe  in  view  but 
to  debafe  and  annihilate  the  human  mind.  If  the  phiiofopher 
has  warmth  and  energy  in  his  foul,  if  he'  is  fufceptible  of  a 
deep  and  ftrong  indignation,  let  him  roufe  and  exert  himfelf 
againft  thofc  falfehoods  and  impofturcs  of  which  his  fpecies  has 
been  fo  long  the  vidlim  ;  let  him  boldly  attack  thofe  prejudices 
which  are  the  real  fources  of  all  human  calamities  >  let  him  de« 
"ftroy,  in  the  opinion  of  his  brethren,  the  empire  of  thofc  priefta 
and  tyrants  who  abufe  their  ignorance  and  their  credulity ;  let 
him  wage  eternal  warfare  with  fuperftition,  which  has  fo  often 
deluged  the  earth  with  blood  ;  let  him  vow  ir/econcilable  en- 
mity to  that  horrid  defpotifm,  which,  for  fo  many  ages,  has 
fixed  its  throne  in  the  midft  of  wretched  nations.  If  he  thinks 
bimfeif  pofleiTed  of  fuperior  knowledge,  let  him  communicate 
k  to  others ;  if  he  is  more  intrepid,  let  him  lend  them  an  help* 
Ing  band ;  if  he  is  free,  let  him  point  out  to  others  the  means 
of  aflerting  their  freedom  ;  let  him  endeavour  to  cure  them  of 
their  fervile  and  debafmg  prejudices,  and  the  {hackles  which 
opinion  has  forged  will  foon  fall  from  ofF  their  hands.  To  infult 
the  wretched  is  the  height  of  barbarity  j  to  refufe  to  lead  the 
blind  is  the  height  of  cruelty  ;  to  reproach  them  bitterly  for 
having  fallen  into  the  ditch,  is  both  folly  and  inhumanity.' 

Our  Author  has  a  great  deal  more  to  the  fame  purpofe,  which 
it  would  give  us  pleafure  to  infert  j  but  the  narrow  limits  to 
which  the  prefent  article  is  confined,  oblige  us  to  refer  our 
Readers  to  the  work  itfelf ;  wc  (hall  therefore  conclude  with 
the  following  refleftion : 

From  what  our  Author,  and  the  generality  of  modern  French 
writers  fay  on  the  fubjeft  of  religion,  it  appears  pretty  evident 
that  they  have  formed  their  ideas  pf  it  from  that  corrupt  and 
abfurd  fyftem  in  which  they  have  been  educated,  and  have  never 
inquired,  with  that  accuracy  and  attention  which  the  importance 
of  the  fubje<9:  demands,  into  the  fundamental  principles  of  na- 
tural religion,  and  the  evidences  of  Chriftianity.  Itis  not  at 
all  to  be  wondered  at,  that  pcrfons  of  a  liberal  and  philofophi 
cal  turn  of  mind,  in  France,  Spain,  and  Italy,  fhould  entertaii 
prejudices  againft  Chriftianity ;  the  candid  Reader,  therefore, 
will  make  favourable  allowances  for  fuch  writers,  and,  InfteaJ 
of  infulting,  will  be  difpofed  to  pity  them. 


Art.  V. 


C    537    1 

A  k  T.    V. 

UiJIotre  de  F  Acaiemie  Royale  de  Sciencesy  £3^^.— The  ttiftofy  of 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  and  Belles  Lettres  at  Berlin, 
for  the  Year  1766.  Vol,  xxii^  4to.  Berlin,  printed  for 
Haude  and  Spenen     1768. 

Experimental  Philosophy. 
MEMOlk  L  On  a  vegetabli  Oily  proper  to  fupply  thePlact  oftht  Oil 
of  OlivtSy  in  thofe  Countries  where  the  Olive-Tree  cannot  be  culti'* 
vated.    By  M.  De  Francheville. 

TH  E  Author  of  this  Memoir  evinces  the  pradicability, 
and  recommends  the  practice)  of  extrading  a  pure  and 
well-tafted  oil,  not  at  all  inferior  to  the  bcft  oil  of  olives,  from 
the  fruit  of  a  common  and  well-known  tree,  which  grows  with* 
out  any  particular  care  in  countries  too  cold  for  the  cultivation 
of  the  olive-tree.  This  tree  is  the  Beech,  the  Fagus  of  the  La- 
tins, OT  ^xyo^  of  the  Greeks,  undoubtedly  fo  called  (a^rorii 
fa&}^£<v)  on  account  of  the  nutrimental  quality  of  its  fruit,  the 
Beech  mad ;  which,  and  not  the  acorn,  was  probably  the  prin^* 
cipal  vegetable  nouriihment  of  the  firft  men.  > 

It  is  remarkable  that  the  Author  firft  faw  and  tafted  the  oil 
extraded  from  this  fruit  in  France ;  which  country  furniflies  fo 
great  a  quantity  of  the  oil  of  olives,  both  for  home  confump* 
tion  and  exportation.  He  obferves,  that  he  firft  met  with  it  at 
Villers  Coterez  in  the  SoiiTonois;  where,  as  well  as  throughout 
Burgundy,  Champaigne,  Picardy,  and  feveral  other  of  the  in* 
land  provinces,  this  oil  is  ufed  at  table,  even  in  the  befl: 
houfes :  many  of  the  inhabitants  preferring  it,  principally  indeed 
on  account  of  its  cheapnefs,  to  olive  oil ;  with  which,  however, 
the  greateft  part  of  them  he  affirms  are  even  unacquainted.  He 
relates  the  different  circumftances  and  precautions  to  be  obferv- 
ed  in  the  gathering  the  "beech  maft,  after  it  falls  from  the  tree, 
and  in  the  peeling  of  it,  both  which  are  the  work  of  children; 
and  mentions  the  proper  time  and  manner  of  expreffing  the  oil 
from  it  afterwards.  The  fubftance  [Marc)  remaining  after  the 
exprefEon  of  the  oil,  is  faid  to  be  thereby  not  only  rendered  more 
agreeable  to  the  tafte,  but  likewile  of  a  more  nutritive  quality 
than  before,  and  accordingly,  more  proper  for  fattening  fowls, 
hogs,  and  cattle:  but, ''what  will  appear  more  remarkable,  he 
£rms,  that  after  being  dried  and  ground,  it  makes  a  well-tafted 
ind  wholefome  bread,  either  alone  or  mixed  with  flour*  Nay, 
towards  the  end  of  this  Memoir,  M.  de  Francheville  almoft 
makes  our  mouths  water  with  his  account  of  t\it  frontage^  ga* 
teau'sj  and  other  regales,  which  the  Burgundian  houfewives 
prepare  with  it,  with  the  addition  of  milk  and  eggs.  If  'the 
helpmates  of  the  iirft  men  underftood  and  pradliied  thefe  srrts^ 
App*  Rev,  vol.  xliv.      •  N  n  the 


538  The  HiJIory  of  the  Royal  Aceidemy  of  Sciences 

the  bread-corn  afterwards  introduced  amongft  them  by  Ccre» 
and  her  Eleve  and  affiftant  Triptolemus,  was  a  mere  hers  d'ontvrem 
— Serioufly,  however,  if  M,  de  Francheville  does  not  over- rate 
the  qualities  and  ufes  of  this  fpontaneous  production,  the  fubjedi 
of  this  article  appears  highly  worthy  of  attention,  not  only  on 
account  of  the  oil  exprcffible  from  it,  but  of  the  ufes  to  which 
the  refiduum  may  be  applied,  in  ruftical  ceconomy,  and  as  a 
ready  refource,  in  fome  countries  at  leaft,  in  times  of  fcarcity* 
Memoir  IL  Jnalyjis  of  fome  Experiments  on  the  Magnet,   By  M, 

Lambert. 
Memoir  III.  On  the  Curvature  of  the  magnetical  Currents.     By 

the  fame. 

It  is  impoffible,  without  the  affiftance  of  diagrams,  to  enter 
into  any  very  particular  detail  of  M.  Lambert's  experiments. 
We  (hall  however  attempt  to  give  a  general  idea  of  the  drift  of 
them,  and  of  the  principles  on  which  they  are  conduced. 

The  numerous  experiments  which  have  been  made  with  » 
view  to  difcover  the  principles  of  magmetifm,  and  panicularljr 
the  force  with  which  a  magnet  attra£ts  at  different  diflances,  and 
in  different  pofitions,  have  hitherto  been  produ£tive  of  theories 
exceedingly  various.  The  caufes  of  this  variety  are  not  diiEculc 
to  be  affigned.  For,  though  the  laws  of  magnetical  attr^ion 
are  in  all  probabiiity  very  fimple;  yet  no  method  has  ytt  been 
difcovered,  of  reducing  the  experiments  infiituted  with  a  view  of 
difcovering  them,  to  a  proper  degree  of  fimplicity,  or  to  diveft 
them  ofthe  influence  of  every  circumftance  foreign  to  the  parti- 
cular fubjeft  of  enquiry.  To  mention  only  one  or  two  of  the 
difficulties  attending  this  fubjed :  every  magnet,  while  it  pof- 
fefles  an  attradive  power  in  one  of  its  poles,  is  endued  with  a 
fepellent  power  in  the  other,  whofe  ratio  ^o  the  former  is  un- 
known. In  the  experiments  which  have  been  made,  a  fmall 
needle  has  been  placed  in  various  fituations,  and  at  different 
diftances  from  a  magnet ;  but,  while  the  needle  is  expofed  ta 
the  attraAive  power  of  one  of  its  poles,  it  is  at  the  fame  time 
^affefted  by  the  contrary  and  repellent  power  of  the  other  prfe  1 
for  although  we  can  give  a  magnet  feveral  poles,  no  one  has 
yet  been  able  to  produce  a  loadftone,  or  artificial  magnetic  bar,. 
poflTeiTed  only  of  one.  And  though,  with  fuch  a  magnet,  one 
fource  of  uncertainty  would  be  removed,  another  would  remain, 
arifmg  from  this  circumftance,  that  the  attractive  power  rcfides 
not  in  the  pole  alone,  but  is  difiufed,  in  an  unicnown  degree, 
through  the  fubftance  of  the  ftone  :  fo  that  the  whole  attradive 
power  of  fuch  a  magnet  is  not  the  fimple  efFed  of  one  precife 
point  of  it,  but  the  accumulated  and  complicated  refult  of  the 
mixed  adion  of  all  its  parts.  For  thefe,  and  other  reafons,  the 
determinations  of  natural  philofophcis  have  been  fo  various : 
fome  affirming,   that  the  attractive  power  is  inverfely  as  the 

fquares 


W  BiUii  Lettres  at  BirUny  fir  thi  Tiar  i  y66.         539 

Ainares  of  the  diftances,  while  others  affirm  it  to  be  in  the  in« 
Verfe  ratio  of  the  cubes,  or  a  mean  proportional  between  both* 

ice. 

With  regard  to  the  nature  and  pofition  of  the  innumerabid 
curves  formed  by  the  currents  of  magnetical  matter,  which  ar0 
fuppofed  to  circulate  between  the  poles  of  the  earth  ;  the  per- 
fect knowledge  of  which  would  be  fo  ufeful  in  geography  and 
navigation ;  it  is  evident  that  thefe  cannot  be  determined  a 
priariy  without  a  perfefl  acquaintance  with  the  laws  of  magnc* 
tifm,  and  a  knowledge  of  the  magnitude,  figure,  pofition,  and 
powers  of  the  central  magnet  or  magnets,  which  are  fuppofej 
to  produce  thefe  curves,  and  give  the  needle  its  particular  direc-^. 
tion.  By  aAual  obfervations  indeed  the  direction  of  the  mag<« 
netical  curves  has  been  afcertained  in  various  parts  of  the  earth  S 
but  thefe  obfervations  have  not  been  fuificiently  numerous  of 
accurate,  nor  made  at  the  fame  point  of  time.  It  feems  how** 
ever  at  iirft  fight  eafy  to  imitate  Nature  on  a  fmaller  fcale,  by 
iubftituting  an  artificial  magnet,  of  a  determinate  fize,  figure^ 
and  power,  in  the  room  of  the  central  or  terreflrial  magnet  or 
magnets  [for  greater  clcarnefs  we  will  fuppofe  but  one^  s  and 
by  pr^efenting  to  it  fucceffively,  in  different  fituations,  a  mag- 
netical needle,  and  noticing  its  different  pofuions  in  the  tan««, 
gents  of  the  various  curves  defcribedbythe  magnetical  currents^ 
in  their  circulation  round  this  artificial  fubflitute,  in  the  fame! 
manner  as  they  are  fuppofed  to  move  round  the  tcrreftrial  mag'* 
net. 

One  feemingly  infuperable  difficulty  occurs,  however,  id  the 
execution  of  this  proje£(.  It  appears  neceflary,  during  this  pro-* 
]>ofed  courfe  of  experiments,  to  annihilate  the  adlion  of  the  ter- 
reftrial  magnet,  which,  when  the  needle  is  drawn  out  of  its  me- 
ridian diredion,  mufl  neceffarily  interfere  with,  and  greatly 
diflurb,  the  refults.  The  Author  gets  over  this  difficulty, 
feemingly  with  great  eafe,  not  certainly  by  annihilating  the  ccn^ 
tral  magnet,  which  is  impoifible,  but  by  condu6iing  the  expe- 
riments  in  fuch  a  manner,  as  to  deflroy  its  dijiurhing  power. 
We  (hall  endeavour  to  give  fuch  an  idea  of  his  method,  as  cad 
be  conveyed  in  a  few  words,  and  without  the  afliflance  of  fi« 
gures.  • 

A  fmall  magnetical  needle  is  fixed  in  the  centre  of  a  lafge 
graduated  circle,  while  the  centre  (or  middle  of  the  axis)  of  ait 
artificial  ntiagnetical  bar,  placed  6n  a  long  ruler  which  turns  on 
the  fame  point,  is  fucceffively  moved  through  different  degrees 
of  its  circumference,  in  fuch  a  manner  that,  at  every  f^ation,  the 
needle  is  ftill  made  to  Continue  in  the  magnetical  meridian,  ii^ 
confequence  of  the  bar^s  being  occafionally  turned  upon  its  own 
centre,  fo  as  to  prefent  its  attra£!iRg  and  repelling  poles  to  it  in 
different  fituatipns.     To  explain  this,  it  may  be  proper  to  ob* 

J(4  n  a  ierve, 


540  ^^  Hi/lory  of  fhe  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences 

ferve,  that,  as  it  is  evident  that  the  needle  will  continue  in  its 
natural  pofitlon,  if  the  bar,  for  inftance,  be  placed  in  the  mag- 
netical  meridian  of  the  needle,  or  in  the  fame  right  line  with  it; 
and  that  the  fame  efFedl  v/ill  follow,if  the  centre  of  the  barbe  placed 
at  90  degrees,  or  due  eaft  or  weft,  from  that  of  the  needle,  pro* 
vided  its  axis  be  in  a  line  parallel  to  the  meridian,  and  its  two 
poles  be  of  equal  power:  fo  in  every  other  intermediate  poiition 
between  thefe  two  fituations,  the  needle  will  maintain  its  natu- 
ral diredUon,  if  the  magnetical  bar  be  inclined  to  the  meridian 
with  certain  degrees  of  obliquity.  For  as  each  of  the  two  poles 
of  the  bar  and  needle  attrad  or  repel  each  other,  with  a  force 
modified  by  the  diftances  and  different  angles  of  incidence;  it  is 
evident  that  the  bar  may  be  turned  on  its  centre  in  fuch  a 
manner,  that  thefe  four  forces  {hall  exadly  counterbalance  each 
other,  and  the  needle  continue  in  the  meridian  equally  undif- 
turbed  as  if  no  magnet  had  been  prefented  to  it.  Now,  altho' 
the  needle  is,  in  all  thefe  cafes,  undoubtedly  adted  upon  by  the 
terreftrial  as  well  as  the  artificial  magnet;  yet,  as  it  is  always 
kept  in  the  meridian,  the  influence  of  the  former  does  not  inter- 
fere with  or  difturb  the  attracting  and  repelling  powers  of  the 
latter :  while  the  precife  meafure  of  thefe  powers  is  obtained  by 
obferving  the  angle  which  the  axis  of  the  bar  makes  with  the 
needle,  or  magnetical  meridian ;  the  quantity  of  which  angle  is 
known  by  means  of  a  fmall  graduated  femicircle,  on  the  centre 
of  which  the  bar  revolves. 

By  means  of  experiments  made  with  the  artificial  magnet^' 
thus  filcceiEvely  placed  at  every  tenth  degree  of  the  large  circle^ 
at  different  diftances  from  the  needle,  and  turned  upon  its  own 
centre,  fo  as  to  preferve  the  needle  in  its  natural  direfiion,  the 
Author  obtains  dafOy  from  whence,  as  well  as  by  fubfequent 
procefles  and  calculations,  he  endeavours  to  difcover  the  nature, 
and  to  trace  the  true  figures  of  the  magnetical  curves,  and  de- 
duce from  thence  the  laws  and  properties  of  the  magnetical 
matter.  From  the  whole  of  his  experiments,  calculations,  and 
deductions,  we  colled,  that  theeffed  of  the  adion  of  a  magnet 
upon  a  needle  is  in  the  AvrtSt  (imple  ratio  of  the  fine  of  inci* 
dence,  that  is,  the  fine  of  the  particular  angle  at  which  each 
particle  of  the  magnet  z&s  upon  it,  and  not  in  the  ratio  of  the 
fquare  of  that  fine,  as  is  the  cafe,  he  obfervcs,  in  the  percuffion 
of  fluids.  M.  Lambert  accordingly  is  inclined  to  confider  the 
adion  of  the  magnetical  matter  rather  as  a  fimple  preffure^  than 
the  percuflion  of  a  fluid.  With  regard  to  the  force  of  magrteti- 
cal  attraction  or  repulfion  at  different  diftances,  be  determines 
tnat  the  power  of  each  particle  of  the  magnet  on  each  particle  of 
the  needle,  is  proportional  to  the  abfolute  force  of  thefe  particles, 
and  is  in  the  inverfe  ratio  of  the  fquares  of  the  diftances.  As  ta 
the  difcovery  of  the  abfolute  force  howtv^l  9f  each  particle  of  a 

BMgaetic 


mi  BelUs  Lettris  at  Berlin^  for  the  Tear  1766.  541 

magnetic  bar,  and  of  the  proportion  in  which  it  increafes  or 
diminiihes,  according  to  its  vicinity  to,  or  diftance  from  the 
poles,  he  leaves  it  undetermined ;  but  propofes  a  method  of  in« 
vefligation  by  the  integral  calculus,  and  gives  a  fpecimen  of  that 
method,  on  the  aflumed  hypochefis,  that  the  force  of  each  par- 
ticle is  in  the  dlred  fimple  ratio  of  its  diftance  from  the  middle 
of  the  magnet  $  but  he  acknowledges  the  difficulty  and  formi« 
dable  prolixity  of  this  mode  of  inveftigation. 
Memoir  IV.  Enquiries  on  the  Extenjion  which  Strings  undergo^ 

before  the)  break.     By  M.  Jean  Bernoulli. 
Memoir  V.  On  the  Cohefton  of  Bodies:   containing  Problems  on 
the  Force  and  Curvature  of  Springs.    Second  Memoir.     By  the 
fame. 
Memoir  VL  On  the  fame  SubjeSf :  containing  Problems  en  th$ 
Strength  of  Beams.  .  By  the  fame. 
We  give  only  the  titles  of  thcfc  and  of  fome  of  the  following 
Memoirs,  which  are  of  fuch  a  nature  as  to  preclude  all  attempts 
to  abridge  them.     We  (hould  obferve  too,  that  we  have  not  yet 
noticed  the  firft  article  of  thi^  clafs,  which  contains  only  the 
botanical  charaders  of  a  plants  named  Zietenia,  by  Mr.  Gle*^  . 
ditfch. 

Mathematics. 
Memoir  I.  On  the  Con/lru£lion  of  compound  ObjeSf  Glajfes^  which 
produce  no  Confujion^  either  in  Confequence  of  their  Figure^  or  of 
the  different  Kefrangibility  of  the  Rays  of  Light :  with  the  mo/i 
advantageous  Method  of  conJlru6fing  Telefcopis  with  them.  By 
M.  L.  Euier; 

Although  M.  Euler  has  already  frequently  and  largely  dlfcuffr 
ed  this  curious  and  intereding  fubjed,  he  here  again  returns  to 
it  with  redoubled  zeal ;  incited,  and  even  impelled,  he  acknow- 
ledges, to  the  further  invedigation  of  it,  by  the  furpriiing  difco- 
varies  which  have  been  lately  made,  relative  to  the  very  Angular 
properties  of  different  kinds  of  glafs,  manifefted  by  their  pecu- 
liar adion  on  the  rays  of  light.     He  does  not  blufii  to  own  in- 
genuoufly,  that,  when  be  was  firft  informed  of  thefe  novelties, 
he  received  them  with  great  diffidence  and  fufpicion,  as  judging 
them  contrary  to  the  beft  eftabliflied  principles  of  optics ;  for, 
that  there  (hould  be  two  fpecies  of  glafs,  in  both  of  which  the 
refradbion  of  the  mean  rays  (hould  be  nearly  the  fame,  while  that 
of  the  extrenne  rays  (hould  be  enormoufly  different,  appeared  to 
him  a  propoficion  grofsly  repugnant,  as  he  expreffcs  himfclf,  to 
the  principles  of  common  ienfe.     That  full  convidiion,  how- 
ever, of  this  truth,  which  the  account  that  he  received  of  Mr. 
Dollond's  experiments  could  not  perfed^ly  produce  in  the  mind  of 
our  Author,  has  been  completely  effcdled  by  thofe  lately  made 
by  M.  Zeiher  of  Petcrfburgh,  who  has  difcovered  a  compofi- 
tian^p  the  effeds  of  which  in  the  difperjiqn  of  t)ie  rays,  as  it  is 

?^  n  3  npw 


54*  ^f  Hiftory  of  the  Rcyat  Acaiemj  of  Sctenai 

now  commonly  calledt  are  fo  remarkable,  that  they  have  prcK 
duced  M.  Kuler's  compleat  converfion,  and  have  induced  hint 
to  adopts  without  referve,  this  new  and  important  principle, 
that  the  rrfra^lve  poiver  of  two  tranffannt  fubjiances  may  be  nearh 
tqual  with  regard  to  the  mean,  and  yet  he  extremely  different  with 
reffefH  to  the  c;itreme  ray$>  The  calculations  into  which  he  here 
enters,  with  a  view  of  applying  this  difcovery  to  pradlice,  are 
not  fufceptible  of  abridgment ;  but»  as  we  have  already,  mor< 
than  once,  had  occafion  to  mention  the  fubftance  difcovered  by 
M*  Zeiber  *,  without  being  then  able  to  give  any  information 
concerning  its  particular  nature  or  compohiion,  vft  here  wil-« 
lingly  embrace  the  opportunity,  with  which  we  are  furnifhed 
by  this  Memoir,  of  gratifying  that  curiofity  which  we  thereby 
may  poilibly  have  excited  in  Tome  of  our  philofophical  Readers 
concerning  it,  by  collecting  a  few  particulars  relative  to  this  gu*- 
rious  fubjcift, 

It  appears  then  that  lead,  or  rather  the  cake%  of  that  metal^ 
^dded  to  glafs,  impart  to  it  this  fingular  property  of  difperfing  the 
(xtreme  ray3 ;  at  the  fame  tipie  that  they  increafe  in  fomc,  though 
9  much  fmaller,  degree,  the  refra£lion  of  the  mean  rays.  From 
a  table  here  given  of  the  refrafiing  powers  of  fix  different  kinds 
of  glafs  made  of  flints  and  minium^  or  red  lead,  in  various  pro- 
portions, we  collect,  that  in  a  compofition  confiding  of  equal 
}>arts  of  thcfe  two  fubftances,  the  mean  refraction  of  a  ray  paf- 
ingfrom  air  through  this  medium,  is  as  1787  to  1000;  where* 
as  the  ratio  of  it$  power  of  difperftng  the  rays  is  to  that  of  com- 
inon  crown  glafs  as  3259  to  1000:  but  in  a  glafs  made  of 
three  parts  of  minium  %o  one  of  flints,  the  effeds  of  this  metallic 
addition  are  ftill  more  ftriking;  the  mean  refradion  l>eing  as 
9028  to  1000,  while  its  refradive  power  with  regard  to  the 
extreme  rays,  compared  with  that  of  crown  glafs,  is  as  4800  to 
1000,  that  is  nearly  a^  5  to  1,  an  effefi  which  muft  appear]  very 
confiderable,  when  we  reflect  that  no  tranfparent  body  was  be- 
fore kpown«  whofe  refra^ive  power  exceeded  the  ratio  of  a  to  i. 
From  the  refults  contained  in  this  table,  a  certain  proportion  is 
evidently  obfervable  between  the  mean  refractive  and  the  dif- 
perfive  powers  of  thefe«  different  compounds;  the  confideration 
of  which,  in  the  Author's  opinion,  may  poffibly  conduce  to  ex- 
plain thefe  Angular  effects,  and  to  reconcile  them  to  known 
principles. 

But  we  muff  not  omit  to  mention  another  difcovery  of  M« 
Zeiher's,  on  this  fubjeCl,  not  lefs  fingular  than  the  former,  and 
which  renders  the  explanation  of  thefe  phenomena  ftill  more 
difficult.    The  fix  pieces  of  metallic  glafs  abovementioned  were 

1  ■       II      lll.l       I       ■  ■■  I  ■■■!         I      llll  I— ^— — i^— ^M^^^.^— ^^i^i^W^^^i^i^lB 

*  See  Monthly  Review,  VoL  xl«  jQnc  1769,  p«  408,   and  the 
Appendix  to  Vol.  xUi.  p.  506* 
__^  compounded 


v^ 


and  Belles  Lettns  at  Berlin^  for  thi  Year  1766.  543 

compounded  only  of  flints  and  minium.  M.  Zeiher  having  af- 
terwards added  fome  fixed  alcali  to  this  compofition,  merely 
with  a  view  to  give  his  glafs  a  degree  of  confiftence  that  might 
make  it  more  proper  for  dioptrical  ufes,  found  to  his  great  lur- 
prize  that,  although  this  addition  fcarce  produced  any  change 
with  regard  to  the  difperfion,  it  caufed  a  very  confiderable  di- 
minution of  the  mean  refraftion.  After  various  trials  he  at 
Jaft  hit  on  a  particular  compofition  much  fupcrior,  for  the  con- 
ftrudion  of  telefcopcs,  to  the  flint  glafs  of  Mr.  Dollond,  as  it 
produces  a  difperfion  three  times  greater  than  that  of  crown  '^ 

glafs,  whlc  the  mean  refradlion  is  only  as  1.6 1  to  i.  "^ 

The  great  advantages  to  be  drawn  from  thefe  properties,  in  j 

the  conltru£lion  of  tclefcopes,  induce  M.  Euler  to  apply  to  ^ 

them  various  calculations  founded  on  different  hypothefes  of  .    'f^ 

conftruflion.  Among  the  different  combinations  here  offered, 
we  obfervc  One  in  which  an  achromatic  telefcopc  of  5J  feet  in 
Jength  is  propofed,  which  ought  to  exceed  in  magnifying 
power  a  com^pon  refra£ior  of  1 20  feet,  and  be  confiderably  fu- 
perior  in  every  refpedl  to  a  refleSing  telefcope,  of  a  greater 
length  than  its  own;  particularly  in  the  quantity  of  light  and 
diftindnefs,  and  above  all  in  the  largenefs  of  the  field,  the  di- 
ameter of  which  will  be  fix  times  greater  than  that  of  the  re*' 
fledor.  Some  conitrudions  are  likewife  given,  in  which  a 
magnifying  power  of  100  times  is  propofed  to  be  produced  in  a 
telefcope  of  this  kind,  onlv  137  inches  in  length.  ., 

Memoir  II.  On  compound Ohje^i-Glajfis  conftruHedfo  as  to  de/lrof  j 

allpojjible  Gonfufton  in  Tele/copes.     By  the  fame.  :| 

In  this  Memoir  M.  Euler's  principal  intention  is  to  (hew  in 
what  manner  a  compound  object- glafs  may  be  conftruded,  fo 
as  not  only  to  produce  no  aberration  itfelf,  but  likewife  fo  as 
perfeSly  to  deftroy  all  confufion  caufed  by  the  other  glafTes 
combined  with  it.  To  convey,  in  a  few  words,  a  popular  idea 
of  his  defign,  in  the  latter  of  the  two  cafes;  the  objed-glafs  is 
fo  formed  as  really  to  caufe  a  certain  degree  of  confufion;  but 
which  at  the  fame  time  (hall  be  equal  and  contrary  to;  and 
confequently  deftrudive  of,  that  known  to  be  produced  by  the 
other  glaficfs.  *| 

Memoir  III.  R^fieSfions  on  the  heft  Manner  of  examining  and  af  ^    "| 

certaining  the  refraSiive  Power  of  Afferent  Kinds  of  Glafs^  by  *     '  •* 

Afeans  of  Pri/ms,     By  the  fame.  i 

We  have  formerly  infifled,  after  M.  D*Alcmbcrttf  oii  the  - 

abfolute  neceffity  of  avoiding  even  the  fmalleft  errors  in  the  \ 

meafure  of  the  refraSive  powers  of  the  different  fpecies  of  glafs ; 
as  the  fuccefs  of  the  artifi-,  in  realifing  all  the  great  expeda-  .  | 

tions  raifed  by  the  calculations  of  the  Speculative  optician,  de- 

f  Sec  the  Appendix  to  our  aad  volume,  page  505. 

N  n  4  pends 


1 


544  '        The  Hlftorj  of  thi  RoyalJcadtmy  of  ScUnea 

pends  fo  greatly  on  the  accurate  determination  of  the  rcfra£l:i»'« 
and  difperfive  powers  of  the  two  different  media  employed  by 
him.  M,  Zeiher  having  fent  to  the  Academy  a  fpccimen  of 
his  new  glafs,  fufiiciently  large  for  the  conftruftion  of  a  few 
prifms,  M.  Euler,  not  content  with  the  method  of  afcertajning 
this  very  nice  element,  by  the  help  of  thefe  inftruments,  which 
was  ufed  by  Newton  and  former  inquirers,  enters  into  a  detail 
of  all  the  precautions  to  be  taken  in  the  choice  and  condud  of 
the  experiments  to  be  made  with  them,  in  order  to  afcertain 
precifely  a  datum  fo  very  eiTential  in  the  calculation.  He  infills 
particularly  on  the  ncceflity  of  making  the  refrafling  angle  of 
the  propofed  prifpi  as  large  as  poffible,  in  order  to  render  the 
conclufions,  drawn  from  the  experiments,  as  little  doubtful  as 
poffible ;  and  propofes  that  this  new  compofition  (hould  undergo 
a  fevere  trial  of  this  kind,  in  order  to  eftablifli  incontefiably 
the  very  fingular  properties  above  afcribed  to  it. 
Memoir  IV.  SomeCorre£iions  necejfary  to  be  appliid  to  the  Theory 

of  the  Variation  of  the  tnagnttical  NeedUy  propofed  in  the  I  yh 

volume  of  thefe  Memoirs,     By  the  fame, 

Accordmg  to  Dr.  Halley's  celebrated  theory  of  the  magnc- 
tical  variation,  the  earth  is  fuppofed  to  be  poflcfled  of  four  mag- 
^etical  poles ;  two  of  which  are  placed  in  the  northern,  and 
the  other  two  in  the  fouthern  hemifphere.  In  the  volume  o£ 
thefe  Memoirs  mentioned  in  the  title  of  this  article,  M.  Eulcr 
undertook  to  fhew  that  the  lines  defcribed  in  Dr.  Halley's  map 
of  the  variations,  might  more  naturally  and  confidently  be  de-^ 
duced  from  the  more  fimple  fuppofition  of  the  exigence  of  only 
one  magnetic  pole  in  each  hemifphere.  Not  having  however^ 
in  his  former  calculations,  attended  to  the  very  obfcrvable  dip 
of  the  needle  in  many  parts  of  the  earth,  he  here  endeavours 
to  redify  the  errors  refulting  from  the  otniffion  of  that  element; 
.  and  after  folving  feveral  curious  problems  relative  to  this  very 
difficult  fubjeft,  he  puts  his  hypothefis  to  the  teft  by  applying 
It  to  what  he  calls  the  magnetical  ftate  of  the  earth,  in  the 
year  1 756,  as  given  in  a  large  table  of  aftual  obfervations  of  the 
variation,  publiflied  in  the  50'h  volume  of  the  Philofophical 
Tranfadtions.  Unfortunately  his  calculations  are  at  variance 
with  thefe  obfervations.  He  is  notdifpoffd  however  to  give  up 
his  theory,  and  accordingly  attributes  this  difference  to  a  falfe 
fuppofition  which  he  had  aifumed,  merely  with  a  view  to  leilen 
the  labour  of  calculation;  viz.  that  the  m/3gnet:cal  centre  (one 
of  the  elements  of  his  calculus)  is  in  the  middle  of  the  magneti- 
cal  axis,  or  line  connecting  the  two  poles;  whereas  he  is  now 
convinced,  for  feveral  rcafons,  that  it  is  at  a  confiderable  dif- 
t.ance  from  the  middle  of  the  axis.  He  recommends  therefore 
the  undertaking  a  new  fcrics  of  calculations,  founded  on  dif- 
ferent 


€md  BelUi  Latns  at  Berlin^  for  the  Tear  1766.         545 

ferent  hypothefes  with  regard  to  the  place  of  this  magnetical 
centre. 

Memoir  V.  An  Account  of  the  left  Manner  of  conducing  certalm 

Experiments  to  be  made  with  the  View  of  afcertaining  the  refpec^ 

tive  Advantages  or  Merits  of  different  Stoves ;  particularly  with 

regard  to  the  Saving  of  Fuel.     By  M.  J.  Albert  Euler.    * 

*  The  utility  of  the  inqairy  which  is  profecuted  in  this  Me-» 

moir  would  induce  us  to  extra<a  the  fubftance  of  it,  were  not 

the  experiments'  here  given,  of  fo  complicated  a  nature  that  an 

abridgment  is  impradlicable  ;  nor  can  any  thing  fatisfaftory  be 

colledted  from  them. 

Memoir  VI.  On  the  Tranjit  of  Venus  in  the  Year  1769,     By  M* 

de  La  Grange. 
Memoir  VII.  ReJieSfions  on  the  Variation  of  the  Moonn     By  M« 

J.  Albert  Eulcr, 
Memoir  yilL  On  fime  elementary  Propofitions  in  Geometry  and 
Trigonometryj  demonjlrated  in  a  new  Manner.     By  M,  de  Caf- 
tillon. 

Speculative  Philosophy. 
Memoir  I.  An  Attempt  to  reconcile  the  Metaphyjics  of  Leibnitz 
with  the  phyfical  Principles  of  Newton  i  from  whence  refults  an 
Explanation  of  the  moji  general  and  interejiing  Phenomena  of 
Nature.     By  M.  Beguelin.  t 

This  whimfical  attempt  may  poflibly  tend  to  reconcile  the 
JLeibnitzian  to  the  do6^rine  of  attra£tion  j  but  we  doubt  whether 
it  will  induce  a  fmgle  Newtonian  to  meet  him  half  way,  or  to 
ftir  even  a  fingle  ftep  towards  fuch  a  reconciliation.  M.  Be-  » 
guelin  undertakes  to  bring  the  parties  together  on  the  two  fol- 
lowing fubjefts  ;  the  nature  of  body,  on  which  however  he 
fays  very  little  ;  and  the  gravitation  of  matter.   The  latter  muft  j^ 

either  be  an  eflential  property  of  bodies,  or  depend  on  fome  f 

caufe  extrinfical  to  them.     The  Newtonians,  according  to  the  i^ 

Author,  confider  attradtion  either  as  a  vis  infita  in  every  par-  ^j| 
tide  of  matter,  or  as  an  efFedt  of  the  immediate  will  and  un-  ^ 

ceafing  agency  of  the  Supreme  Being*:  while  others,  amongft  fl 

\vhom  'the    Author    rhight    likewife    have    clafled    many    of  ^ 

the    Newtonians,    and    occafionally    even    the  great   founder  '^ 

of  that   fyftem    himfelf,    have  confidered    the   phenomena  of  j-? 

gravitation,  as  the  effe6ls  of  a  mechanical  caufe,  and  parti-  >  ^J^ 
cularly  as  being  produced  by  the  impulfe  or  preflure  of  a  fub-  *  ^*i 
tile  fluid,  endued  with  certain  properties  and  motions.     Not-  ^^\ 

withftanding,  however,  all  the  pains  which  have  been  taken  \  -, 

by  Bernoulli  in  refitting  the  Vortices  of  Des  Cartes  for  this  bu-        . 
fmefs,  and  by  Huggens,  Bulfinger,  IJ^eibnitz,   and  others,   in        >> 

•  On  this  laft  account  Leibnitz,  in  his  Theodicee^  calls  attradioa  j 

a  perpetual  miracle.     See  the  coUe^on  of  papers  containins;  his  cor*  / : 

refpondence  with  Dr«  Clarke,  Appendix,  page  393,  13  alibi. 

' applying  .^- 


546  TX^  Hijlory  ofthi  Royal  Academy  ofSdences 

applying  a  fubtile  medium  to  the  produdion  of  the  phenomena 
of  gravity,  their  hypothefes  all  labour  under  infuperable  diffi* 
culries.  In  particular,  it  has  never  yet  been  fatisfadorily  ex- 
plained in  what  manner  the  defcent  of  heavy  bodies,  which  is 
known  to  be  proportional  to  their  folid  mafles  and  not  to  their 
fur  faces,  can  be  produced  by  the  trufion  or  preflure  of  a  fluid, 
not  impelling  their  external  furfaces,  but  freely  and  iniima^ly 
penetrating  their  folid  and  minuted  particles. 

Mr.  Beguelin's  conciliatory  fcheme,  which,  how  well  foevcf 
it  may  be  relifhed  by  a  Leibnitzian,  will  mofl  probably  fcanda- 
lize  and  (hock  his  antagonift,  is  founded,  firft,  on  this  very 
admiffible  pofition,  that  all  .the  fubftances  of  which  the  uni- 
verfe  confifts,  form  an  harmonical  fcale  or  gradation  of  be- 
ings, from  the  mod  fpiritual,  down  to  the  moil  inert  matter  ^ 
and  on  this  general  and  fundamental,  but  more  contravcrtible 
proportion,  that  every  being,  that  has  fentimeQt  or  perception, 
tends  to  approach  and  unite  itfelf  with  every  other  being.  This 
tendency,  under  fome  reftridlions,  the  Author  exemplifies  in 
the  cafe  of  men,  who  naturally  unite  in  focieties  \  and  of  brutes, 
who  {hew  a  fimilar  difpofition  to  alTociate  together.  And  as 
Leibnitz  maintained  that  the  ultimate  elements  of  bodies  are 
not  corporeal  or  extended,  but  are  monades  or  fimple  beings  in- 
dued with  a  more  or  lefs  obfcurc  perception  of  themfelves  and 
of  the  univerfe  i  they  too,  and  confequently  the  bodies  com- 
pofed  of  them,  muft  be  poffefled  of  a  fimilar  appetite  of  union  : 
in  confequence  of  which  are  produced  all  the  phenomena  of 
gravitation  and  attradlion.  He  gives  examples  of  the  nature 
and  force  of  this  focidl  appetite  of  the  monades  which  conftitute 
body.  In  particular  cafes ;  fuch  as  the  union  of  two  drops  of 
water  or  globules  of  mercury  into  one;  the  chryftallization  of 
falts ;  cohefion  -,  the  defcent  of  heavy  bodies,  and  the  revolu- 
tions of  the  planets  :  and  (hews  how  the  known  laws  which  re- 
gulate the  laft-mentioned  motions,  in  particular,  naturally  fol- 
low from  the  perceptions  of  the  monades ^  which  are  more  or  lefs 
flrong  and  clear,  in  proportion  to  their  vicinity  to,  or  diftance 
from,  the  central  body ;  and  which  accordingly  produce  a 
ftronger  or  weaker  degree  of  tendency  towards  it,  and  that  in 
the  inverfe  proportion  of  the  fquares  of  the  diftances  :  as  is  the 
cafe,  with  regard  to  the  (Irength  or  clearnei's  of  the  impref- 
fions,  in  the  various  objedls  of  our  fenfations.  In  this  manner 
M.  Beguelin  deduces,  from  the  perceptivity  and  inclination  of 
the  monades  which  conftitute  bodies,  that  primary  law  which 
governs  all  the  motions  of  the  planetary  fyftem ;  and  endea- 
vours to  prefent  attraction  to  his  propofed  Leibnitzian  convert, 
perfedly  acquitted  of  the  charge  of  being  miraculous.  He  does 
not,  however,  take  any  pains  to  reconcile  bis  Newtonian  cate- 
chumen to  the  unextended  conftituent  principles  of  bodies,  pof- 

feOed 


end  SelUs  Leitris  at  herlin^  for  the  Year  1766.         547 

fefled  of  fentiment,  volition,  and  fpontaneous  motion,  which 
to  us  appears  a  much  more  necelTary  and  difficult  taOc  than  the 
former. 

We  (hall  here  take  our  leave  of  M.  Beguelin,  though  not  of 
the  fubjeA ;  being  tempted  to  join  company  for  a  moment  v/ith 
one  of  the  moft  lively  and  profound  metaphyficians  we  have  yet 
met  with,  who  has  lately,  in  his  Light  of  Nature  purfiiJf^  al- 
moft  prophetically  announced  the  promulgation  of  fume  fuch 
whimfical  fyftem  as  the  prefent.  Mr.  Search  will  pardon  ut 
for  making  a  flight  verbal  alteration  in  copying  his  prophecy^ 
and  for  a  fmall  addition  or  two. 

'  As  no  bounds  can  be  fet  (fays  this  acute  and  pleafant  me^ 
taphyfician)  to  the  imagination  of  man,  and  new  fancies  arife 
in  proportion  as  old  ones  are  exploded,  it  may  come  into  fome- 
body's  head,  one  time  or  other,  to  improve  upon  the  Hyk^i^ijfi^ 
and  afcribe  a  compleat  perception  and  volition  to  the*  monades. 
^  For  he  may  imagine  it  poilible,  that  the  mutual  a^lion  of 
bodies  upon  one  another  may  arifc  from  a  voluntary  exertion  of 
power,  upon  motives  \  that  when  they  move  towards  each  other^ 
their  motions  may  proceed  from  their  love  offociety\  *  that  when 
they  cohere,  it  may  be  from  (om^fatisfa^fion  felt  in  their  conti- 
guity ;  and  when  they  refift  or  repel,'  thefe  adions  may  pro- 
ceed *  from  fome  uneafinefi  brought  upon  them  by  the  impulfc^ 
&c  * — In  ihort,  we  may  add,  that,  according  to  M,  Bcguelin's 
fyftem,  when  a  tile  drops  or  parts  from  the  roof  of  an  old  houfe, 
w6  may  fuppofe  that  the  percipient  monades  of  which  it  confifts 
^re  grown  heartily  weary  of  their  old  companions,  and  ar«  feized 
with  a  fudden'fit  of  fondnefs  for  their  mother  earth  ;  and  that 
the  trees,  earth,  (tones  and  metals  we  daily  behold  and  handle, 
arc  nothing  more  in  reality  but  clufters  of  thefe  fame  unextended, 
impalpable  monades^  held  together  by  the  fuprnne  daitght  that 
they  take  in  one  another  s  company. 

Memoir  !!•  On  the  comparative  Duration  and  IntenfUy  of  Pka- 
fure  and  Pain.     By  M.  Merian. 

The  two  queftions  very  ingenioufly  difcuflTed  in  this  memoir 
are,  whether  pleafure  or  pain  are  in  their  nature  more  Jafting  i 
and  which  of  the  two,  in  general,  exceeds  the  other  in  mtenfity* 
Neither  of  thefe  afFedions  of  the  mind  can  indeed  poiBbly, 
with  regard  either  to  its  duration  or  intcnfity,  become  the  fub- 
le£l  of  arithmetical  calculation.  For  though,  with  our  baro* 
meters  and  thermometers,  we  can  weigh  air  and  meafurc  heat  9 
no  infirument  whatever,  no  Fathometer  (to  coin  a  new  term,  on 
this  new  occafion)    has  yet  been  invented,  to  determine  the 

+  Vol.  II  Part  I.  page  94.  The  Reader  will  find  an  aiccoant  of, 
^nd  large  quotations  from,  this  very  original  work,  in  oor  41ft  voL 
})p#  191  112,  and  242 ;  and  iu  our  42d  vol.  p.  9. 

prccUd 


j^S  The  Hijlory  of  the  Royal  Academy  ofScieneei 

precife  weight  of  a  pain  or  an  affiidtion,  or  to  meafiire  the  joys 
of  an  harmodic  meeting,  or  to  weigh  the  pleafures  felt  by  the 
participants,  at  a  turtle  feaft.  M.  Merian,  however,  under* 
takes  to  eftimate,  in  a  general  manner,  the  comparative  weights 
and  meafures  of  our  pleafant  and  painful  fenfations  ;  and  to  de- 
termine on  which  fide  the  excefs  lies :  and  forry  are  we  to 
declare,  that  it  appears  from  his  evaluation^  that  the  balance 
evidently  preponderates  on  the  fide  of  the  latter.  Without  con- 
fining ourfelves  to  any  precife  or  diiFufe  quotations  from  his 
memoir,  we  (hall  endeavour  to  prefent  the  fubftance  of  it; 
taking  the  liberty  of  occafionally  mixing  our  ideas  with  thofe  of 
the  author. 

With  regard  to  durability  or  permanence,  M.  Merian's  de- 
termination will  appear  well  founded  from  this  confideration  ; 
that  pain  is  a  mod  minute  and  nice  divider  of  time,  and  always 
enlarges  our  idea  of  duration  :  whereas  pleafure,  as  is  experi- 
mentally known  by  every  fon  of  Adam,  as  conftantly  contra£ts 
it.  The  fleeting  inftants  of  pleafure,  pain  magnifies  into  ages. 
You,  fays  he,  are  highly  entertained;  I  am  in  pain.  The. 
time  feems  (hort  to  you :  it  appears  of  a  mortal  length  to  me* 
The  pointer  of  that  clock,  which  to  you  appears  to  have  flown 
round  the  dial-{>Iate,  feems  to  me  to  have  been  creeping  round 
it  with  the  mod  fluggiOi  pace.  Independent  of  all  regular 
meafures  of  time,  whether  natural  or  artificial,  you  declare  that 
your  {pleafure  has  been  of  very  {hort  duration  ;  and  I,  that  my 
uneafinefs  has  lafted  an  age ;  and  we  are  both  in  the  right.— > 
In  (hort,  it  evidently  appears,  that  the  happy  and  the  miierable 
meafure  time  by  pendulums  of  very  different  lengths,  and  that 
*  the  latter  employ  the  longeft. 

But  further :  pain  fcarce  ever  changes  its  comple£tton,  and 
never  its  nature,  by  continuance ;  but  fiill  remains  pain,  to 
the  extremeft  bounds  of  fenfibility  :  whereas  pleafures  of  any 
kind,  protraf)ed  to  a  certain  length,  produce  fatiety,  wearinefs, 
anddifguft.  According  to  the  fenfible  metaphyfician,  whom  we 
c^ooted  in  the  preceding  article,  in  the  arithmetic  of  pleafure, 
^  two  and  two  do  not  always  make  four.'  Pleafure,  indeed^ 
added  to  pleafure,  efpecially  if  of  the  fame  kind,  often  operates 
as  a  negative  quantity ;'  and,  infiead  of  increafing,  evidently 
diminifibes,  the  fum  total  ;  and  at  laft  leads  the  fatiated  and 
jaded  participant  to  the  very  brink  of  pain.  A  few  (hort  hours 
will  infallibly  put  a  final  period  to  any  gratification^  how  plea- 
furable  foever  \  while  life  and  fenfibility  only  limit  the  duratioa 
of  pain. 

The  fecond  queftion,  concerning  the  different  powers  or  in- 
tenfities  of  pleafure  and  pain,  is  rcfolved  like  wife  by  M  Me- 
rian  in  favour  of  the  fu^^erior  energy  of  the  latter.  Would 
you,  (ays  he,  difcover  their  refpedtive  powers,  place  them  in 

Ojppofitio^ 


W  Belles  Lettres  Mt  BtrUtiy  for  the  ITear  1 766.  549 

oppofition  to  each  other,  and  you  will  foon  fee  which  carries 
the  vidory.  Under  violent  pain  of  body,  or  the  prcffurc  of  a 
heavy  afflidion,  name  me  the  pleafures  that  can  relieve  you. 
They  have  all  loft  their  charms,  are  become  infipid,  and  even 
odious  to  you.  But  on  the  other  hand,  where  is  the  pleafure 
which  can  refift  the  attacks  of  violent  pain«  As  foon  as  that 
prefents  ttfelf,  it  takes  intire  poiTeffion,  and  effaces  every  trace 
of  enjoyment.  I  defy  you  to  name  a  pleafure,  fays  M.  Merito,- 
which  will  conquer  the  pain  of  the  toothach :  but  I  will  name 
a  thoufand  pains  that  have  power  to  defiroy  the  moft  exquifite 
enjoyments. 

But  the  univerfal  condu£l  of  mankind,  M.  Merian  further 
ohfervesy  furnifhes  innumerable  proofs  that  pain  makes  ftronger 
impreffions  on  them  than  pleafure*  Laws  owe  their  principal 
force  to  penal  fan£tions,  and  would  have  little  efficacy  if,  in« 
ftead  of  pains  and  penalties,  they  held  forth  only  the  profpedi 
of  pleafures  and  rewards.  Further,  the  moft  defperatc  Iotct. 
would  feel  his  pailion  cool,  on  a  propofal  of  being  indulged! 
with  the  fuprcme  felicity  of  enjoying  his  miftrefs,  with  this 
condition  annexed  to  the  offer  ;  that  he  (hould,  previoufly  to  his 
happinefs,  only  for  a  minute  or  two  undergo  the  torture  extraor- 
dinary, or  be  nipped  with  hot  pincers.  Some  parts  indeed  of 
human  conduct  may  appear,  at  firfl  fight,  not  to  be  perfe^l^ 
confonant  to  this  do£trine.  The  toper  often  fits  down  to  a  de* 
bauch  under  an  abfolute  certainty  of  fuffering  for  his  two  or 
three  hours  enjoyment  of  his  bottle,  by  ficknefs  and  headach 
for  a  much  longer  time  to-morrow.  But  if,  as  Father  Male- 
branche  obferves,  a  day's  headach  were  neceflarily  to  precede, 
inflead  of  following,  a  propofed  drunken  bout,  our  toper  would 
become  a  pattern  of  fobricty.  Some  part  of  the  Author's  rea- 
foning  on  this  fubjeS,  the  reader  will  perceive,  might  cafily  be 
turned  againft  him.  It  is  pretty  evident,  however,  that  when 
men  incur  future  pain  and  uneafinefs,  on  account  of  prefent 
gratification  ;  it  is  not  that  they  deny  the  preponderancy  of  pain : 
but  that  the  gratification  is  prefent,  and  the  pain  is  only  in  fpe* 
cuiation,  or  at  a  diihincc. 

Memoir  III.  RefleSiions  on  our  Judgment  or  Knowledge  of  fuiurt 
Events^  commonly  termed  PrefTentiment-    By  M.  de  Beaufobre. 
In  this  memoir  M.  de  Beaufdbrediftinguilhes  thofe  forebodings, 
and  that  forefight  to  which  fome  perfons  pretend,  and  which  are 
in  a  great  meafi^re  produced  by  hope  and  fear,  or  are  the  mere 
creatures  of  the  imagination ;  from  that  rational  forefight  by 
which  the  mind,  frequently  with  great  quicknefs,  and  fcarce 
confcious  of  its  own  operations,  on  a  view  of  the  chain  of  pad 
caufes  and  effedis,  extends  the  links  into  futurity  ;  or  contem- 
plates future  events  as  naturally  arifmg  out  of  the  prefent  ftate 
of  things,  in  fome  fuch  manner  as  it  views  that  prefent  ftate,  as 
7  the 


550         Thi  Htfiory  oftht  kt^al  Academy  ofSclenas^  kH 

the  natural  fequel  of  the  events  that  are  paft.  A  perfe^  knc^^ 
ledge  of  phyfical  and  moral  caufes,  together  with  a  jufi  evalua- 
tion of.  their  refpe<9ive  efficacies,  certainly  conftitute  the  only 
juft  foundations  of  all  human  prefcience  :-^a  fcience  confined 
within  very  narrow  limits,  on  account  of  the  multiplicity  and 
contingent  nature  of  its  data. 

BeIles  Lettres. 
Memoir  I.  On  thi  IJle  ofTharfis  j  or  ReJUSiions  m  the  Conformity 
between  the  Cuftoms  of  the  Negroes  in  Guinea^  and  thoje  of  thi 
Jews.  Third  Memoir.  By  M.  Dc  Franchcvillc* 
M.  de  Francheville  recites,  in  this  memoir,  fevefal  particu-' 
lars  relative  to  the  religion,  government,  manners  and  cuftoms 
of  the  people  of  Guinea,  from  the  relation  of  the  Chevalier  dtf 
Marchais,  publiihed  by  Father  Labat :  with  a  view  toihew  the 
flriking  conformity  between  the  civil  and  religious  cuftoms  of 
the  ancient  Jews,  and  the  Negroes  on  the  Gold  Coaft,  and 
fome  other  parts  of  Guinea  ;  and  to  evince  the  probability,  that 
this  conformity  is  the  confequence  of  the  communication  for- 
merly fubfifting  between  thefe  two  people,  in  the  time  of  Solo' 
mon ;  who  fent  his  (hips  once  in  three  years  to  Tharfis,  to 
bring  from  thence  gold  and  ivory ;  and  who  is  fuppofed  to  have 
had  fa£tories  eftabliftied  on  the  Gold  Coaft.  The  Author  col- 
lects together  no  lefs  than  45  points  of  refemblanc^  or  traces 
of  a  former  ^mmunication  between  the  inhabitants  of  this 
coaft  and  the  Jews.  Many  of  thefe  fuppofed  traces  of  Judaifm 
among  the  Negroes  are  however  very  faint :  feveral  of  the  ad- 
duced marks  of  refemblance  are  like  wife  common  to  many  peo^ 
pie;  while  fome  of  his  other  proofs  are  highly  ridiculous. 

Father  Labat,  for  inftance,  tells  us  that  the  Negroes  on  the 
coaft  pride  thcmfelves  in  a  long  beard.  M.  de  Francheville 
quotes  Leviticus  to  fhew  that  a  long  beard  was  likewife  honour- 
able among  the  Jews.  In  the  fame  page  the  father  informs  u» 
that  the  Negroes  are  extremely  cleanly,  and  wafti  themfelves 
feveral  times  in  a  day  : — a  cuftom,  fays  M.  de  F.  which  they 
muft  undoubtedly  have  learnt  from  the  Jewifti  factors  during 
their  refidence  among  them.  But  his  next  quotation,  or 
rather  his  inference  from  ir,  is  ftill  more  ridiculous.  TbeNe-' 
groes,  fays  Labat,  never  break  wind  either  upwards  or  down* 
wards  in  company,  and  are  exceedingly  fcandalized,  and  ex* 
prefs  even  a  degree  of  horror,  whenever  they  obferve  the  Euro* 
peans  guilty  of  fuch  an  incivility.  To  what  caufe,  fays  M.  de 
F.  very  gravely,  can  we  attribute  this  abhorrence,  in  a  people 
in  other  refpeSs  fo  uncivilized,  but  to  that  extreme  regard  to  per- 
fonal  purity,  fo  ftronglv  inforced  upon  the  Jews  both  by  their  oral 
and  their  written  law  r  After  this  very  ri&ble  mode  of  account- 
ing for  the  Negroes  abhorrence  of  farting,  and  the  ferious  ftile 
in  which  they  treat  an  efcape  of  that  kind,  oiir  readers  will  not^ 
2  probably 


(f^ 


i; 


Jamard'j  Inquiry  into  the  Theory  of  Mufic.  551 

probably  be  difpofcd  to  attend  with  becoming  gravity  to  the 
remaining  forty- two  ftill  weightier  proofs,  which  are  produced 
by  the  Author.  We  (hall  here,  therefore,  difmifs  M,  de  Fran- 
cheville's  memoir,  which  would  certainly  have  defcrved  more 
attention,  had  the  Author  fairly -decimated  .his  numerous  com- 
pany of*  proofs,  before  he  prefented  them  to  the  public. 
Memoir  11.  and  III.    On  the  ^ejlion^  whether  the  firjl  Authors 

in  any  Nation   have  written  in   Verfe   or   in   Profe.     By  M. 

Thiebault. 

The  Author  determines  this  queftion  in  favour  of  the  poets. 
Preparatory  to  this  determination,  he  gives  a  hiftory  of  the 
roannerjn  which  languj^ge  may  be  fuppofed  to  have  been  firft 
formed,  by  a  company  of  human  beings  collected  together,  and 
of  its  natural  progrefs  and  declenfion,  which  contains  many 
ingenious  refledions  :  but  his  fcheme  is  too  vaft  and  difFufe,  as 
well  as  too  connected,  to  admit  of  any  abridgment  or  extract. 

The  remaining  articles  of  this  volume  are,  A  Difcourfe  on 
the  Talents  neceffary  to  conftitute  a  good  Writer,  by  M.  de 
Catt ;  a  moral  Ledure  on  the  advantages  of  Virtue,  by  M« 
Touflaint  j  and  two  academical  harangues.  ^ 

Art.    VI, 
Recherches fur  laTheorie^  &c; — An  Inquiry  into  the  Theory  of 
Mufic.     By  M.  Jamard,  Regular  Canon  of  St.  Genevieve, 
&c.  Member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Rouen.     8vo. 
Paris.     1769. 

THE  theory  of  mufic,  notwithftanding  the  labours  of  many 
profound  and  ingenious  inquirers,  is  far  from  having  at- 
tained perfedion.  The  beft  fyftems  which  have  yet  been  pro- 
duced, concerning  the  generation  or  produftion  of  mufical  in- 
tervals, abound  with  anomalies  and  exceptions ;  arid  their  au- 
thors have  not  been  a  little  embarraffed  by  various  fa£ts  or 
experiments,  which  appear  not  to  be  perfe<aiy  confonant  with 
their  principles  :  fo  that,  in  this  fcience,  as  formerly  in  that  of 
aftronomy,  a  Copernicus  is  wanted,  to  found  a  juft  and  Ample 
theory  on  one  luminous  principle,  and  to  fweep  away  the  com- 
plicated epicycles^  invented  to  patch  up  the  defeats  and  irregula- 
rities of  preceding  fyftems.  The  Authar  of  the  prefent  inquiry 
feems  defirous  of  being  confidered  in  the  light  of  a  mufical  Co- 
pernicus ;  as  he  offers  to  the  public  a  theory  of  mufic,  founded, 
as  be  affirms,  on  nature  :  as  being  deduced  by  a  very  fimpl^  and 
natural  procefs  from  the  phenomena  of  the  monochord,  and  as 
being  perfeflly  reconcileable  with  every  experiment  that  has  yet 
been  made  upon  founds.  We  (hall  accordingly  endeavour  to 
gratify  our  mufical  and  philofophical  readers  with  fuch  a  (ketch, 
^s  our  limits  will  admit,  of  a  theory  which  lays  claim  to  fo 
refpedable  an  origin. 

M.  Jamard's 


V 


\^' 


552  Jamard*x  Inquiry  into  the  Theory  of  Mujic. 

M.  Jatnard's  fyftem,  the  grounds  of  which,  as  he  acknowledges,' 
arc  partly  to  be  found  in  preceding  writers  •,  though  not  extended 
auid  applied  by  them  to  this  particular  purpofe,  is  founded  on 
a  regular  and  continued  divition  of  the  monochord,  accord* 
ing  to  the  natural  feries  of  the  numbers  i,  2,  3,  4,  &c.  or 
rather,  he  produces  a  natural  fcale  of  mufic  from  the  number  i 
and  its  fradions  |»  4»  ?>  &c«  proceeding  in  arithmetical  pro* 
greiEon,  and  expreffing  the  whole  length,  and  the  fucceffive 
divifions,  of  the  monochord.  Thus  a  ftring  being  giveit,  the 
intirc  length  of  which  founds  t7/,  or  Cj  ^  of  the  ftring  will 
give  »/,  or  C,  the  o3ave  above  the  former;  j,  the  found  Sol^ 
or  G,  which  is  the  twelfth,  or  o(^ave  of  the  fifth  above  the 
fundamental ;  ',  the  double  oflave ;  -f ,  \^  79  the  founds  Mi^ 
Sol,  Siflat^  that  is,  £,  G  again,  and  BJlatj  or  the  (harp  third,. 
the  fifth,  and  flat  feventh  of  this  odave.  But  further,  conti- 
nuing the  dividon  according  to  this  arithmetical  progreffion, 
the  parts  of  the  ftring,  exprefted  by  the  fubfequent  fra(^ions9 
h  h  TQ9  -rr*  tt*  t%.  tt»  it*  t<j.  will  fucceiEvely,  and  in  a  re- 
gular order,  give  the  founds  of  a  gamut,  or  fcale  of  mufiC) 
according  to  him,  the  only  juft  and  natural  one,  and  nearly 
anfwering  to  the  diatonic  fcale,  «/,  re,  mi,  fa,  Jbl,  la^  fifi^^t^ 
Ji^  ut^  or  as  we  exprefs  thefc  notes,  C,  jD,  £,  Fy  G,  J^  Bfiat^ 

By   C. 

From  this  (hort  expofition  of  M.  Jamard's  fyftcm,  it  appears 
that,  though  in  the  compafs  of  the  fecond  and  third  odaves,  a 
few  only  of  the  notes  of  a  mufical  fcale  are  produced  by  this 
arithmetical  mode  of  dividing  the  monochord  ;  yet  that  in  the 
fourth  o£tave,  beginning  with  |,  and  proceeding  to  its  o6lave 
tV>  ^  regular,  and,  as  the  Author  terms  it,  natural  feries  or 
fcale  of  mufical  intervals  is  produced^  the  greateft  number  of 
which  kre  nearly  of  the  fame  kind  with  thofe  in  the  diatonic 
fcale  :  there  being  only  two  notes  which  differ  from  the  fcale 
now  in  common  ufeamoi}g  muficians  ;  and  one  (Bfiat)  which 
is  not  contained  in  the  diatonic  fcale. 

Thefe  two  notes  are  F  and  A\  the  firft  of  which,  in  the 
diatonic  fyftem,  is  exprefTed  by  the  fradlion  -j\  or  ^| ;  where- 
as the  F  in  M.  Jamard*s  fcale  is  cxprefled  by  -^^  or  A.  The 
latter,  or  A^  in  the  diatonic  fcale  is  denoted  by  the  expi^eflion 
^'^  or  ^  I,  inftead  of  3V  orTj,  as  it  ftands  in  M.  Jamard's  ga« 
mut :  that  is,  the  firft  is  fomewhat,  (about  ^  of  a  tone)  lower, 
and  the  latter  higher,  in  the  common  gamut,  than  in  this  of 
the  Author;  who  afterwards  endeavours  to  account  for  thefe 
differences. 

•  Particularly  M.  Balliere's  Thtorie  de  laMufiiu€\   M.  I^vens^a 
Ahhregh  da  regies  de  tharmonie ;  Rameau^  &c« 

As 


jil  JzmzxA^s  Inquiry  into  the  Theory  of  Mufic*  553 

I  V  As  this  diviiion  of  the  fourth  o£iave,  from  J  to  iV  of  the  firings 

I  .produces  M.  Jamard's  improved  diatonic  fcale  ;  fo  the  divifion 

of  the  fifth  odtave,  according  to  the  fradlional  ferics  of  the 
natural  numbers,  from  te  to  ,\,  produces  a  ChroTnatic  fcale  ; 
as  C  -/,,  Cfl)arp  ,V>  ^Vj>  D  jfharp  tVj  &c*  and  further,  the 
lixth  o<2ave,  from  ^^  to  V+  of  the  ftring,  produces  an  Enharmo- 
nic fcale,  or  fyftem  of  quarter  tones,  in  the  fame  regular 
manner. 

In  further  proof  that  our  Author's  fourth  oSave  contains  the 
true  and  natural  fcale  of  mufic,  and  that  muficians  ought  to 
abandon  the  diatonic  fyftem  and  adhere  to  this,  he  obferves, 
among  other  confiderations,  that  this  fyftem' of  notes  is  natu- 
rally produced  by  an  unforced  blowing  of  the  French-horn 
and  other  inftruments  of  the  fame  kind  ;  as  had  indeed,  been 
before  obfcrved  by  M.  Rameau  f.  On  the  whole,  he  contends 
that  this  fcale  has  all  the  charaders  of  a  fyflem  produced  imme* 
diately  by  nature  ^  that  it  is  as  fimple  and  as  regular  as  can  be 
defired  ;  that  there  are  no  voids  in  the  feries  of  terms,  or  rather 
in  the  founds  expreffed  by  them,  nor  any  i^itervening  term  that 
deftroys  the  regularity  of  it ;  and  further,  that  the  differences 
between  it  and  the  diatonic  fydem  are  fuch  only  as  are  abfo- 
lutely  neceflary  to  render  the  latter  regular;  and  that  mufic 
might  be  enriched  with  various  new  expreifions,  if  its  profeiTors 
were  to  adopt  and  cultivate  it. 

The  theory  of  M.  Rameau,  which  has  been  almoft  univer- 
fally  received  among  muficians,  and  which  has  been  fo  exceir 
lently  illuftrated  by  M.  d'Alembert,  is  founded,  as  is  well 
known,  on  the  harmonical founds^  as  they  are  commonly  called, 
which  are  heard  to  accompany  the  principal  found  of  a  firing 
or  other  fonorous  body.  Thefe  are  the  twelfth  and  feventeenth, 
or  the  Equifons  (if  we  may  be  allowed  the  term)  of  the  fifth  and 
major  third.  After  exprefling  the  greateft  refpeft  for  this  cele- 
brated arrift,  and  admiration  of  his  commentator,  he  mentions 
fomc  difficulties  attending  this  theory,  and  the  fyflem  of  the 
fundamental  bafe,  and  offers  objedions  to  the  folutions'pro- 
pofed  in  defence  of  ir.  From  thefe  harmonical  founds  the  Au- 
thor draws  an  argument  in  favour  of  his  own  fyflem.  His  rea- 
foning,  in  fubftmce,  amounts  to  this : 

A  fonorous  body,  when  flruclc,  befides  the  principal  found 
and  a  repetition  of  its  odaves,  produces  like  wife  feveral  other 
founds.  Suppofing  me  ignorant  of  the  fpecific  founds  thus  ac- 
companying the  principal,  I  may  juftly  conclude,  a  priori^  that 
my  propofed  fcale  really  contains  the  mofl  natural  feries  of  mu- 
fical  founds,  if  I  find  that  a  firing,  when  flruck,  actually  gives 
thofe  founds  mofl  pcrfedly  and  diftinftly,   which   are  nearefl 

j^  1. 

'    f  See  his  Gemration  harmoniquCj  p.  61. 

App.  Rev.  vol.  xliv.  O  o  to 


[ 


554  Jamard'i  Inquiry  into  the  TTieory  of  Mtijic. 

to  the  principal  found  in  that  fcale.  Catling  this  principal 
fovitid  Cor  I,  (and  leaving  out  the  o£laves  and  other  duplicates,, 
if  we  may  fo  call  them)  the  founds  nearcft  to  it  in  the  propofed 
fcale  are  -5.  \,  4,  i,  &c.  that  is  G,  £*,  B  fluty  Z>,  &c.  G,  as 
being  nearer  to  the  principal  found,  in  this  arithmetical  feiies^ 
ought  to  be  more  diftindly  heard  than  E^  E  more  didiniSly 
than  Bflatt  &c.  and  in  fa6l  I  hear  G  or  ^,  the  twelfth  of  the 
principal ;  afterwards  E  or  ^,  the  major  feventeenth,  but  fome;* 
what  more  weakly  ;  and  next  B  flt^  or  -J,  but  with  greater 
difficulty :  and  though  I  have  not,  Father  Merfenne  *  affirms 
that  he  has  diftinguiihed  even  D,  or  ^.  And  although  the 
founds  of  the  notes  F  and  A^  exprefl'ed  by  the  two  fucceeding 
terms  of  this  progreffion,  yr  and  ,'3,  cannot  be  perceived,  and 
t hough  they  are  confidered  by  mufician<{  as  falfe»  and  accord- 
ingly have  tficver  yet  been  admitted  into  apy  fyftem,  I  (hould 
rather  fuppofe  that  they  may  have  been  miAaken,  than  that  a 
progreflion,  which  has  proceeded  thus  regularly  through  the 
fiift  ten  terms,  (hould  fuddenly  flop,  or  become  irregular,  at 
the  eltvenih  and  thirteenth  ;  and  may  very  juftly  conclude  that 
my  not  hearing  thefe  and  other  ftill  more  dlftant  intervals  in  my 
natural  frale,  proceeds  from  the  blunrnefs  or  defeft  of  my  organs. 

Such  is  the  general  fubflance  of  Ms  part  of  M.  Jamard's 
argument,  which  we  (hall  leave  to  the  confideration  of  our 
mufical  readers  :  obferving  only  that  the  Author  afterwards  eni-^ 
ploys  the  third  founds^  difcovered  by  the  celebrated  Tartini,  a» 
a  fupplementaJ  proof  of  the  trinh  of  his  fyfiem. 

One  of  the  advantages  ftrongly  infiflea  upon  by  M.  Jamard,. 
as  arifjngfrom  this  natural  fcale,  is  thedifcovery  of  feveral  new 
modes  in  mufir,  and  the  confequent  production  of  new  powers, 
and  of  that  variety  which  is  fo  eflential  a  requifite  in  all  human 
gratifications.  Hitherto^  he  obferves,  muficians  have  been  in 
poflefHon  only  of  two»  the  major  and  minor  modes,  or,  as  we 
commonly  term  them,  the  (harp  and  flat  keys;  He  endeavours 
to  ihew  that  from  this  natural  fcale  may  be  deduced  a  great 
variety,  nay  an  infinity,  of  m»fical  modes,  differing  from  each^ 
other,  and  from  the  two  in  prefent  ufe,  ae  much  as  the  two 
latter  differ  from  each  other.  The  fcale  above  given  (from  -J 
to  i'/;  of  the  (^ring)  furnifhes  the  major  mode,  or  the  key*with. 
the  (harp  third.  By  beginning  a  new  fcale  at  £,  or  -re  of  the 
ftiing,  and  proceeding,  according  to  the  regular  arithmetical 
progreilion  above  mentioned,  to  E  ^zt  he  obtains  the  miner 
mode,  or  key  with  the  fiat  third  ;  differing  indeed,  tike  the 
former,  from  the  diatonic  fcalt :  but  thefe  differences,  accord* 
in^  to  him,  are  to  its  advantage.  In  the  fame  manner,  he 
affirms,  that  D  f,  F  tt»  G  ti^  &c.  and  every  other  note  in  his 

»  Harmonic.  Lib.  I.  dt  InJIrumfnt.  harmQng   Fropcfit.  33, 

harmonic 


Jamard'x  Inquiry  into  the  Theory  of  Mufic.  ^55 

harmonic  fcale,  confidered  as  a  fundamental,  has  its  mode  pe- 
culiar to  itfelf,  and  different  from  all  the  re(l  in  the  ratios  of 
the  intervals,  and  confequently  in  charafler  and  expreflion. 
The  ferics  of  notes  in  feveral  of  thefe  new  modes  he  exhibits  ja 
a  Ihort  table,  confined  within  the  limits  of  his  fourth  o£lave» 
He  docs  not  feem  inclined  tp  extend  his  fyftem  any  farther  than 
the  fifth ;  but  very  judicioufly,  we  think,  leaves  the  follow- 
ing higher  and  more  minutely  divided  odaves^  to  be  pradtifed 
by  the  foilgflers  of  the  feathered  choir. 

On  the  whole,  M.  Jamard  exults  in  the  fruitfulnefs  of  his 
natural  harmonic  fcale,  as  he  thereby  pretends  to  have  enriched 
muiic,  hitherto  in  poiTcrifion  only  of  two  modes,  with  no  lefs 
than  twenty-eight  t ;  three  of  which  are  produced  within  t6e 
compafs  of  the  third  od^ave,  eight  by  the  fourih,  sfhdfixteen  by 
the  fifth  ;  to  which  he  adds  the  firft  note  of  the  fixih  oSave.-^ 
Were  we  to  hazard  a  hafty  idea  on  a  fubjeS  fp  new,  we  (hould 
cxprefs  our  apprehenfions  that  thefe  new  modes  will  fcarce  an- 
fwer  the  expediations  which  the  Author  feems  to  entertain  of 
them ;  and  much  lefs  that  any  of  them  are  likely  to  replacd 
thofe  ancient  modes,  by  which  the  Grecian  muficians  are  faid 
to  have  produced  fuch  powerful  efFedis  in  raifing  and  calmiYig 
the  human  paffions.  Nay,  we  violently  fufped  (whatever  may 
be  thought  of  the  truth  and  excellence  of  the  Author's  funda^^ 
mental  mode  of  C,  i,  in  the  fourth  odave)  that  we  have  fre<^ 
quently  heard  fpecimens  of  his  other  neW  modes,  in  paiTages 
which  have  ftruck  our  ears  at  a  country  fair :  but  we  do  not  re^ 
colled  that  they  excited  in  us  any  other  emotion,  than  a  violent 
temptation  to  break  the  head  of  the  performer,  for  playing  fo 
horribly  out  of  tune.  If  we  are  mifiaken,  we  beg  M.  Jamard's 
pardon  for  the  levity  of  this  obfervation  :  but  we  have  not  room 
or  leifure  to  explain  ourfelves  further  on  this  fubjedi,  or  to 
offer  fome  obfervations,  and  very  obvious  objedlions^  which 
occur  to  us  with  regard  to  his  fcheme. 

We  have  thought  this  performance  worthy  of  this  particular 
notice,  as  the  Author  is  evidently  a  perfon  of  learning  and  in- 

f  We  fhM  give  a  fpecimen  of  ooe  of  the  leaft  exceptionable,  pcr- 
Kaps,  of  thefe  new  modes.  It  is  that  of  G,  Ti>  and  is  as  follows : 
<?t"x,  ^  a,  BJlat  r\  ,  B  Vt,  C  V,.  Cjbarp  ^y.  D  V^,  O Mf  ,V» 
£  ^,  EJbarf  ^V*  ^  5'»»  F  Jharf  ^'j,  G  5'-,  I  he  Author  even  pro- 
daces  28  more  new  modes,  in  another,  or  contra- harmonical  fcale, 
fok'med  by  a  fimilar  arithmetical,  but  inverted  progreffion  of  founds, 
tarried  on  bth^  the  fundamental,  or  above  unity,  by  multiplying 
the  length  of  the  Uring  by  the  numbers  2,  3,  4,  &c.  fucceiCvely. 
He  conrefTes,  however,  that  it  will  be  very  difficult  to  compofe  in  any 
of  the  modes  of  this  fcale  :  though  he  elfewhere  talks  of  its  capabi* 
lity  of  infpinng  terror,  defpair,  &c. 

0.0  2  genuity^ 


556  Battcaux'x  Poetics  efAr!/!oile^  tsTr. 

genuity^  and  well  acquainted  with  his  fubjciSI:;  and  as  bis 
work  contains  fome  new  and  fingular,  though  many  of  them, 
doubtlefs,  viflonary  ideas.  For  the  reafons  above  given,  we 
decline  the  tafk  of  inquiring  how  far  M.  Jaonard'^s  natural  fyf- 
tem  is  juft  and  pra£licable  y  or  how  far  the  ear,  the  fupreme 
arbiter  of  founds,  is  likely  to  be  gratified,  or  mufic  improved, 
and  its  powers  extended,  by  realizing  the  whole  or  any  part  of 
thefe  propofed  innovations.  We  recommend  the  work,  how- 
ever, to  the  perufal  of  the  philofophical  mufician,  who  will 
probably  be  amufed  by  the  Author^s  fpeculations,  if  he  fails 
of  being  inftru<9ed  by  them.  If  this  be  really  the  genuine  fyf- 
tem  of  nature,  in  the  generation  of  mufical  founds,  we  fliould 
congratulate  the  public  on  the  difcovery,  and  willingly  pardon 
the  difcoverer  hii  application  of  the  line  in  Virgil  to  it,  which 
is  prefixed  to  this  work  ; 

Hcs  Natura  Modos  primum  dedit. 

Georg.  lib.  2*  lia.  20i» 
Such  a  difcovery  may  well  plead  with  us,  in  extenuation  of 
the  otherwife  unpardonable  licence,  of  employing  the  purcft  and 
chadeft  of  the  poets,  in  the  fabrication  of  a  pun. 

Art.    VII. 
Les  ^uatre  Poetiques. — The  Roetics  of  Ariftotle,  Horace,  Vida> 
and  Boileau,    with  Tranflations  and   Remarks.    By  Abbe 
Batteux,    of  the  French  Academy,   &c.      8vd.    2  Vols. 
Paris.     1771. 

OUR  ingenious  and  learned  Abbe  introduces  this  work 
with  the  poetics  of  Ariftotle,  in  the  preface  to  which  he 
obferves,  that  when  Ariftotle  undertook  to  write  an  Jrt  of 
Poetry^  all  the' ideas  relative  to  poetry  were  prcpzrcd  (pr^parSes)  ; 
that  there  were  models  in  great  plenty,  and  by  the  greateft  maf- 
ters ;  that  Fabricius  mentions  an  hundred  and  eighty  tragic 
writers,  the  greateft  part  of  whom  were  before  Ariftotle  ;  that 
^fchylus  wrote  near  an  hundred  tragedies ;  that  Sophocles 
compofed  upwards  of  an  hundred  aiid  feventy ;  and  Euripides 
about  an  hundred  and  twenty.  I  mention,  fays  he,  only  the 
moft  celebrated  authors;  thofe  who  were  lefs  eminent  cannot 
be  fuppofed  to  have  compofed  fewer.  In  fuch  a  multiplkrity  of 
works,  all  the  poflible  varieties  and  ber^utres  of  this  fpecies  of 
compofition  muft  neceflarily  have  been  found.  It  will  be  faid, 
no  doubt,  that  there  would  be  more  faults  than  beauties  j 
which  may  poffibly  have  been  the  cafe  j  but  when  an  Jrt  is  to 
be  formed,  that  is  to  fay,  when  artifts  are  to  be  told  what  thev 
-  muft  do,  and  what  they  muft  avoid  in  order  to  be  fuccefsful,  it 
is  as  neceflary  to  point  out  faults  as  beauties,  nay  more  fp.«— 
Poetry,  ^therefoie,  it  is  obferved)  had  made  fufficieut  progrefs 

in 


in  the  days  of  Ariftotle  to  enable  him  to  eftabli(h  its  true  prin^ 
ciples,    and  to  enter  fully  and  particularly  Into  the  fubje£l, 

Bedde,  all  Greece,  *tis  faid,  had  long  been  paflionately  fond 
of  poetry,  painting,  and  fculpture,  and  its  tafte  was- equally 
corrcdk  and  delicate  ;  fo  that,  in  order  to  write  an  Art  of  Poetry^ 
Kttle  more  was  wanting  than  to  colle£l  its  opinions,  and  to  re* 
fer  them  to  the  principles  on  which  they  were  founded. 

Philofophy  too,  which,  at  this  period,  had  reached  its  higheft 
perfe£tion  in  Greece,  was  abundantly  fufficient,  efpeciajly  ia 
the  hands  of  Ariftotlc,  who  was  called  the  Genius  of  Nature, 
to  analyze  the  principles  of  poetry,  to  combine  them,  and  to 
form  them  into  a  perfeftly  regular  and  conne(fted  fyftem.— The 
works  of  the  poets,  the  tafle  of  the  public,  the  obfervations  of 
philofophers,  the  genius  of  the  author,  every  thing,  in  a  word, 
combined  to  make  Ariftoile's  Art  of  P$etry  a  mafter-piece. 

In  tranflating  Ariftotle's  poetics,  Monf.  Batteux  takes  no 
liberties  with  his  author,  but  adheres  ftric^ly  to  the  original* 
In  his  remarks,  he  enters  into  no  difcuiSon  of  the  different 
opinions  of  commentators  upon  difficult  palTages;  nor,  when 
he  differs  from  others,  is  he  at  any  pains  to  fupport  his  own 
opinion. — Le  hSltury  fays  he,  demande  la  doSIrine  d^  Ariftote\ 
jt  me  fuis  b^rne  a  la  lui  preftnter^  aujji  exaSfement  et  avec  U  mains 
di  commentaire  qu*il  m'  a  Hi  pojftble^  lui  laijfant  le  foin  d$  lajugtr 
tt  de  la  commenter  a  fan  gre  et  felon  fe$  lumieres. 

In  a  (hort  preface  to  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry^  M.  Batteux  telli 
us,  that  it  is  the  Cod£  of  reafon  for  all  the  arts  in  general ;— « 
good  tafte  reduced  to  principles.  We  are  not  to  imagine,  how* 
ever,  he  fays,  that  Horace's  defign  in  this  work  was  to  give  us 
a  complete  treatife  upon  the  art  of  poetry.  It  is  an  epiftle  ad* 
drefled  to  Lucius  Pifo,  a  man  of  tafte,  and  to  his  two  (bns,  ths 
eldeft  of  whom  was  of  an  age  to  think  and  ad  for  himfelf* 
The  poet's  bufinefs,  therefore,  was  not  to  enter  into  any  mi- 
nute detail,  to  enquire  into  the  nature  of  poetry  in  general,  to 
diftinguifti  the  feveralTpecies  of  it,  to  (hew  the  manner  of  con- 
ftru£ting  the  fable,  &c.— ^Pifo  and  his  fons  ftood  in  no  need  of 
inftruflions  upon  fuch  points,  which  were  explained  by  every 
mafter,  and  in  all  the  feveral  treatifes  on  the  art  of  poetry,  of 
which  there  was  great  plenty  at  that  time. — ^  On  demandoit  i 
Horacey  fays  he,  des  vues  fines  et  d^un  fern  profond^  des  regies  ds 
choixy  des  obfervations  de  genie^  desjugemens  de  maitre^  en  un  mot 
a  que  le  plm  bel  ejprit  du  plus  beaujiecle  de  Rome^  devoit  enfeigner^ 
$"%}  faifoit  tant  que  de  donner  dis  lefons  ;  et  ce  que  les  plus  habiles 
mattres^  et  mime  Us  meilleurs  livreSy  «*  nfeignoient  pas.* 

According  to  this  idea,  it  is  evident,  we  are  told,  that  Ho* 
race's  work  was  not  tq  be  a  fyftematic  train  of  precepts,  dif- 
pofed  in  a  regular  order,  and  in  feparate  articles,  but  a  kind  of 
collcdion  of  maxims  of  tafl'^,  of  detached  axioms,  each  appli* 

O  o  3  cable 


558  BMeux^  Poetics  of  Arlfioth^  f^c: 

cable  to  its  pbje£^,  independent  of  what  goes  befor^  or  aftec 
All  that  the  author  could  do  in  fuch  a  cafe,  was  to  begin  witlf 
general  vievAS,  and  to  proceed  afterwards  Co  particular  obferva- 
tidns ;  fir  ft  co  lay  down  the  rules  of  the  art,  and  then  to  give 
diredions  to  artifts.  More  than  this  could  not  be  required, 
cfpecially  of  a  poet,  who,  to  the  extenfive  privilcees  of  poetry^ 
had  added  thofe  pf  the  epiftoktry  kind,-  the  firft  of  which  is( 
freedom. 

'*'  11  eft  done  inutile^  fays  M.  Batteu^,  de  nous  faiiguer^  ewec 
Daniel  Heinfius^  pour  r^mettre  dans  Part  poetique  d* Horace^  ten 
crdre  qui ^  felon  toute  appeirenci^  n*y  fut  jamais,  Cet  ouvrage  efl  la 
quintejjence  extraite  Jtun  art,  c^ ejl-a'dire^  d'une  colleGion  de  pre* 
ceptes,  II  a  l\rdre  et  les  liaifons  que  doit  avoir  un  pareil  extrait  s 
et  on  pGurroit  dire  en  eloge^  ce  que  Juhs  Scaliger  en  a  dit  en  /<  cri" 
tiquant :    ^te  cejl  un  art  enfeigne  fans  art.* 

It  does  not  appear  that  M.  Batieux  has  read  the  very  ingc- 
nic'us  Mr.  Hurd's  Commentary  and  Notes  on  the  Epiftle  to  the 
Pifos,  which  is  allowed  to  be  one  of  the  beft  pieces  of  criticifm 
in  the  Engl Ifh  language.  If  he  has  read  itj  he  certainly  has 
not  paid  that  attention  to  it  which  it  defcrves,  otherwife  we 
cannot  but  fuppofe  that  one  of  his  tafte  and  difcernment  muft 
have  &cn  that  the  fole  purpofe  of  the  poet,  in  this  famous 
cplftle,  was  to  criticize  the  Roman  Drama,  that  a  flriS  me- 
thod and  unity  of  defign  are  obferved  in  it,  and  that  the  con- 
nexions, though  fine,  and  fometimes  fcarce  perceptible,  clofcly  ' 
unite  each  part  together,  and  give  coherence,  unifprmity,  and 
beauty  to  the  whole. 

It  would  be  an  eafy  matter  to  point  out  feveral  errors  in  M, 
Batteux's- tranflation,  arifing,  in  a  great  meafure,  from  his 
miftaking  the  poet's  defign  \  but  we  miift  refer  our  Readers  to 
the  woflc  itfelf. 

1  he  tranflation  of  Vida's  poetics  is  lefs  literal  than  that  of 
Ariftotle  and  Horace  j  the  Latin  notes  of  P.  Oudin  the  jefuic 
aie  fubjoined  to  it. 

The  Remarks,  which  are  added  to  BoiIeau*s  Art  of  Poetry, 
are  chiefly  taken  from  Corneille*s  Diflertations  on  Dramatic 
Poetry. — It  will  not  be  difpleafing  to  fuch  of  our  Readers  as; 
are  unacquainted  with  Boileau's  work  to  fee  the  ingenious  Mr, 
Warton's  opinion  *  concerning  it : 

*  May  I  be  pardoned,  fays  he,  for  declaring  it  as  my  opinion, 
that  Boileau's  is  the  beft  art  of  poetry  extant  i  The  brevity  of 
his  precepts,  enlivened  by  proper  imagery,  the  juftnefs  of  his 
metaphors,  the  harmony  of  his  numbers,  as  far  as  Alexandrine 
lines  will  admit,    the  exadtncfs  of  his  method,  the  perfpicuity 

• ^ 

*  EiTay  on  the  Geniqs  and  Writings  of  Pope, 


Sabbathier*/  Manners^  Cuflomsy  fcfr.  of  ancient  NatUns.     555t 

*of  his  remarks,  and,  the  energy  of  his  ftyle,  all  duly  coofidered, 
may  render  this  opinion  not  unreafonable.  It  is  fcarcely  to  be 
conceived,  how  much  is  comprehended  in  four  fliort  cantt>i. 
He  that  has  well  digefted  thefe,  cannot  be  faid  to  be  ignorant 
0f  any  important  rule  of  poetry.  The  tale  of  the  phyfician 
turning  archite£^,  in  the  fourth  canto,  is  told  with  vaft  plea* 
fantry.  It  is  to  this  woric  Boileau  owes  his  immortality:  which 
was  of  the  higheft  utility  to  his  nation,  in  diiFudng  a  juft  way  of 
thinking  and  writing,  baniihing  every  fpecies  of  falie  wit,  and 
introducing  a  general  tafte  for  the  manly  fimplicity  of  the  an* 
cients,  on  whofe  writings  this  poet  had  formed  his  tafte. 
Boileau's  fancy  was  not  the  predominant  faculty  of  his  miod  ; 
his  chief  talent  w.as  the  Didactic/ 

*^*  Such  of  our  Readers  as  are  unacquainted  with  the 
writings  of  this  ingenious  Abbe,  are  referred  to  our  19th  v.)l. 
for  an  account  of  his  Morale  d*  Epicure  \  to  our  23d  vol.  for 
his  Principles  of  Tranjlation  \  and  to  our  41ft  vol.  for  hnHiJioin 
d  s  Caufes  premieres^  &c.  - 

Art.     VIII. 
J^es  AfceurSy  Coutumes  et  Ufages  des  ancient  Peuples         The  Man- 
ners, Cuftoms,  and  Ufages  of  ancient  Nations ;  By  M.  Sab- 
bath ier,  Profeflbr  in   the  College  of  Chalons,  &c.     jzmo. 
3  Vols.    Paris  1770. 

TH  E  work  before  us  contains  a  very  ample  coIIe£)ion  o^ 
fafts  and  obfervations  on  the  manners  and  hiflory  of  an- 
cient nations.  It  is,  on  this  account,  no  lefs  inftrudlive  than 
entertaining;  but  the  Author,  we  muft  obferve,  would  have, 
added  confiderably  to  its  value,  if  he  had  been  careful  to  di- 
ftinguifh  the  degrees  of  credibility  which  are  due  to  the  ancient 
writers,  to  whofe  teflimony  he  appeals ;  and  if  he  had  given 
to  his  material  a  more  precife  and  exaft  arrangement.. 

The  following  articles,  which   he  has  extra^ed  chiefly  from 
Tacitus,  will  afford  a  fufficient  fpecimcn  of  his  compilation,  and' 
fnay  prove  acceptable  to  our  Readers  : 
The  Arjans. 

The  Arians  were  a  Germanic  tribe,  and  conftituted  a  part  of 
tlie  Lygans ;  a  nation  which  pofTeflcd  great  extent  of  territory, 
and  was  divided  into  feveral  communities.  Of  thefe,  that  of 
the  Arians  was  the  moft  powerful.  Befide  this  fuperiority,  the 
Arians  were  remarkable  in  other  refpe6ts.  They  were  extremely 
ferocious,  and  they  added  to  the  natural  favagenefs  of  their  ap- 
pearance, by  art  and  ftratagem.  They  blackened  their  fhields, 
iheir  bodies,  and  their  countenances,  and  chofe  the  darkeft 
nights  in  which  to  engage  their  enemies.  Surprize,  the  horrors 
of  darknefs,  and  their  almpft  infernal  afpeA,  ftruck  a  terror 
imo  the  moft  formidable  opponents,  and  made  their  arms  drop 

O  o  4  irom 


560    Sabbathicr'i  Manrurs^  Cuftoms^  i^c.  ef  ancUnl  Nationu 

from' their  hands.     For,  according  to  Tacitus,  it  is  the  eye,  in 
all  battles,  that  is  firft  conquered. 

The  Cherusci. 
This  people,  undtfturbed  by  an  enemy,  were  enfeebled  by  a 
long  continuance  in  peace,  and  paid  deady  for  the  fweets  of 
their  repofe.  They  conceived  not,  that  it  is  a  dangerous  tran- 
quillity that  is  enjoyed,  amidft  warlike  and  ambitious  neighbours; 
and  that,  when  recourfe  is  had  to  the  fword,  it  is  in  vain  to 
plead  moderation  and  probity,  as  thefe  terms  are  perpetually 
applied  to  the>vi£lors.  Accordingly,  though  anciently  extolled 
for  their  candour  and  equity,  the  Cherufci  loft  this  character, 
when  vanquiflied  by  the  Catti,  and  were  cenfured  as  cowards 
and  fools,  while  the  good-fortune  of  their  conquerors  was  ho« 
Boured  with  the  name  of  wifdom. 

Th  Catti, 

The  Catti  have  bodies  extremely  hardy  and  robuft,  an  air  of 
great  ferocity,  and  a  fuperior  firmnefs  of  mind.  For  Germans^ 
they  have  much  fenfe  and  capacity.  They  are  attentive  to  ele<3 
able  chiefs,  and  are  obedient  to  them ;  they  preferve  their  rank$^ 
take  advantage  of  occafions,  have  a  proper  command  of  them* 
felves,  divide  the  day  into  portions,  to  be  employed  in  different 
offices,  entrench  themfelves  during  the  night,  leave  nothing  tq 
chance  ;  and,  what  is  fingular,  and  implies  difcipline  and  re- 
flexion, they  rely  more  on  the  condufk  of  their  general,  than 
on  the  ftrength  of  their  army.  Their  whole  force  confifts  of 
infantry,  who  befide  their  arms,  carry  utenfils  and  providons. 
The  other  tribes  of  Germany  equip  themfelves  for  a  battle  9  the 
Catti,  for  Jthe  operations  of  a  war.  They  venture  rarely  on 
cxcurfions,  and  are  not  fond  of  cafual  encounters.  It  is  pecu- 
liar 10  bodies  of  horfe,  to  conquer  or  to  fly  in  fudden  engage- 
ments: bodies  of  foot  have  lefs  agility,  ai^d  are  more  in- 
trepid* 

There  is  a  particular  cuftom  which  is  general  among  the  Catti ; 
but  which,  among  the  other  ftates  of  Germany,  is  only  commoi^ 
to  a  fmall  number  of  bold  and  determined  warriors.  When  they 
have  attained  the  age  of  manhood,  and  aic  able  to  bear  arms, 
they  allow  their  hair  and  beards  to  grow ;  and  this  rite,  they 
confider  as  a  facrifice  to  valour.  Nor  till  they  have  killed  an 
enemy,  are  they  permitted,  to  renounce  this  form  of  counte- 
nance. Over  his  blood  and  fpoils  they  fmooth  theiif'  faces,  and 
boaft,  that  they  have  now  paid  the  debt  which  they  had  con* 
traded  at  their  birth,  and  have  rendered  themfelves  worthy  of 
their  parents  and  country.  Cowards  neceflarily  retain  this 
fqualid  appearance,  as  they  want  the  courage  to  acquire  a  title 
to  lay  it  afide.  Thofe,  who  are  ambitious  of  the  praife  of  fupe« 
rior  valour  frequently  renew  this  cuftom  s  and  wear,  alfo,  2:^ 


Snhhzthiti^s  Manners^  Cuftnns^  &c,  efahchni  Nations.     561 

iron  ring,  condemning  themfelves,  in  a  manner,  to  fervitude, 
till  they  are  freefi  from  the  difgrace  of  it,  by  the  blood  of  an 
enemy.  Many  even  delight  to  carry,  during  their  lives,  this  ter<» 
rible  afpe£t ;  and  when  grown  grey  with  age,  they  become^ 
thereby,  more  refpe£lable  to  their  friends,  and  more  formidable 
to  hoftile  nations.  By  thefe,  in  all  engagements,  the  aflault  is 
made :  they  form  the  iirft  line  of  battle,  and  ftf ike  terrpr  by 
the  Angularity  and  horror  of  their  appearance.  Even  during 
peace,  they  affedl  not  to  appear  in  a  more  mild  and  agreeable 
fafliion.  Without  any  fixed  habitations,  without  lands  to 
cultivate,  indifferent  to  the  occupations  of  life,  negligent  of 
their  own  wealth,  and  prodigal  of  that  of  others,  thefe  warriors 
are  maintained  at  the  expence  of  thofe  whom  they  vifit,  and 
continue  in  the  pra£iice  of  a  ferocious  valour,  till  they  are  de* 
|)ilitated  by  the  waile  and  the  encroachments  of  age. 

The  SuioNEs. 

This  people  was  powerful  both  by  fea  and  land.  Their  vef- 
fels  were  conftru£)ed  in  a  more  convenient  form  than  thofe  of 
the  Romans,  as  they  had  prows  at  each  end,  and  could  be 
rowed  without  being  turned.  They  moved  not  by  fails  j  and 
the  rowers  were  not  placed  on  benches. '  The  oars  could  be 
removed  from  place  to  place,  in  the  way  that  was  fomctimes 
przQ'ikd  by  the  Romans  in  navigating  rivers. 

The  Suiones  paid  a  particular  refpe<5l  to  riches  ;  and,  by  this 
means,  they  came  in  time  tofubmit  to  the  unlimited  dominion 
of  a  ruler.  The  ufe  of  arms  was  not  allowed  to  the  indivi- 
duals of  this  tribe,  as  in  the  other  German  communities.  Tbeie 
their  king  {hut  up  under  the  care  of  a  perfon  in  whom  be  could 
confide,  and  who  was  always  of  a  fervile  condition.  The  reafoa 
of  this  policy  is  obvious.  Their  country  was  defended  by  the 
fea  againft  foreign  invafions ;  and  foldiers,  with  arms  in  their 
hands,  might  eafiiy  be  allured  into  tumults  and  rebellion.  The 
fafcty  of  the  fovereign  might,  therefore,  have  been  endangered, 
if  the  charge  of  his  arfenal  had  been  given  to  a  man  of  rank,  to 
a  citizen,  or  even  to  afreedman. 

The  SuEvr. 

The  Suevi  inhabited  a  confidcrable  proportion  of  the  territory 
of  Germany,  They  did  not  conftitute  a  fingle  nation  like  the 
Catti  and  Teuderi,  but  were  divided  into  different  ilates,  known 
by  particular  appellations,  though  comprehended  under  a  geile* 
ral  name. 

A  circumftance,  which  marked  out  the  Suevi  from  the  other 
Germanic  communities,  and  which  with  them  fervedto  di^ 
dinguiih  the  citizcti  from  the  flave,  was  the  habit  of  twifting 
their  hair,  and  binding  it  up  in  a  knot.  For  though  this  fa^ 
ihion  was  admitted  in  other  German  tribes,  from  tkeir  connexion 

witk 


562    SabbaihierV  Mfnmrs^  Cujhmt^  &c.  0/  andest  Natim. 

with  the  Su^vi,  on  a  principle  of  imitation,  yet  in  thefe,  it  w$» 
confined  to  young  men.  Among  the  Suevi,  on  the  contrary. 
It  was  continued  to  an  extreme  old  age.  To  the  great  and  noble 
it  was  an  ohytOt  of  particular  care.  It  Teemed  indeed,  the  only 
ornament  ot  which  they  were  ambitious :  But  their  attention 
ki  this  refpe£k  proceeded  not  from  any  criminal  deftgn.  They 
did  not  adorn  themfelves  for  thef  purpofes  of  lovig^-buc  to  add  to 
their  ftature,  and  to  appear  terrible  to  their  enemies. 

The  Secnnones  account  themfelves  the  moft  illufirious  and  the 
mod  ancient  community  of  the  Suevi ;  and  their  claim  to  anti- 
quity they  found  on  religion.  They  have  a  wood,  confecrated 
by  their  anceftors,  which  they  behold  with  fuperftitious  reve- 
rence ;  and  there,  at  ftated  times,  the  deputies  of  all  the  tribes 
defcended  from  the  fame  ftock,  alTemble  to  celebrate  the  fright- 
ful ceremonies  of  their  barbarous  worOiip.  Thefe  they  begin 
by  facrificing  a  human  vi£tim.  No  one  enters  this  wood,  but 
in  fetters  ;  and  if  any  one  chances  to  fall,  it  is  not  lawful  for 
him  to  rife.  He  muft  roll  along  the  earth.  The  tendency  of 
thefe  fuperftjtious  rites  is  to  prove,  that,  from  this  place  the 
Suevi  drew  their  original,  that  there  the  Deity  refides  who 
reigns  over  them,  and  that  to  this  fpot  all  their  ftates  ought  to 
pay  attention  and  refpe£L  The  good  fortune  of  the  Semnones 
aflifted  their  ambition  and  pretenuons.  They  pofleflcd  an  hun« 
dred  towns }  and  from  the  extent  of  their  territory,  and  their 
ftrength,  they  were  regarded  as  the  chief  community  of  the 
Suevi. 

The  Teucteri. 

The  Tcufteri,  according  to  Tacitus,  wcr^  remarkable  for 
the  excellent  difcipline  of  their  cavalry.  The  (kill  and  addrefs, 
which  they  poflefled  in  this  branch  of  the  military  profeffion,  con- 
ftituted  their  proper  glory,  and  diftinguiflied  them  from  the  other 
Germanic  tribes.  7'his  advantage  they  had  derived  from  their 
anceftors,  and  they  ftudied  to  tranfmit  it  to  their  pofterity.  T  he 
management  and  cxercifing  of  horfes  was  the  fport  of  their  in- 
fancy, the  emulation  of  their  youth,  and  the  employment  of 
their  riper  age.  Horfes  were  conveyed  among  their  family  pof- 
ieffions  I  and  were  received  by  their  defcendants,  not  according 
to  their  feniority,  but  according  to  tKe  figure  they  had  made 
in  war. 

Of  the  German  tribes  in  general,  our  Author  gives  the 
following  picture. 

They  were  all  fond  of  war,  and  loved  it  on  its  own  account. 
They  fought  not  for  riches,  becaufe  they  knew  not  the  ufe  of 
them;  nor  for  ample  poflTeflions,  becaufe  they  thought  it  glorious 
to  be  furrounded  with  vaft  folitudes.  This,  they  fancied,  was 
%  mark  of  their  fuperiority  over  the  cribea  they  had  driven  from 

tbemi 


Sabbathici^j  Maimers^  Cufiems^  lie*  9f  ancient  Nations.     563 

them,  and  an  ufeful  precaution,  by  which  to  guard  againft  the 
fudden  incurfions  of  their  hoftile  neighbours.  War  had  charoia 
%o  them  as  a  fcene  of  a£iion,  and  as  the  road  to  glory. 

There  had  fubfifted  on  this  head  an  early  emulation  between 
the  Gauls  and  Germans ;  and  Caefar  has  obferved,  that  in  the 
ynoft  diftanc  times,  the  former  had  the  advantage  ;  as  their  co- 
lonies had  forced  their  way  into  Germany,  and  had  conquered 
fevecal  countries,  of  which  they  retained  the  poffeffion.  It 
happened,  however,  in  after-times,  that  the  Gauls  having  be- 
come effeminate  in  confequence  of  their  commerce  with  the 
Romans,  and  of  the  riches  and  luxury  introduced  among 
them,  yielded  to  the  Germans,  whofe  power  and  laborious  way 
of  life  foftered  their  ftrength  of  body  and  of  mind.  Hence, 
the  German  conquefts  on  the  left  fide  of  the  Rhine ;  but  the 
«  Roman  troops  allowed  them  not  to  penetrate  into  the  heart  of 
Qaul.  They  maintained,  however,  their  ground  on  the  bor- 
ders; and  the  country  from  Bafle  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rhine 
was  called  Germany,  and  divided  by  Auguftus  into  two  pro* 
yinces  under  that  name. 

The  paffion  of  this  people  for  war  was  fo  violent,  that  when 
any  of  its  ftates  had  .remained  for  a  confiderable  time  in  peace, 
the  youth,  impatient  of  repofe,  and  eager  to  expofe  themfelves 
to  dangers,  repaired  to  nations  that  were  at  variance,  or  made 
incurfions  upon  their  neighbours.  For  the  depredations  ex« 
ercifed  beyond  the  confines  of  their  own  territories,  infiead  of 
being  accounted  biameable,  were  confidered  as  honourable,  and 
as  furniQiing  an  excellent  method  to  keep  their  youth  from 
Inadion  and  indolence. 

This  fierce  people  valued  no  occupation,  but  that  of  arms. 
The  phacehad  few  allurements  for  them  ;  and  as  to  agriculture, 
though  t^ey  acknowledged  its  utility,  they  thought  it  an  ig- 
noble profeffion.  They  fancied  it  mean  to  acquire  by  their 
ifweat  and  labour,  what  they  could  purchafe  with  their  blood. 
Accordingly  whep  they  were  not  engaged  in  war,  ^hey  were 
totally  idle;  and  to  eat,  drink,  and  fleep,  was  their  only  bu- 
finefs.  Their  family  concerns  were  given  in  charge  to  the 
yromen  and  to  old  men.  The  more  valiant  and  robutt  confider- 
ed it  as  below  them  to  have  any  thing  to  do.  So  inconfifient 
were  this  people,  fays  Tacitur,  that  they  were  enemies  to  peace, 
andyet  lovers  of  idlenefs, 

Thofe  who  are  fond  of  beholding  men  under  the  different 
forms  of  barbarity  and  civilization  in  which  they  have  appeared 
in  fociety,  will  be  highly  delighted  with  the  prefent  publica- 
tion. 


AftTf 


C    56*    ] 

A    R    T.     IX. 

Hijiotre  de  la  RlvaVite  de  la  France  i^  de  V AngUterre^  par  Af. 
Gai Hardy  de  V  Academie  Fran^oife  i^  de  V  Academic  des  Infcrip* 
iions  y  Belles  Lettres.'-^Tht  Hiftory  of  the  Rivallhip  of  France 
and  England,  &c.     i2mo.     3  Vols.     Paris.     1771. 

THIS  agreeable  Writer,  who  obliges  the  world  with  an 
Hiftory  of  the  Rivalfhip  of  France  and  England,  appears 
to  unite  that  delicacy  of  language,  for  which  the  French  acade* 
micians  have  long  been  eminent,  with  fenciments  generally  juff^ 
and  an  enlarged  benevolence  of  heart. 

"  Attention  to  others^'  fcems  to  be  the  true  bafis  of  politenefs  ; 
and  we  Reviewers  fliould  be  forry  to  give  occafion  to  Mr, 
Gaillard  to  conclude,  from  any  inattention  to  his  work,  that 
we  Englifhmen  have  no  title  to  pretend  to  rivaUbip  with  the 
French  in  the  article  of  politenefs.— But,  to  be  ferious  : 

We  efteem  the  fubjed  of  this  work  to  be  of  fo  much  im- 
portance to  all  our  Readers,  not  only  as  Englifhmen,  but  as 
men,  that  we  think  it  our  duty  to  give  fuch  a  fair  reprefenta* 
tion  of,  this  Hiftory,  as  may  enable  them  to  judge  whether 
any  French  academician  be  able  to  keep  prejudice  out  of  the  fa- 
cred  circle  of  their  academy. 

Mr.  G.  begins  his  preface  (which  contains  above  40  pages) 
with  an  handfome  profeflion  that  ^  although  he  is  a  Frfnchman^ 
he  will  endeavour  never  to  forget,  that  it  is  the  duty  of  an  Hif- 
torian  to  be  impartial,  and  of  a  Man  to  be  yw/?.— He  loves 
France,  and  e/leems  Englaind,  and  reipciSts  hirofelf  too  much  to 
Jlatter  or  ahiife^  inftead  of  examining  and  judging*     He  adds, 

*  all  men,  however  diflaht,  are  brethren,  and  efTentially  friends. 
He  who  loves  war  is  the  only  enemy  of  mankind. — This  (fays 
he)  is  an  old  truth  always  new!  Europe  is  polite^  but  makes 
war,  and  therefore  is  ftili  barbareus.*  Speculative  truths  (as  he. 
obferves)  miift  be  inculcated  long  before  they  become  pra£iifed. 

*  Men  have  difcovered  (continues  ^r.  G.)  that  ambiiious  con- 
querors are  unjujly  but  not  fufficiently,  that  they  are  foolijbm. 
War  appears  already  horrible^  but  I  will  fhew  it  to  be  abfurd^, 
and  ridiculous  too.'  He  proves  war  to  be  ridiculous  becaufe  i»^ 
efficacious  to  the  end  propofed. 

He  next  fliews,  that  true  or  juft  policy  means  to  conquer,  ia 
order  to  preferve  poffeffion  of  conquefts  in  peace ;  but  war 
cither  only  reduces  our  enemy  to  a  jhameful  peace  till  he  can 
contend  again  with  more  fuccefs,  or  entirely  ruins  him.  This 
dedrufiion  of  him  naturally  caufes  the  deJlru^Hon^  or  at  leaft 
the  weakening  of  OURSELVES,  by  the  jealoufy  of  our  neighbours, 
or  by  interior  vices. 

Mr.  G.  confirms  this  general  truth  by  referring  to  the  hiftory 
of  ail  nations,  particularly  of  Romct     He  juAly  obfeives  that 

this 


Gaillard'i  HlJIory  of  the  kivaljhip  ofFrana  and  England.  565 

this  muft  always  be  the  cafe,  which  philofopfjy  forefees  and  hif- 
tory  relates.  Among  the  particular  caufes  concuring  to  pro- 
duce this  great  efFcd,  which  he  juftly  enumerates,  we  are 
efpecially  pleared  with  two,  as  doing  honour  to  the  pen  of  a 
Frenchman,  viz.  *  the  indifFerencc  of  rhembers  of  the  conquer- 
ing nations  towards  their  country,  and  the  innate  love  of  the 
conquered  towards  their  country,  which  tyranny  can  never 
ftiflc.' 

Mr.  G.  obferves,  that  the  dreams  of  unlverfal  empire  feem 
to  be  pretty  much  at  an  end  in  Europe,  and  then,  after  expa- 
tiating on  the  enormities  of  modern  wars,  he  cries  out,  like  a 
good  man,  *  Befide  the  expence  of  human  blood,  which  is  i«- 
valuabUj  he  who  calculates  what  it  has  coft  Europe  to  determine 
nothings  will  look  with  horror,'  &c.  He  adds,  in  the  fpirit  of 
juft  fatire,  that  when  philofophy  compares  two  pr ize-^ghterg 
flashing  each  other,  then  drinking  together  like  friends,  with 
two  polifhed  heroes,  flic  fees  no  difference,  except  that  the  lat- 
ter gladiators  produce  more  terrible  confequences. 

Our  Author  doubts  whether  the  difcovery  of  a  new  world  hag 
done  more  harm  or  fervice  to  mankind  ;  but  he  remarks,  that  it 
has  produced  as  much  difpute  about  the  freedom  and  exclujivenefs 
of  fca  and  trade,  as  before  fubfifted  about  univerfal  moqafchy. 

And  here  Mr.  G.  takes  an  opportunity  of  giving  an  agree- 
able view  of  the  government  of  Pennfylvania,  whofe  capital 
'  takes  its  name  from  brotherly  leve.  He  thinks  almoft  the  only 
fubje£k  of  envy  which  we  afford  the  French,  is  this  little  co- 
lony, whofe  original  500  inhabitants  have,  in  a  little  time, 
.  produced  300,000.  Our  Author  judges  that  the  fingularities 
of  the  Quakers  occafioned  their  forming  this  colony,  and  owns 
that  they  puflicd*  their  love  of  peace  to  excefs. 

Mr.  G.  infifts  again  on  his  favourite  topic,  viz.  that  *  war 
is  an  ineffeSfual  Tt\t2Lr\s  to  the  end  propofed,  viz.  the  lafting  en- 
joyment of  conquefts ;'  and  to  the  general  reafons  above  af- 
figned,  he  adds  particular  ones,  viz.  the  change  in  the  art  of 
war  by  improvements  in  artillery,  from  whence  a^icicnt  courage^ 
which  was  boldnefs  founded  on  (kill,  is  clinnged  to  brutal  eljii* 
nacy^  and  war  is  become  ftill  more  abfurd. 

This  Writer  admirably  obferves,  that  the  ancient  conquerors 
came  from  countries  where  their  people  ftarved,  to  plentiful 
ones ;  but  that  modern  conquerors  really  gain  nothing  by  their 
conquefts. 

He  draws  a  juft  and  fine  pifture  of  the  prince  who  improves 
his  country  by  all  focial  arts  ;  and  conclude^,  that  till  thei'e  dre 
carried  to  their  height,  no  colonies  fiiould  be  thought  of.  He 
a(ks,  *  How  the  right  of  nations  can  admit  of  war  V  and  ob- 
ferves, that  a  malificent  policy  has  made  even  a  ftate  of  peace  a 
flate  of  war,  by  tricks  of  negociation,  &c« 

Among 
S 


566  Gaillard'i  Hi/lory  of  the  Rival/hip  e/Franci  and  England. 

Among  other  royal  cheats  Mr.  G.  places  Louis  XI.  of  France, 
with  Ferdinand  and  Charles  V.  of  Spain,  and  draws  fo  lively  a 
pidure  of  Ferdinand,  that  nothing  but  our  necefiary  brevity 
could  excufe  an  oniifTion  of  Tome  traits  of  it. 

Mr.  G.  apprehends  that  Tacitus  has  contributed  to  make  men 
admire  cunning  rogues  with  crowns.  He  ihews  that  there  is  no 
greatnefs  of  mind  in  continual  lying,  and  that  if  there  wtxe 
greatnefs  in  it,' ibis  could  not  long  have  fuccefs. 

He  recommends  to  all  princes  a  maxim  oppofite  to  Ma- 
chiavelifm,  viz.  "  Who  knows  not  how  to  be  jujl  and  gosd^ 
knows  not  how  to  reign." 

May  this  motto  be  engraved  not  on  the  plate,  the  gold  and 
the  filver  of  kings,  but  on  rheir  hearts  ! 

He  obferves,  that  the  unhappy  efFc  Jls  of  not  applying  X.oflati$ 
what  is  allowed  true  of  individuals,  viz.  that  *'  honefty  is  the 
bcft  policy  ;"  and  that  the  defipn  of  this  work  is  to  convince 
France  and  England,  by  the  ■  confequences  of  their  anceftors' 
quarrels,  that  they  (hould  live  like  iifters.  iFIe  undertakes  to 
file w  the  Engl i(h,  that  th  ir  tranficnt  fucceflfes  in  France  were 
owing  to  the  divifions^  of  the  French,  and  the  difinitivi  fucceis 
of  ihc  French,  to  their  too  tranjient  virtues. 

He  aflfures  his  readers  who  have  fuch  delicacy  as  to  be  dif- 
gufted  with  the  detail  of  war,  that  he  will  never  enter  into  it 
when  not  necefiary;  that  he  will  rather  inftft  on  its  cavf&s  than 
apirations^  and  this  only  with  a  defign  to  make  men  love  peace. 
He  promifes  to  have  great  regard  to  manners  and  arts,  &c.  He 
declares,  that  when  he  recommends  peace,  he  is  not  aduated 
hyfiar  for  France,  nor  by  compfljfion  for  England,  (Engliftimcn 
will  fmile)  but  writes  as  a  private  philofopher,  who  thinks  war 
not  the  trade  of  men,  but  of  lions  and  tygers  ! 

This  fpirited  though  long  preface  deferved  our  (hort  account 
of  it,  that  the  liberal  Reader  may  judge,  in  general,  what  en* 
tertainment  is  prepared  for  him  in  this  capital  work. 

A  fliort  advertifement  informs  the  Reader,  (hat  Mr.  G.  chofe 
to  execute  his  plan  of  recommending  peace,  by  an  hiftpry  of 
the  rivalihip  of  two  nations,  the  moft  ancient,  th^  moft  famous, 
and  moft  perftvering  I 

He  has  prefixed,  to  his  main  work,  an  introdu£lton  of  about 
180  pages,  in  which  he  (hews  the  two  nations  advancing  from 
cbfcurity  to  a  ftate  of  fhining  rivaKhip.  This  part  of  his  work 
he  has  divided  into  four  chapters.  In  the  firft  of  thefe  he  traces 
their  earlieft  ftf  ps  towards  a  conftitution ;  in  the  fecond,  the 
ravages  of  the  Danes  in  England,  and  the  Normans  in  France* 
with  their  effetSts  on  manners,  &c.  in  the  third,  the  influence 
of  the  Dukes  of  Normandy  over  France;  and  in  the  laft  he 
dlfplays  the  events  preparative  to  the  conqueft  of  England,  b/ 
William  I. 

la 


GaiHardV  Hi/lory  of  tbi  Rivaljbip  ff  Prance  and  England.  567 

In  this  introdudion,  are  many  curious,  entertaining,  and  in- 
terefiing  particulars,  well  felefied  and  concifely  expreiied  ;  but 
the  neceflary  liixiits  of  this  article  obliges  us  to  pafs  them 
with  this  gnttral  mtnitany  as  we  muft  notice  the  moft  ftrikiog 
inflances  of  rivaMhip  fpecified  in  the  work  before  us. 

Mr.  G.  very  properly  makes  the  conqueft  of  Eng^land  by 
William  I.  the  acra  frorh  whence  he  dates  the  comoiencemeiit 
of  that  rivalihip  which  he  relates. 

He  juilly  obferves  the  great  want  of  policy  in  the  regency  of 
France,  which  not  only  oppofed  not  *,  but  even  aided  William's 
invafion  of  this  ifland,  as  by  thefe  means  they  contributed  to 
aggrandize  a  valTal  of  that  crown>  already  formidable  enough^ 
cfpecially  in  a  minority. 

Hts  defcriptioA  of  the  famous  battle  of  Hafiings  is  concile, 
juft,  and  Itvety* 

Philip  I.  of  France,  become  of  age,  quickly  perceives  the  bad 
policy  by  which  the  regency,  in  his  minority,  had  aided  Wil- 
liam's conqueft  of  England,  and  therefore  readily  gives  affiftance 
to  a  great  rebel  againft  William,  in  Bretagne,  viz.  Ralph  dt 
Guair,  and  makes  the  Conqueror  fly  before  him. 

On  the  fame  principle  of  reducing  William's  greatnefsy  and 
more  juftly,  Philip  fupports  his  ill-ufed  fon  Robert. 

That  prince's  unhorfing  his  father  is  (b  well  delcribed,  as  to 
create  furprize  in  any  Reader  who  is  not  acquainted  with  the 
ftory. 

Philip,  who  oppofed  William  I.  on  principles  of  right  policy, 
would  have  aded  an  abfurd  part  if  he  had  not,  on  the  fame 
principles,  continued  to  oppofe  William  II.  who  grofsly  injured 
his  brother  Robert,  the  true  heir  to  Normandy,  &c. 

But  this  French  monarch  proves  fo  indolent  as  to  fit  down 
content  with  the  divifion  of  that  dutchy  between  the  two  bro- 
thers,^ judging  apparently  that  fuch  divifion  would  create  con- 
tinual diflurbance  between  them. 

'  Nay,  our  Hiftorian  confefles,  that  Philip  was  fo  weak  as  tQ 
accept  the  bribes  of  William,  to  connivo  at  bis  continued 
injuries  committed  on  Robert :  which  was  in  efFed  to  receive 
bribes  againft  himfelf^  as  Robert  was  much  weaker,  and  Ihould 
have  been,  both  in  juAice  and  policy,  fupported. 
.  Mr.  G.  now  delineates,  very  juftly,  all  the  caufes  which  con* 
tributed  to  produce  thofe  abfurd  expeditions  of  European  princes 
into  the  Holy  Land,  which  took  oft'  their  attention  from  their 
own  affairs,  and  buried  the  gold  and  blood  of  Chriftians  in  the 
land  which  really  belonged  to  infidels.     The  caufes  which  he 

*  Mr.  G.  noticea  (p.  216.)  a  great  error  of  Dr.  Smollett^  who 
fuppofes  that  Philip  recovered  the  ViMu  during  William's  minority  ; 
but  William  was  z6  years  older  than  Philip*  « 

enumerates 


568  Gaillard'j  Hijiory  &/tbe  Rivaljfjlp  of  France  and  England. 

enumerates  are,  ift.  The  fplendor  of  recovering  the  holy  fepul- 
chrc,  &c.  from  Infidels.  2,  The  exhortations  of  Peter  theHer^ 
miiy  an  eloquent  and  fenjible  man.  3.  The  inftances  of  popes. 
4,  The  intrigues  of  monks.  5,  The  lure  of  novelty*  6.  The 
ardour  of  chivalry.  7.  The  fuperfiition  of  kings  and  people. 
8.  1  he  defire  of  devout  rafcais  to  gain  at  once  fortune  and 
abfolution.     9.  Hope  of  extending  commerce,  &c. 

But  to  look  particularly  to  iheir  cflFe^ts  on  France  and  Eng- 
land, we  may  obferve,  that  Philip  (or  rather  his  fon  and  afTo- 
ciate,  Louis  the  Fat)  began  to  confider  our  William  II.  as  a  more 
formidable  rival,  when  he  faw  that  his  brother  Robert,  impa- 
tient to  be  equipped  for  the  holy  war,  had  mortgaged  to  him 
Normandy,  and  that  William  had  alfo  obtained,  on  mortgage, 
both  Aquitaine  and  Guienne.  However,  a  violent  death  quickly 
reieafed  both  Philip  and  Louis  from  all  fears  of  William. 

Louis  the  Fat  had  fenfe  and  vigour  enough  to  endeavour  to 
prevent  the  joining  of  Normandy  to  England  under  Henry  I. 
Mr.  G.  afcribes  his  difappointment  to  the  over-greatnefs  of  the 
vafials  of  the  crown,  who  were  unwilling  to  help  the  fove- 
rcign  to  deprefs  their  brethren.  There  was  certainly  fome 
tStSt  from  this  caufe.  He  deems  the  greatnefs  of  thefe  chief. 
valFals  of  the  crown  an  ufurpaUon^  and  confequently  praifes 
Louis  for  his  juft  policy  in  applying  himfelf  to  reauce  this 
feudal  tyranny  to  what  he  thinks  the  ancient  monarchical  govern^ 
ment^ 

There  was  now,  after  a  courfe  of  friendftiip,  a  perfonal  and 
declared  rival  (hip  betwixt  Louis  and  Henry.  The  former  chal- 
lenges the  latter  to  fingle  combat,  and  on  his  declining  it,  but 
giving  a  general  battle,  beats  him,  and  takes  under  his  protec- 
tion Pf^iliium  Cliton  (or  Criion)  fon  of  Duke  Robert. 

However,  if  Henry  had  the  di  fad  vantage  in  this  adion,  he 
gained  an  advantage,  at  leaft  equal,  in  the  famous  rencounter 
of  Brenneville. 

Our  Henry  had  fecretly  ftimulaled  the  Emperor  Henry  V. 
to  march  againft  France.  That  Emperor  fcarce  made  his  ap- 
pearance on  the  borders,  and  fled. — Hereupon  Louis,  provoked 
by  King  Henry's  condu6l,  propofcs  to  lead  his  forces  againft 
Normandy  ;  but  the  great  vaffals  refufe  to  move. 

On  the  chara£ter  of  Henry's  dying  fon,  Mr.  G.  makes  fome 
fevere  ftriAures  f. 

The  death  of  William  Cliton,  or  Criton  (who  had  been 
made  Count  of  Flanders)  which  now  happened,  is  a  great  lofs 

t  "  Avoit  dit  plufieurs  fois  que  fi  regnoit  jamais,  il  attacheroit 
ies  hommes  les  bommes^  au  joug  comme  les  hoeufs, — Des  hifloriens  ont 
preteadus  qa'en  cettc  occafion  [Mort  du  jeune  Henri]  V  Eau  avoit 
puni  en  lui  un  vice  qui  I'avoit  ete  autrefois  par  le  Feu.**     P.  304-5. 

ta 


GalllardV  HiJJory  of  the  Rival/hip  of  France  and  England,  569 

V  toLouis^  both  on  account  of  his  talents,  and  the  fpecioufncfs 
of  a  defence,  of  his  caufe. 

•  Henry^  who  had  always  his  eye  on  his  intereft,  now  marries 
his  daughter  Maude  (widow  to  the  Emperor)  to  GeofFry  Plan- 
tageiiet^  in  order  to  join  Anjou  and  Maine  to  his  other  domi- 
nions in  France. — The  pifture  of  this  tyrant's  domeftic  fears  ia 
an  ufeful  one. 

On  Stephen's. afcendiog^ the  throne,  Mr.  G.  explains,  with 

the  greateft  preciJIon  ^nd  clearnefs,  his  weak  title  to  the  crown. 

I^uis  the  Fat,  whp  would  have  profited  by  the  troubles  of 

England  and  Normandy,  died  fpofi  after  the  coipmencement  of 

this  reign. 

.Mr»G.  guftly.  remarks,,  that  the  copfimon  interefts  of  the 

great  vaffals  of  the  crown,,  that  fiefs  (hould  not  be  reunited  to 

it,  prevented'  the  reunion  of  feveral  to  that  of  France.     His 

eulogy  of  l/ouis  the  Fat  is.  excellent.     He  was  his  people's  yi* 

.  iber^  though  z.iigot  f 

Our  Author  oblerves^  that  Louts  the  Young  followed  a  maxim 
diredly  contrary  to  that  of  right  policy^  which  would  have  taught 
him  to  aid  the  weaker^  whereas  he  always  joined  the  fronger 
party.  Thus  he  at  firft,  ipvefted  P]antagenet«with  the  dutchy 
of  Normandy,  and  afterwards  allied  himfelf  to  Stephen. 

Abbe  Sfdger  and  St.  Bernard  are  well  contrafted  by  our  Hifto- 
rian  \  At  former  zs  a  good  politician,  the  latter  as  an  enthufiaft, 
who  oye^*ruIed  Louis  to  join  in  the  Croifadey — to  expiate  the 
burning !of  ^i/ry,  by  fpilling,ftas  of  blood  in  Paleftine  ! 

But  Louis  was  guilty  of  another  very  great  weaknefs.  Though 
he^knew  that  by  his  rnarrjagc:w:itl)  hleanor  he  held  very  con« 
iiderable  fiefs,  he  ftrovc  not  to  render  himfelf  agreeable  to  her, 
biit  even  got  his  marriage  difTQlved  :  whereupon  our  Henry  mar* 
ried  her.-?-Abbe  Suger  had  delayed  this  divorce. 

YeoMr,  G.  thinks  that:  Henry's  accumulation  of  provinces 
in  France  wa3  the  occafion  of  lofing  that  kingdom  ;  and  points 
to  tthi&  prince  as  a  proof  of  his  grand  thefF,  ^^  immoderate  in- 
creafti  of  power  is  the  harbinger,  of  decay.'* 

However,  Henry  now  became  too  powerful  a  rival  for  Louis 
efFe^lually  to  oppdfe:  nevertbelets,.  he  attempts  in  vain  to  fup- 
port  GeofFry,  Henry's  brother.  Some  inefi^jdual  (kirmifhes  pafs 
betwixt  the  Kjngs  on  account  of  Thouloufe  and  the  Fcxln ; 
but  at  length  peace  is  reftored,  by. a  marriage  betwixt  Henry's 
fon  and  Louis's  daughter. 

The  principal  remaining  affair  dlfcufTed  in  this  volume,  is 
the  famous  difpute  betwixt  our  monarch  Henry  and  Archbilhop 
Becket,  in  which  the  King  of  France  intcrpofdd  much,  per- 
haps on  a  principle  of  religion,  perhaps  only  of  policy,  to  fup* 
port  that  prelate  and  his  friends  againft  the?r  King,  and  to 
App.  Rev.  vol.  xliv.  rp  create 


570  Gaillard'x  Hifiorj  of  the  RivatJBip  e/firana  and  EnghmJL 

create  great  perplexities  to  his  formidable  rival.     Louis  maket 
war  on  him  in  Norm^ndy^  but  is  driven  thence. 

At  length  Henry  confents  to  give  his  provinces  in  France  to 
his  Tons,  and  fo  cut  oS  all  matter  of  perfonal  rivalfhip  betwixt 
him  and  Louis.  And  now  Louis  ftrives  to  reconcile  the  King 
and  the  prelate. 

Our  Hiftorian  calls  Becket  *  a  virtuous  friift*  Perhaps  he 
,  had  fome  virtues ;  yet  when  the  principle  on  which  he  exer- 
cifed  virtuous  aSs  is  enquired  into,  fcarce  any  will  fiand 
the  teft.  But,  by  a  virtuous  nutn^  we  mean  one  who  exercifes  all 
moral  virtues,  and  by  a  virtuous  Chriftian  priefl^  one  who  exer- 
cifes all  Chrijitan  virtues.  Now,  are  not  humility^  nueknefsj  and 
their  amiable  train,  Chriftian  virtues  i  Had  Becket  tbefe  I 
Surely  Mr.  G.  will  not  fay  that  he  had  ! 

To  an  £ngli(hman  it  may  juftly  feem  furpriiing  that  Mr.  G* 
fhould  not  make  one  Cngle  remark  on  Lord  Lyttelton*s  life  of 
Henry  IL  when  he  has  quoted  much  inferior  hiftorians  in  al- 
moft  every  age. 

We  cannot  deem  this  omiifion  a  proof  that  he  is  smfiartiaL 
Surely  fome  tribute  was  due  to  (b  accompliflied  a  nobleman! 
But  Lord  Lyttelton  reprcfents  Becket  as  utterly  undeferviQg 
the  title  of  a  virtuous  prie/i* 

Indeed,  Mr.  G.  feems  thoroughly  confctous  of  the  true  cha* 
ra£ler  of  Becket,  when  he  quotes  a  pretty  long  pafiage  from 
Mr.  BofTuet  concerning  this  protid  prelate,  and  obferves  dut 
BoiTuet  durft  fay  no  more  than  he  did,  againft  a  man  canonized 
by  the  church  ;  and  he  diftinguiihes,  by  italics^  the  paflages  which 
covertly  (hew  his  real  fentiments  X*  How  dares  z  Freticb  Papift 
pretendf  to  impartiality ! 

Henry  was  extremely  fenfible  how  many  enemies,  efpecially 
in  France,  the  aflaflination  of  Becket  would  raife  againft  him^ 
.  and  cunningly  engaged  to  eftablifli  the  payinent  of  Peter-pence 
in  L-eland,  given  to  him  by  the  Pope.  This  fcheme  difarmed 
the  Pope's  fury,  and  Louis  durft  not  difturb  him.  Henry  how- 
ever, to  appeafe  the  clergy  and  people,  fubmitted  to  a  Ihaoocful 
penance  for  Becket's  death. 

But  Henry  gave  his  rival  Louis  another  great  advantage 
againft  him.  By  his  matrimonial  infidelities,  efpecially  with 
fair  Rofamond,  he  provoked  Queen  Eleanor,  and  (he  fpirited 
up  her  fons  to  claim  the  real  pojfejfion  of  the  crown  of  England^ 
and  the  provinces  in  France,  whofe  titles  only  he  had  given  to  \ 
them.  i 

t  '^  n  ach^ta  la  libtjerte  glorienfe  de  dire  la  verite,  cemme  il  Im 
ereyoitf^*  &c.  '*  II  combattit  jufq'aa  fang  four  Us  meindres  dreits  dt 
^  ^giifii'  ^«  "  li  defendityij^'  ewt  dehors  de  ceite  SainteQith''  &c. 

4  Louis 


GaillardVflgfcfy  tiftlt  Riva^lp  of  France  and  England.  5^1 

Louis  fupports  not  6n]v  his  fon-in-law,  young  Henry,  in  his 
ahfurd  demand,  but  Ricnard,  alfo,  in  his  claim  of  Guieniifcf 
»nd  GeofFry  in  his  of  Bretagne. 

Hereupon  Henry  imprifons  his  Queen,  efbaptng  to  her  fon's^ 
and  difcipltnes  the  firft  ftanding  army  of  foreign  mercenarie| 
that  Europe  faw ;  for  Stephen's  was  an  undifciplined  bddy  of 
men.  Thefe  troops  were  faithful  to  Henry  *  and  fuccefsful ;  and 
the  example  was  copied  (as  we  fhall  fee)  by  Philip  Augtiftus  of 
France.  Such  an  army  however  is  always  dangerous^  and  (tt» 
quently  ruinous^  to  liberty.  Mezeray  allows  this  truth,  arid 
JVIonf.  G.  confimis  it. 

Louis  folemnly  fwore  not  to  lay  down  arms  till  he  h^d  de« 
pofed  Henry;  and  caufed  his  nobles  and  clergy,  ^nd  even  Hz  \  v\ 
fons,  to  fwear  the  fame!  He  treacherpufly  burns  Verncuil* 
Yet  this  Louis  was  a  devout  prince,  and  (as  Mr.  G«  obferves) 
had  expiated  the  like  horrors  by  a  crufade ! — But  If enry  makes 
him  fly,  and,  by  the  affiftance  of  his  mercenary  troops,  always 
ready^  quiets  all  Normandy,  Bretagne,  &c.  th^n  n^akes  noble 
offers  to  his  fons,  which  Louis  perfuades  them  to  refufe.  Thd 
Scotch  and  Irifli,  and  the  count  of  Flanders,  join  alfo  againft 
Henry.  He  faves,  by  expedition,  Rouen,  beiieged  by  Louis^ 
makes  s^  carnage  of  fome  of  his  rear,  and  pu(hes  his  fon  |lichard 
(o  vigoroufly,  that  at  length  a  general  peace  is  made.  Monf. 
G.  muft  own  that  England  has  the  fuperiority  here  over  her. 
rival,  both  in  arms  and  %Hrtue.  He  pronounces  indeed  tb^  p^^ 
negyric  of  our  generous  Henry,  and  the  condemnation  of  his 
inean  competitor* 

Henry  alfo  (hone  fuperior  to  his  rival,  by  being  chofen  arbU 
ter  betwixt  the  kings  of  Caftile  and  Navarre. 

Monf.  G.  calls  Louis  a  prince  oi  few  vices ;  but  he  tvho  f6« 
fnents  the  unnatural  rebellion  of  fons  againft  fucb  2l  father  a^ 
Henry,  muft  have  an  heart  therougbly  bad  ! 

Henry  reconciles  the  young  king  of  France^  Philip  II.  to  hia 
mother,  and  his  own  fons  to  each  other,  and  laments  the 
death  of  the  young  and,  at  laft,  penitent  Henry.  Monf.  G, 
paints  the  manners  of  the  Henries  in  this  fcene,  juftly  and  iincly^ 

But  Philip,  on  pretext  of  the  fortune  and  jointure  f  of  his 
fifter,  young  Henry's  qu^en,  makes  war  on  the  king  of  Eng- 
land, and  is  joined  by  the  unnatural  Richard,  who  imitates  not 
his  brother  Henry's  repentance,  but  demands  to  be  crowned. 

This  effort  of  rivalfliip  was  however  quickly  over  ;  for  Henry 
wanted  to  fettle  matters  in  Ireland,  where  his  fon  John  had  hurt 
the  Englifh  intcreft,  and  Philip  wiflied  to  reduce  fone  of  his 

'  '         '■■         ,j* 

•  The  infidelity  of  his  vaflals  made  thcfc  troopa  neceiTarv  (^xi^pry* 

f  Mr.  G/s  woiJs  are  eict  and  'dcuaire^ 


572  GaUlard*;  Hyiory  of  the  Rlvaljhip  of  Franci  end  England. 

vaflals :  bence  they  made  a  kiad  of  peace.  Yet  Philip  was  quickly 
ready  agaiq  to  fupport  GeofFry  againft  his  father,  but  that  ito* 
grateful  prince  dies  by  a  tournament,  *  bemoaned  by  Henry 
alone,  becaufe  he  was  his  father,'  fays  Mr.  G. 

Richard  now  attached  himfelf  entirely  to  Philip ;  and  this 
king  (flattered  with  the  title  oi  augu/i)  was  fo  mean  as  to  en- 
deavour to  mortify  Henry  by  cutting  down  a  famous  elm  t> 
(which  the  Engl i(h  were  fond  of)  under  which  they  had  held 
conferences ;  and  by  fufFering  Richard  to  do  him  homage  for  all 
provinces  in  France,  in  Henry's  jH-efencc.  Prince  John  alfo  joined 
this  party. 

Henry,  now  fickening,  yields  to  very  difadvantageous  terms 
of  peace,  and  dies  in  convulfions  of  defpair,  curfing  his  birth 
and  his  children  ! 

This  Writer  excellently  defcribes  the  behaviour  of  Richard, 
ftruck  with  the  confcioufnefs  of  parricide,  when  his  father's 
corpfe  bled  at  his  approach  §,  and  gives  a  juft  charader  of 
Henry. 

Philip  and  Richard  join  in  the  crufade,.  but  quarrel,  at  Mef- 
fma»  the  place  of  rendezvous,  on  account  of  a  letter  avowed 
by  Tancred  king  of  Sicily  to  be  wrote  by  Philip  to  tempt  him 
to  join  in  betraying  Richard  ;  which  letter  Mr.  G.  judges  of 
doubtful  authority  ||.  .  However,  Richard  breaks  off  his  engage- 
ment to  marry  Philip's  fider,  and  efpoufes  another  princefs. 

The  French  and  £ngli(h  hiftorians  are  oppofite  in  their  ac* 
counts  of  Philip's  behaviour  towards  Richard  in  the  Holy  Land ; 
but  agree,  that,  at  parting  thence,  Philip  fwore  to  guard  Richard's 
dominions.  Mr.  G.  is  fo  libiral  as  to  own  that  it  would  be 
well  if  the.  French  hiftorians  could  prove  that  Philip  kept  his 
oath  *. 

The  hiftorians  of  the  two  nations  difagree  on  another  point, 
viz.  Whether  Richard  or  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  Philip's  lieu- 
.  tenant,  refufed  to  proceed  to  the  fiege  of  Jerufalem  I 

The  faid  hiftorians  difter  about  a  third  point.  Viz.  Richard's 
filling  or  giving  the  kingdom  of  Cyprus  (which  he  had  con- 
quered) to  Guy  of  Lufignan.    Mr.  G.  thinks  that  both  par- 

t  The  word  ufed  by  Mr.  G.  is  orme.  Some  hiftorians  call  the 
tree  an  oak, 

§  Mr.  G.  accounts  for  the  fad  naturally,  viz.  from  his  dying  of 
an  apoplexy.  It  has  long  been  a  piece  of  vulgar  fuperftition,  that 
the  corpfe  of  the  murdered  bleeds  at  the  approach  of  the  murderer* 

1)  We  could  fhew  reafons  for  thinking  this  letter  authentic. 

^  Mr.  G.  muil  own  that  a  prince  capable  of  breaking  his  oath»  is 
capable  of  writing  the  letter  abovementioned,  and  of  every  thing  that 
if  bad. 

ties 


Gaillard'x  Uiftory  of  the  Riva^tp  of  Prance  and  England.  573 

ties  go  too  far  in  their  aflertions  on  this  fubjedl;  and  he  is 
generous  enough  to  confefs,  with  Mr,  Falconet,  that  jhe  French 
calumniated  Richard  as  guilty  of  the  murder  of  the  marquis  of 
Montferrat  t. 

However,  he  Judges  that  the  Engliflh  appear  to  carry  their 
accufation  of  Philip  too  far,  when  they  fuppofe  him,  while  in 
Paleftine,  to  have  laid  his  plan  of  injuries  toward  Richard  ;  and 
thinks  that  Philip  was  feduced  into  the  fcheme  of  qpprcfling 
Richard  by  Prince  John  and  the  Biihop  of  Ely.  But  how  can 
Mr.  G.  difpute  the  truth  of  the  accufations  of  the  Englrfti 
merely  on  account  of  Philip's  probity?  The  Pope,  however, 
forbad  Philip's  encroachments  on  Normandy.  One  advantage 
this  of  cru fades  ! 

Mr.  G.  juftly  obferves  on  queen  Eleanor's  letters,  occafibned 
by  Richard's  imprifonment,  that  '«  the  eloquence  of  grief  is 
found  in  all  ages.** 

The  princes  of  the  empire  perfuade  or  force  the  emperor 
Henry  VI.  who  had  bought  Richard  of  Leopold  duke  of  Auf- 
tria  for  6c,ooo  marks  of  gold,  to  ranfom  him  for  150,000,  and 
his  fubjefts  make  the  firft  payment. 

Philip  had  negociated  with  this  infamous  emperor  to  yj// Ri- 
chard to  him,  or  keep  him  always  a  prifoner ;  and,  at  length, 
to  keep  him  one  year  longer  j  and  Henry,  having  difmiffcd  him, 
ftrives  to  retake  him  J. 

It  is  furprifing  that  Mr.  G.  obferves  not  how  juftly  thefe  ca- 
lamities fell  on  Richard,  providentially,  for  his  parricide,  and 
by  the  inftrumentality  of  his  aflbciate  Philip. 

This  faithlefs  prince,  Philip,  marries  a  fifter  of  the  king  of 
Denmark,  to  pu(h  his  fuccefs  again  ft  England  ;  but  difiikes  her 
though  handfome  and  virtuous,  and  thus  lofes  the  affiftance  of 
that  crown  §. 

Richard  puflies  the  war  vigoroufly  in  France  againft  Philip, 
and  beats  him  terribly  at  the  famous  battle  of  Fretteval. 

f  We  think  with  Mr.  G.  and  Monf.  Falconet,  that  fomc  Knglifli- 
man,  or  partizan  of  the  Englilh,  forged,  in  all  probability,  the  let- 
ter from  the  old  Man  oflbt  Mountains y  to  exculpate  Richard ;  yet  the 
date  in  Rymer,  viz.  "  Jnno  ab  Alexandro  fafa  quinta,^^  feems 
plainly  a  blander  of  the  original  date  in  TreveJth  (not  undierfldod) 
viz.  1505  of  Alexander;  that  is,  the  sera  of  the  Seleucides,  which 
anfwers  to  1 193  of  our  ara,  the  juft  date,  as  Mr.  G-  acknowledges, 

J  Philip  would  have  given  Henry  all  the  ranfom,  viz.  150,000 
marks  of  gofd,  for  keeping  him  another  year,  and  Henry  hoped  to 
get  the  double  ranfom.  Bat  it  is  fuppofed  Philip's  view  was  to  get 
Richard  taken  off  by  poifon,  or  fuch  like  means. 

^  Thus  covered  with  crimes  was  this  prince,  whom  Mr.  G*  fre- 
quently defends !  He  called  Richard,  in  a  letter  to  John,  **  a  devil." 
£ut  Wi^  he  himfelf  iefs  diabolical  ? 

.  P  p  5  Philip 


574<  Gaillardfi  Hiflffry  eftU  Ri^Jhip  ofFranu  and  Engldnd: 

Pjiilip  challenges  Richard  to  decide  all  their  difputet  by  fivft 
knights  on  eacl>  fide.  Richard  confents,  on  condition  that 
ihemfelves  |>e  ^t  their  head.  Philip  approves  the  condition) 
t)ut  France  do^s  nor. 

'  Mr.  G.  wiihes*  that  all  national  difputes  could  be  thus 
ended)  but  fhews  the  impofiibility  of  fuch  a  fcheme ;  ai|d  re- 
marks, that  Mezeray  was  fo  fond  of  war,  as  to  **  regret,  the 
tfreakifig  off  of  this  agreeable  party  \.*^ 

The  Author  is  too  gooi  ^  friend  u  fj^orah  not  to  npte,  tbaC 
the  barbarom  T^tofo\6^  duke  of  Auftria,  died  a  violent  death  ||. 

Philip  and  Richard  renew  the  war,  in  which  the  latter  ob- 
tains more  vi^ories.  The  count  of  Flanders  declares  againft 
France,  and,  in  the  difputes  betwixt  the  two  Emperors,  as 
Richard  'fupports  his  nephew  Qtho,  Philip  declares  for  his 
jriva)  Philip.  If^hey  majce  peace  however  with  a  marriage,  as 
tifual,  arid  Philip  acknowledges  the  Emperor  Otho. 
'  Mr.  Q.  is  truly  eloquent  anc|  precift  in  Jiis  cjiarafier  of  Ri- 
chard, whom  he  juftly  dcfcribcs  as  a  Uon^  whofe  r\ame  he  bore, 
teut  we  muft  own,  that  we  think  he  falls  into  the  prejudices  of 
his  countrymen,  when  hf  would  blanch  Philip,  who  appears  to 
deferve  no  |>etter  eomparifon  than  that  pf  a  wolf  ox  zfox, 
*  Some  modern  £)nglifii  author,  whom  Mr*  G.  nanies  not,  has 
blamed  Richard^s  officer  for  his  barbarity  to  Gordon,  who  flew. 
Richard  ;  and  a  Frenchman,  whom  alfo  he  names  not,  has  ac- 
cufed  that  Engliihman  of  a  defence  oi  regicide.  Mr*  G.  defends 
Gordon,  andfodowe:^.  ' 

'  Our  Author  choofes  to  begin  his  review  of  John  in  compa<* 
rifon,  zs  of  Si  judge  and  an  ajpijffin ;  whereas  /rKir£<;ertairiIy  regards 
.fchem  as  two  afTafSns,  one  of  which,  by  lucky  circumftances^ 
fits  as  judge  on  the  other* 

'  Philip  intangled  himfelf  with  the  fee  of  Rome  on  more  than 
6ne  account,  and  particularly  about  his  Danifh  queen,  whoni 
he  ufed  (hockihgly,  repudiated,  and  having  married  another^ 
was  forced  to  take  her  again  §.     He  then  made  war  on  John; 


^  •  The  famous  Efafmus  has  a  propofal  of  this  kind.     ' 

•f-  The  words  are,  •*  Ainjtune  fuhcllc  partie/ut  rompMe**\ 
II  By  a  tournament.   '    .     ' 

X  See  Gordon's  excellent  fpeecb  to  the  dying  |lichar4>  in  pages  191 
and  192,  of  Mr.  G.  Richard  had  the  nbbleaefs  of  heart  to  allowt 
its  juftice,  pardoned  him,  and  gave  him  one  hundred  (hillings;  but 
his  deteilable  officer y?£flV him  alive!       '■ 

'  5  The  circumftances  of  his  taking  her  again  are  fo  much  in  the 
fimplicity  of  the  times  ae  to  deferve  notice.  He  put  a  piIlioh»  we 
fnay 'fbppofe,  on  his  nag,  and  fetched  her  behind  hiin  home.  "  // 
alia  Hn  jj^ur  prendre  Ifemhurge  che%,  elle^  P  emmeua  en  croupe  fur  fan 
ehevaii  Ike  Sec  Rigortl,  p.  37,  &c.--But  we  remember  that  our 
own  Elizabeth  rode  behind  fome  of  her  lords  to  the  parliament. 
^^ -     '^ - ^    but, 


GaxIIard  V  Hij/hry  tfthe  Rivaffldp  tf  France  a^  England.  575 

l)ut»  having  no  decifive  advantage,  was  obliged  to  make  peace 
with  him,  and  negled  the  intere^s  of  Arthur  of  Bretagne,  whofe 
protection  he  had  folemnly  undertaken. 

Phih'p  now  receives  John  magnificently  at  Paris,  and  Anjou 
is  adjudged  to  him.  How  mean  a  wretch  is  Philip  the  Auguji ! 
.  Mr.  G.  would  perfuade  us,  that  Philip  advifed  not  John  to 
withhold  his  brother's  legacy  from  the  emperor  Otho.  But, 
furely,  he  was  bad  enough  to  adviCe  any  thing,  to  create  family 
<iifIenfions  among  his  enemies  *• 

Both  the  royal  rivals  aid  the  crufade,  but  not  in  perfon; 
and  Philip  gains  a  lafling  advantage  by  the  choice  of  Baldwin^ 
count  of  Flanders,  to  be  emperor  of  Conilantinople  ^  which 
dignity  turns  tl^  count's  attention  from  bis  country. 

John  raviibed  from  the  count  of  Marche  his  lady  Ifabella, 
and  is  faid  to  have  done  fo  by  the  advice  of  Philip.  Mr.  G. 
is  fo  partial  as  to  deny  that  Philip  was  capable  of  this  falfehood  : 
i)ut  we  have  feen  him  capable  of  any  thing  ! 

Philip  now  infifled  on  John's  dividing  the  French  provinces 
betwixt  himfelf  and  nephew  ;  but  was  bought  off  by  the  pcomife 
of  a  better  frontier  againft  Normandy,  and  deceived :  where- 
upon he  affifts  Arthur,  who  became  John's  prifoner,  and  pro- 
bably was  murdered  by  him  f. 

This  parricide  gives  Philip  a  fpecious  pretence  of  confifcating 
John's  previnces^  and  gaining  the  tide  of  AuguJl^  nowife  me- 
rited by  him ! 

Our  Author  loudly  and  juftly  condemns  pope  Innocent  IIL 
(founder  of  the  inquiiition}  for  his  crufade  againft  the  Albi- 
genfes,  whom  however,  in  confequence  of  prejudices,  Mr.  G* 
condemns  for  their  numerous  herefies. 

John  and  the  Englifh  favoured  the  Albigenfes ;  Philip  perfe- 
cuted  them,  and  fent  his  Con  Louis,  as  general,  againft  them  and 
the  count  of  Tholoufe. 

Our  Author  juftly  obferves  that  Philip,  in  good  policy,  (hould 
^ave  oppofed  both  ^he  inquifition  and  the  crufade  \  and  adds, 
ths^t,  in  fommm  policy,  he  ought  to  have  bought,  by  his  aftlft- 
ance  i^  this  ^r^fade,  the  Pope's  aid  to  recover  Guienne,  to 
which  his  people  exhorted  him,  with  promifes  of  fteady  fervice* 

It  is  remarkable  that  Simon  Montfort,  geiieral  of  thefe  cru« 
fades,  is  faid  to  have  defeated  iop,poo  Albigenfes  with  looo 

*  Advice  to  John  to  refufe  to  pay  his  brother's  legacy  to  Otho, 
was  likely  to  have  this  efied.  We  wonder  that  Mr.  G.  ihould  not 
fee  this  plain  objedl  of  Philip's  policy,  or  feeing  ihould  not  own 
it! 

t  John  was  bad  enough  to  do  any  thine:  but  the  circumftances 
of  this  murder  are  by  no  means  afcertained.  John  was  condemned 
\>y  the  Court  of  Peers  for  wm^apptarancs. 

P  p  ^  crufaderii 


576  Gaillard'i  ttiftory  of  the  Rhaljhip  of  l^fanu  ani  EngktnJ. 

crufaders.  Mr.-  Gv  oppofes  not  this  gafcMadtj  which  Mohf. 
Voltaire  treats  as  it  defer ves  %• 

John  and  the  Pope  quarrel  about  an  archbilbop  of  C^terbury, 
Stephen  Langtoxl ;  and  England  is  put  under  an  interdid.  John 
draws  on  himfelf  his  fubjeds*  hatred  by  his  arbitrary  taxations, 
&c.  He  pillages  the  monks,  forbidding  all  applications  to  the 
fee  of  Rome,  while  himfelf  ferviUly  flatters  the  Pope  !— He 
pufhes  the  barbaritv  of  the  foreft  laws  to  excefs,  corrupts  the 
ftream  of  juftice,  &c.  The  Pope  abfolves  all  his  fubjeds  from 
their  oa^h' of  allegiance,  and  publiflies  a  crufade  againft  him. 
His  enemies  in  England,  Ireland,  1*  ranee,  Scotland,  and  Wales, 
are  roufed. 

The  Pope  gives  the  crown  of  England  to  Lc^is  prince  of 
France,  although  Mr.  G.  ingenuoufly  owns  that  Blanche,  prince 
Arthut's  fifter,  the  emperor  Otho,  or  the  king  of  Caftile,  had 
a  better  right  to  it. 

Philip,  by  his  influence  over  Bretagne,  &c.  forms  a  fleet  of 
1700  .vcilels,  little  better  than  flat-bottomed  boats,  fof  invading 
England*  Of  this  fleet  the  Englifh  took  300,  funk  lOO  rnore^ 
and  forced  Philip  to  burn  the  remainder. 

And  now  two  formidable  leagues,'  which  divided  Europe^ 
were  formed.  John  of  England,  the  emperor  Otho,  and  the 
counts  of  Flanders  and  Boulogne  compofed  one;  Philip  of 
France,  the  emperor  Frederic  IJ.  and  the  Pope  the  other. 

Philip,  with  50,000  men,  beats  the  emperor  Otho,  who  had 
150,000  at  Bouvines  in  Flanders.  Philip  behaved  with  great 
bravery,  while  John  fhewed  none  againft  Louis,  about  the  fame 
time,  but  faved  himfelf  by  flight.— The  counts  of  Flanders  and 
Boulogne  were  made  prii'oneis,  and  treated  by  Philip  with  great 
fc  verity. 

John,  havin;?  fliamefully  refi^ined  his  croWn  to  the  pope,  that 
pontiff^  reprefents  to  Philip  the  impiety  of  oppofing  a  vaflal  of 
the  holy  iee,  and  oppofes  the  Englffh  nobility  and  clergy  with 
Langton,  archbifhop  of  Canterbury  (whom  the  pope  bad  fup- 
ported),  at  their  head  :  who  now  demand  the  execution  of  the 
laws' of  Edvvaid  the  Confcflbr,  and  the  great  charter  of  Hcrt- 

John  requires  Langton  to  excommunicate  the  barons,  but  he 
perfuades  J-ohn  to  dirmifs  all  his  mercenary  troops.  John  then 
finds  himfdf  obliged  to  fi^^n  the  great  charter,  atid  the  charter 
offorcfts. 

Mr.  G.  calls  thcfe  t\\f^  foundatim  of  the  Englifh  liberty  >  but 
we  muft  take  leave  to  contradict  him,  and  all'cnt,  that  thefe  were 
only  the  covfequences  and  recognitions  of  the  original  EngliJI)  confti- 


X  In  his  prolegomena  to  Charles  XIL  of  Sweden. 

tution* 


Qz\\izxA^sHift9ry^fthe^valJhip  ofFrana  and  England*  577 

tution.  He  acknowledges,  however,  thit  the  vifiorickis  ba- 
rons {hewed,  in  th^ir  lettlement  at  this  time,  a  ^■,.\\\.  ot  un« 
comffnon  moderation,  neither  defpoilmg  the  crown  of  all  thejr 
could,  nor  leaving  the  people  without  their  (hare  of  liberty  ♦•— . 
He  notes  juftly,  that  at  this  time,  in  England  the  king  tyran- 
nized, in  France  thefiobility.  He  alfo  elegantly  compares  Jobn^ 
thus  reduced  within  due  bounds,  to  a  tyger  chairud. 

The  known  corruption  of  John's  heart  made  twenty-five  con- 
fervators  of  thefe  rights  abfblutely  necefl'ary,  and  that  corrup- 
tion rendered  all  the  efforts  of  the  barons  inefFe<Siual ;  for  John^ 
findint^  that  the  pope's  excommunication  of  the  barons  and  their 
adherents  had  no  efFed,  retires  to  the  Iflc  of  Wight,  as  though 
he  gave  up  all  hopes  of  re^eft&blifhment,  and  by  his  emiflaries 
collects  a  formidable  body  of  foreign  mercenaries,  at  the  head 
of  i*rhom  he  dcllroys  all  before  him,  like  z  famtfied  tyger  brekin 
locfet 

The  barons,  now  offering  the  crotvn  of  England  to  prince 
Louis,  Philip  accepts  it  for  him,  and  fends  them  7000  auxiBa* 
riesj  as  Mr.  G.  calls  them  $  and,  notwithftanding  the  pope's 
forbidding  him,  permits  Louis  to  fail  with  700  veflels.  At 
London  he  receives  the  oaths  of  the  baronsy  &c. 

Mr.  G.  (hews  a  ftrong  partiality  for  his  country  indeed,  when 
he  equals  this  invMion  of  Louis  to  thfc' conquefts  of  Henry  V# 
Nor  does  he  advance  one  argument  to  prove  that  the  difcovery 
of  the  dying  count  of  Melun,  that  Louis- intended  to  deftroy  all 
the  barons  who  had  invited  him  over,  was  not  a  true  one. 
Jlis  pretence;  that  thi§  report  might  arife  from  a  panic*,  is  ridi- 
culous. 

When  our  Hiftorian  defcribes  John  as  the  vileft  kiftg  of  the 
Norman  and  Angevin  race,  he  juftly  adds,  that  truth  auth6rrfes 
Jiim  ;  and  we  beg  Mr.  G.  to  allow  us  to  add,  'that  only  k>  vile 
a  rival  could  give  Philip  the  title  of  augujl^  which  ht  feems  to 
hare  obtained  merely  from  comparifon. 

Mr,  G.  fliews  not  his  impartiality,  when  he  affirms,  only  on 
the  authority  of  a  modern  author,  that  if  Louis  would  have  own* 
ed  the  pope's  fovereignty  over  England,  he  might  have  had  the 
crown  which  Henry  111.  got. 

Louis,  bi'fieged  in  London,  after  the  defeat  of  the  fleet  fent 
to  his  fuccour,  capitulates,  and,  as  many  hiftorians  maintain, 
promifes,  when  he  comes  to  the  throne,  to  reftore  the  provinces 
in  France  which  John  had  loft  by  confifcation.  All  the  rea- 
fons  which  Mr.  G.  adduces  to  fhew  that  Louis  never  made  fuCh 

•  Mr.  G.  owns  that  the  French  wanted  fomeof  the  reforms  cf- 
feded  by  thefr  charters.  How  much  they  now  want  almcfl  all  of 
them,  and  e/pccialjy  the  right  of  being-  taxed  only  with  their  own 
^nfcnt,  all  friends  of  liberty  fee,  with  a  figh  ! 

7  a  pro- 


57^  GailhrfTx  Htji&ry  tfthiRivJfiip  ofFraiui  mdEfighna. 

a  promife,  have  not  the  lead  force,  except  the  laft,  viz.  that 
Henry  never  accufed  Louis  of  a  breach  of  this  promife. 

Mr.  G.  owns,  that  the  title  of  augv/l  is  only  derived  from 
^"^i^^%  and  blames  Philip  for  twice  deferting  his  great  obje^, 
*^  vi%.  driving  the  Engliih  out  of  France,"  firft  by  his  crufade 
againft  the  Albigenfes,  and,  fecondly,  by  his  fupporting  his 
fon's  idle  expedition  into  England. 

Louis  VIII.  become  king  by  his  father's  death,  wanted  not 
pretences  (poor  ones  indeed)  to  fall  upon  the  provinces  of  our 
minor  Henry  in  France ;  and  profited  fo  much  by  the  advantages 
which  the  tyrannical  Engliih  miniftry  eave  him,  as  to  defpoil 
him  of  all  of  them,  except  a  part  of  Guienne.  The  French 
hiftorians  ("and  among  them  Mr*  G.)  think  that  Louis  might 
have  driven  the  EngliOi  quite  out  of  France,  had  he  not  iuf- 
fered  himfelf  to  be  diverted  from  his  dire£t  courfe  of  fuccefs  by 
the  lure  of  conquefts  in  Languedoc,  which  Amaury  de  Mont* 
fort  had  thrown  out  to  him,  on  condition  of  his  defending  them 
againft  the  Albigenfcs  and  the  count  of  Tholoufe.  Louis  took 
the  crofs,  got  the  dyfentery,  and  died. 

Blanche  of  Caftile,  the  queen-mother,  obtained  the  regency, 
during  the  minority  of  Louis  IX.  and  was  oppofed  by  all  the 
great  lords,  the  princes  of  the  blood,  and  the  count<;fs  of  Flan- 
ders ;  but  Blanche  had  the  courage  and  addreiji  to  difconcert  all 
their  fchemes, 

'  Our  Henry  was  too  weak  to  profit  by  the  commotions  in 
France,  being  a  flave  to  ..pleafure,  and  to  Hubert  de  Burgh, 
however,  he  was  perfuaded  by  the  duke  of  Bretagne  to  make  a 
^efcent  upon  that  province,  but  it  was  fo  ill  fuftained,  that 
the  duke  fubmitted  to  Louis. 

Eleanor,  Henry's  mother,  had  married  the  count  of  la 
Marche,  and  perfuaded  her  fon  to  make  another  invafion  of 
France.  But  Louis  having  gained  the  battles  of  Tailleburg 
and  Saintes,  had  the  honour  of  pardoning  the  count  and  coun- 
tefs  of  Marche,  and  of  prefenting  the  terms  of  peace  to  Henry 
at  Abbeville,  in  A.  D.  1259.  He  retained  the  provinces  which 
his  grandfather  had  coQlifcated  for  John's  crime,  and  reftored 
what  his  father  had  gained  of  the  minor  Henry. 

Mr.  G.  makes  a  fine  eulogium  on  Louis's  politics,  as  being 
Sounded  on  equity,  and  a  love  of  peace :  in  Ihort,  as  being  his 
cum ;  and  boafts  of  their  happy  cffeSLa  in  the  continuance  of 
peace,  during  the  remainder  of  this  reign,  and  the  next,  in 
France. 

kapin  thinks  our  Henry  was  forced  to  this  treaty  of  At^be.<* 
yille  *,  and  he  certainly  was  fo.  .  All  that  Mr.  G.  has  to  op- 
jpofe  to  this  bcftf/i  confemon  of  Rapin,  is,  that  Henry  could  not 

11  I       I    I      I  Mil  I  II      I  

•  Tom.  2. 

^  '  hope 


?afiferius*>  Eihf/cmt  Paintings^  (Sc:  jjj 

h^pe  for  more  happinefs  in  his  faireft  fituation.  But  thi$  10  no 
proof  of  Mr.  G.'s  pofition,  that  Henry  willingly  acceded  tp 
the  terms  which  Louts  prefcribed. 

The  truth  of  the  cafe  feems  plainly  this.  Philip  the  Auguft^ 
find  his  defcendants,  either  had  a  right  to  all  the  provinces  of 
the  Englifli  in  France^  in  confequence  of  John'«  forfeiture,  or 
to  nam  of  them. 

Though  the  pofieffion  of  fome  of  thefe  was  obtained,  during  • 
Henry's  minority,  by  Louis  VIIL  or  IX.  yet,  if  the  original 
conmcation  was  good,  Louis  IX.  had  a  right  to  them  all ;  if 
wrong,  to  none  of  them.  But  this  Louis  IX,  who  was  made 
&  faint  afterwards  (and  feems  to  have  wiibed  for  the  title),  pre- 
tended to  examine  the  matter  in  point  of  confcience  f,  and  de-- 
termined  with  that  fort  of  prejudice  which  moft  men  have  in 
their  own  cafes.  He  kept  what  he  could  have  no  right  to,  if 
he  had  not  a  right  to  the  whole,  and  made  a  merit  of  what  he 
reilored*  Henry  was  in  a  bad JHuation^  iU-firvedi  and  itwapabU 
of  ading  with  firmnefs,  and  therefore  was  weak  enough  to 
feemi  or  nally  U  hy  pieafed  with  what  was  left  him,  and  with 
appearance  of  gratitude  paid  his  homage  as  duke  of  Guienne, 
renouncing  the  dukedom  of  Normandy,  alfo  Anjou,  Maine, 
Touraine  and  Poidou. — In  ihort,  a  pnUndid  faint  prevailed 
over  a  weak  dtbaucha.  He  is  called  a  bad  politician  for  giving  up 
any  thing,  by  one  fet  of  men,  and  a  faint  by  another  ! 

We  thought  it  our  duty  to  clofe  our  review  of  thefe  two 
volumes,  with  this  boneft  ftate  of  the  cafe  of  right  between  two 
princes  of  the  rival  nations,  that  our  Reader,  who  is  (we  hope) 
a  cofmopolite^  may  judge  whether  Mr.  G.  does  nmt  fomitimis  re* 
member  too  wtll^  that  the  Author  of  this  hiftory  of  *'  The 
Kivalfliip  of  England  and  France*'  is  a  Frenchman. 
'      \Tb€  ac^oun^  oftheyi  volume  to  be  given  in  another  article*'^ 

Art.    X. 

Jf^i^ura  Etrufccrum  in  Vafculis^  nunc  primum  in  unum  colleSfa  Ex* 
'  tlicationibusy  et  Dijirtationibus  illujlrata^  a  Joh.  Baptista 
rASSERlo,  Mi.  Pifattr.  Regiarum  Academiarum  Londinenjis^ 
Olomucenfisy  i^c.t^c.  ^c.  Socio. — Pafferius's Etrufcan  Paintings, 
&c.  Vol.  I.  and  11,  Romae  1767  &  1770.  Price  4I.  10  s. 
pet  Vol.  half-bound, 

THIS  fplendid  publication  is  to  confift  of  four  volumes  in 
folio,  two  of  which  are  before  us.     The  firft  volume 
contaids  five  Pifiertations,    viz.  I.  Prolegomena,     11.  Findicia 

+  P.  Daniel  fay  a,  '*  Le  rot  de  Trance  avoit  ioujours  des  fcruples  fur 
hjuftice  de  h  conj^cationffsute  far/on  aicul^  da  domainee  du  pere  de 
JS^nri.         ^      ■      '-'  ' 

Etruriet. 


580  •  FsSkrias's  Etru/can  Paintings,  CsTr, 

Etrmrta.  lILDe  Laritus  Etrufcorum.  IV.  Di  Re  Vefiiarla 
Etrufcimm.  V.'  Dt  Pi^ura  Etrufcorum:  together  with  one 
bundred  plates  of  Etrufcan  vafes,  with  the  paintings  upon  them 
coloured  after  the  originals  in  the  Vatican,  and  fome  other  mu» 
&ums  in  Italy,  with  explanations  of  each  plate. 

The  fecond  volume  contains  one  Diifertatton,  De  Arcana 
Etrufcorum  Phikfophiay  and  another,  De  Mufica  Etrufcorum ;  with 
the  ume  number  of  plates,  and  explanations  of  each  plate,  as 
in  the  former  volume. 

Since  Dempfter's  Etruria  Regali  was  publiflied  tn  1723,  the 
learned  have  been  prefented  with  many  volumes  of  Etrucfan  an* 
tiqufties,  tending  to  illuftrate  the  origin,  hiftory,  religion,  man« 
ners,  and  arts,  of  that  once  great  and  flouriflimg  people ;  but 
lume  of  thefe  worh  have  excited  the  public  attention  fo  much  as 
that  colledt ion  which  was  diawn  from  the  curious- and  choice 
cabinet  of  the  honourable  Mr.  Hamilton  at  Naples,  and  of 
which  we  have  given  fome  account  in  the  Appendix  to  the  42d 
Tolume  of  our  Review. 

Id  that  work,  men  of  tafte,  and  artifts,  were  interefied  as  much 
as  the  antiquary ;  as  it  exhibited  the  fbrms  of  many  fine  vafes, 
ornamented  with  curious  paintings;  and  ihewcd  theeffeds,  in 
feme  fneafure',  of  a  {pf:cics  of  encaitjiic  pajntif^y  efientially  dif-i 
ferent  from  modem  enamei  paintings  generally  allowed  to  have 
been  difcovered  by  yohn  Toutin,  a  French  goldfmith,  in  the  year 
163^;' — the  aneient  Etrufcan  encaujiic  paintings  being  of  the  na- 
ture o(  terra 'coitay  or  burnt  earthy  perfedly  fmooth,  firm,  and 
durable,  but  ivithout  any  glajjy  luftre^  according  to  the  defcrip- 
tion  of  thefe  encauftic  colours  by  the  learned  Bonarota:  Lieei 
ferfeSle  fmt  ■kvigaii^  non  iamen  rn  its  vitreus  ille  niter  elucet  \  and 
the  French  enamel  painting  being  of  the  nature  of  glafs^  and  never 
efteemed  perfed  in  its  kind,  unlefs  all  the' colours  are  vitrified, 
%nd  fiune  tuith  a  glafjy  fpUndor* 

The  manner  of  preparing  and  applying  the  old  encauftic  co- 
lours has,  it  feems,  been  loft  for  ages.  Manf,  D' Hancarvillt 
fuppofes  this  art  had  been  fo  totally  loft,  even  in  Pliny's  time, 
that  nobody  could  imitate  it ;  and  it  is  chiefly  with  a  view  to 
its  revival  that  Mr.  Hamilton's  book,  as  well  as  the  work  be« 
fore  us^  have  been  publiflied  :  both  containing  ingenious  conjec- 
tures on  the  fubjed^  which  may  furnifli  uleful  hints  to  the  prac«« 
tical  artift. 

Men  of  tafte  have  always  been  difgufted  with  the  unnatural 
'  varnifh  of  paintings;  and  would  rejoice  to  fee  any  method  of 
rendering  them  at  the  fame  time  chafte  aind  durable.  The  an- 
cient encauftic  paintings  have  two  excellent  properties,  which 
unite  in  no  other  fpecies  of  painting — They  reprefent  objeSs 
wh\i  truth  znJi  fimpHcityj  without  dazaling  the  eyes  with  falfe 
lights  ;  and  'the  Etrufcan  vafcs  amply  prove  thcnn  to  be  literally 

ar^ 


PafleriusV  Etr»J:an  J^ainisfigs^  J^c.  581 

'^-'•^^an  perennius^  as  they  have  furvived  almoft  all  the  other 
monuments  of  that  natron. 

Had  the  ancients  happily  difcovered  the  art  of  fhadowing  be- 
fore they  foft  that  of  encauftic  painting  upon  earth  i  or  had  they 
applied  this  art;  if  it  was  not  then  loft,  to  the  noble  ufe  of  co- 
pying the  piftures  of  ancient  Greece  ;  the  works  of  JpelUs^  and 
many  other  illuftripus  artifts  of  thofe  remote  ages,  would  not 
now  have  been  loft  to  the  world. 

Imperfect,  however,  as  the'Etrufcan  paintings  are,  without 
the  advantage  of  light  and  fbade,  they  have  nevertbelefs  preferr- 
ed to  us  the  outline^  the  drawings  (hat  is  the  fiul^  of  many  a 
beautiful  figure,,  which;  modern  paifitel's  may  clothe  with  ho« 
dies,  and,  by  the  afiiftaace  of  this  fine  art,  lately  revived  and 
brought  into  ufe  in  our  §wn  country  *,  reftore  ^and  render  then 
immortal. 

This  work  of  Pajferius  contains  many  good  forms  of  vafcs, 
and  a  ereat  variety  of  curious  paintings  ;  bu(  th^re  are  fewer 
beautiful  fig^ires  in  this  coUedion,  and  more  grqtefque  ones, 
than  in  Mr.  Hamilton's  :  nor  are  they  in  general  fo  accurately 
drawn,  or  fo  well-coloured, — though  the  work  is  much  vuosc 
methodical,  and  better  digefted,  each  plate  being  explained  in 
the  volume  to  which  it  belongs ;  and,  upon  the  whole,  it  nmy 
be  confidered  as  a  valuable  acquifition  both  t6  tafte  and  fcience, 
which  in  this,  and  in  many  other  late  publications  of  this  kind, 
are  happily  united.  » 

We  do  not  Imagine  that  any  extra£h  from  the  Diflertations 
would  be  entertaining  to  the  generality  of  our  Readers ;  and  w« 
apprehend  that  the  learned  will  be  fufficiently  excited  by  this 
account,  to  apply  to  the  work  itfelf,  for  further  fatisfadion  on 
the  fuBjea. 


*  We  may^  farther^  vienture^  to  obferve,  at^d  to  prediA,  that  the 

^'revival  of  encauftic  painting  is  an  xra  in  the  annals  of  genius  which 

-will  be  of  great  confeqaence  ;— in  conneftion  with  which,  the  names 

of  Wedgwood  and  Bentley  will  be  held  in  the  higheft  edeem  by 

ali  lovers  and '  promoters  of  the -fine  arts,  not  only  in  this  country, 

but  in  ewtry  other  civilized  nation  in  £arope.     Nor,  in  faying  this, 

ihall  we  be  charged  with  partiality  to  our  countfymen,  fince  we  have 

already  paid  the  j  nil  tribute  of  re(pe£l  to  the  fair  fame  of  count  Cay- 

'  las,  and  other  ingenious  foreigners,  who  have  gone  before  them  in 

the  iame  delightful  path*  - 


Art. 


r  j8^  3 

Art.  XI. 
ObfirvattoHS  Pbjfiquesy  i^c. — Phyfical  and  moral  Obfenrationi 
on  the  Inftin£t  of  Animals,  on  their  Induftry,  and  Manners. 
By  Hermann  Samuel  Reimar,  Profeilbr  of  Philofophy  at 
Hamburgh,  and  Member  of  the  Imperial  Academy  of 
Sciences  at  Peteriburgh,  Tranflated  from  the  German,  by 
M.  R»*  De  L***.  lamot  2  Vols.  Amfterdam  aiid 
Paris,     I77*t 

THE  Editor  of  the  prefent  work,  which  has  already  quick- 
ly pafled  through  two  editions  in  the  German,  was  in-i* 

'  duced  to  undertake  the  tranflation  of  it,  from  a  perfuaQon  that 
no  one  had  yet  explained  the  nature  of  the  inftir)£)$  of  brute  ani- 
mals fo  particularly,  and  with  fo  much  exadnefs,  as  M.  Reimar  | 
whofe  fyftem  on  this  intricate  fubjefi,  he  affirm',  is  much  more 
fatisfadory  than  any  of  thofe  which  have  yet  been  offered  to  the 

ipublic.  In  a  ihort  advertifement  prefixed  to  this  tranflation, 
M.  de  L.  reprefents  his  Author  as  overturning  and  deflroying  all 
the  fyftems,  both  of  the  aiicients  and  moderns,  on  this  Uibje&; 
and,  though  furrounded  by  the  ruins  of  thefe  goodly  edihces'j^ 
difdaining  to  employ  any  of  the  materials  ^  but«  ponftruding  a^ 
new  hypothefis,  founded  on  the  mqft  exad  obfervations  of  the 
adions  and  habitudes  of  animals.  We  have  not  yet  had  fu$- 
cient  time  to  attend  properly  to  this  produdion,  but  Q^all  uke 
sui  early  opportunity  of  cpnudering  and  communicating  to  our 
Readers  its  contents* 

Art.    X;if 
Littres  Jthenieisn0s.''^Athen\zn  Letters,  extra£^ed  from  the  Col- 
le£lions  of  Alcibiades.     Bj  M.   De  Crebillon.     4  Vols. 
i2mo.    Paris,     1771* 

THESE  Letters  treat  of  love,  and  their  Author  appears  \m 
be  intimately  acquainted  with  his  fubj^A.  Loofe  and  inr« 
inodeft  ideas  dreiled  up  in  the  cl^afleft  language,  are  the  enter- 
tainment he  prefents  to  his  Readers.  It  is  with  real  regret^  that 
we  obferye  fo  much  tafte  and  ability  exercifed  in  giving  oma- 
inents  to  vice. 

Art.  XIIL 
i«  Frais  ^uaJcers ;  cu^  Les  Exhortations^  ^c. — The  true  Qua- 
kers ;  or.  The  Exhortations,  Harangues,  and  Produdtions  of 
the  true  Servants  of  the  Lord,  toa  wjck^  Brother}  particu* 
larly  on  the  Subje£l  of  his  Maxims  on  Luxury,  and  his  Pcr- 
fecution  of  a  Brother  in  Diflrefs  ;  a  pofthumous  Work.  Ta 
which  is  addedy  A  curious  Parallel  of  two  celebrated  Men  of 

L^Uerij 


Baffo'j  Poems.  .    583 

Letters,  and  fcvcral  Pieces,  critical,  moral,  and  philofophi- 
cal,  under  the  Title  of  a  Corrcfpondence  between  an  Uncle 
and  bis  Nephew.     8vo.     1771* 

WE  mention  this  medley,  only  to  acquaint  our  Readers^ 
that  it  is  not  worth  their  attention  ;  and  that  the  jreafon 

of  its  being  noticed  here  at  all  is its  having  been  imported, 

SLXid^gfy  advertifed^  by  a  London  bookfeller. 

A  R  T.    XIV. 

Li  Poefi  di  Georgia  Baffo^  Pairi'xio  ^«irf^.— — The  Poems  of 

Gebrge  BafFo,  a  Venetian  Nobleman.    8vo.     177 !• 

THERE  have  been  crimes  in  fociety  for  which  civil  juftice 
could  find  no  adequate  punifhment :  and  there  have  been 
abufes  in  letters  which  it  was  not  in  the  power  of  language  fuf- 
iiciently  to  chaftife.  The  book  before  us  ranks  with  the  latter. 
It  is  replete  with  the  mod  unparallelled  obfcenity,  the  moft  (hock- 
ing blafphemy ;  is  mod  abominably  beaftly,  and  moft  auda- 
cioufly  profane.  How  it  found  its  paflage  from  the  regions  of 
unnatural  brutality  into  this  purer  climate,  can  be  known  only 
to  fome  member  of  the  Beef-fteak  Club  or  the  Macaroni,  fome 
ihamelefs  Peer,  moft  probably,  who,  loft  to  ail  the  decencies  of 
fociety,  brought  over  this  dirty  work,  to  ftimulate  the  languid 
prurience  of  himfelf  and  his  brethren.  It  is  fome  (atisfa&on^ 
however,  that  it  will  not  be  generally  underftood,  as  it  is  not 
written  in  the  Tufcan  dialed,  the  almoft  only  one  known  to 
the  Englifh  in  general; 

%*  We  ihould  not  have  mentioned  this  publication*  had  we 
not  taken  it  for  granted  that  our  Readers  would  exped  from  us 
fome  information  concerning  an  article  which  hath  been  im<^ 
ported  hither,  and  fingly  advertifed  by  a  bookfeller,  who,  proba-r 
bly,  is  not  only  ignorant  of  its  contents,  but  of  the  language , 
in  which  it  is  written  :  and  who,  we  hope,  wiil  think  himfelf 
obliged  to  us  for  fuppreSing  his  name* 


E  R  R  A  T  A  in  this  Volume. 

P.  114.  par.  I,  1.  2.  for  fecunng^  rt^Afecured, 

188.  L  2.  read  *  This  he  had  promifed  to  Dr.  P,  in  Me  re/peSi^  aD4 
there  can  b«  no  doubts  but  that  in  others  Dr.  F.'s  accurate,  judi- 
cious/ &c. 

334.  Art.  24.  L  iif  for  Intlnuitrly  unacquainted*  read  intimttely 
4icfuaiMied. 

INDEX 


I    N    D    E    X 

To  the  Remarkable  Passages  in  thii 
Volume* 

N.  B.   Ta  find  any  particular  Book,  or  I^amphlet^  fte  thi 
Table  of  Contents^  prefixed  to  the  Volume. 


A. 

TpNBAS  defended  againft  the 

JfjQi  ioiputaiion  of  an  unmanly 
fear  of  death,  220. 

AcRicuLTURBy  account  of  a 
coarfe  ofcxpertmenis  in,  162 — 
1  Sy,  Char,  of  various  writers 
on,  231*  Experiments  in,  303, 
378,  449,  477. 

AiKtK,  Mr.  his  elTay  on  the  liga^ 
ture  of  arteries,  219.  His  obC 
on  the  external  ufe  of  prepara- 
tions of  lead,  485. 

Alexander  the  Great,  his  cha* 
ra£ter,  7. 

Almida,  a  tragedy,  critique  on, 
150. 

AMSRiCAdifcovered  by  the  Green- 
landers,  183, 

Anclo-Saxohs,  their  fpirit  of  li- 
berty, and  care  for  its  preferva- 
lion  in  their  conftiiution  of  go- 
vernment, ^196. 

Animalcula,  prodoced  in  veget- 
able infufions,  curious  account 
of,  and  hypoihefes  concerning, 
207. 

Antony,  Marc,  relation  of  the 
remarkable  manner  of  his  death, 
113. 


Apollonius,  his  geometrical  wn- 

.  tings  praifed,  1 8.     His  trad  on: 

inclinaiionsy   redltutioji   of,    by 

HoTfley,  criticifed,  19. 

Arabian  Authors.    See  0]ti£N« 

TAL.  ' 

Arians,  a  tribe  of,  the  ancient 
Germans,  their  ferocious  man* 
ners  and  fingular  cuiloms,  g^g. 

Aristotle,  his  art  of  poetry/  in 
what  refpeds  a  maderpiece,  557. 

Auchtermuchty,  wifeof,  mo- 
dernized, 45. 

Augustus,  Cafar,  his  bad  cha- 
radler,   526.     See  alfo  Oct  a* 

VILS. 

Axis  of  the  earth,  fuppofed  alte* 
ration  in  the  pofltion  of»  difcul^ 
fed,  203, 


B. 


B A  ILLY,  M.  his  memoir  on 
the  motion  of  the  nodes,  and 
the  variation  in  the  inclination 
of  Jupiter's  fatellites,  523. 
Baldwin,  Mr.  his  account  of  t^c 
Cultivat  on  of  lucerne  criuci^d, 
478.  . 
Ban  natyne,  George,  h^s  ancient 
Scottifh  poems,  42. 

Baptism* 


INDEX. 


Baptism,  Ac  duty,  circumftanccs, 
and  benefics  of,  invefti^ated, 
432.  Farther  obf.  on  the  fub-t 
jca,  499. 

Baron,  Richard,  his  ^^I  for  the 
political  wri^inffs  ofMiUon,  3  34. 
Sketch  of  his  Ota rader,  336. 

Battles,  military  obf.  on  feveral, 
in  modern  wars,  273. 

Beausobre,  M.  de,  his  obC  on 
foreil^hc,  &c.,  «;49. 

BfCKET,  Archbifhop,  his  worth- 
lefs  charafler,  569. 

Beech- MAST  oil,  the  making  o^, 
recommended,  to  fupply  the 
place  of  oil  of  olives,  537. 

Beguelin,  M.  his  attempt  to  re> 
concile  thc.raetaphyfics  of  Leib- 
nicE  with  the  phyilcal  principles 
of  Newton,  545, 

Behmen,  Jacob,  fpecimen  of  >he 
nonfenfical  jargon  of  his  follow- 
ers, 80.. 

Belisarius,  his  military  exploits 
in  Italy,  97..  His  wretched  fub- 
jcftion  to  his  wife,  100.  Far- 
ther particulars  of  his  hidory, 
lOi— 103. 

Bernouille,  M.  his  three  me- 
moirs in  the  Hid.  of  the  Acad, 
of  Sciences,  541. 

Blythe's  book  of  hafbaxidry  cri- 
ticifed,  232. 

BoiLEAU,  Mr.  his  art  of  poetry, 
the  beft  extant,  $58. 

BoRDA,  Chevalier,  his  inveftiga- 
gation  of  a  famoas  probl-  m  on 
the  motion  of  fluids,  520. 

Botany,  encomium  on  that  fci- 
ence,   131. 

Bkakenridce,  Dr.  remarks  on 
his  calculations  of  the  number 
of*  inhabitants  in  London,  1 3  S— * 
141. 

^Britons,  ancient,  their  manner 
of  life,  &c.  405. — Their  lan» 
gaage,  410. 

Bromfield,  Mr.  his  method  of 
performing  the  ligatuies  of  ar- 
•  teries,'  219. 

Brown,  Dr.   his  curious  method 
of  dctefting  a  thief,   531. 
Afp.  Rev,  vol,  xiiv* 


Br  OWN  RIG  G,  Mr*  his  account  of 
the  American  oil  of  ground- nuts, 
206.^ 

Butter- BURR,  its  medicinal  ufes, 
415,  • 


CAbb age  TURNIP,  (bme  ac- 
count of  the  utility  and  cul- 
ture of,  483. 

C-ffisAR,  advantageous  traits  of  his 
charadler,  6.  His  conduft  in 
connexion  with  the  deaths  of 
Antony  and  Cleopatra,  112— • 
120. 

Camden,  Lord,  oppofes  the  judg- 
ment of  i.ord  ^ftnsfie1d,  in  re- 
gard to  the  idea  of  the  credihi* 
lity  of  witnefl'es,   340. 

C A  N  TON,*  Mr.  his  'experiments  re- 
fpe(^injT  the  luminous  appear- 
ance of  the  fea,  329. 

■  city  of,  dckrlbed,  4oi« 

Cato,  the  elder,  his  ungenerous 
treatment  of  his  fervanrs,  &c.  4. 

Catti,  a  tribe  of  ancient  Ger- 
mans, their  warlike  turn  and 
charadle'-,   560. 

Celt  A,  ancient,  their  manner  of 
life,  &c.  406.  Their  cnthu- 
iiallic  love  of  freedom,.  409. 
Their  language,  410. 

Chalieu,  Abbe  de,  his  verfes, 
bidding  adieu  toi^'ontenay,  5  12. 
Eng'ilhed,  ib. 

Chatbauvkeux,  M.  de,  his 
writings  on  hufbandry,  236. 

Chbrusci.  ancient  Germans,  their 
charafter,  560. 

Ch  I N  A,  number  of  inhabitants  in» 
403. 

Chinese  language,  fome  remarks 
on,  318,  403.  Their  khow- 
ledgc  in  'cicnces,  ib.  Their  re- 
1  g»on,  ib.  \ 

Clementina,  a  tragedy,  critique 
on,  244. 

Cleopatra,  her  remarkable  ca- 
taftrophe  delcribed,   116. 

Coccus  ««r^frtf,  dsfcribe J,  399. 


CLq 


CjM- 


t    N    D    E    3^. 


CoMMBRCB»  kc.  maxime  reladog 

to,  17. 

Corn,  obHon  the  boanty  on^  240, 

CoRTONA.    See  Paper. 

CoNSERVA,  a  natural  paper  form- 
.ed  of  its  filaments,  206. 

Coxcomb,  French,  genuine  pic- 
ture of  one,  67, 

Crassus^  hischara^cr,  6. 

Cromwell,  Oliver, a qoacky  531. 


DAlston,  family  of,  in  Cum- 
berland, its  pedigree,  36*1. 

DELrsLBy  M.  hi9  new  maps  of 
Georgia*  Armenia,  Babylonia, 
&c.  524. 

De  Re  Rustica,  that  publica- 
tion cenfured,  478. 

Dissenters,  tbeir  right  to  a  full 
and  free  toleration  maintained, 
190—194.  . 

Dog-fish  dcfcribed,  398. 


voyage    to 


£. 

ECkeberg,    bis 
China,  404. 

Lllis^  Mr.  his  obf.  on  a  particu- 
lar manner  of  increafe  in  the  ani- 
malcula  of  vegetable  infafions, 
207. 

—  the  farmer,  his  writings^ 

charafterized,  235. 

England  the  rival  of  France, 
from  what  aera,  ^67.^ 

English,  ancient  confiitotion  of, 
469, 

Enthusiasm,  poetic,  effefts  op- 
pofite  to  thole  of  religious  en'-^ 
thufiafm,  266«  Pope  deficient 
in  it,  ib. 

Ephbmeris,  aftronomtcal',  for 
1772,  account  of,  214. 

Establishments,    of    religion, 

frodudive  of  bad  effe6)s,  193. 
Light  of,  to  require  fubC  to  ar- 
ticles of  faith,  controverted, 
199. 

5 


>£uler,  M.  his  cttvioas  AiCcoBm 
of  the  conftrudion  of  compomid 
objea-glaffcs,  541,  543. 


F.       ' 

FAblbs— — -the    WiUiiig    aaJ 
Brooms    227.— The  Mifltfi 
and  P^ffi^n-fiovxry  228, 
Faith,  its  nature  and  influence, 

79. 
Fallowing,  of  ground^  advan* 

tagcsof,  257. 
Farm,  proportional  one  dcfcribed, 

54— 6a 
Farming  affairs,  ^4,  162,  230^ 

*57»    303*    37^»     3881    448# 

FevKR-FEw,  Aveet,  its  nedidnal 

virtues,  414.% 
Fluids.     See  Borda^ 
Foresight.     See     Pa^sssiiTi- 

MENT. 

Fdrlaix,  Marquis,  extrad  from 
the  mem.  of,  48. 

Foster,  Rev.  Mr.  his  fentimenta 
on  religious  eftabliflimenu  con* 
traverted,  192.^ 

France  the  rival  of  England,  freoi 
the  time  of  William  the  Con- 
queror, 567* 

Fraj«:chevjllb,  M.  de,  his  ac- 
count of  a  vegetable  oil  to  fn^ 
ply  the  place  of  oil  gi  olives, 

S37- 

■      ■  his  obf.  on  die 

ifle  of  Tharfis;  550. 
Frbnch,  modern,  reoiarkdile  fi>r 
their  infidelity  in  regard  to  the 
Chriiban  reiigipnt  533 — 536* 


GARDENING,  modern,  cnriMB 
obiervations  on,  346. 
Geometry,  obf.  on,    22.     Pro- 
blems in  ditto,  analyfis  of,  23. 
Germans,  ancient,  their  mannefs, 
.   &c.  412.     Their  fpirit  of  inde- 
pendency,  469,     DiiUnfl  cha- 
raders 


1 


I    N    P    E    X. 


niEtm  of  thf  ir  difi«reat  tribes, 

559« 

Goldsmith,  Dr.  remarkable  in- 
accuracies in  bis  life  of  Lord 
B^lingbroke,  109. 

G0CCH9  Mr.  his  account  of  a  re- 
markable (eparacioQ  of  the  fcarf 
ftjo,  213. 

Goulard,  M.  hisdoflrine  in  re- 
fpedi  CO  the  fatornine  ap pi  ca- 
tions in  furgery,  &c.  cootefted, 
4S6. 

Grebks/  modern,  ftill  refemble 
their  anccflors  in  cheir  great  love 
oftheirconntry,  ^05.  Iqllances 
fift  506,  feq.  Their  adherence 
9H6  to  the  old  cuitoms  of  their 
coaatry,  513.  Manners  of  their 
ladies,  ib« 

GaouND,  how  to  layout,  agree- 
able to  the  modern  talle  io  gar- 
denlng,  346« 


HAfxz,  the  Periian  poet,  fpe- 
cimenof  his  works,  427. 

Hamilton,  Mr.  his  account  of 
a  late  eruption  of  Vefuvius,  201, 

Hartb,  Mr.  his  agricultural  wri- 
tings extolled,  239. 

Heat,  general  efiecis  of,  enuroe* 
rated,  1 5  9. 

Heberden,  Dr.  his  obC  on  the 
number  of  inhabitants  in  Ma- 
deira, 139,  140.  On  the  d  f- 
ferent  quantities  of  rain  which 
appear  to  fall  at  different  heights 
on  the  fame  $*robnd,>^3i. 

HsROD*s  cruelly  in  the  daughter 

of  the  infants,  critical  remarks 

on,  296. 

HswsoN,  Mr.  bis  account  of  the 

'ymphatic   lyltem   in   filh,  ^c. 

SI2. 

I^  i-FMAN,  Dr.  his  experiments 
m  the  large  fpcculum,  .327. 

JH  RACE,  an  ode  of  his  compared 
ich  the  Perfian  of  Ha6a,  42S. 

—  —  his  art  of  pociry  the  co^e 
freafan^  557. 


HowMAN,  Rev.  Mr.  bis  obf.  •& 

the  utility  oi  the  driU  bufbandry 

commended,  480. 
HuRO,  Mr.  his  commentary  ott 

Horace  praifed,  558. 
Hydrostatics,     fomc    oirtouf 

phenomena  in,  518. 


I. 

ICELANDERS,  RnClCDt,  tbeif 
ftrong  attachment  to  liberty, 
177.  Their  regulatibns  of  go- 
vernment, &c.  ib, 

Jbbb,  Rev.  Mr.  his  apology  for 
his  lectures,  82, 

Jews,  conformity  of  their  cnftoms 
with  thofe  of  the  negroes,  990. 

Illinois,  their  country  deferibed, 

'    io«     Government  of,  II. 

Infidelity  abounds  in  France, 
533— S36. 

Inoculation,'  of  the  fmall-pox, 
a  great  canfc  of  the  late  increafe 
of  inhabitants  ta  London,  &c* 

»5- 
John,  King  of  England,  his  con* 
teds  with  Philip  of  France,  &c* 

575.  With  his  £ngli(b  barons, 

576.  With  the  Pope,  ib. 
— •  his  bad  charafter,  577. 
Johnson,  Dr.  Samuel,  attacks  Ja« 

nius,  330. 

JoNFs,  William,  Efq;  bis  demon- 
flration  of  a  law  of  motion,  ia 
the  cafe  of  a  body  defleded  by 
two  forces  tending  conftandy 
to  the  fume  point,  135. 

Iron.     See  Lanb. 

JuliES,  trials  by,  the  great  bol-' 
wark  of  the  Englilh  conllitutioD, 

L. 

LAkes,  rivers^  &;c«  how  todif- 
po'e  in  the  great  plans  of 
gardens,  350. 
Lambert,  M.  bis  experiment  on 
tne  magnet,  538. 


CLq  2 


Lande, 


INDEX. 


Landk,  M.  de  la,  his  memoir  on 

the  theory  of  the  planet  Mercu- 

ry.  521. 
/     Lane,  Mr«  his  account  of  the  fo- 

lubilicy  of  iron  in  (imple  water, 

by  the  intervention  of  fixed  air, 

323. 
Laws,  ia  feirrorem,  craclty  and  in- 

jufticeof,  i88. 
Lead,  preparations  of,  their  u(e 

infurgery,  48^. 
*     Lecard,  Sir  Di£»by,  his  accoont 

oF  the  drill  hufbandry  cricicifed, 

480. 
Leibnitz.     See  Beguelin. 
Liberty,    ftrong  a:iachment  of 

the  ancient   inhabitants  of  the 

north  of  Europe  to  it,   177. 
LiEUTEAuD,  his  fvnopfis,  propo- 

fals   for  a    tranflation   of,   into 

Engli(h,  4q6. 
Life,  the  expe^ation  of,    in  re- 

fpefl   to  annuities,    calculuiedv 

136. 

Ligature  of  the  artery.  See 
AiKiN.     See  Bromfibld.  ' 

Lightning,  methods  for  fecuring 
churches,  &c.  from  damage  by^ 
320. 

Lisle,  Mr.  his  book  of  hufban- 
dry animadverted  on,  234. 

Li  TER,  Dr   his  book  of  (hells 
improved    in    a    new   edition, 
484. 
.  Locke,  Mr.  his  philofophical  wri- 
tings extolled,  280. 

Logic,  obf.  on,  282. 

London,  calculations  of  the  num- 
ber of  the  inhabitants,  137. 
Critical  obf. on  the  public  build- 
ings of,  280. 

Louis,  the  Fat^  rivalftiip  between 
him  and  Henry  of  England, 
568.  ' 

Louis,  the  Teung^  (King  of 
France)  his  contells  with  Henry 
King  of  England,  569.  Re* 
flcdtions  on  his  character,  570, 

Louis,  Prince,  fon  to  Philip,  King 
of  France,  his  expedition  to 
England,  and  deiiga  upon  the 


crowo,  577.    Befieged  in  Ldn- 

don,  ib. 
Louis  VIII.  King  of  France,  hit 

qaarrel  with  the  Engliih,  578. 
— *->-(IX.  his  character,  ib. 
Louis  XIV.    ftory  of  him   and 

Mad.  de  MonteO>an,  61  • 
Lymphatics.      See     Hewsok. 

See  Watson. 
Lysons,   Dr.    his  accoont  of  an 

extraordinary  cafe  of  a  girl  who 

had  fw allowed  three  pins,  2lo« 
Lucerne.     See  Baldwin. 

M. 

MAdox,  Dr.  Bifhop  of  Wor, 
his  fermon  on  inocnlaiion       \ 
commended,  i^. 
Magnets,  experiments  on,  538. 
Magni^tical    currents,    curious 
memoir   on   the  curvature  of, 

538. 
Mahomet,  a  quack,  531. 
Maintenok,  Madam,  account  of 

her  theatrical  exhibitions  at  St. 

Cyr,  6u 
Mansfield,  Lord, /ree  expoftn- 

lation   with,    39.     His  fpirited 

fpeech  in  defence  of  toleracioa 

and  religious  liberty,  190.     See 

more  of  him  under  Camden. 
Manufacturers,  Britiih,    their 

didblutenels,  14, 
Manures,  lift  of,  2^8. 
Ma  tthew,  St.  authenticity  of  the 

id  and  ad  chapters  of  his  gol^ 

pel,  difputed,  293. 
Mayer,  FrofefTor,    his  tabk$  of 

the  moon's  motions,  &c.  pab* 

liihed  here  by  authority,  21 4^ 

284 — 290, 
Mbrian,  M.  his  enquiry  into  the 

comparative  duration  and  inten* 

iity  of  pleaiure  and  pain,  547. 
Milton,    his    political   writings 

extolled,  335. 
Monadbs,    of  Leibnitz,   carious 

account  of  the  nature  of,  446.        . 
Mon  k  e  y,  a  iingular  one  defcrtbe  J,     < 

207.  *  -        ; 

Montespak,     i 


INDEX. 


Mo  NT  ESP  AN,  Mad.  de,  carioos 
ilory  of  her  parting  from  Loais 
XIV.  61. 

Moor-Park  defcribcd,  346. 

Mortar,  recipe  for  making  it 
impenetrable,  479. 

Motion,  a  particular  law  of,  Qe- 
mondrated.     See  Jones. 

Moult,  Mr.  his  method  of  pre- 
paring y2i/(p/>  from  the  root  of  the 
orchis,   20^. 

Moun  ier,  M.  le,  his  new  method 
oi  afcercaining  the  quantity  of 
the  horizontal  refraflion^  523. 

MouNTAiT^'s,  produced  by  vol- 
canos,  201. 

Mus  ic,  ingenious  enquiry  into  the 
theory  of,  551. 

N. 

NAbi  Effbndt,  a  Turkiih 
poet,  his  feniible  obf.  on 
poetry,  429.  His  excellent 
verfes  on  the  fpring,  430. 

Narsetbs,  the  famous  eunuch 
and  warrior,  his  rife  at  court, 
and  progrefs  in  the  armies  of  the 
Empercr  Juflinian,  103. 

Need  HAM,  Mr.  his  curious  fyf^  . 
tern  relating  to  microfcopical 
animalcules  in  vegetable  and 
animal  infufions,  208.  His 
conje^ures  on  a  fuppofed  con* 
hedion  between  the  hierogly- 
phical  writing  of  ancient  Egyp- 
tians, and  the  charafleriflic  wri- 
ting of  the  Chinefe,  318. 

Negroes,  their  cufloms  compared 
with  thcte  of  the  Jews,  550. 

Nbwton,  his  phyfical  principles 
reconciled  with  the  metaphyfics 
of  Leibnitz,  545. 

Nollet,  Abbe,  his  account  of 
fome  new  bydroftatical  pheno- 
mena, 918* 

NuMA,  his  qMockety  applauded, 
51^- 


O. 


OCtavxvs,  Caeiar,  bis  cha- 
racter vindicated  from  the 
charge  of  cowardice,  8.  See 
more  of  him  nnder  Acjgvstus* 

0»E,  Perfian,  tranilated,  427. 

Oil,  made  from  American  ground* 
nuts,  fome  account  of,  206. 

— from  beech-mad,  537, 

Optics,  curious  memoir  on,  by 
M.  L.  Euler,  541. 

Orch  IS,  how  to  prepare  for  falep, 
205. 

Oriental  writers,  feveral  com- 
mended, 425.    Their  hiftorians, 

,  ib.  Their  poets,  426.  Their 
phyficians,  ib. 

Or  NANCE  and  Julia,  ftory  of.  48, 

OsBBCK,  Mr.  an  attentive  obierver 
in  his  travels,  397. 

Os  Humeri.     Sec  Whitb^ 


P- 

PAiN  and  pleafure  compared, 
with  refped  to  their  different 
intenfities,  &c.  548. 

Painting,  ftudents  in,  direflions 
to,  with  regard  to- the  imitation 
of  the  ancients,  377, 

Paper,  a  natural  fort,  found  at 
Cortona,  206. 

Pa  RAGLES,. the  mode  of  inftruc- 
tion  by,  confidered,  440. 

Penal  laws,  flri^lures  on  the  fe- 
verity  of  thofe  which  affed  the 
lives  of  criminals,  85.  Princi- 
ples of,  invedigated,  444, 

Persian  ode,  427. 

Persians,  modern,  ibme  account 
of  their  manners,  by  a  late  tra- 
veller, 159. 

Philip  I.  King  of  France,  his 
bickerings  with  England,  567. 

■■  il.   his  contefts  with  the 

Xing  of  England^  $70. 

Philosopher,  dialogue  between 
one  and  a  Whig,  39. 

Philq. 


INDEX. 


Fhilosofher,  cbarafler  of  a  real 
philofopher,  5^4. 

Physicians,  chiefly  abound  in 
great  cities,  and  why^  530. 

Pins,  extraordmary  cafe  of  tbret^ 
Avallowed  by  a  girl,  and  dil- 
cluirged  at  h«r  (boulder,  2 1 1. 

Plants,  eiemcntary  nouriihraeiR 
of,  156. 

Pleasure  compared  with  pain, 
in  rtfpedof  daraton  and  inien* 
fuy^  547. 

Plutarch^  bia  cbaraffler  as  a  phi* 
feibpbefy  2*  Hi»  aaiiabie  be« 
nevolence,  4. 

PoBTS,  eaftern,  not  defticute  of 
tafte,  429. 

P0MPEY9  bis  €hara£)er,  7.  Ex- 
amioarion  of,  8« 

Population,  remarks  on,  i^, 

PoaTUGAL,  accottat  o£  tbe  fpecic 
remitted  from,  to  Britain,  from 
I766>  to  1769  inclufive,  495, 

Fressbi«tiM£nt,  enquiry  con- 
cerning, 549. 

Price,  Dr.  biar  obf«  on  the  ex- 
pe£Ution8  of  lives,  &c.   136. 

Problem.    SeeGEOMETKy, 

Punishments,*  l^gal,  by  dcaih, 
rcfledtions  on,  85. 

»■'    '    ■  ''  corpora],  ufeful  re- 

marks OD,  445. 


QUacrery,  curioQs  obf.  on, 
530- 
V^AKBRS,    reafons    affigned    for 

their  filenc  meetings,  420, 
Questions,  &c.  for  the  ExcycU- 
pedity  rup>}ok'd  to  be  the  work 
ol  Vohair«'>  525. 


RAciNB,  Mcnf.    ftory  of  bis 
Writing  his  Efthery  for  Mad. 
Maintenon,  62. 
Rain.    See  HeBirdrn* 


Rasp  a,  Mr.  his  Xflcrtatlon  en  tb^ 
large  ibffil  boaes  found  ia  Ger- 
many 2C3. 

Religion,      S5e     Establish^ 

UBNT. 

Richard  L  King  of  England, bis 
undutifal  behaviour  to  bis  fa<- 
ther,  ^71.  Superftitious  cir- 
cuviflance  relating  to^  ac  kis  fft« 
tber*s  dea^b,  ib* 


S. 

SAlep,  bow  to  prepare,  from 
the  vegetable  roots    oif   this 
couotry,  205, 
Sarum,  Old,   fome  accomt  of, 

Scipio,  Africanas,  bis  quackery. 

Sea,  the  luminous  appearance  of^ 
acconnfied  for,  329, 

SENECio^rr/a/V«/,  the  great  in- 
gredient of  the  Swifs  arquebu- 
fade  water,  41c. 

Shakespeare,  jc^bnlbn's edit. of^ 
remarkable  ilriAure  on,  532. 

Short-hand,  remarks  on,  69, 

Signs  of  tl>e  times,  as  obierved  by 
the  Biflioppf  Carlide,  in  his  fer- 
roon  on  the  30tb  of  January,  263. 

Simplicity,  In  poetry,  obi^  on, 

4?9- 
Spartans,  of  old,   tbelr  (Irong 

attachment   to    their    cooniry, 

507,  etje^. 
SptcuT.A-,     Sec  Hoffman. 
SpRixr.,  beautifully  celebrated  by 

a  rurki(h  poet,  430.  The  iamt 

imitated  by  a  Reviewer,  43 1 . 
Stephenson,    Mr.   his  fantaftic 

manner  of  writing  on  halban- 

dry,  233. 
Steuart,  Mrs.  Jean,    her  cha^ 

radlcr  for  piety,  &c,   313.    Her 

Meditatuns  ccnfurcd    lor   their 

fanaticifm,  314. 
Stillingflbet,    Mr.   his  traAs 

on  natural  biibry,  &c.  extolled, 
-  239. 

Strange» 


INDEX 


StkANGBy  Mr.  iiSs  accoqnt  of  a 
natural  paper  found  near  Cor- 
tona,  20 J,  Of  certain  uifcrip- 
tions  and  bas-reliefs  diOcovcred 
in  Germany,  317. 

Sue VI,  a  tribe  of  the  ancient  Ger- 
mans, their  manners  and  fuper* 
ilitionsy  561. 

Su JONES,  of  ancient  Germany, 
their  charafler,  ib. 

SwiMTON,  Mn  his  elucidation  of 
tivo  Samoite  coins,  3 1 7. 


T. 

TEmples,    &c.    in    gardens, 
obf.  on,  353. 
Tbucteri,    a   tribe  in    ancient 
Genaany,  their  warlike  and  fe- 
rocious manners,  &c.  562. 
THAMfeSi  river,  requifite  improve- 
ments of,  aSo, 
Th ARSIS,  ifle  of.    See  Franche- 

VILLE. 

TfiiBRAULT,  M.  his  det^rmma« 
tion  of  the  qaeftion,  whether  the 
firft  authors  of  any  nation  have 
written   in   ftrfe  or  in  profe. 

Thief,  carioas  method  of  dete£l« 

ing  one,  530. 
Thunder,  remarkable  efle^s  of^ 

on  the  tower  of  a  charch  in  De* 

vonihire,  j2o*    Method  of  pie* 

venting  the  like,  ib. 
Time,    in  the  fcience  of  mnfic, 

iheo'-y  of,  121. 
ToRBfN,    his  voyage  to  Surat, 

404. 
Turkish  poets,  feveral  of  them 

commended,  429. 
Tynewater,  analyiis  of,  221. 


V. 

Vesuvius,  fome  philolbphical 
particulars  telaitng  to  a  la4e 
crDpiion  of,  20i«  ^ 


ViLtARs,  the  qnack,  curiodf 
anecdote  of,  ^30. 

Viuland,  originally  a  part  of  N# 
America,  181. 

Virgil  defendfldf  with  refped  0 
the  charader  of  i^neas,  ?2o. 

Vjsme,  Mr.  his  account  of  4 
very  £oguIar  kind  cHf  moskey^ 
207. 

Voltaire,  M.  his  difcoveriei  in^ 
nat.  hiA.  ridiculed,  29*  Hi^' 
dialogues  ia  tke  Jhad^t  with  So* 
crates,  Julian,  &c.  28.  His  di^ 
pute  with  the  Bilhopof  Anneci, 
34.  His  mifreprefentations  of 
the  fcriptures  detected,  460. 
His  remarkable  Aridures  on 
Johnfon's  edit,  of  Shakefpeare, 
532.   See  alfo  Qhestipns,  Uu 


WAlls,  an  excellent  coping 
for,  recommended,  479. 

War,  art  of,  remarks  on,  355. 
Want  of  a  fchool  for,  lamented^ 
356.     Partizan,  doty  of,  3^7. 

Water,  analyfis  of  that  of  the 
Tyney  221.  Curious  hydrofla- 
tical  phenomena  of  water,  518. 
See  alfo  Lake. 

Waters,  chalybeate,  &c  diico- 
veries  tending  to  the  production 
of  excellent  artificial  ones,  323— « 
326. 

Watson,  Mr.  his  defcript,  of  the 
lymphatics  of  the  urethra  and 
neck  of  the  bladder,  213. 

Wesi.ev,  Mr.  his  religious  .zcftl 
difcuffed,  73. 

WEsT-lNDiAN,acomcdy,  critique 
on,  142. 

Weston,  Mr.  his  tra£ls  on  huf- 
bandry  detailed,  299. 

Wheat,  experiments  in  the  cul- 
ture of,  303.  Comparifoa  of 
profit  between  the  old  and  new 
hufbandiy,  378. 


Whitaker, 


1    N    D    £    2f. 


1 


WuiTAiceity  Rev.  Mr.  (bme  ac- 
'  count  of  his  death,  82. 

Whitb;  Mr.  hif  account  of  a  re- 
markable cafe  in  furgery,  21  u 

Whitefield,  George,  his  reli- 
gious zeal  aniffladvcrted  on,  73. 

V^oMEN,  inPerfia,  their  remark'' 
able  modcfty,  160*  Their  equa- 
lity with  the  men,  in  the  ancient 
northern  nations  of  Europe,  184. 

Woods*  groves,  &c.  in  the  grand 
ilyle  of  gardening,  how  to  de- 
?go,  S48» 


Y. 


YA^R.ow,  its  medicinal  ntci', 
4x5- 
YouNQ,  Dr.    unfortunate  in   hit 

idea  of  the  fablime  in  lyric  po« 
etry^  490. 


ZEiHER,  M.  hisdifcovcryofa 
curious  composition  for  ob- 
jea-glaffes,  for  telefcopesj  54.1, 
544- 


END    OF    y  O  L,    XUV. 


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